Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The following unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, such interim financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for complete annual financial statements. The information furnished reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items which are, in the opinion of management, necessary in order to make the financial statements not misleading. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the Company’s annual financial statements that were audited by our independent registered public accounting firm but does not include all of the information and footnotes required for complete annual financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on June 23, 2025 for a broader discussion of our business and the risks inherent in such business.

Advances to Suppliers and Related Party

In the normal course of business, the Company may advance payments to its suppliers, including of Bacolod Blue Star Export Corp. (“Bacolod”), a related party based in the Philippines. These advances are in the form of prepayments for products that will ship within a short window of time. In the event that it becomes necessary for the Company to return products or adjust for quality issues, the Company is issued a credit by the vendor in the normal course of business and these credits are also reflected against future shipments.

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the balance due from the related party for future shipments was approximately $1,300,000. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company determined it was appropriate to record an allowance for the full balance due from Bacolod. No new purchases have been made from Bacolod since November 2020. There was no cost of revenue related to inventories purchased from Bacolod recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company made payments to John Keeler for an unsecured promissory note which has already been paid off in the year 2024. These payments exceeded the amount owed under the note, resulting in an overpayment of approximately $131,000 as advance to related party. Management is evaluating the appropriate method for recovery or settlement of the overpaid amount.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as such, we record revenue when our customer obtains control of the promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company’s source of revenue is from importing blue and red swimming crab meat primarily from South East Asia and distributing it in the United States and Canada under several brand names such as Blue Star, Oceanica, Pacifika, Crab & Go, First Choice, Good Stuff and Coastal Pride Fresh, and steelhead salmon and rainbow trout fingerlings produced under the brand name Little Cedar Farms for distribution in Canada. We sell primarily to food service distributors. The Company also sells its products to wholesalers, retail establishments and seafood distributors.

To determine revenue recognition for the arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer by receipt of purchase orders and confirmations sent by the Company which includes a required line of credit approval process, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract which includes shipment of goods to the customer FOB shipping point or destination, (3) determine the transaction price which initiates with the purchase order received from the customer and confirmation sent by the Company and will include discounts and allowances by customer if any, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract which is the shipment of the goods to the customer and transaction price determined in step 3 above and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation which is when the Company transfers control of the goods to the customers by shipment or delivery of the products.

The Company elected an accounting policy to treat shipping and handling activities as fulfillment activities. Consideration payable to a customer is recorded as a reduction of the arrangement’s transaction price, thereby reducing the amount of revenue recognized, unless the payment is for distinct goods or services received from the customer.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist of unsecured obligations due from customers under normal trade terms, usually net 30 days. The Company grants credit to its customers based on the Company’s evaluation of a particular customer’s credit worthiness.

Allowances for credit losses are maintained for potential credit losses based on the age of the accounts receivable and the results of the Company’s periodic credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition. Receivables are written off as uncollectible and deducted from the allowance for doubtful accounts after collection efforts have been deemed to be unsuccessful. Subsequent recoveries are netted against the allowance for credit losses. The Company generally does not charge interest on receivables.

Receivables are net of estimated allowances for doubtful accounts and sales return, allowances and discounts. They are stated at estimated net realizable value. As of September 30, 2025, the Company recorded allowances for sales returns, allowances and discounts of $24,300 and refund liability of $0. There was no allowance for bad debt recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded sales return, allowances and discounts of $39,000 and refund liability of $57,000. There was no allowance for bad debt recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Inventories

Substantially all of the Company’s inventory consists of packaged crab meat located at a public cold storage facility and merchandise in transit from suppliers. The Company also has eggs and fish in process inventory from TOBC and raw materials for packaged seafood and other inventory from AFVFL. The cost of inventory is primarily determined using the specific identification method for crab meat and raw materials for packaged seafood inventory. Fish in process inventory is measured based on the estimated biomass of fish on hand. The Company has established a standard procedure to estimate the biomass of fish on hand using counting and sampling techniques. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method for crab meat and raw materials for packaged seafood inventory and using various estimates and assumptions in regard to the calculation of the biomass, including expected yield, market value of the biomass, and estimated costs of completion.

Merchandise is purchased on a cost and freight shipping point basis, and it becomes the Company’s asset and liability upon leaving the suppliers’ warehouse.

The Company periodically reviews the value of items in inventory and records an allowance to reduce the carrying value of inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value based on its assessment of market conditions, inventory turnover and current stock levels. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded an inventory allowance of $916,573. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an inventory allowance in the amount of $1,417,305 which was charged to cost of goods sold.

The Company’s inventory as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consists of:

Schedule of Inventory

	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024

Inventory purchased for resale	$	994,237		$	1,644,085
Feeds and eggs processed		18,703			65,924
Raw materials for packaged seafood		20,899			155,056
Less: Inventory allowance		(916,573	)		(1,417,305	)
Inventory, net	$	117,266		$	447,760

Lease Accounting

The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases, which requires all leases to be reported on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease obligations. The Company elected the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that retained the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard.

The Company categorizes leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance. Finance leases are generally those leases that would allow the Company to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated life. Assets acquired under finance leases are recorded in property and equipment, net. All other leases are categorized as operating leases. The Company did not have any finance leases as of September 30, 2025. The Company’s leases generally have terms that range from 3three years for equipment and 6six to seven years for real property. The Company elected the accounting policy to include both the lease and non-lease components of its agreements as a single component and accounts for them as a lease.

Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the fixed lease payments using a discount rate based on similarly secured borrowings available to us. Lease assets are recognized based on the initial present value of the fixed lease payments, reduced by landlord incentives, plus any direct costs from executing the lease. Lease assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets used in operations. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the lease term.

When we have the option to extend the lease term, terminate the lease before the contractual expiration date, or purchase the leased asset, and it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, we consider these options in determining the classification and measurement of the lease. Costs associated with operating lease assets are recognized on a straight-line basis within operating expenses over the term of the lease.

Long-lived Assets

Management reviews long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, for indicators of impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Cash flows expected to be generated by the related assets are estimated over the asset’s useful life on an undiscounted basis. If the evaluation indicates that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable, the potential impairment is measured using fair value. Fair value estimates are completed using a discounted cash flow analysis. Impairment losses for assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal. No impairment was recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates Risk

The Company manages its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through its normal operating activities. Its primary focus is to monitor exposure to, and manage, the economic foreign currency exchange risks faced by, its operations and realized when the Company exchanges one currency for another. The Company’s operations primarily utilize the U.S. dollar and Canadian dollar as its functional currencies. Movements in foreign currency exchange rates affect its financial statements.

Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and is measured using inputs in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 measurements are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation of these items does not entail a significant amount of judgment.

Level 2 measurements are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or market data other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 measurements are based on unobservable data that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Our financial instruments include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, debt obligations, derivative liabilities and warrant liabilities. We believe the carrying values of our cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair values because they are short term in nature or payable on demand. The derivative liability is the embedded conversion feature on the 2023 Lind convertible note. All derivatives and warrant liabilities are recorded at fair value. The change in fair value for derivatives and warrants liabilities is recognized in earnings. The Company’s derivative and warrant liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the Black Scholes Pricing model as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. There were no financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis under Levels 1 and 2.


	Level 3 Fair Value
	As of September 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Liabilities
Derivative liability on convertible debt	$	-	$	49,565
Total	$	-	$	49,565

The table below presents the change in the fair value of the derivative liability convertible debt and warrant liability during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

Derivative liability balance, January 1, 2024	$	1,047,049
Issuance of derivative liability during the period		-
Settlement of derivative liability		(1,027,674	)
Change in fair value of derivative liability during the period		212,254
Derivative liability balance, September 30, 2024	$	231,629

Warrant liability balance, January 1, 2024	$	1,574
Issuance of warrant liability during the period		-
Change in fair value of warrant liability during the period		(1,574	)
Warrant liability balance, September 30, 2024	$	-

The table below presents the change in the fair value of the derivative liability convertible debt and warrant liability during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Derivative liability balance, January 1, 2025	$	49,565
Issuance of derivative liability during the period		-
Change in derivative liability during the period		(14,090	)
Derivative liability balance, March 31, 2025	$	35,475
Issuance of derivative liability during the period		-
Change in derivative liability during the period		(15,846	)
Derivative liability balance, June 30, 2025	$	19,629
Issuance of derivative liability during the period		-
Change in derivative liability during the period		(19,629	)
Derivative liability balance, September 30, 2025	$	-

The fair market value of all derivatives and warrant liability as of December 31, 2024 was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which used the following assumptions:

Stock price	$	0.13
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%
Expected stock price volatility		189.14	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.32	%
Expected term		0.58 years

Segment Information

The Company’s business consists of one operating segment, which is also its one reportable segment. The Company derives revenue by providing sales of primarily seafood products to customers. The Company’s CODM is its chief executive officer who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The CODM reviews total assets in the consolidated balance sheets and net loss and its components in the consolidated statement of operations such as, cost of goods sold and other operating expenses, to assess financial performance and allocate resources.

Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2023-09 – Income Taxes (Topic 740)

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU aims to enhance the transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring public business entities to provide more disaggregated information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and for income taxes paid. Key provisions include a requirement for tabular reconciliation using both percentages and amounts, broken out into specific categories, with certain reconciling items at or above a 5% quantitative threshold further disaggregated by nature and/or jurisdiction. Additionally, the ASU requires disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received), disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign jurisdictions, and amounts paid to individual jurisdictions that comprise 5% or more of total income taxes paid. The ASU also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to unrecognized tax benefits and cumulative unrecognized deferred tax liabilities. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company does not expect this adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2024-03 – Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires public business entities to disclose more detailed information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to their financial statements, both in annual and interim filings. The objective is to provide investors with greater transparency into a company’s expense structure, enabling a better understanding of performance, assessment of future cash flows, and comparison with other entities. Key provisions include the disaggregation, in a tabular format, of specific natural expense categories such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization, within each relevant expense caption on the income statement. The ASU also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and a qualitative description of expenses remaining in the “other” category. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its financial statements and disclosures.

ASU 2025-01 – Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date. This update clarifies the effective date guidance in ASU 2024-03, which requires public business entities to disclose, in the notes to the financial statements, the disaggregation of certain income statement expense line items. The amendments do not change the disclosure requirements established by ASU 2024-03 but clarify when entities are required to apply them. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its financial statements and disclosures.

ASU 2025-05 — Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. This ASU introduces a practical expedient to simplify the estimation of expected credit losses for current trade accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from revenue transactions accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under the expedient, entities may assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date will persist for the remaining life of those short-term assets when measuring expected credit losses. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its financial statements and disclosures.

Blue Star Foods Corp. 10-Q