Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2025

NOTE 13 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair Value Measurements

All financial assets and financial liabilities are recorded at fair value on initial recognition. Transaction costs are expensed when they are incurred, unless they are directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or the assumption of liabilities carried at amortized cost, in which case the transaction costs adjust the carrying amount.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1

Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

Level 2

Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and

Level 3

Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

Under fair value accounting, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related party, accounts payable and warrant derivative liability.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related party and accounts payable approximate fair value at October 31, 2025 and 2024 due to the short maturities of these financial instruments. There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024.

Warrant Derivative Liability

The Company accounts for its warrants as either equity or liabilities based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities require separate accounting as liabilities are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and will be revalued on each subsequent balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense. The Company has used the Black-Scholes pricing model to fair value the warrants (Note 11). Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of warrants requires considerable judgment. Any change in the estimates used may cause the value to be higher or lower than that reported. The estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, is based on the historical volatility and maybe adjusted to reflect the implicit discount to historical volatilities observed in the prices of traded warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants at the valuation date. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is expected to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company does not anticipate paying any dividend in the foreseeable future.

The derivative is not traded in an active market, and the fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The estimates may be significantly different from those recorded in the consolidated financial statements because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. All changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period. This is considered to be a Level 3 financial instrument.

The Company has the following liabilities under the fair value hierarchy measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	October 31, 2025
Liability	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

Warrant derivative liability	$	—	$	—	$	777,095


	October 31, 2024
Liability		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

Warrant derivative liability	$	—	$	—	$	89,580

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the Company by failing to discharge its obligations. To mitigate exposure to credit risk on financial assets, the Company has established policies to ensure liquidity of funds and ensure that counterparties demonstrate minimum acceptable credit worthiness.

The Company maintains its U.S. dollar and $CDN cash and cash equivalents in bank and demand deposit accounts with major financial institutions with high credit standings. Cash deposits held in Canada are insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (“CDIC”) for up to $CDN 100,000. Certain Canadian bank accounts held by the Company exceed these federally insured limits or are uninsured as they related to U.S. dollar deposits held in Canadian financial institutions. As of October 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s cash and cash equivalent balances held in Canadian financial institutions included 1,059,821 and $413,780, respectively, which was not insured by the CDIC. The Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts and management believes that using major financial institutions with high credit ratings mitigates the credit risk in cash and cash equivalents.

As at October 31, 2025 and 2024, cash and cash equivalents consist of guaranteed investment certificates of $17,264 and $17,390, respectively, held in bank accounts.

The Company also maintains cash in bank accounts in Mexico. These accounts are denominated in the local currency and are considered uninsured. As of October 31, 2025 and 2024, the U.S. dollar equivalent balance for these accounts was $74,941 and $69,093, respectively. As of October 31, 2025, the Company reclassified a cash balance of $74,875 ($MXN 1,389,737) to restricted cash, which was subject to seizure by the Mexican government due to a dispute over certain years’ VAT and corporate tax.

Other receivables, accounts receivable and due from related party comprise receivables from GST refunds, Bench Walk and a related party and proceeds from warrant exercises. Receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis with the result that the Company’s exposure to impairment is not significant. At October 31, 2025 and 2024, none of the Company’s receivables are impaired. All receivables are normally settled between 30 to 90 days.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will be unable to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company’s approach to managing its liquidity risk is to ensure, as much as possible, that it will have sufficient liquid funds to meet its liabilities when due.

At October 31, 2025, the Company has $1,135,565 (2024 - $476,868) of cash and cash equivalents to settle current liabilities of $7,659,875 (2024 - $378,336), excluding the warrant derivate liability. All payables classified as current liabilities are due within one year.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company holds substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents in bank and demand deposit accounts with major financial institutions. The interest rates received on these balances may fluctuate with changes in economic conditions. Based on the average cash and cash equivalent balances during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025, a 1% decrease in interest rates would have resulted in a reduction in interest income for the period of approximately $4,000.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Certain purchases of labor, operating supplies and capital assets are denominated in $CDN, $MXN or other currencies. As a result, currency exchange fluctuations may impact the costs of the Company’s operations. Specifically, the appreciation of the $MXN or $CDN against the U.S. dollar may result in an increase in operating expenses and capital costs in U.S. dollar terms. The Company currently does not engage in any currency hedging activities.

Based on the net exposures as at October 31, 2025, a 5% depreciation or appreciation of the $CDN and $MXN against the U.S. dollar would result in an increase/decrease of approximately $39,000 in the Company’s net income.

SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC. 10-K