EXHIBIT 1

JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
PURSUANT TO RULE 13d-1(k)

The undersigned acknowledge and agree that the foregoing statement on Schedule 13D is filed on behalf of each of the undersigned and that all subsequent amendments to this statement on Schedule 13D shall be filed on behalf of each of the undersigned without the necessity of filing additional joint filing agreements. The undersigned acknowledge that each shall be responsible for the timely filing of such amendments, and for the completeness and accuracy of the information concerning him or it contained herein and therein, but shall not be responsible for the completeness and accuracy of the information concerning the others, except to the extent that he or it knows or has reason to believe that such information is inaccurate.

DATE: December 29, 2023

	SABA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P. /s/ Michael D'Angelo
	Name: Michael D'Angelo Title: Chief Compliance Officer

	SABA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GP, LLC /s/ Michael D'Angelo Name: Michael D'Angelo Title: Authorized Signatory

	BOAZ R. WEINSTEIN /s/ Michael D'Angelo
	Name: Michael D'Angelo
	Title: Attorney-in-fact*

	Title: Attorney-in-fact*

abrdn Life Sciences Investors SC 13D