Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Standards [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

The Company evaluates the need to consolidate affiliates based on standards set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, “Consolidation,” (“ASC 810”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Alpha-5 Integrin, LLC, AlloMek Therapeutics, LLC, Pasithea Therapeutics Limited (U.K.), Pasithea Clinics Inc. (“Pasithea Clinics”) and Pasithea MacroMEK Pty Ltd. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

These consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statement and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Management regularly makes estimates related to the fair value of warrant liabilities; the recoverability of long-lived assets; the fair values and useful lives of intangible assets acquired in business combinations; the potential impairment of goodwill; and prepaid expenses and accrued expenses related to our CROs. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As appropriate, the Company obtains reports from third-party valuation experts to inform and support estimates related to fair value measurements.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in operating expense, except for goodwill related to intellectual property and patents. Research and development costs consist principally of compensation of employees and consultants that perform the Company’s research and development activities, payments to third parties for pre-clinical, non-clinical and clinical activities, costs to acquire drug products from contract development and manufacturing organizations and third-party contractors relating to chemistry, manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) efforts and research and development costs related to our discovery programs. Depending upon the timing of payments to the service providers, the Company recognizes prepaid expenses or accrued expenses related to these costs. These accrued or prepaid expenses are based on management’s estimates of the work performed under service agreements, milestones achieved and experience with similar contracts. The Company monitors each of these factors and adjusts estimates accordingly.

Research and development also includes contra expense related to costs reimbursed under the Company’s grant agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded grant income of $43,000 and $0, respectively, as a contra expense within research and development.

General and Administrative

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel and related costs, including stock-based compensation, legal fees relating to both intellectual property and corporate matters, accounting and audit related costs, insurance, corporate communications and public company expenses, information technology, office and facility rents and related expenses, including depreciation, amortization and maintenance, and fees for consulting, business development and other professional services.

Defined-Contribution Savings Plan

Defined-Contribution Savings Plan

In the United States, the Company maintains a defined-contribution savings plan pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The plan is available to employees who meet the minimum age and length of service requirements. The contributions made during the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 were approximately $91,000 and $44,000, respectively.

Grants

Grants

In connection with the acquisition of Alpha-5, the Company legally assumed rights under a grant agreement with FightMND, which was entered into by Alpha-5 on September 23, 2021. FightMND supports pre-clinical research, development and assessment of therapeutics for motor neuron disease, including ALS. Under the grant agreement, the Company is entitled to reimbursements for costs incurred for research related to its monoclonal antibody targeting a5b1 integrin as a potential treatment for ALS.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all money market funds with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents, classified as trading securities. The Company had cash equivalents of $53.4 million and $6.1 million as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Property and Equipment and Depreciation

Property and Equipment and Depreciation

Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using straight-line and accelerated methods over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which range from three to ten years. Expenditures that enhance the useful lives of the assets are capitalized and depreciated. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When properties are retired or otherwise disposed of, related costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of those leasehold improvements and the remaining lease term. Gains or losses on the disposal of property and equipment are determined by comparing the net proceeds from the sale, if any, with the carrying amount of the assets at the time of disposal. These gains or losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other income (expense).

Common Stock Warrants

Common Stock Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent reporting period while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance, or when the conditions for equity classification are met, and are not remeasured. Issued warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification are classified as liabilities. Liability-classified warrants are recorded at their fair value, and the Company adjusts such warrants to fair value at each reporting period. Until the warrants are exercised, expire or are reclassified as an equity instrument, any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The Company accounts for the publicly traded warrants issued in its Initial Public Offering (the “Public Warrants”) and the warrants issued as compensation to the underwriters in its Initial Public Offering (the “Representative Warrants” and together with the Public Warrants, the “IPO Warrants”) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815, under which the IPO Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as derivative liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the IPO Warrants as liabilities at their fair value. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until the IPO Warrants are exercised or expire, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the IPO Warrants was initially measured using a Black-Scholes pricing model. Currently, the fair value of the Public Warrants is measured using quoted market prices, and the fair value of the Representative Warrants is based on an estimate of the relative fair value to the Public Warrants, accounting for a small difference in the exercise price.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company accounts for their derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC 815, therefore any embedded conversion options and warrants accounted for as derivatives are to be recorded at their fair values as of the inception date of the agreement and at fair value as of each subsequent balance sheet date. Any change in fair value is recorded as non-operating, non-cash income or expense for each reporting period at each balance sheet date. The Company reassesses the classification of its derivative instruments at each balance sheet date. If the classification changes as a result of events during the period, the contract is reclassified as of the date of the event that caused the reclassification.

The Black-Scholes option valuation model was used to estimate the fair value of the embedded conversion options and warrants. The model includes subjective input assumptions that can materially affect the fair value estimates.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. As of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively, the Company had deferred tax assets related to certain net operating losses. A valuation allowance was established against these deferred tax assets at their full amount, resulting in a zero balance of deferred tax assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025, and 2024.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2025, and 2024. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities since inception.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of a cash account in a financial institution, which, at times, may exceed the Federal Depository Insurance Coverage of $250,000. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not experienced losses on this account and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such account.

Warrant Liability

Warrant Liability

The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the statements of operations. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument could be required within 12 months of the balance sheet date.

The Company uses Level 3 inputs for its valuation methodology for the derivative liabilities as their fair values were determined by using a Black-Scholes pricing model. The Company’s derivative liabilities are adjusted to reflect fair value at each reporting date, with any increase or decrease in the fair value being recorded in the statement of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

With the exception of liabilities related to the IPO Warrants and derivative warrant liability, described in the table below, the fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” approximates the carrying amounts presented in the accompanying balance sheet, primarily due to their short-term nature.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). These tiers include:

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Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments in active markets;

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Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and

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Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The following table presents information about the Company’s liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

			Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
	Fair value		Quoted prices in active markets for identical liabilities (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents, December 31, 2025	$	53,436,440	$	53,436,440	$	-	$	-
Cash equivalents, December 31, 2024	$	6,093,044	$	6,093,044	$	-	$	-

Liabilities:
Public warrant liabilities, December 31, 2025	$	44,000	$	44,000	$	-	$	-
Representative warrant liabilities, December 31, 2025	$	2,871	$	-	$	-	$	2,871
Warrant derivative liability, December 3, 2025	$	3,842,857	$	-	$	-	$	3,842,857

Liabilities:
Public warrant liabilities, December 31, 2024	$	152,240	$	152,240	$	-	$	-
Representative warrant liabilities, December 31, 2024	$	9,932	$	-	$	-	$	9,932

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Level 3 Representative Warrant liabilities:

	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Representative warrant liabilities, January 1	$	9,932		$	5,166
Issuances		-			-
Exercises		-			-
Change in fair value		(7,061	)		4,766
Representative warrant liabilities, December 31	$	2,871		$	9,932

The change in fair value of the Representative Warrants liabilities is recorded in change in fair value of warrant liabilities on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Level 3 Derivative Warrant liabilities:

	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Derivative warrant liabilities, January 1	$	-	$	-
Issuances		3,426,239		-
Exercises		-		-
Change in fair value		416,619		-
Derivative warrant liabilities, December 31	$	3,842,857	$	-

The change in fair value of the derivative warrant liabilities is recorded in change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The fair value of the cash equivalents is based on the fair value of marketable securities invested in U.S. government money market funds.

The fair value of the liability associated with the Public Warrants as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, was based on the quoted closing price on The Nasdaq Capital Market and is classified as Level 1. The fair value of the liability associated with the Representative Warrants as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, was based on an estimate of the relative fair value to the Public Warrants, accounting for a small difference in the exercise price, and is classified as Level 3.

In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share

Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share is computed similarly to the basic earnings per share, except the weighted average number of common shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares from the assumed exercise of share options, if dilutive. The following outstanding shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants and vesting of restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Stock options		1,685,843		182,034
Warrants		9,080,120		3,293,692
Restricted stock units		-		-

Foreign Currency Translations

Foreign Currency Translations

The Company’s functional and reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. All transactions initiated in other currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the U.S. dollar at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Unrealized exchange gains and losses arising from such transactions are deferred until realization and are included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as a component of comprehensive income or loss. Upon realization, the amount deferred is recognized in income in the period when it is realized.

Translation of Foreign Operations

Translation of Foreign Operations

The financial results and position of foreign operations whose functional currency is different from the Company’s presentation currency are translated as follows:

●

assets and liabilities are translated at period-end exchange rates prevailing at that reporting date;

●

equity is translated at historical exchange rates; and

●

income and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the period.

Exchange differences arising on translation of foreign operations are transferred directly to the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated financial statements. Transaction gains and losses arising from exchange rate fluctuation on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, the Company had one operating subsidiary with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, which experienced a foreign currency translation gain of approximately $19,000. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company had one operating subsidiary with a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, which experienced a foreign currency translation loss of approximately $0. Additionally, losses related to the now dissolved subsidiaries which were previously operating in functional currencies not that of the U.S. dollar as the parent were realized in the consolidated statements of operations within other income (expense) in the amount of approximately $7,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025.

The relevant translation rates are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2025		2024
Closing rate, British Pound (GBP) to $USD at period end		N/A		1.2529
Average rate, GBP to $USD for the period ended		N/A		1.2783
Closing rate, Euro (EUR) to $USD at period end		N/A		1.0355
Average rate, EUR to $USD for the period ended		N/A		1.0818
Closing rate, Australian Dollar (AUD) to $USD at period end		0.6669		N/A
Average rate, AUD to $USD for the period of subsidiary inception to period end		0.6450		N/A

N/A - Not applicable due to the Company having no operating subsidiaries with functional currencies other than that of the parent company U.S. Dollar

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

ASC 220, “Comprehensive Income,” establishes standards for reporting and display of comprehensive income (loss) and its components in a full set of general-purpose financial statements. As of December 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company had no material items of other comprehensive income (loss) except for the unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment.

Acquisitions, Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Acquisitions, Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of an acquired business beginning as of the date of acquisition. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition; goodwill is recorded for any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Significant judgment is required to determine the fair value of certain tangible and intangible assets and in assigning their respective useful lives. Accordingly, we typically obtain the assistance of third-party valuation specialists for significant tangible and intangible assets. The fair values are based on available historical information and on future expectations and assumptions deemed reasonable by management but are inherently uncertain and could affect the accuracy or validity of the estimates and assumptions. Determining the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated lives. Any intangible assets associated with acquired in-process research and development activities (“IPR&D”) are not amortized until a product is available for sale.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangibles and Goodwill

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangibles and Goodwill

Long-lived and amortizable intangible assets are assessed annually for impairment or sooner should impairment indicators exist. Significant events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Such circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used or in its physical condition or a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of an asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the anticipated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss is the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value.

Goodwill is assessed for impairment annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. Impairment exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The Company may elect to assess goodwill for impairment using a qualitative or a quantitative approach, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill is greater than its carrying value.

Leases

Leases

The Company’s previous leases were related to office space. The Company determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at the time of the contract’s inception based on the presence of identified assets and the Company’s right to obtain substantially all the economic benefit from or to direct the use of such assets. When the Company determines a lease exists, it records a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and corresponding lease liability on its balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized at the lease commencement date at the present value of the remaining future lease payments the Company is obligated for under the terms of the lease. Lease liabilities are recognized concurrently with the recognition of the ROU asset and represent the present value of lease payments to be made under the lease. These ROU assets and liabilities are adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received, and initial direct costs incurred. As the discount rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most of the Company’s leases, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. If the Company’s lease terms include an option to extend the lease for a set period, the Company evaluates the renewal option and should it be reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option, adjusts the ROU asset and liability accordingly.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards to employees and members of its Board of Directors (the “Board”) in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to employees and Board members, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statements of operations by measuring the fair value of the award on the date of grant and recognizing this fair value as stock-based compensation using a straight-line method over the requisite service period, generally the vesting period.

The Company estimates the grant date fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires management to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the Common Stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the Common Stock.

Segment Information

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) or decision-making group in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating and reporting segment, which is the business of research and development of innovative treatments for RASopathies, MAPK pathway-driven tumors and other diseases, including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. See Note 13 Segment Information for further information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires public business entities to disaggregate specific expense captions on the income statement into required natural expense categories within the footnotes to the financial statements. This guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our financial statement disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public business entities on an annual basis to disclose specific categories in the income-tax rate reconciliation, provide information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, and disclose certain information about income taxes paid. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendment has been applied on a prospective basis.

Pasithea Therapeutics Corp. 10-K