Intangible Assets, net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	291	$	(289)	$	2	$	291	$	(270)	$	21
TiO2 technology	94		(57)		37		94		(51)		43
Internal-use software and other	249		(74)		175		239		(59)		180
Intangible assets, net	$	634	$	(420)	$	214	$	624	$	(380)	$	244

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, internal-use software included approximately $55 million and $116 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.

The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		2023
Cost of goods sold	$	13	$	6	$	3
Selling, general and administrative expenses	27		26		28
Total	$	40	$	32	$	31

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $30 million for 2026, $35 million for 2027, $34 million for 2028, $32 million for 2029, $32 million for 2030 and $51 million thereafter.

Tronox Holdings plc 10-K