Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2012

Note 11-Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements are used to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The Company measures fair value under guidance provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure requirements regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances but clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. ASC 820 outlines the following three acceptable valuation techniques may be used to measure fair value:

a.	Market approach—The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities. This technique includes matrix pricing that is a mathematical technique used principally to value debt securities without relying solely on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities.

b.	Income approach—The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts such as earnings or cash flows to a single present discounted amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. Such valuation techniques include present value techniques, option-pricing models (such as the Black-Scholes-Merton formula or a binomial model), and multi-period excess earnings method (used to measure fair value of certain intangible assets).

c.	Cost approach—The cost approach is based on current replacement cost which is the amount that would currently be required to replace the service capacity of an asset.

Valuation techniques are selected as appropriate for the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available. Valuation techniques are to be consistently applied, but a change in valuation technique or its application may be made if the change results in a measurement that is equally or more representative of fair value under the circumstances. Revisions resulting from a change in valuation technique or its application are accounted for as a change in accounting estimate which does not require the change in accounting estimate to be accounted for by restating or retrospectively adjusting amounts reported in financial statements of prior periods or by reporting pro forma amounts for prior periods.

ASC 820 also establishes a hierarchy that prioritizes information used to develop those assumptions. The level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company considers an input to be significant if it drives more than 10% of the total fair value of a particular asset or liability. The hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 Inputs (Highest ranking): Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 Inputs: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Such inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable for the assets and liabilities such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 Inputs (Lowest ranking): Unobservable inputs for determining fair values of assets and liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets and liabilities.

Assets and liabilities may be measured for fair value on a recurring basis (daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly) or on a non-recurring basis in periods subsequent to initial recognition. Recurring valuations are measured regularly for investment securities. Loans held for sale, other real estate and impaired loans are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and do not necessarily result in a change in the amount recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Generally, these assets have non-recurring valuations that are the result of application of other accounting pronouncements that require the assets be assessed for impairment or at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values of loans held for sale are considered Level 2. Fair values for other real estate and impaired loans are considered Level 3.

The Company obtains fair value measurements for securities and from a third party vendor. The majority of the available-for-sale securities are valued using Level 2 inputs. Collateralized debt obligation securities that are backed by trust preferred securities and account for less than 1% of the available-for-sale securities portfolio are valued using Level 3 inputs. The fair value measurements reported in Level 2 are primarily matrix pricing that considers observable data (such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and terms and conditions of bonds, and other factors). Fair value measurements for pooled trust-preferred securities are obtained through the use of valuation models that include unobservable inputs which are considered Level 3.

Certain non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include reporting units measured at fair value in the first step of a goodwill impairment test. Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value in the second step of a goodwill impairment test, as well as intangible assets and other non-financial long-lived assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment.

Recurring Basis

The following are descriptions of valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Available for Sale Securities

Fair values for available-for-sale securities are obtained from a third party vendor and are valued using Level 2 inputs, except for TRUP CDOs which are accounted for using Level 3 inputs. TRUP CDOs accounted for less than 1% of the portfolio at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

The markets for TRUP CDOs and other similar securities were not active at June 30, 2012 or December 31, 2011. The inactivity was evidenced first by a significant widening of the bid-ask spread in the brokered markets in which these securities trade and then by a significant decrease in the volume of trades relative to historical levels. The new issue market has also been relatively inactive.

The market values for TRUP CDOs and other securities except for those issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury have been very depressed relative to historical levels. For example, the yield spreads for the broad market of investment grade and high yield corporate bonds reached all-time levels versus Treasuries at the end of November 2008 and remained close to those levels at June 30, 2012. Therefore, low market prices for a particular bond may only have provided evidence of stress in credit markets in general rather than being an indicator of credit problems with a particular issuer over the past three years.

Given conditions in debt markets for this type of security at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 and the relative inactivity in the secondary and new issue markets, the Company determined:

Few observable transactions existed and market quotations that were available were not reliable for purposes of determining fair value as of June 30, 2012 or December 31, 2011;

An income valuation approach technique (present value technique) that maximized the use of relevant observable inputs and minimized the use of unobservable inputs were equally or more representative of fair value than the market approach valuation technique used at prior measurement dates; and

The Company’s TRUP CDOs should be classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because significant adjustments were required to determine fair value at the measurement date.

The Company’s TRUP CDO valuations were prepared by an independent third party. The third party’s approach to determining fair value involved these steps as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011:

The credit quality of the collateral was calibrated by assigning default probabilities to each issuer;
Asset defaults were generated taking into account both the probability of default of the asset and an assumed level of correlation among the assets;
A 50% level of correlation was assumed among assets from the same industry (e.g., banks with other banks) while a lower (30%) correlation level is assumed among those from different industries;
The loss given default was assumed to be 100% (i.e., no recovery);
The cash flows were forecast for the underlying collateral and applied to each TRUP CDO tranche to determine the resulting distribution among the securities;
The calculations were modeled in 10,000 scenarios using a Monte Carlo engine;
The expected cash flows for each scenario were discounted using a discount rate that the third party calculates for each bond that represents an estimate of the yield that would be required in today’s market for a bond with a similar credit profile as the bond in question; and
The prices were aggregated and the average price was used for valuation purposes.

The Company recalculated the overall effective discount rates for these valuations. The overall discount rates ranged from .1% to 21% and were highly dependent upon the credit quality of the collateral, the relative position of the tranche in the capital structure of the TRUP CDO and the prepayment assumptions.

A summary of assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis is as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total Fair
	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Value
June 30, 2012:
Financial assets:
Securities available-for-sale	$ -	$407,698	$612	$408,310
December 31, 2011:
Financial assets:
Securities available-for-sale	$ -	$364,912	$553	$365,465

The following table presents a reconciliation and income statement classification of gains and losses for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30		Six months ended June 30
	2012	2011	2012	2011
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance	$475	$366	$553	$439
Total unrealized gains (losses) included in:
Net income	-	-	-	-
Other comprehensive income	137	197	82	124
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net	-	-	(23)	-
Transfers in and (out) of Level 3	-	-	-	-
Ending balance	$612	$563	$612	$563

Non-Recurring Basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as described below.

Impaired Loans

Impaired loans are evaluated and valued at the time the loan is identified as impaired at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets including equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable. Independent appraisals for collateral are obtained and are prepared using a combination of the market approach, cost approach and income approach. However, the heaviest weighting is given to the market approach depending on the type of collateral being appraised. Appraisals may be discounted by management based on historical experience, changes in market conditions from time of valuation and/or management’s knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. Such discounts are usually based on more qualitative factors but may be significant, therefore valuations for impaired loans are considered Level 3 in the hierarchy. Values of impaired loans are reviewed on at least a quarterly basis to determine if specific allocations in the allowance for loan losses are adequate.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value of loans held for sale are based upon binding contracts and quotes from third party investors that qualify as Level 2 inputs for determining fair value. Loans held for sale did not have an impairment charge for three or six months ended June 30, 2012 or 2011.

Other Real Estate

Other real estate is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is measured based on independent appraisals and may be discounted by management based on historical experience and knowledge and changes in market conditions from time of valuation. As such discounts may be significant, these inputs are considered Level 3 in the hierarchy for determining fair value. Appraisals are prepared in accordance with regulatory standards and guidelines and usually incorporate a combination of the market approach, cost approach and income approach. However, the most weighting is usually assigned to the market approach based on the most recent and comparable sales of similar properties. Values of other real estate are reviewed at least annually or more often if circumstances require more frequent evaluations.

A summary of assets as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis were as follows:

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total Fair
	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Value
June 30, 2012:
Assets:
Impaired loans	$ -	$ -	$ 9,210	$ 9,210
Loans held for sale	-	1,792	-	1,792
Other real estate owned	-	-	10,579	10,579
December 31, 2011:
Assets:
Impaired loans	$ -	$ -	$ 6,797	$ 6,797
Loans held for sale	-	2,616	-	2,616
Other real estate owned	-	-	11,073	11,073

Fair Value Estimates

ASC 820 requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of financial instruments for interim and annual periods. The following assumptions were made and methods applied to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include amounts due from banks which do not bear interest and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are purchased or sold for one-day periods. For instruments that qualify as cash equivalents, the carrying amount is assumed to be fair value.

Loans

Fair value of variable-rate loans with no significant change in credit risk subsequent to loan origination is based on carrying amounts. For other loans, such as fixed rate loans, fair values are estimated utilizing discounted cash flow analyses, applying interest rates currently offered for new loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values of loans that have experienced significant changes in credit risk have been adjusted to reflect such changes.

Accrued Interest Receivable

The fair values of accrued interest receivable and other assets are assumed to be the carrying value.

Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock

Carrying amounts of capital stock of the FHLB of Cincinnati and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis approximate fair value.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

Carrying amount of bank-owned life insurance is the cash surrender value as of the end of the periods presented and approximates fair value.

Deposit Liabilities

Demand Deposits

The fair values of deposits which are payable on demand, such as interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing checking accounts, passbook savings, and certain money market accounts are equal to the carrying amount of the deposits.

Variable-Rate Deposits

The fair value of variable-rate money market accounts and certificates of deposit approximate their carrying value at the balance sheet date.

Fixed-Rate Deposits

For fixed-rate certificates of deposit, fair values are estimated utilizing discounted cash flow analyses, which apply interest rates currently being offered on certificates of deposits to a schedule of aggregated monthly maturities on time deposits.

Short Term and Other Borrowings

For securities sold under repurchase agreements payable upon demand, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. For securities sold under repurchase agreements for a fixed term, fair values are estimated using the same methodology as fixed rate time deposits discussed above. The fair value of the advances from the FHLB and other long-term borrowings are estimated by discounting the future cash outflows using the current market rates.

Other Liabilities

Fair value of other liabilities is assumed to be the carrying values.

The following table reflects fair value of financial instruments as of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 (in thousands):

	Carrying	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Fair
	Amount	Inputs	Inputs	Inputs	Value
As of June 30, 2012:
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 16,435	$16,435	$ -	$ -	$ 16,435
Interest bearing deposits in other banks	27,996	27,996	-	-	27,996
Investment securities	408,310	-	407,698	612	408,310
Loans, net of allowance	537,397	-	529,388	9,210	538,598
Loans held for sale	1,792	-	1,792	-	1,792
Accrued interest receivable	5,401	-	5,401	-	5,401
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank Stock	5,684	-	5,684	-	5,684
Other real estate owned	10,579	-	-	10,579	10,579
Bank owned life insurance	21,696	-	21,696	-	21,696
Financial liabilities:				-
Deposits	874,963	-	876,350	-	876,350
Short-term borrowings	36,149	-	36,208	-	36,208
Other borrowings	52,076	-	53,825	-	53,825
Other liabilities	9,836	-	9,836	-	9,836
Off-balance sheet arrangements				-
Commitments to extend credit	57,929	-	57,929	-	57,929
Standby letters of credit	3,123	-	3,123	-	3,123

As of December 31, 2011:
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 34,133	$ 34,133	$ -	$ -	$34,133
Interest bearing deposits in other banks	40,138	40,138	-	-	40,138
Investment securities	365,465	-	364,912	553	365,465
Loans, net of allowance	519,660	-	512,863	6,797	519,269
Loans held for sale	2,616	-	2,616	-	2,616
Accrued interest receivable	5,306	-	5,306	-	5,306
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank Stock	5,684	-	5,684	-	5,684
Other real estate owned	11,073	-	11,073	-	11,073
Bank owned life insurance	21,438	-	21,438	-	21,438
Financial liabilities				-
Deposits	855,672	-	855,672	-	857,299
Short-term borrowings	36,471	-	36,471	-	36,550
Other borrowings	47,328	-	47,328	-	49,230
Other liabilities	10,610	-	-	10,610	10,610
Off-balance sheet arrangements				-
Commitments to extend credit	77,861	-	77,861	-	77,861
Standby letters of credit	2,410	-	2,410	-	2,410

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

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+ Details

FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES INC /TN/ 10-Q