2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Accounting standards

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis to reflect the financial position and results of operations of the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

(b) Fiscal year

The Company’s fiscal year ends on the 31st of December of each calendar year.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

(d) Use of estimates

The Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon its consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

(e) Revenue recognition

We mainly sell food products. We recognize revenue when title and risk of loss are transferred to our customers. This generally happens upon delivery of our product.

(f) Shipping and handling costs

The Company records outward freight, purchasing and receiving costs in selling expenses; inspection costs and warehousing costs are recorded as general and administrative expenses.

(g) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits held by banks, and securities with maturities of three months or less. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are composed primarily of investments in money market accounts stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

(h) Inventories

Inventories are recorded using the weighted average method and are valued at the lower of cost or market.

(i) Accounts receivable, net

The carrying amount of accounts receivable is reduced by a valuation allowance that reflects the Company’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. In addition to reviewing delinquent accounts receivable, the Company considers many factors in estimating its general allowance, including aging analysis, historical bad debt records, customer credit analysis and any specific known troubled accounts.

(j) Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Amortization of leasehold improvements is calculated on a straight-line basis over the life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Major renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated; maintenance and repairs that do not extend the life of the respective assets are charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposal of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in income. Depreciation related to property and equipment used in production is reported in cost of sales. Property and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Types of PPE	Depreciation period	Residual rate(%)
Buildings and improvements	30	1
Machinery and equipment	5	3
Transportation	10	3
Office equipment and others	5	3

Long-term assets of the Company are reviewed annually to assess whether the carrying value has become impaired, according to the guidelines established in Statement of Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 144, "Accounting for the Impairment of Disposal of Long-Lived Assets." The Company also evaluates the periods of amortization to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives. No impairment of assets was recorded in the periods reported.

(k) Intangible assets

Intangible assets consist of 30 years use right of Fruit vegetable franchise baseand are recorded at cost. The cost of fruit vegetable franchise base use right was amortized over 20 years using the straight-line method.

(l) Impairment of long-lived assets

The carrying amounts of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

(m) Investments

Investments consist primarily of less than 20% equity positions in non-marketable securities and are recorded at lower of cost or market.

(n) Foreign currency translation

The accompanying financial statements are presented in United States (US) dollars. The functional currency is the Renminbi (RMB). The financial statements are translated into US dollars from RMB at year-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities, and weighted average exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred.

Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation are recorded in a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the years presented.

RMB is not freely convertible into the currency of other nations. All such exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. There is no guarantee the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US dollars at rates used in translation.

The spot exchange rate and averaged exchange rate are listed below:

December, 31, 2015	Averaged exchange rate
6.4936	6.2284

(o) Income taxes

According to China's national tax policy, Yasheng Group and its all agricultural branches will gain China’s national tax authority for tax exemption.

(p) Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of common and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the year. The Company has no potentially dilutive shares for the periods shown.

(q) Economic and Political Risks

The Company faces a number of risks and challenges as a result of having primary operations and markets in the PRC. Changing political climates in the PRC could have a significant effect on the Company's business.

(r) Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a company during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments from owners and distributions to owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income, as presented on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consists of mainly the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment.

The number -56,482,033 of other comprehensive income is due to the foreign currency translation.

(s) Value added tax (VAT)

According to China's national tax policy, Yasheng Group and its all agricultural branches will gain China’s national tax authority for tax exemption.

(t) Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance on testing goodwill for impairment. The new guidance provides an entity the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of areporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an entity determines that this is the case, it is required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized for that reporting unit (if any). If an entity determines that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. We adopted this new guidance.

In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance enhancing disclosure requirements about the nature of an entity’s right to offset and related arrangements associated with its financial instruments. The new guidance requires the disclosure of thegross amounts subject to rights of set-off, amounts offset in accordance with the accounting standards followed, and the related net exposure. In January 2013, the FASB clarified that the scope of this guidance applies to derivatives, repurchase agreements, and securities lendingarrangements that are either offset or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, or similar agreements. We have adopted this new guidance.

In February 2013, the FASB issued guidance on disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). This new guidance requires entities to present (either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to financial statements) theeffects on the line items of the income statement for amounts reclassified out of AOCI. We have adopted this new guidance.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In March 2013, the FASB issued guidance on a parent’s accounting for the cumulative translation adjustment upon de-recognition of a subsidiary or group of assets within a foreign entity. This new guidance requires that the parent release any related cumulative translation adjustment into net income only if the sale or transfer results in the complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity in which the subsidiary or group of assets had resided. The new guidance will be effective for us beginning December 31, 2014.We do not anticipate material impacts on our financial statements upon adoption.

(u) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable, other liabilities, and short-term borrowings approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. Long term debt approximates fair value as its interest rates approximates market interest rates .

Yasheng Group 10-K