Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

The Company's significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of the Company's 2024 Form 10-K. Updates to the Company's significant accounting policies are included herein as a result of the Company's investments in sales-type leases during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and as a result of changes to amounts now presented separately on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Sales-type Leases: Lease classification for leases under which the Company is the lessor are evaluated under ASC Topic 842, Leases ("ASC 842") at lease commencement or lease modification. Leases qualify as sales-type leases if the contract includes either transfer of ownership clauses, certain purchase options, a lease term representing a major part of the economic life of the asset, or the present value of the lease payments and residual guarantees provided by the lessee equals substantially all of the fair value of the asset. If a lease is determined to be a sales-type lease, the Company records a net investment in the lease which is equal to the present value of the fixed and determinable lease payments, including any guaranteed or unguaranteed residual value of the asset at the end of the lease, discounted at the rate implicit in the lease.

ASC 842 requires a lessor to derecognize the underlying asset and recognize any selling profit or loss on a sales-type lease at lease commencement, assuming that collectibility of both lease payments and any residual value guarantee provided by the lessee is probable. The difference between the net investment in the lease and the carrying value of the underlying asset is recognized as selling profit or loss upon execution of the lease within Gain (loss) on commercial real estate transactions in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. Initial direct costs are recognized as an expense if, at the commencement date, the fair value of the underlying asset is different from its carrying amount. If the fair value of the underlying asset equals its carrying amount, initial direct costs are deferred at the commencement date and included in the measurement of the net investment in the lease.

Interest income from sales-type leases is measured using the rate implicit in the lease and is recorded in Operating Revenue - Commercial Real Estate in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations over the lease term to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s net investment in the lease. Rent payments that are not fixed and determinable at lease inception, such as tenant reimbursed property operating costs, percentage rent and market rent adjustments, are not included in the effective interest method calculation and are accounted for as variable payments in the period earned.

The Company evaluates its net investment in sales-type leases for impairment under ASC Topic 326, Credit Losses.

Intangible Assets and Liabilities: Real estate intangible assets and real estate intangible liabilities are included in Real estate intangible assets, net and Real estate intangible liabilities, net, respectively, in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and are generally related to the acquisition of commercial real estate properties. In the event a lease or leases with a tenant have been, or are expected to be, terminated early, the Company evaluates the remaining useful lives of depreciable or amortizable assets of the associated assets and liabilities related to the lease terminated (i.e., tenant improvements, above and below market lease intangibles, in-place lease value and leasing commissions). Based upon consideration of the facts and circumstances surrounding the termination, the Company may accelerate the depreciation and amortization of such associated assets and liabilities.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06 ("ASU 2023-06"), Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendment in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. This ASU modified the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of codification topics by aligning them with the SEC’s regulations. The amendments to the various topics should be applied prospectively, and the effective date will be determined for each individual disclosure based on the effective date of the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure. If the SEC has not removed the applicable requirements from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K by June 30, 2027, then this ASU will not become effective. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not expect the amendments of this accounting standard update to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the amendments of this accounting standard update to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 ("ASU 2024-03"), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This ASU requires a public business entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to its financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods. The objective of the disclosure requirements is to provide disaggregated information about a public business entity's expenses to help investors (a) better understand the entity's performance, (b) better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows, and (c) compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, on either a prospective basis to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date, or on a retrospective basis to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Interest and other income (expense), net

Interest and other income (expense), net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, included the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Interest income	$	145	$	965	$	611	$	1,708
Post-retirement benefit (expense)	(102)		(107)		(307)		(320)

Gain (loss) on fair value adjustments related to interest rate swaps	—		—		—		3,675
Financing charges	—		—		—		(2,350)

Other income (expense), net	4		(4)		14		(61)
Interest and other income (expense), net	$	47	$	854	$	318	$	2,652

Alexander & Baldwin, Inc. 10-Q