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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark one)


			x			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025


			o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________to _________

Commission File Number 0-1665


KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						36-2476480
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

120 Wood Road

Kingston, NY 12401

(Address of principal executive offices)

(845) 802-7900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	KINS	Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:


None

(Title of each class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to ﬁle reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.

Persons who respond to the collection of information contained in this form are not

required to respond unless the form displays a currently valid OMB control number.

SEC 1673 (04-20)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to the previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10-D1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $206,834,561 based on the closing sale price as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Note.—If a determination as to whether a particular person or entity is an aﬃliate cannot be made without involving unreasonable eﬀort and expense, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-aﬃliates may be calculated on the basis of assumptions reasonable under the circumstances, provided that the assumptions are set forth in this Form.

APPLICABLE ONLY TO REGISTRANTS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has ﬁled all documents and reports required to be ﬁled by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan conﬁrmed by a court. Yes o No o

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE REGISTRANTS)

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. As of March 10, 2026, there were 14,476,825 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None

Table of Contents

INDEX


		Page No.
Forward-Looking Statements		3

PART I
Item 1.	Business.	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	18
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments.	25
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity.	25
Item 2.	Properties.	26
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings.	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	27

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.	28
Item 6.	Reserved.	28
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	29
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	61
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.	61
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	62
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures.	62
Item 9B.	Other Information.	65
Item 9C.	Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.	65

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.	66
Item 11.	Executive Compensation.	69
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.	75
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.	77
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	78

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.	79
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary.	81
Signatures		82

Table of Contents

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) contains forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The events described in forward‑looking statements contained in this Annual Report may not occur. Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings, costs or other aspects of our operating results. The words “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” and “continue,” and their opposites and similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control, which may influence the accuracy of the statements and the projections upon which the statements are based. Factors which may cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of this Annual Report.

Any one or more of these uncertainties, risks and other influences could materially affect our results of operations and whether forward‑looking statements made by us ultimately prove to be accurate. Our actual results, performance and achievements could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward‑looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward‑looking statements, whether from new information, future events or otherwise except as required by law.

Table of Contents

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

(a)Business Development

General

As used in this Annual Report, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Kingstone Companies, Inc. (the “Holding Company”) and its subsidiaries.

We offer property and casualty insurance products through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”). KICO is a New York domiciled carrier writing business through retail and wholesale agents and brokers. KICO is actively writing personal lines and commercial auto insurance in New York, and in 2024 was the 12th largest writer of homeowners insurance in New York. KICO is also licensed in the states of New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, and Maine. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, 98.0% and 96.0% of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies.

In addition, through our subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, we access alternative distribution channels. See “Distribution” below for a discussion of our distribution channels. Cosi receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies. Cosi retains the profit between the commission revenue received and the commission expense paid. Net Cosi revenue is deducted against commission expense and Cosi-related expenses are included in other operating expenses. Cosi-related operating expenses are not included in our stand-alone insurance underwriting business and, accordingly, its expenses are not included in the calculation of our combined ratio as described below.

Recent Developments

Developments During 2025

•Sale of Building

On February 5, 2025, one of our subsidiaries entered into a contract of sale with Ulster County, New York (the “County”) for the sale to the County of our headquarters building in Kingston, New York, along with an adjacent mixed-use property (collectively, the “Property”). The purchase price for the Property was $3,600,000. The closing of the sale was on March 19, 2025.

•Debt Prepayment

In 2025, we made two additional prepayments on our 13.75% Senior Notes due June 30, 2026 (the "2024 Notes"). On January 31, 2025 we paid $3,500,000 in principal, plus accrued interest and on February 24, 2025 we paid $2,450,000 in principal, plus accrued interest. As a result of these additional prepayments, the 2024 Notes have been paid in full.

•Catastrophe Reinsurance Coverage

Effective July 1, 2025, KICO increased the top limit of its catastrophe reinsurance coverage from $280,000,000 to $440,000,000, which, equates to a 1-in-100 year storm event according to the primary industry catastrophe model that we follow.

Table of Contents

•AmGuard Renewal Rights Agreement

On April 14, 2025, KICO entered into an agreement to offer a quote for a replacement policy to selected homeowners policyholders in Downstate New York as one of our competitors pivoted focus away from admitted personal lines business (the "Withdrawal Plan"). The Withdrawal Plan, which includes this transaction, has been approved by the New York Department of Financial Services. This competitor wrote approximately $70 million in written premium. The Withdrawal Plan has enabled KICO to work with new distribution partners to further increase our footprint in Downstate New York by offering an alternative policy to selected homeowners policyholders with effective dates that started in late third quarter of 2025.

•Stockholder Dividends

On July 22, 2025, our Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.05 per share which was paid in cash on August 26, 2025 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on August 11, 2025. On October 30, 2025, our Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.05 per share which was paid in cash on November 26, 2025 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 11, 2025.

•Withdrawal of Writing Business in New Jersey

In 2025, KICO made the decision to withdraw from writing any business in the state of New Jersey. All policies previously written in the State of New Jersey were non-renewed during 2025.

Developments During 2026

•New Markets; California

In March 2026, we announced that we intend to expand into new markets starting with California on an excess and surplus lines basis in the second quarter of 2026.

Business

Property and Casualty Insurance

Overview

Property and casualty insurance companies provide policies in exchange for premiums paid by their customers (the “insureds”). An insurance policy is a contract between the insurance company and its insureds where the insurance company agrees to pay for losses that are covered under the contract. Such contracts are subject to legal interpretation by courts, sometimes involving legislative rulings and/or arbitration. Property insurance generally covers the financial consequences of accidental losses to the insured’s property, such as a home and the personal property in it, or a business owner’s building, inventory and equipment. Casualty insurance (also referred to as liability insurance) generally covers the financial consequences related to the legal liability of an individual or an organization resulting from negligent acts and omissions that cause bodily injury and/or property damage to a third party. Claims for property coverage generally are reported and settled in a relatively short period of time, whereas those for casualty coverage may take many years to settle.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from KICO, including revenues from earned premiums, ceding commissions from quota share reinsurance, net investment income generated from our investment portfolio, and net realized gains and losses on investment securities. We also collect a variety of policy fees including installment fees, reinstatement fees, and non-sufficient fund fees related to situations involving extended premium payment plans. Earned premiums represent premiums received from insureds, which are recognized as revenue over the period of time that coverage is provided (i.e., ratably over the life of the policy). All of our policies are 12 month policies; therefore, a significant period of time can elapse between the receipt of insurance premiums and the payment of insurance claims. During this time, KICO invests the premiums, earning investment income and generating net realized and unrealized gains and losses on associated investments. Our holding company earns investment income from its cash holdings.

Our expenses include the insurance underwriting expenses of KICO and other operating expenses. Insurance companies incur a significant amount of their total expenses from losses incurred by policyholders, which are referred to as claims. In settling these claims, various loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) are incurred such as insurance adjusters’ fees and legal expenses. In addition, insurance companies incur policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs include

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commissions paid to producers, premium taxes, and other expenses related to the underwriting process, including employees’ compensation and benefits.

Other operating expenses include our corporate expenses as a holding company. These corporate expenses include legal and auditing fees, executive employment costs, and other costs directly associated with being a public company.

The key measure of relative underwriting performance for an insurance company is the combined ratio. An insurance company’s combined ratio is calculated by taking the ratio of incurred loss and LAE to earned premiums (the “loss and LAE ratio”) and adding it to the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to earned premiums (the “expense ratio”). A combined ratio under 100% indicates that an insurance company is generating an underwriting profit prior to the impact of investment income. After considering investment income and investment gains or losses, insurance companies operating at a combined ratio of greater than 100% can also be profitable.

Business; Strategy

We are a multi-line regional property and casualty insurance company writing business exclusively through retail and wholesale agents and brokers (“producers”) appointed by our wholly-owned subsidiary, KICO. We are licensed to write insurance policies in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. KICO is actively writing its property and casualty insurance products in New York. Additionally, our subsidiary, Cosi, a multi-state licensed general agency, receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies. See "Competition; Market - 5-Year Growth Plan" below.

We seek to deliver an attractive return on capital and to provide consistent earnings growth through underwriting profits and income from our investment portfolio. Our goal is to allocate capital efficiently to those lines of business that generate sustainable underwriting profits and to avoid lines of business for which an underwriting profit is not likely. Our strategy is to be the preferred multi-line property and casualty insurance company for selected producers in the geographic markets in which we operate. We believe producers place profitable business with us because we provide excellent, consistent service to insureds and claimants. Producers also value our broad underwriting appetite coupled with competitive rate and commission structures.

Our principal objectives are to grow profitably while managing risk through prudent use of reinsurance in order to strengthen our capital base. We generate underwriting income through adequate pricing of insurance policies and by effectively managing our other underwriting and operating expenses. We are pursuing profitable growth through existing producers in existing markets, by developing new geographic markets and producer relationships, and by introducing niche products that are relevant to our producers and insureds. See "Competition; Market - 5-Year Growth Plan" below.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our gross written premiums totaled $277.8 million, an increase of 14.8% from the $242.0 million in gross written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Product Lines

Our product lines include the following:

Personal lines - Our largest line of business is personal lines, consisting of homeowners, dwelling fire, cooperative/condominium, renters, and personal umbrella policies. Personal lines policies accounted for 94.7% of our gross written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Livery physical damage - We write for-hire vehicle physical damage only policies for livery and car service vehicles and taxicabs. These policies insure only the physical damage portion of insurance for such vehicles, with no liability coverage included. These policies accounted for 5.2% of our gross written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Other - We write canine legal liability policies and have a small participation in mandatory state joint underwriting associations. These policies accounted for 0.02% of our gross written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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Our Competitive Strengths

Long History of Operations

KICO has been in operation in the State of New York since 1886. We have consistently sought to grow the amount of profitable business that we write by introducing new products, increasing volume written with our Select producers in existing markets, and developing new producer relationships and markets. The extensive heritage of our insurance company subsidiary and our commitment to the markets in which we operate is a competitive advantage with producers and insureds.

Strong Producer Relationships

Within our producers’ offices, we compete with other property and casualty insurance carriers available to those producers. We carefully select the producers that distribute our insurance policies and continuously monitor and evaluate their performance. We believe our insurance producers value their relationships with us because we provide excellent, consistent personal service coupled with competitive rates and commission levels. We have consistently been rated by insurance producers as above average in the important areas of underwriting, claims handling and service.

We offer our Select producers access to a variety of personal lines and specialty products, including some that are unique to us. We provide a multi-policy discount on homeowners policies in order to attract and retain more of this multi-line business. We have had a consistent presence in the New York market and our producers value the longevity of the relationship. We believe that the excellent service provided to our Select producers, our broad underwriting appetite, and our competitive prices provide a strong foundation for profitable growth.

Sophisticated Pricing, Underwriting and Risk Management Practices

We believe that a significant underwriting advantage exists due to our local market presence and expertise. Our underwriting process evaluates and screens out certain risks based on their prior loss experience, cost of reinsurance, property condition, insurance scoring and driving record, and then is augmented by information collected from virtual and physical property inspections. We maintain certain policy exclusions that reduce our exposure to risks that can create severe losses. We target a preferred risk profile in order to reduce adverse selection from risks seeking the lowest premiums and minimal coverage levels.

Our underwriting procedures, premiums and policy terms support the goal of underwriting profitability of our personal lines policies. We adhere to a quarterly indication process and perform a rate review in each state and for each product at least annually. In 2022, we introduced our new Select homeowners, condo/tenant and dwelling fire programs in New York. This product incorporates by-peril rating and a host of new data sources to better match rate to risk. We also update property replacement costs to address inflation annually.

We manage coastal risk exposure through the use of individual catastrophe risk scoring, the inclusion of hurricane deductibles, non-renewals and the prudent use of reinsurance. We measure our risk exposure regularly and adjust our underwriting to manage growth in our probable maximum loss (PML).

Effective Utilization of Reinsurance

Our reinsurance treaties allow us to limit our exposure to the financial impact of catastrophe losses and to reduce our net liability on individual risks. Our reinsurance program is structured to enable us to grow our premium volume while maintaining regulatory capital and other financial ratios within thresholds used for regulatory oversight purposes.

Our reinsurance program also provides income from ceding commissions earned pursuant to quota share reinsurance contracts. The income we earn from ceding commissions subsidizes our fixed operating costs, which consist of other underwriting expenses. Quota share reinsurance treaties transfer a portion of the profit (or loss) associated with the subject insurance policies to the reinsurers.

Scalable, Low-Cost Operations

We focus on efficiently managing our expenses and invest in tools and processes that improve the effectiveness of underwriting risks and processing claims. We evaluate the costs and benefits of each new tool or process in order to achieve optimal results. While the majority of our policies are written for risks in downstate New York, our remote workforce model provides a low-cost operating environment.

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We continue to invest in improving our online application and quoting systems for our personal lines products. We have leveraged a paperless workflow management and document storage tool that has improved efficiency and reduced costs. We provide an online payment portal that allows producers and insureds to make payments and to view policy information for all of our products in one location. Our ability to control the growth of operating and other expenses while expanding our operations and growing revenue is a key component of our business model and is important to our financial success.

Underwriting and Claims Management Philosophy

Our underwriting philosophy is to target niche segments for which we have detailed expertise and can take advantage of market conditions. We monitor results on a regular basis and our Select producers are reviewed by management on at least a semi-annual basis.

We believe that our rates are appropriately competitive with other carriers in our target markets. We do not seek to grow by competing based solely upon price. We seek to develop long-term relationships with our Select producers who understand and appreciate the path we have chosen. We carefully underwrite our business utilizing industry claims databases, insurance scoring reports, virtual and physical inspection of risks and other individual risk underwriting tools. We write homeowners and dwelling fire business in coastal markets and are cognizant of our exposure to hurricanes. We have mitigated this risk through appropriate catastrophe reinsurance and application of hurricane deductibles. We handle claims fairly while ensuring that coverage provisions and exclusions are properly applied. Our claims and underwriting expertise supports our ability to grow our profitable business.

Distribution

We generate business through our relationships with over 700 producers. We carefully select our producers by evaluating numerous factors such as their need for our products, premium production potential, loss history with other insurance companies that they represent, product and market knowledge, and agency size. We only distribute through agents and have never sought to distribute our products direct to the consumer. We monitor and evaluate the performance of our producers through periodic reviews of volume and profitability. Our senior executives are actively involved in managing our producer relationships.

Each producer is assigned to a staff underwriter and the producer can call that underwriter directly on any matter. We believe that the close relationship and personal service received from their underwriters is one of the reasons producers place their business with us. Our producers have access to a KICO producer interface and website portal that provides them the ability to quote risks for various products and to review policy forms and underwriting guidelines for all lines of business. We send out frequent “Producer Grams” in order to inform our producers of updates at KICO.

Competition; Market

The insurance industry is highly competitive. We constantly assess and make projections of market conditions and appropriate prices for our products, but we cannot fully know our profitability until all claims have been reported and settled. Our active policyholders are located primarily in the downstate regions of New York State. We made the decision to reduce our book of business in other Northeast markets beginning in 2022, which includes New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut.

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On August 2, 2024, two large competitors announced a plan to wind down their personal lines operations in New York State and to non-renew or mid-term cancel their entire book of business before year end 2024. The policyholders of such competitors needed to find alternative coverage. Beginning in the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we began seeing a sizable increase in our policies in force and direct written premiums from these non-renewed and cancelled policies. We refer to this new business as a Change in Market Dynamics.

On April 14, 2025, KICO entered into an agreement to offer a quote for a replacement policy to selected homeowners policyholders in Downstate New York as one of our competitors pivoted focus away from admitted personal lines business (the "Withdrawal Plan"). The Withdrawal Plan, which includes this transaction, has been approved by the New York Department of Financial Services. This competitor wrote approximately $70 million in written premium. The Withdrawal Plan has enabled KICO to work with new distribution partners to further increase its footprint in Downstate New York by offering an alternative policy to selected homeowners policyholders with effective dates that started in late third quarter of 2025. This transaction is being handled in a similar manner to the Change in Market Dynamics, except that we are streamlining the process by providing a quote for eligible policyholders to our producers.

5-Year Growth Plan

We recently announced our 5-year goal of $500 million in direct written premium (the "5-Year Growth Plan"), effectively almost doubling the size of our company relative to today. We are diligently working on a strategic plan that outlines how we will achieve this goal through a combination of organic initiatives and strategic inorganic opportunities in our core state of New York along with measured geographic expansion into new states. We intend to maintain our focus on our core expertise of insuring catastrophe-exposed properties.

Relative to geographic expansion, we have conducted a thorough study of selected geographies and states with the help of industry-leading third-party advisors and overlaid important lessons learned from our past challenges to ensure that we do not face such challenges again. We plan to pursue prudent growth at a measured pace in our chosen new states, testing and validating rate adequacy commensurate with risk factors in the new geographies. Our current plan is to go live in California in the second quarter of 2026, in Connecticut later in 2026, and in two additional states in 2027.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

We are required to establish reserves for unpaid losses, including reserves for claims loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”), which represent the expenses of settling and adjusting those claims. These reserves are balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of future amounts required to pay losses and loss expenses for claims that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date, whether already known to us or not yet reported. We establish these reserves after considering all information known to us as of the date they are recorded.

Loss reserves fall into two categories: case reserves for reported losses and LAE associated with specific reported claims, and reserves for losses and LAE that are incurred but not reported. We establish these two categories of loss reserves as follows:

Reserves for reported losses - When a claim is received, we establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of its ultimate settlement and its estimated loss expenses. We establish case reserves based upon the known facts about each claim at the time it is received and we may subsequently adjust case reserves as additional facts and information about the claim develops.

IBNR reserves - We also estimate reserves for loss and LAE amounts incurred but not reported (“IBNR”). IBNR reserves are calculated in bulk as an estimate of ultimate losses and LAE less reported losses and LAE. There are two types of IBNR; the first is a provision for claims that have occurred but are not yet reported or known. We refer to this as ‘Pure’ IBNR. The second type of IBNR is a provision for expected future development on known claims, from the evaluation date until the time claims are settled and closed. We refer to this as ‘Case Development’ IBNR. Ultimate losses driving the determination of appropriate IBNR levels are projected by using generally accepted actuarial techniques.

The liability for loss and LAE represents our best estimate of the ultimate cost of all reported and unreported losses that are unpaid as of the balance sheet evaluation date. The liability for loss and LAE is estimated on an undiscounted basis, using individual case-based valuations, statistical analyses, and various actuarial procedures. The projection of future claim payments and reporting patterns is based on an analysis of our historical experience, supplemented by analyses of industry loss data. We believe that the reserves for loss and LAE are adequate to cover the ultimate cost of losses and claims to date. However, because of uncertainty from various sources, including changes in claims settlement patterns and handling procedures, litigation trends, judicial decisions, and economic conditions, actual loss experience may not conform to the assumptions used in determining the estimated amounts for such liabilities at the balance sheet date. As adjustments to these estimates become necessary, they are reflected in the period in which the estimates are changed. Because of the

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nature of the business historically written, we believe that we have limited exposure to asbestos and environmental claim liabilities.

We engage an independent external actuarial specialist (the “Appointed Actuary”) to opine on our recorded statutory reserves. The Appointed Actuary estimates a range of reasonable ultimate losses, along with a recommended central estimate of IBNR reserve amounts. Our carried IBNR reserves are based on an internal actuarial analysis and reflect management’s best estimate of unpaid loss and LAE liabilities, and fall within the range of those determined as reasonable by the Appointed Actuary.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Principal Revenue and Expense Items” in Item 7 of this Annual Report and Note 2 and Note 11 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information and details regarding loss and LAE reserves.

Reconciliation of Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The table below shows the reconciliation of loss and LAE on a gross and net basis, reflecting changes in losses incurred and paid losses:


	Years ended December 31,
	2025		2024

Balance at beginning of period	$	126,210,428	$	121,817,862
Less reinsurance recoverables	(32,322,637)		(33,288,650)
Net balance, beginning of period	93,887,791		88,529,212

Incurred related to:
Current year	85,349,385		64,414,543
Prior years	(1,083,663)		(1,779,827)
Total incurred	84,265,722		62,634,716

Paid related to:
Current year	40,940,473		32,956,899
Prior years	29,906,787		24,319,238
Total paid	70,847,260		57,276,137

Net balance at end of period	107,306,253		93,887,791
Add reinsurance recoverables	33,232,365		32,322,637
Balance at end of period	$	140,538,618	$	126,210,428

Our claims reserving practices are designed to set reserves that, in the aggregate, are adequate to pay all claims at their ultimate settlement value.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Development

The table below shows the net loss development of reserves held as of each calendar year-end from 2014 through 2024.

The first section of the table reflects the changes in our loss and LAE reserves after each subsequent calendar year of development. The table displays the re-estimated values of incurred losses and LAE at each succeeding calendar year-end, including payments made during the years indicated. The second section of the table shows by year the cumulative amounts of loss and LAE payments, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, as of the end of each succeeding year. An example with respect to the net loss and LAE reserves of $23,170,000 as of December 31, 2015 is as follows. By December 31, 2017 (two years later), $14,456,000 had actually been paid in settlement of the claims that relate to liabilities

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as of December 31, 2015. The re-estimated ultimate reserves two years later for those claims as of December 31, 2015 had increased to $24,413,000.

The “cumulative redundancy (deficiency)” represents, as of December 31, 2025, the difference between the latest re-estimated liability and the amounts as originally estimated. A redundancy means that the original estimate was higher than the current estimate. A deficiency means that the current estimate is higher than the original estimate.

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(in thousands of $)	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables	23,170	25,960	32,051	40,526	64,770	62,647	84,311	90,680	88,529	93,888	107,306
Net reserve estimated as of One year later	23,107	25,899	33,203	51,664	64,811	62,632	87,011	90,673	86,749	92,804
Two years later	24,413	26,970	42,723	55,145	65,113	65,339	88,418	94,245	89,447
Three years later	25,509	33,298	43,780	56,346	67,291	67,135	92,642	99,136
Four years later	28,638	33,342	43,973	58,048	68,612	70,643	98,262
Five years later	28,506	33,120	43,774	57,957	71,022	74,430
Six years later	28,849	32,936	43,777	59,187	73,157
Seven years later	28,734	32,617	44,395	59,167
Eight years later	28,499	32,739	44,149
Nine years later	28,646	32,379
Ten years later	28,364
Net cumulative redundancy (deficiency)	(5,194)	(6,419)	(12,098)	(18,641)	(8,386)	(11,783)	(13,951)	(8,456)	(918)	1,084


(in thousands of $)	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Cumulative amount of reserve paid, net of reinsurance recoverable through
One year later	8,503	9,900	15,795	23,075	27,454	20,137	32,419	35,854	24,319	29,907
Two years later	14,456	17,187	26,168	35,924	35,142	30,262	47,547	48,199	41,831
Three years later	19,533	23,484	32,704	40,264	42,365	40,702	57,171	62,777
Four years later	22,816	27,203	35,510	45,085	49,581	47,113	68,928
Five years later	25,210	28,833	37,846	48,650	52,938	52,913
Six years later	26,298	30,141	39,596	49,682	56,933
Seven years later	26,945	30,693	39,570	50,975
Eight years later	27,013	30,243	40,207
Nine years later	26,609	30,568
Ten years later	26,862

Net reserve -
December 31,	23,170	25,960	32,051	40,526	64,770	62,647	84,311	90,680	88,529	93,888	107,306
* Reinsurance Recoverable	16,707	15,777	16,749	15,671	15,728	20,154	10,638	27,660	33,289	32,323	33,232
* Gross reserves -
December 31,	39,877	41,737	48,800	56,197	80,499	82,801	94,949	118,340	121,818	126,210	140,539

Net re-estimated reserve	28,364	32,379	44,149	59,167	73,157	74,430	98,262	99,136	89,447	92,804
Re-estimated reinsurance recoverable	21,104	20,348	20,813	18,928	15,780	21,686	13,149	28,760	29,568	32,762
Gross re-estimated reserve	49,467	52,728	64,963	78,095	88,936	96,116	111,410	127,897	119,015	125,566
Gross cumulative redundancy (deficiency)	(9,590)	(10,991)	(16,163)	(21,898)	(8,438)	(13,315)	(16,461)	(9,557)	2,803	644

(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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Reinsurance

Reinsurance via quota share allows a carrier to write business without increasing its underwriting leverage above a level determined by management. The business written under a quota share reinsurance structure obligates a reinsurer to assume some portion of the risks involved, and gives the reinsurer the profit (or loss) associated with such in exchange for a ceding commission.

Effective January 1, 2024, we entered into a new 27% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025 (“2024/2025 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2024/2025 Treaty on January 1, 2025, we entered into a new 16% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2025 through January 1, 2026 (“2025/2026 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2025/2026 Treaty on January 1, 2026, we entered into a new 5% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business (written in all states except California for which we entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty), covering the period from January 1, 2026 through January 1, 2027 (“2026/2027 Treaty”).

Excess of loss contracts provide coverage for individual loss occurrences exceeding a certain threshold. The quota share reinsurance treaties inure to the benefit of our excess of loss treaties, as the maximum net retention on any single risk occurrence is first limited through the excess of loss treaty, and then that loss is shared again through the quota share reinsurance treaty. Effective January 1, 2024, we renewed an underlying excess of loss treaty ("Underlying XOL Treaty") covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025. The Underlying XOL Treaty provided 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms were excluded from the Underlying XOL Treaty. Effective January 1, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025. Effective July 1, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed along with our excess of loss reinsurance treaty covering the period from July 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026. Combined, the renewed treaties provide 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $250,000 in excess of $750,000, and 100% reinsurance coverage for losses in excess of $1,000,000 up to $9,000,000 together with facultative coverage. From January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025, under the Underlying XOL Treaty, our maximum net retention for any one personal lines occurrence was reduced from the retention of $730,000 under 2024/2025 Treaty to $530,000. From January 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025, our maximum net retention increased to $640,000 under the 2025/2026 Treaty. Effective July 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025, our maximum net retention under the 2025/2026 Treaty increased to $715,000. Effective January 1, 2026 through June 30, 2026, our maximum net retention under the 2026/2027 Treaty will increase to $825,000.

We previously earned ceding commission revenue under the quota share reinsurance treaties based on a provisional commission rate on all premiums ceded to the reinsurers as adjusted by a sliding scale based on the ultimate treaty year loss ratios on the policies reinsured under each agreement. The sliding scale provided minimum and maximum ceding commission rates in relation to specified ultimate loss ratios. Under the 2024/2025 Treaty, KICO received a fixed provisional rate with no adjustment for sliding scale contingent commissions. Under the 2025/2026 Treaty, KICO received a portion of the coverage at a fixed provisional rate with no adjustment and a portion that had a sliding scale contingent commission, For the 2026/2027 Treaty, KICO will receive a fixed provisional rate with no adjustment for sliding scale contingent commissions.

The 2024/2025 Treaty, 2025/2026 Treaty and 2026/2027 Treaty are on a “net” of catastrophe reinsurance basis. Under a “net” arrangement, all catastrophe reinsurance coverage above our catastrophe retention is purchased directly by us.

In 2025, we purchased catastrophe reinsurance to provide coverage of up to $440,000,000 for losses associated with a single event. One of the most commonly used catastrophe forecasting models prepared for us indicates that the catastrophe reinsurance treaties provide coverage in excess of our estimated probable maximum loss associated with a single more than one-in-100 year storm event. Effective January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025, losses on personal lines policies were subject to the 2024/2025 Treaty, which covered 5.0% of catastrophe losses and resulted in a net retention by us of $4,750,000 of exposure for the first event of a named storm catastrophe occurrence. Our net retention for a second event of a named storm is $9,500,000. Effective July 1, 2024 and through June 30, 2026, we have reinstatement premium protection for $50,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000. This protects us from having to pay an additional premium to reinstate catastrophe coverage for an event up to this level. Additionally in 2024, we purchased winter storm specific catastrophe reinsurance that provides coverage to the extent of 71% of $4,500,000 of coverage after

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the first $5,500,000 of gross retention. In 2025, we purchased winter storm specific catastrophe reinsurance that provides coverage to the extent of 90% of $5,000,000 of coverage after the first $5,000,000 of gross retention.

Ratings

Many insurance buyers, agents, brokers and secured lenders use the ratings assigned by ratings agencies to assist them in assessing the financial strength and overall quality of the companies with which they do business and from which they are considering purchasing insurance or in determining the financial strength of the company that provides insurance with respect to the collateral they hold. Financial strength ratings are intended to provide an independent opinion of an insurer’s ability to meet its obligations to policyholders and are not an evaluation directed at investors. We currently have a Demotech rating of A (Excellent) which qualifies our policies for banks and finance companies. Demotech is the rating agency most commonly used by carriers focused on coastal property risks.

Catastrophe Losses

In 2025 we had catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers. Our predominant market, downstate New York, was affected by twelve events during 2025, of which none was a named storm, two were winter storms, and the remaining ten events were wind and thunderstorm. None of the catastrophe events in 2025 or 2024 had a material impact on us. The effects of catastrophes increased our net loss ratio by 1.2 percentage points and 1.9 percentage points in 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Government Regulation

Holding Company Regulation

We, as the parent of KICO, are subject to the insurance holding company laws of the state of New York. These laws generally require an insurance company to register with the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “DFS”) and to furnish annually financial and other information about the operations of companies within our holding company system. Generally, under these laws, all material transactions among companies in the holding company system to which KICO is a party must be fair and reasonable and, if material or of a specified category, require prior notice and approval or acknowledgement (absence of disapproval) by the DFS.

Change of Control

The insurance holding company laws of the state of New York require approval by the DFS for any change of control of an insurer. “Control” is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Control is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or any entity that controls a domestic insurance company; however, the ownership of less than 10% of such voting securities could constitute control under certain circumstances. Any future transactions that would constitute a change of control of KICO, including a change of control of Kingstone Companies, Inc., would generally require the party acquiring control to obtain the approval of the DFS (and in any other state in which KICO may operate). Obtaining these approvals may result in the material delay of, or deter, any such transaction. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of Kingstone Companies, Inc., including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

State Insurance Regulation

Insurance companies are subject to regulation and supervision by the department of insurance in the state in which they are domiciled and, to a lesser extent, other states in which they conduct business. The primary purpose of such regulatory powers is to protect individual policyholders. State insurance authorities have broad regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers, including, among other things, the power to grant and revoke licenses to transact business, set the

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standards of solvency to be met and maintained, determine the nature of, and limitations on, investments and dividends, approve policy forms and rates, and in some instances to regulate unfair trade and claims practices.

KICO is required to file detailed financial statements and other reports with the insurance regulatory authorities in the states in which it is licensed to transact business. These financial statements are subject to periodic examination by the insurance regulators.

In addition, many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to withdraw from a particular market. For example, states may limit an insurer’s ability to cancel or not renew policies. Furthermore, certain states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing from one or more lines of business written in the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the insurance regulatory authority. The state regulator may reject a plan that may lead to market disruption. Laws and regulations, including those in New York, that limit cancellation and non-renewal and that subject program withdrawals to prior approval requirements may restrict the ability of KICO to exit unprofitable markets. Such laws did not affect KICO’s ability to withdraw from the commercial liability market in New York State in 2019, the commercial auto market in New York State in 2015 or the personal lines market in New Jersey in 2025.

Federal and State Legislative and Regulatory Changes

From time to time, various regulatory and legislative changes have been proposed in the insurance industry. Among the proposals that either have been or are being considered are the possible introduction of Federal regulation in addition to, or in lieu of, the current system of state regulation of insurers, and proposals in various state legislatures. Some of these proposals have been enacted to conform portions of their insurance laws and regulations to various model acts adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”).

On November 1, 2023, the DFS adopted substantive amendments updating the 2017 cybersecurity regulations. The adopted regulations require that a covered entity’s chief information security officer (“CISO”) have sufficient authority to ensure that cybersecurity risks are appropriately managed and require the CISO to report material cybersecurity issues. Covered entities are further required under the amendments to implement asset inventory management, develop and implement a business continuity and disaster recovery plan, and maintain backups protected from unauthorized alterations or destruction. The regulations update certain cybersecurity event reporting requirements, including notice and explanation of extortion payments, and amends the April 15 annual reporting requirement to include a written acknowledgment of any areas of material noncompliance and remediation plans signed by the entity’s highest-ranking executive and the CISO. Finally, the regulations update the factors the Superintendent may consider in assessing violations.

The newly-adopted regulations also apply newly enhanced requirements around periodic system testing, record keeping and maintenance of written incident and recovery plans. They further mandate specific technical approaches such as blocking common passwords and the use of multifactor authentication in certain instances.

In 2010 the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) became law. It established a Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”) within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The FIO is initially charged with monitoring all aspects of the insurance industry (other than health insurance, certain long-term care insurance and crop insurance), gathering data, and conducting a study on methods to modernize and improve the insurance regulatory system in the United States. The FIO releases reports summarizing and analyzing its oversight efforts, and general activities.

In September 2025, the FIO report noted that the FIO hosted a roundtable discussion with representatives from the insurance sector, including insurers, reinsurers, brokers, state regulators, resilience and consumer groups, and academics to discuss ways to lower costs and maintain availability of homeowners insurance as part of the Trump Administration’s efforts to address the cost-of-living crisis. Senior Treasury Department officials led discussions on cost and availability issues within the homeowners insurance market as well as current efforts by the insurance sector.

In August 2025, the New York State Senate initiated a data and information request seeking detailed information about the condition of the New York State property insurance market. This data request was followed by a hearing in November 2025 where a variety of stakeholders, including government industry representatives, were questioned about the ratemaking process, and factors driving rate increases.

On December 20, 2020, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 was enacted and is now scheduled to expire on December 31, 2027. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Program serves as a federal “backstop” for insurance claims related to acts of terrorism.

On November 15, 2021, the DFS issued its final Guidance for New York Domestic Insurers On Managing the Financial Risks from Climate Change. On June 15, 2022, the DFS released its 2021 annual report. The report references the creation of a standalone Climate Division, which was the source of the aforementioned guidance.

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In 2021, the Governor of the State of New York signed into law, effective January 28, 2022 and subsequently clarified by law taking effect March 15, 2023, legislation that seeks to prevent homeowner insurers from discriminating solely on the basis of breed of dog. In 2025, legislation was vetoed that sought to clarify the applicability of this law to applications for renter's insurance. The veto message suggested that “this issue warrants additional consideration of more narrowly tailored approaches, including those which factor in any potential risks associated with certain breeds.” Renter’s insurance is classified as a type of homeowners policy, and the 2021 law appears to still apply to renter's policies, but this veto signals a potential policy shift in the state.

In 2021, the Comprehensive Insurance Disclosure Act was enacted in New York State. This law, as amended by a subsequent chapter amendment, requires any defendant to provide to the plaintiff, within a limited timeframe, proof of existence and the contents of any insurance agreement under which any person or entity may be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment and details what the information and documentation includes. The new law applies to actions commenced on or after December 31, 2021.

In 2022, the New York legislature passed legislation to greatly expand wrongful death actions. This bill sought to expand the categories of claimants and scope of losses for which a wrongful death lawsuit could be brought. The bill was vetoed in January 2023. It was again passed in identical form in 2023 and again vetoed in December 2023. The bill was reintroduced in identical form in February 2024 and following two-house passage, vetoed again in December 2024. This identical legislation was passed and vetoed again in 2025.

In 2023, two related bills were chaptered amending the time periods available to an insurer for the investigation and settlement of claims arising out of states of emergency and disasters. This bill codified elements of existing regulations but shortened certain time periods and added additional reporting requirements. Specifically, the law requires that, within fifteen business days after receiving all the items, statements, and forms that the insurer required from the claimant for a non-commercial claim not suspected to be related to arson, the insurer advise the claimant in writing whether the insurer has accepted or rejected the claim. An insurer would be allowed two extensions of fifteen additional business days to continue its investigation, provided that the insurer notifies the claimant of the reasons additional time is needed for the investigation, with the second extension being available if the property is inaccessible. Commercial claims are granted a one-time thirty-day extension to determine whether the claim should be accepted or rejected, and additional thirty-day extensions are available if certain written notifications are made. If the insurer has accepted the claim, the claimant will have to be notified of the amount the insurer is offering to settle the claim and of all applicable policy provisions regarding the claimant's right to reject and appeal the insurer's offer. If the insurer rejects the claim, the insurer will have to inform the claimant of all applicable policy provisions regarding the claimant's right to appeal the decision including policy information, insurer contact information and DFS complaint filing procedure information. An insurer will be required to pay the claim not later than four business days from the settlement of the claim.

In 2024, legislation was passed, and signed into law which requires the Superintendent of the DFS to issue regulations providing standards for hurricane windstorm deductibles which create, to the greatest extent possible, uniformity in the operation of such deductibles with respect to the triggering event. The regulations implementing such were adopted on August 6, 2025, and took effect on February 2, 2026.

The DFS adopted a circular letter in 2024 regarding the use of external consumer data and information sources (“ECDIS”) and artificial intelligence systems (“AIS”) by insurers. In broad strokes it reiterates the need to make sure that AI processes do not lead to outcomes that run afoul of the extensive body of existing anti-discrimination laws, including use of credit as governed by Insurance Law Article 28 credit usage. While this circular letter does not have the force of law, it articulated the DFS’ expectations about the use of AIS and ECDIS. In the past, the release of a circular letter has preceded the issuance of draft and eventually final regulations in the area addressed.

In 2025, legislation was passed, subject to subsequent pending chapter amendments, implementing the “AVOID Act.” The law imposes strict limitations on timeframes associated with defendants impleading third parties in litigation. The broad effect of this bill will be to limit defense counsel’s ability to implead third-party defendants, or alternatively increase the amount of motion practice required for defense counsel to preserve their ability to seek recovery from potentially-liable third parties. The bill is predicted to have a negative impact on cases involving, among others, premises liability.

Legislation imposing a system of regulation for third-party litigation funders was chaptered into law in 2025. This new law requires lenders offering litigation financing to register with and report to the DFS, it further mandates certain disclosures and contractual rights/duties as well as the consumer's obligation to pay, a right of recission, clarifies that a lender may not control the litigation, and limits the maximum recovery of the financing company to 25% of the gross recovery of the claim.

Legislation was chaptered into law in 2025 that removed New York’s “anti-arson application.” This act repealed a law that required insurance applicants to produce additional property ownership and related information upon application, and mandated carriers cancel policies if such information was not received in time.

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State Regulatory Examinations

As part of their regulatory oversight process, state regulatory authorities conduct periodic detailed examinations of the financial reporting of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance regulators of other states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. The DFS commenced its examination of KICO in 2023 for the years 2019 through 2022. The examination was completed in 2024.

Risk-Based Capital Regulations

State regulatory authorities impose risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements on insurance enterprises. The RBC Model serves as a benchmark for the regulation of insurance companies. RBC provides for targeted surplus levels based on formulas, which specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk, and are set forth in the RBC requirements. Such formulas focus on four general types of risk: (a) the risk with respect to the company’s assets (asset or default risk); (b) the risk of default on amounts due from reinsurers, policyholders, or other creditors (credit risk); (c) the risk of underestimating liabilities from business already written or inadequately pricing business to be written in the coming year (underwriting risk); and (d) the risk associated with items such as excessive premium growth, contingent liabilities, and other items not reflected on the balance sheet (off-balance sheet risk). The amount determined under such formulas is called the authorized control level RBC (“ACL”).

The RBC guidelines define specific capital levels based on a company’s ACL that are determined by the ratio of the company’s total adjusted capital (“TAC”) to its ACL. TAC is equal to statutory capital, plus or minus certain other specified adjustments. KICO’s TAC is above its ACL. As of December 31, 2025, the ratio of TAC to ACL was 5.30 and is in compliance with New York’s RBC requirements.

Dividend Limitations

Our ability to receive dividends from KICO is restricted by the state laws and insurance regulations of New York. These restrictions are related to surplus and net investment income. Dividends may be paid, without the need for DFS approval, from unassigned surplus and are restricted to the lesser of 10% of surplus or 100% of investment income (on a statutory accounting basis) for the trailing 36 months, less dividends by KICO paid during such period. At December 31, 2025, unassigned surplus was $36,152,023. Through September 30, 2025, KICO had an agreement with the DFS that KICO was only permitted to pay dividends to the Holding Company for purposes of paying operating expenses and debt obligations, and that the maximum amount of dividends that could be paid in 12 months was $12,000,000 without prior approval. Effective September 30, 2025, the restrictions on KICO to pay dividends were removed by the DFS. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum dividends that KICO can pay to the Holding Company is restricted to the lesser of 10% of statutory surplus as shown by its last statement on file with the DFS, or 100% of net investment income of the preceding 36 months reduced by dividends paid during such period. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum allowable dividend that KICO may pay to the Holding Company was $1,969,796 without DFS approval. See Item 5 (“Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities – Dividends”) of this Annual Report for a further discussion as to KICO’s ability to pay dividends to us.

Insurance Regulatory Information System Ratios

The Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”) was developed by the NAIC and is intended primarily to assist state insurance regulators in meeting their statutory mandates to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies operating in their respective states. IRIS identifies thirteen industry ratios and specifies “usual values” for each ratio. Departure from the usual values on four or more of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance commissioners as to certain aspects of an insurer’s business. As of December 31, 2025, KICO had three ratios outside the usual range.

Accounting Principles

Statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) are a basis of accounting developed by the NAIC. They are used to prepare the statutory financial statements of insurance companies and to assist insurance regulators in monitoring and regulating the solvency of insurance companies. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer’s policyholder surplus. Accordingly, statutory accounting focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of insurers at financial reporting dates in accordance with appropriate insurance law and regulatory provisions applicable in each insurer’s domiciliary state.

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Generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) are concerned with a company’s solvency, but are also concerned with other financial measurements, principally results of operations and cash flows. Accordingly, GAAP gives more consideration to appropriate matching of revenue and expenses and accounting for management’s stewardship of assets than does SAP. As a direct result, different types and amounts of assets and liabilities will be reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP as compared to SAP.

Statutory accounting practices established by the NAIC and adopted in part by New York insurance regulators determine, among other things, the amount of statutory surplus and statutory net income of KICO and thus determine, in part, the amount of funds that are available for KICO to pay dividends to the Holding Company.

Legal Structure

We were incorporated in 1961 and assumed the name DCAP Group, Inc. in 1999. On July 1, 2009, we changed our name to Kingstone Companies, Inc.

Employees

As of December 31, 2025, we had 113 employees. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that our relationship with our employees is good.

Availability of Information

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Such reports and other information filed by us with the SEC are available free of charge at the investor relations section of our website at www.kingstonecompanies.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Copies are also available, without charge, by writing to Kingstone Companies, Inc., Investor Relations, 120 Wood Road, Kingston, New York 12401. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The inclusion of our website address in this Annual Report does not include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this Annual Report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Based upon the following factors, as well as other factors affecting our operating results and financial condition, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods. These factors, among others, may affect the accuracy of certain forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report.

Risks Related to Our Business

As a property and casualty insurer, we may face significant losses from catastrophes and severe weather events.

Because of the exposure of our property and casualty business to catastrophic events and other severe weather events, our operating results and financial condition may vary significantly from one period to the next. Catastrophes can be caused by various natural and man-made disasters, including earthquakes, wildfires, tornadoes, hurricanes, severe winter weather, storms and certain types of terrorism. We currently have catastrophe reinsurance coverage with regard to losses of up to $440,000,000 ($435,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000). Effective January 1, 2026, $10,000,000 of losses in a catastrophe are subject to a quota share reinsurance treaty, which covers 5% of catastrophe losses such that we retain $5,500,000 of risk per catastrophe occurrence. With respect to any additional catastrophe losses of up to $440,000,000, we are 100% reinsured under our catastrophe reinsurance program. For the period October 15, 2025 through April 30, 2026, we also purchased catastrophe reinsurance which provides coverage for winter storm losses to the extent of 90% of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000. We may incur catastrophe losses in excess of: (i) those that we project would be incurred, (ii) those that external modeling firms estimate would be incurred, (iii) the average expected level used in pricing or (iv) our current reinsurance coverage limits. Despite our catastrophe management programs, we are exposed to catastrophes that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Our liquidity could be constrained by a catastrophe, or multiple catastrophes, which may result in extraordinary losses or a downgrade of our financial strength ratings. In addition, the reinsurance losses that are incurred in connection with a catastrophe could have an adverse impact on the terms and conditions of future reinsurance treaties.

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In addition, we are subject to claims arising from non-catastrophic weather events such as hurricanes, tropical storms, severe winter weather, rain, hail and high winds. The incidence and severity of weather conditions are largely unpredictable. There is generally an increase in the frequency and severity of claims when severe weather conditions occur.

Unanticipated increases in the severity or frequency of claims may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Changes in the severity or frequency of claims may affect our profitability. Changes in homeowners claim severity are driven by inflation in the construction industry, in building materials and home furnishings, and by other economic and environmental factors, including increased demand for services and supplies in areas affected by catastrophes. Changes in bodily injury claim severity are driven primarily by inflation in the medical sector of the economy and by litigation costs. Changes in auto physical damage claim severity are driven primarily by inflation in auto repair costs, prices of auto parts and used car prices. However, changes in the level of the severity of claims are not limited to the effects of inflation and demand surge in these various sectors of the economy. Increases in claim severity can arise from unexpected events that are inherently difficult to predict, such as a change in the law or an inability to enforce exclusions and limitations contained in our policies. Although we pursue various loss management initiatives to mitigate future increases in claim severity, there can be no assurances that these initiatives will successfully identify or reduce the effect of future increases in claim severity, and a significant increase in claim frequency could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

A ratings downgrade to our insurance subsidiary may impact our revenues and earnings.

Financial strength ratings are an important factor influencing the competitive position of insurance companies. The objective of the rating agencies’ rating systems is to provide an opinion as to an insurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. The ratings of Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”), our insurance subsidiary, reflect the rating agencies’ opinion as to its financial strength and are not evaluations directed to investors in our securities, nor are they recommendations to buy, sell or hold our securities.

KICO has a Demotech financial stability rating of A (Exceptional) which generally makes its policies acceptable to mortgage lenders that require homeowners to purchase insurance from highly-rated carriers.

The impact of pandemics and other public health issues (like COVID-19) and related risks could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity.

Risks presented by the effects of pandemics include, among others, the following:

Investments. Our corporate fixed income portfolio may be adversely impacted by ratings downgrades, increased bankruptcies and credit spread widening in distressed industries. In addition, in recent years, many state and local governments have been operating under deficits or projected deficits. The severity and duration of these deficits could have an adverse impact on the collectability and valuation of our municipal bond portfolio. Our investment portfolio also includes mortgage-backed securities which could be adversely impacted by declines in real estate valuations and/or financial market disruption. Further disruptions in global financial markets could adversely impact our net investment income in future periods.

Adverse Legislative and/or Regulatory Action. Federal, state and local government actions to address and contain the impact of pandemic and other public health issues (like COVID-19) may adversely affect us. For example, we may be subject to legislative and/or regulatory action that seeks to retroactively mandate coverage for losses which our insurance policies were not designed or priced to cover. Regulatory restrictions or requirements could also impact pricing, risk selection and our rights and obligations with respect to our policies and insureds, including our ability to cancel or non-renew policies and our right to collect premiums.

Operational Disruptions and Heightened Cybersecurity Risks. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our producers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In addition, the interruption of our or their system capabilities could result in a deterioration of our ability to write and process new and renewal business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions. Having shifted to remote working arrangements, we also face a heightened risk of cybersecurity attacks or data security incidents and are more dependent on internet and telecommunications access and capabilities.

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Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs or our ability to obtain credit on acceptable terms.

The capital and credit markets can experience periods of volatility and disruption. In some cases, markets have exerted downward pressure on the availability of liquidity and credit capacity. In the event that we need access to additional capital to support our operating expenses, make payments on our outstanding and any future indebtedness, pay for capital expenditures, or increase the amount of insurance that we seek to underwrite or to otherwise grow our business, our ability to obtain such capital may be limited and the cost of any such capital may be significant. Our access to additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to our industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity as well as lenders’ perception of our long or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. If a combination of these factors occurs, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms.

We are exposed to significant financial and capital markets risk which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our net investment income can vary from period to period.

We are exposed to significant financial and capital markets risk, including changes in interest rates, equity prices, market volatility, general economic conditions, the performance of the economy in general, the performance of the specific obligors included in our portfolio, and other factors outside our control. Our exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in interest rates. Our investment portfolio contains interest rate sensitive instruments, such as fixed income securities, which may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates from governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would increase the net unrealized loss position of our investment portfolio, which would be offset by our ability to earn higher rates of return on funds reinvested. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would decrease the net unrealized loss position of our investment portfolio, which would be offset by lower rates of return on funds reinvested.

In addition, market volatility can make it difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent. As such, valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period to period changes which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. If significant, continued volatility, changes in interest rates, changes in defaults, a lack of pricing transparency, market liquidity and declines in equity prices, individually or in tandem, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows through realized losses, impairments, and changes in unrealized positions.

Reinsurance may be unavailable at current levels and prices, which may limit our ability to write new business.

We purchase reinsurance to reduce our net liability on individual risks, to protect against possible catastrophes, to remain within a target ratio of net premiums written to policyholders’ surplus and to expand our underwriting capacity. Participation in reinsurance arrangements does not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. Our personal lines catastrophe reinsurance program was designed, utilizing our risk management methodology, to address our exposure to catastrophes. Market conditions beyond our control impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. No assurances can be given that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us on terms and rates that are commercially reasonable. For example, our ability to afford reinsurance to reduce our catastrophe risk may be dependent upon our ability to adjust premium rates for its cost, and there are no assurances that the terms and rates for our current reinsurance program will continue to be available in the future. If we are unable to maintain our current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts that we consider sufficient and at prices that we consider acceptable, we will have to either accept an increase in our exposure risk, reduce our insurance writings or seek other alternatives.

Reinsurance subjects us to the credit risk of our reinsurers, which may have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

The collectability of reinsurance recoverables is subject to uncertainty arising from a number of factors, including changes in market conditions, whether insured losses meet the qualifying conditions of the reinsurance contract and whether reinsurers, or their affiliates, have the financial capacity and willingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance treaty or contract. Since we are primarily liable to an insured for the full amount of insurance coverage, our inability to collect a material recovery from a reinsurer could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

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Applicable insurance laws regarding the change of control of our company may impede potential acquisitions that our stockholders might consider desirable.

We are subject to statutes and regulations of the state of New York which generally require that any person or entity desiring to acquire direct or indirect control of KICO, our insurance company subsidiary, obtain prior regulatory approval. In addition, a change of control of the Holding Company would require such approval. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of our company, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions. Some of our stockholders might consider such transactions to be desirable. Similar regulations may apply in other states in which we may operate.

The insurance industry is subject to extensive regulation that may affect our operating costs and limit the growth of our business, and changes within this regulatory environment may adversely affect our operating costs and limit the growth of our business.

We are subject to extensive laws and regulations. State insurance regulators are charged with protecting policyholders and have broad regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers over our business practices. These include, among other things, the power to grant and revoke licenses to transact business and the power to regulate and approve underwriting practices and rate changes, which may delay the implementation of premium rate changes, prevent us from making changes we believe are necessary to match rate to risk or delay or prevent our entry into new states. In addition, many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to cancel or not renew policies and that prohibit an insurer from withdrawing from one or more lines of business written in the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by state regulatory authorities. Laws and regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal and that subject program withdrawals to prior approval requirements may restrict our ability to exit unprofitable markets.

Because the laws and regulations under which we operate are administered and enforced by a number of different governmental authorities, including state insurance regulators, state securities administrators and the SEC, each of which exercises a degree of interpretive latitude, we are subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may not result in compliance with another's interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. In addition, there is risk that any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may change over time to our detriment, or that changes in the overall legal and regulatory environment may, even in the absence of any change to a particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue changing, cause us to change our views regarding the actions we need to take from a legal risk management perspective, thereby necessitating changes to our practices that may, in some cases, limit our ability to grow and/or to improve the profitability of our business.

While the United States federal government does not directly regulate the insurance industry, federal legislation and administrative policies can affect us. Congress and various federal agencies periodically discuss proposals that would provide for a federal charter for insurance companies. We cannot predict whether any such laws will be enacted or the effect that such laws would have on our business. Moreover, there can be no assurance that changes will not be made to current laws, rules and regulations, or that any other laws, rules or regulations will not be adopted in the future, that could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Because substantially all of our revenue is currently derived from sources located in New York, our business may be adversely affected by conditions in such state.

Approximately 98% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025 was derived from sources located in the State of New York and, accordingly, is affected by the prevailing regulatory, economic, legislative, demographic, competitive and other conditions in the state. Changes in any of these conditions could make it costlier or difficult for us to conduct our business. Adverse regulatory developments in New York, could include fundamental changes to the design or implementation of the insurance regulatory framework, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Adverse legislative developments or changes in laws in the state of New York which impact insurance company profits could also have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to maintain the requisite amount of risk-based capital, which may adversely affect our profitability and our ability to compete in the property and casualty insurance markets.

The DFS imposes risk-based capital requirements on insurance companies to ensure that insurance companies maintain appropriate levels of surplus to support their overall business operations and to protect customers against adverse developments, after taking into account default, credit, underwriting and off-balance sheet risks. If the amount of our

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capital falls below certain thresholds, we may face restrictions with respect to soliciting new business and/or keeping existing business. Similar regulations apply in other states in which we operate.

Changing climate conditions may adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

We recognize the scientific view that the world is getting warmer. Climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could impact the frequency and/or severity of weather events and affect the affordability and availability of homeowners insurance.

Our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected by the cyclical nature of the property and casualty business.

The property and casualty market is cyclical and has experienced periods characterized by relatively high levels of price competition, less restrictive underwriting standards and relatively low premium rates, followed by periods of relatively lower levels of competition, more selective underwriting standards and relatively high premium rates. A downturn in the profitability cycle of the property and casualty business could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We are highly dependent on a relatively small number of insurance brokers for a large portion of our revenues.

We market our insurance products primarily through insurance brokers. A large percentage of our gross premiums written are sourced through a limited number of brokers. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our top 25 brokers provided a total of 39% of our total gross premiums written. The nature of our dependency on these brokers relates to the high volume of business they consistently refer to us. Our relationship with these brokers is based on the quality of the underwriting and claims services we provide to our clients and on our financial strength ratings. Any deterioration in these factors could result in these brokers advising clients to place their risks with other insurers rather than with us. A loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual claims incurred may exceed current reserves established for claims, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Recorded claim reserves for our business are based on our best estimates of losses after considering known facts and interpretations of circumstances. Internal and external factors are considered. Internal factors include, but are not limited to, actual claims paid, pending levels of unpaid claims, product mix and contractual terms. External factors include, but are not limited to, changes in the law, court decisions, changes in regulatory requirements and economic conditions. Because reserves are estimates of the unpaid portion of losses that have occurred, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded reserves, and such variance may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

As a holding company, we are dependent on the results of operations of our subsidiary, KICO; there are restrictions on the payment of dividends by KICO.

We are a holding company and a legal entity separate and distinct from our operating subsidiary, KICO. As a holding company with limited operations of our own, currently the principal sources of our funds are dividends and other payments from KICO. Consequently, we must rely on KICO for our ability to repay debts, pay expenses and pay cash dividends to our stockholders.

State insurance laws limit the ability of KICO to pay dividends from unassigned surplus and require KICO to maintain specified minimum levels of statutory capital and surplus. Maximum allowable dividends by KICO to us are restricted to the lesser of 10% of surplus or 100% of net investment income (on a statutory accounting basis) for the trailing 36 months, less dividends paid by KICO during such period. At December 31, 2025, unassigned surplus was $36,152,023. Through September 30, 2025, KICO had an agreement with the DFS that KICO was only permitted to pay dividends to the Holding Company for purposes of paying operating expenses and debt obligations, and that the maximum amount of dividends that could be paid in 12 months was $12,000,000 without prior approval. Effective September 30, 2025, the restrictions on KICO to pay dividends were removed by the DFS. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum dividends that KICO can pay to the Holding Company is restricted to the lesser of 10% of statutory surplus as shown by its last statement on file with the DFS, or 100% of net investment income of the preceding 36 months reduced by dividends paid during such period. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum allowable dividend that KICO may pay to KINS was $1,969,796 without DFS approval. See Note 13 - Statutory Financial Information for more information.

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Our future results are dependent in part on our ability to successfully operate in an insurance industry that is highly competitive.

The insurance industry is highly competitive. Many of our competitors have well-established national reputations, substantially more capital and significantly greater marketing and management resources. Because of the competitive nature of the insurance industry, including competition for customers, agents and brokers, there can be no assurance that we will continue to effectively compete with our industry rivals, or that competitive pressures will not have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our business and to maintain profitable operating results or financial condition.

If we lose key personnel or are unable to recruit qualified personnel, our ability to implement our business strategies could be delayed or hindered.

Our future success will depend, in part, upon the efforts of Meryl Golden, our President and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of Ms. Golden or other key personnel could prevent us from fully implementing our business strategies and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we continue to grow, we will need to recruit and retain additional qualified management personnel, but we may not be able to do so. Our ability to recruit and retain such personnel will depend upon a number of factors, such as our results of operations and prospects and the level of competition prevailing in the market for qualified personnel. Ms. Golden and we are parties to an employment agreement which expires on January 10, 2027.

Difficult conditions in the economy generally could adversely affect our business and operating results.

As with most businesses, we believe that difficult conditions in the economy could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. General economic conditions also could adversely affect us in the form of consumer behavior, which may include decreased demand for our products. As consumers become more cost conscious, they may choose to purchase lower levels of insurance.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our reported results of operations and financial condition.

Our financial statements are subject to the application of generally accepted accounting principles, which are periodically revised, interpreted and/or expanded. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new guidance or interpretations, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition that is either unexpected or has a greater impact than expected.

We could be adversely affected if our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Internal controls, no matter how well designed, can provide only reasonable assurance that they are working as designed. If these internal controls are not effective, it could lead to errors in financial reporting.

Our business could be adversely affected by a security breach or other attack involving our computer systems or those of one or more of our vendors.

Our business requires that we develop and maintain computer systems to run our operations and to store a significant volume of confidential data. Some of these systems rely on third-party vendors, through either a connection to, or an integration with, those third-parties’ systems. In the course of our operations, we acquire the personal confidential information of our customers and employees. We also store our intellectual property, trade secrets, and other sensitive business and financial information.

All of these systems are subject to “cyber attacks” by sophisticated third parties with substantial computing resources and capabilities, and to unauthorized or illegitimate actions by employees, consultants, agents and other persons with legitimate access to our systems. Such attacks or actions may include attempts to:

•steal, corrupt, or destroy data, including our intellectual property, financial data or the personal information of our customers or employees

•misappropriate funds

•disrupt or shut down our systems

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•deny customers, agents, brokers, or others access to our systems, or

•infect our systems with viruses or malware.

While we can take defensive measures, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing attacks or detecting and stopping them once they have begun. Our business could be significantly damaged by a security breach, data loss or corruption, or cyber attack. In addition to the potentially high costs of investigating and stopping such an event and implementing necessary fixes, we could incur substantial liability if confidential customer or employee information is stolen. In addition, such an event could cause a significant disruption of our ability to conduct our insurance operations. We have a cyber insurance policy to protect against the monetary impact of some of these risks. However, the occurrence of a security breach, data loss or corruption, or cyber-attack, if sufficiently severe, could have a material adverse effect on our business results. See Item IC ("Cybersecurity") in this Annual Report.

We rely on our information technology, including artificial intelligence, and telecommunication systems, and the failure of these systems could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology, including artificial intelligence, and telecommunications systems. We rely on these systems to support our operations. The failure of these systems could interrupt our operations and result in a material adverse effect on our business.

We plan to enter the California market as well as other markets, but there can be no assurance that our diversification and growth strategy will be effective.

We seek to take advantage of prudent opportunities to expand our core business into other states. We have determined to enter the California market in the second quarter of 2026 and other markets in 2026 and 2027. As a result of a number of factors, including the challenges of operating in unfamiliar markets, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in this diversification even after investing significant time and resources to develop and market products and services in additional states. Initial timetables for expansion may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not be feasible. Because our business and experience are based substantially on the New York insurance market, we may not understand all of the risks associated with entering into an unfamiliar market. This inexperience in certain new markets could affect our ability to price risks adequately and develop effective underwriting standards. External factors, such as compliance with state regulations, especially when different than the regulations of other states in which we do business, obtaining new licenses, competitive alternatives, processes, and time periods associated with adjusting product forms and rates, and shifting customer preferences, may also affect the successful implementation of our geographic growth strategy. Such external factors and requirements may increase our costs and potentially affect the speed with which we will be able to pursue new market opportunities. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in expanding into any one state or combination of states. Failure to manage these risks successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our stock price may fluctuate significantly and be highly volatile and this may make it difficult for stockholders to resell shares of our common stock at the volume, prices and times they find attractive.

The market price of our common stock could be subject to significant fluctuations and be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for stockholders to resell shares of our common stock at the volume, prices and times they find attractive. There are many factors that will impact our stock price and trading volume, including, but not limited to, the factors listed above under “Risks Related to Our Business.”

Stock markets, in general, have experienced in recent years, and continue to experience, significant price and volume volatility, and the market price of our common stock may continue to be subject to similar market fluctuations that may be unrelated to our operating performance and prospects. Increased market volatility and fluctuations could result in a substantial decline in the market price of our common stock.

The trading volume in our common stock has been limited. As a result, stockholders may not experience liquidity in their investment in our common stock, thereby potentially limiting their ability to resell their shares at the volume, times and prices they find attractive.

Our common stock is currently traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). Our common stock has substantially less liquidity than the average trading market for many other publicly traded insurance and other companies. An active trading market for our common stock may not develop or, if developed, may not be sustained. Such stocks can

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be more volatile than stocks trading in an active public market. Therefore, stockholders have reduced liquidity and may not be able to sell their shares at the volume, prices and times that they desire.

There may be future issuances or resales of our common stock which may materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Subject to any required state insurance regulatory approvals, we are not restricted from issuing additional shares of our common stock in the future, including securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, shares of our common stock. Our issuance of additional shares of common stock in the future will dilute the ownership interests of our then existing stockholders.

We have effective registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), covering an aggregate of 2,900,000 shares of our common stock issuable under our Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Participation Plan (the "2014 Plan") and our 2024 Equity Participation Plan (the “2024 Plan”). Pursuant to our 2024 Plan, stock options and restricted stock awards may be granted to our employees and directors. See Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity for more information.

The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, shares of our common stock, whether directly by us, by selling stockholders in future offerings or by our existing stockholders in the secondary market, the perception that such issuances or resales could occur or the availability for future issuances or resale of shares of our common stock or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, shares of our common stock could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital through future offerings of equity or equity-related securities on attractive terms or at all.

In addition, our board of directors is authorized to designate and issue preferred stock without further stockholder approval, and we may issue other equity and equity-related securities that are senior to our common stock in the future for a number of reasons, including, without limitation, to repay our indebtedness, support operations and growth, maintain our capital ratios, and comply with any future changes in regulatory standards.

Anti-takeover provisions and the regulations to which we may be subject may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

We are a holding company incorporated in Delaware. Anti-takeover provisions in Delaware law and our restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as regulatory approvals required under state insurance laws, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us and may prevent stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares of common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors may issue up to 2,500,000 shares of preferred stock, in one or more series, without stockholder approval and with such terms, preferences, rights and privileges as the board of directors may deem appropriate. These provisions and other factors may hinder or prevent a change in control, even if the change in control would be beneficial to, or sought by, our stockholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.

Risk Management and Strategy

We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity threats; monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities; and test those systems pursuant to our cybersecurity policies, processes, and practices, which are integrated into our overall risk management program. To protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats, we use various security tools that are designed to help identify, escalate, investigate, resolve, and recover from security incidents in a timely manner.

KICO’s Risk Management Committee, which is comprised of representatives of its technology team, assesses risks based on probability and potential impact on key business systems and processes. Risks that are considered high are incorporated into its overall risk management program. A mitigation plan is developed for each identified high risk, with progress reported to the Risk Management Committee and tracked as part of its overall risk management program overseen by the Risk Management Committee of our Board of Directors.

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We collaborate with third parties to assess the effectiveness of our cybersecurity prevention and response systems and processes. These include cybersecurity assessors, consultants, and other external cybersecurity experts to assist in the identification, verification, and validation of cybersecurity risks, as well as to support associated mitigation plans when necessary.

Additionally, we require security training for all employees on a quarterly basis. The training covers a wide range of topics, including phishing, social engineering and data protection.

Risk Management

We assess and identify security risk to the organization by:

•conducting assessments of risk, including likelihood and magnitude, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction of information systems and the related information processes, stored or transmitted;

•performing risk assessments and producing security assessment reports that document the results of the assessment for use and review by information technology senior leadership, including the Chief Technology Officer;

•ensuring security controls are assessed for effectiveness, are implemented correctly, operating as intended and producing the desired outcome; and

•continuously scanning for vulnerabilities and remedying all vulnerabilities in accordance with the associated risk.

We have not experienced a material cybersecurity breach in the past five years and, as a result, there have been no charges related to a breach in the past five years. In 2025, a third party vendor of KICO was impacted by a cybersecurity event which KICO reported to the DFS. The event did not have a material impact on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. While we have implemented processes and procedures that we believe are tailored to address and mitigate the cybersecurity threats that we face, there can be no assurances that such an incident will not occur despite our efforts, as more fully described in Item 1A (“Risk Factors – Our business could be adversely affected by a security breach or other attack involving our computer systems or those of one or more of our vendors.”) in this Annual Report.

Monitoring

We have established a continuous monitoring strategy and program, which includes:

•a set of defined security metrics to be monitored;

•performance of security control assessments on an ongoing basis;

•addressing results of analysis and reporting security status to the executive team;

•monitoring information systems to detect attacks and indicators of potential attacks;

•identification of unauthorized use of the information system resources; and

•deployment of monitoring devices strategically within the information system environment.

Governance

The Risk Management Committee of our Board of Directors has been delegated the power and authority to oversee and make recommendations to the Board with regard to our overall approach to risks relating to business operations, including with regard to information technology and cybersecurity. In a presentation from our Chief Technology Officer, the committee received information regarding our approach to cybersecurity, which included the following topics: the confidentiality of nonpublic information and the integrity and security of our information system, the cybersecurity policies and procedures, material cybersecurity risks to us, and the overall effectiveness of our cybersecurity program.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

Effective March 1, 2025, we leased new principal executive office space at 120 Wood Road, Kingston, New York 12401. The new offices are held pursuant to a lease which expires on March 31, 2030 with a five year renewal option. Our insurance underwriting business is principally located at this office.

Prior to March 1, 2025, our principal executive offices were located at 15 Joys Lane, Kingston, New York 12401. In February 2025, 15 Joys Lane LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a contract of sale with Ulster County, New York (the

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“County”) for the sale to the County of such headquarters, along with an adjacent mixed-use property (collectively, the “Property”). The purchase price for the Property was $3,600,000. The sale closed in March 2025. The Company continues to own a vacant lot at 27 Joys Lane, Kingston, New York.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “KINS.”

Holders

As of March 10, 2026, there were 181 record holders of our common stock.

Dividends

Holders of our common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available. In each of July and October 2025, our Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.05 per share. Future dividend policy will be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be contingent upon future earnings, if any, our financial condition, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors. Therefore, we can give no assurance that future dividends of any kind will be paid to holders of our common stock.

Our ability to pay dividends depends, in part, on the ability of KICO to pay dividends to us. KICO, as an insurance subsidiary, is subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting its ability to declare and pay dividends. In addition, there are restrictions related to surplus and net investment income. Without the prior approval of the DFS, dividends may be paid by insurance carriers from unassigned surplus and are restricted to the lesser of 10% of surplus or 100% of investment income (on a statutory accounting basis) for the trailing 36 months, less dividends paid by KICO during such period. As of December 31, 2025, KICO had unassigned surplus of approximately $36,152,000. Prior to September 30, 2025, KICO had an agreement with the DFS that KICO may only pay dividends up to $12,000,000 to the Holding Company for purposes of paying operating expenses and debt obligations. See “Business – Government Regulation”, “Risk Factors – As a holding company, we are dependent on the results of operations of our subsidiary, KICO; there are restrictions on the payment of dividends by KICO” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Liquidity” in Items 1, 1A and 7, respectively, of this Annual Report.

In addition, pursuant to a certain debt exchange agreement (the "2024 Exchange Agreement"), we were not permitted to pay any cash dividends without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding principal amount of the debt. The debt was repaid in full on February 25, 2025.

Subsequent to such debt repayment, effective September 30, 2025, the restrictions on KICO to pay dividends were removed by the DFS. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum dividends that KICO can pay to the Holding Company is restricted to the lesser of 10% of statutory surplus as shown by its last statement on file with the DFS, or 100% of net investment income of the preceding 36 months reduced by dividends paid during such period. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum allowable dividend that KICO may pay to the Holding Company was $1,969,796 without DFS approval. See Note 13 - Statutory Financial Information for more information.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 6. RESERVED.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Overview

In addition, our subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies. Cosi retains the profit between the commission revenue received and the commission expense paid (“Net Cosi Revenue”). Commission expense is reduced by Net Cosi Revenue. Cosi-related operating expenses are minimal and are included in other operating expenses.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from KICO, which includes revenues from earned premiums, ceding commissions from quota share reinsurance, net investment income generated from its portfolio, and net realized gains and losses on investment securities. All of KICO’s insurance policies are written for a one year term. Earned premiums represent premiums received from insureds, which are recognized as revenue over the period of time that insurance coverage is provided (i.e., ratably over the one year life of the policy). A significant period of time can elapse from the receipt of insurance premiums to the payment of insurance claims. During this time, KICO invests the premiums, earns investment income and generates net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on investments. The Holding Company earns investment income from its cash holdings.

Other operating expenses include our corporate expenses as a holding company. These corporate expenses include legal and auditing fees, executive employment costs and equity compensation, directors' fees, and other costs directly associated with being a public company.

Principal Revenue and Expense Items

Net premiums earned: Net premiums earned is the earned portion of our written premiums, less that portion of premium that is ceded to third party reinsurers under reinsurance agreements. The amount ceded under these reinsurance agreements is based on a contractual formula contained in the individual reinsurance agreement. Insurance premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the policy. At the end of each reporting period, premiums written that are not earned are classified as unearned premiums and are earned in subsequent periods over the remaining term of the policy. Our insurance policies have a term of one year. Accordingly, for a one-year policy written on July 1, 2025, we would earn half of the premiums in 2025 and the other half in 2026.

Ceding commission revenue: Commissions on reinsurance premiums ceded to quota share treaties are earned in a manner consistent with the recognition of the direct acquisition costs of the underlying insurance policies, generally on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies reinsured.

Net investment income and net gains (losses) on investments: We invest in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed-maturity and equity securities, and other investments. Our net investment income includes interest and dividends earned on our invested assets, less investment expenses. Net realized gains and losses on our investments are reported separately from our net investment income. Net realized gains occur when our investment securities are sold for more than their costs or amortized costs, as applicable. Net realized losses occur when our investment securities are sold for less than their costs or amortized costs, as applicable, or are written down as a result of other-than-temporary impairment. We classify our fixed-maturity securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Net unrealized gains

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(losses) on those securities classified as available-for-sale are reported separately within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income on our balance sheet while our equity securities and other investments report changes in fair value through earnings. See Note 2 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our accounting policies following Item 16 of this Annual Report.

Other income: We recognize installment fee income and fees charged to reinstate a policy after it has been cancelled for non-payment.

Loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred: Loss and LAE incurred represent our largest expense item, and for any given reporting period include estimates of future claim payments, changes in those estimates from prior reporting periods and costs associated with investigating, defending and servicing claims. These expenses fluctuate based on the amount and types of risks we insure. We record loss and LAE related to estimates of future claim payments based on case-by-case valuations, statistical analyses and actuarial procedures. We seek to establish all reserves at the most likely ultimate liability based on our historical claims experience. It is typical for certain claims to take several years to settle and we revise our estimates as we receive additional information on such claims. Our ability to estimate loss and LAE accurately at the time of pricing our insurance policies is a critical factor affecting our profitability.

Commission expenses and other underwriting expenses: Other underwriting expenses include policy acquisition costs and other expenses related to the underwriting of policies. Policy acquisition costs represent the costs of originating new insurance policies that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of insurance policies (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting salaries). Policy acquisition costs are deferred and recognized as expense as the related premiums are earned. Other underwriting expenses represent general and administrative expenses of our insurance business and are comprised of other costs associated with our insurance activities such as regulatory fees, telecommunication and technology costs, occupancy costs, employment costs, and legal and auditing fees.

Other operating expenses: Other operating expenses include the corporate expenses of our holding company, Kingstone Companies, Inc. These expenses include executive employment costs, legal and auditing fees, and other costs directly associated with being a public company.

Stock-based compensation: Non-cash equity compensation includes the fair value of stock grants issued to our directors, officers and employees, and amortization of stock options issued to the same.

Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization includes the amortization of intangibles related to the acquisition of KICO, depreciation of the real estate used in KICO’s operations, as well as depreciation of capital expenditures for information technology projects, office equipment and furniture.

Interest expense: Interest expense represents amounts we incur on our outstanding indebtedness at the applicable interest rates. Interest expense also includes amortization of debt discount and issuance costs.

Income tax expense: We incur federal income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations as well as state income tax expense for our non-insurance underwriting subsidiaries.

Product Lines

Our product lines include the following:

Personal lines: Our largest line of business is personal lines, consisting of homeowners, dwelling fire, cooperative/condominium, renters, and personal umbrella policies.

Commercial liability: Through July 2019, we offered businessowners policies, which consist primarily of small business retail, service, and office risks, with limited property exposures. We also wrote artisan’s liability policies for small independent contractors with smaller sized workforces. In addition, we wrote special multi-peril policies for larger and more specialized businessowners risks, including those with limited residential exposures. Further, we offered commercial umbrella policies written above our supporting commercial lines policies.

In May 2019, due to the poor performance of this line we placed a moratorium on new commercial lines and new commercial umbrella submissions while we further reviewed this business. In July 2019, due to the continuing poor performance of these lines, we made the decision to no longer underwrite commercial lines or commercial umbrella risks. In-force policies as of July 31, 2019 for these lines were non-renewed at the end of their annual terms. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no commercial liability policies in-force. As of December 31, 2025, these expired policies

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represent approximately 12.5% of loss and LAE reserves net of reinsurance recoverables. See discussion below under “Additional Financial Information”.

Livery physical damage: We write for-hire vehicle physical damage only policies for livery and car service vehicles and taxicabs. These policies insure only the physical damage portion of insurance for such vehicles, with no liability coverage included.

Other: We write canine legal liability policies and have a small participation in mandatory state joint underwriting associations.

Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures

We utilize the following key GAAP and non-GAAP measures in analyzing the results of our insurance underwriting business. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of the below non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure:

Direct written premiums; net written premiums: Direct written premiums is a non-GAAP measure, which represent the total premiums charged on policies issued by an insurance company during the respective fiscal period. Net written premiums is a non-GAAP measure, which are direct written premiums less premiums ceded to reinsurers. Net premiums earned, the GAAP measure most comparable to direct written premiums and net written premiums, are net written premiums that are pro-rata earned during the fiscal period presented. All of our policies are written for a twelve-month period. Management uses direct written premiums and net written premiums, along with other measures, to gauge our performance and evaluate results. Direct written premiums and net written premiums are provided as supplemental information, not as a substitute for net premiums earned, and do not reflect the Company’s net premiums earned.

Net loss ratio: The net loss ratio is a measure of the underwriting profitability of an insurance company’s business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of net losses and LAE incurred to net premiums earned.

Underlying loss ratio: The underlying loss ratio is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the GAAP net loss ratio excluding the effect of prior year loss reserve development and catastrophes losses. Management believes that this ratio is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our business that may be obscured by prior year loss reserve development and catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses cause our loss ratios to vary significantly between periods as a result of their incidence of occurrence and magnitude and can have a significant impact on the net loss ratio. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net loss ratio. The underlying loss ratio should not be considered a substitute for the net loss ratio and does not reflect our net loss ratio.

Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes: The net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net loss ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net loss ratio. Management believes that this ratio is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our business that may be obscured by catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses cause our net loss ratios to vary significantly between periods as a result of their incidence of occurrence and magnitude and can have a significant impact on the net loss ratio. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net loss ratio. The net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes should not be considered a substitute for the net loss ratio and does not reflect our net loss ratio.

Net loss ratio excluding commercial lines business: The net loss ratio excluding commercial lines business is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net loss ratio and the effect of commercial lines on the net loss ratio. Management believes that this ratio is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our business that may be obscured by losses from commercial lines business. Our commercial lines business has been in run-off effective July 2019. Commercial lines losses cause our net loss ratios to vary between periods as a result of changes to their loss reserves during the run-off period and have an impact on the net loss ratio. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net loss ratio. The net loss ratio excluding commercial lines business should not be considered a substitute for the net loss ratio and does not reflect our net loss ratio.

Net underwriting expense ratio: The net underwriting expense ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s operational efficiency in administering its business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of the sum of acquisition costs (the most significant being commissions paid to our producers) and other underwriting expenses less ceding commission revenue less other income to net premiums earned.

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Net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes: The net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net underwriting expense ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net underwriting expense ratio. Management believes that this ratio is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our business that may be obscured by catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses cause our net underwriting expense ratios to vary significantly between periods as a result of their incidence of occurrence and magnitude and can have a significant impact on the underwriting expense ratio. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net underwriting expense ratio. The net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes should not be considered a substitute for the net underwriting expense ratio and does not reflect our net underwriting expense ratio.

Net combined ratio: The net combined ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s overall underwriting profit. This is the sum of the net loss and net underwriting expense ratios. If the net combined ratio is at or above 100 percent, an insurance company cannot be profitable without investment income, and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes: The net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP combined ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net combined ratio. Management believes that this ratio is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our business that may be obscured by catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses cause our net combined ratios to vary significantly between periods as a result of their incidence of occurrence and magnitude and can have a significant impact on the net combined ratio. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the net combined ratio. The net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes should not be considered a substitute for the net combined ratio and does not reflect our net combined ratio.

Underwriting income: Underwriting income is net pre-tax income attributable to our insurance underwriting business before investment activity. It excludes net investment income, net realized gains from investments, and depreciation and amortization (net premiums earned less expenses included in combined ratio). Underwriting income is a measure of an insurance company’s overall operating profitability before items such as investment income, depreciation and amortization, interest expense and income taxes.

Net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis: Net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis is a non-GAAP measure, which is computed as GAAP net income without the effect of holding company operations on GAAP net income. Management believes that this measure is useful to investors, and it is used by management to reveal the trends in our insurance underwriting business that may be obscured by holding company operations. Holding company operations cause our GAAP net income to vary significantly between periods as a result of their magnitude and can have a significant impact on GAAP net income. Management believes that this measure is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately when reviewing our underwriting performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is GAAP net income. Net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis should not be considered a substitute for GAAP net income and does not reflect our GAAP net income.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone Companies, Inc. and all majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, our management has utilized information including our past history, industry standards, and the current economic environment, and other factors, in forming its estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the consolidated financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. It is possible that the ultimate outcome as anticipated by our management in formulating its estimates in these financial statements may not materialize.

Application of the critical accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact comparability of our results of operations to those of similar companies.

See below a description of these critical accounting estimates. Also, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements following Item 16 of this Annual Report.

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Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

Property and casualty loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves are established to provide for the estimated cost of settling both reported (“case”) and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims and claims adjusting expenses. The liability for these reserves is estimated on an undiscounted basis, using individual case-basis valuations and paid claims, pending claims, statistical analyses and various actuarial reserving methodologies. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the reserve process, actual loss costs could vary significantly compared to estimated loss costs. The below table provides detail of our reserves as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


	As of December 31, 2025						As of December 31, 2024

($ in thousands)	Gross		Ceded		Net		Gross		Ceded		Net
Case loss	$	75,385	$	20,749	$	54,636	$	64,087	$	17,721	$	46,366
Case LAE	7,459		1,812		5,646		6,563		1,426		5,137
IBNR loss	38,794		8,277		30,517		38,681		10,661		28,020
IBNR LAE	18,901		2,394		16,507		16,879		2,514		14,365
Total	$	140,539	$	33,232	$	107,306	$	126,210	$	32,322	$	93,888

(Components may not sum due to rounding)

Case Reserves – Reserves for reported losses are based on an estimate of ultimate loss costs of an individual claim derived from individual case-basis valuations, actual claims paid, pending claims, statistical analyses and various actuarial reserving methodologies.

IBNR Reserves – IBNR reserves are estimates of claims that have occurred but as to which we have not yet been notified to establish the case reserve. IBNR is determined using historical information aggregated by line of insurance and adjusted to current conditions.

Reinsurance

We purchase reinsurance to manage our underwriting risk on certain policies. Reinsurance receivables represent management’s best estimate of loss and LAE recoverable from reinsurers. Reinsurance receivables are estimated using the same methodologies as loss and LAE reserves. Changes in the methods and assumptions used could result in significant variances between actual and estimated losses.

Deferred Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on GAAP income at statutory tax rates, adjusted for non-taxable and non-deductible items, and tax credits. Changes in estimates used in preparing the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) could result in significant changes to our deferred tax asset or liability.

Deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized for estimated future tax consequences which result in differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. These assets and liabilities are carried at the enacted tax rates expected to apply when the asset or liability is expected to be recovered or settled. Changes in estimates and assumptions in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), or changes in the enacted tax rate, could result in significant variances between our carried deferred tax and tax recognized on the recovery or settlement of the asset or liability.

Investments

Bonds are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”) or available-for-sale (“AFS”), and stocks are generally classified as AFS. Investments classified as HTM are carried at amortized cost, which requires very little judgement. Investments classified as AFS are generally carried at fair value with an unrealized gain/loss recorded in income. Actual results could vary significantly from the fair values recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

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Policies in Force and Direct Written Premiums

See the tables below for our policies in force as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and direct written premiums for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our direct written premiums1 increased by 14.8% compared to the same period in 2024, while policies in force increased by 3.6% as of December 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024.


	As of December 31,
	2025	2024	Change	Percent

Policies In Force	80,432	77,656	2,776	3.6	%


	Years Ended December 31,
(000’s except percentages)	2025		2024		Change		Percent

Direct written premiums1	$	277,801	$	241,980	$	35,821	14.8	%

1 Direct written premiums is a non-GAAP measure defined above under "Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures". See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for the reconciliation of direct written premiums to the GAAP measure of net premiums earned.

Change in Market Dynamics (underway), and 5-Year Growth Plan (underway)

•Change in Market Dynamics

On April 14, 2025, KICO entered into an agreement to offer a quote for a replacement policy to selected homeowners policyholders in Downstate New York as one of our competitors pivoted focus away from admitted personal lines business (the "Withdrawal Plan"). The Withdrawal Plan, which includes this transaction, has been approved by the DFS. This competitor wrote approximately $70 million in written premium. The Withdrawal Plan has enabled KICO to work with new distribution partners to further increase its footprint in Downstate New York by offering an alternative policy to selected homeowners policyholders with effective dates that started in late third quarter of 2025. This transaction is being handled in a similar manner to the Change in Market Dynamics, except that we are streamlining the process by providing a quote for eligible policyholders to our producers.

•5-Year Growth Plan

We recently announced our 5-year goal of $500 million in direct written premium (the "5-Year Growth Plan"), effectively doubling the size of our company relative to today. We are diligently working on a strategic plan that outlines how we will achieve this goal through a combination of organic initiatives and strategic inorganic opportunities in our core state of New York along with measured geographic expansion into new states. We intend to maintain our focus on our core expertise of insuring catastrophe-exposed properties.

Relative to geographic expansion, we have conducted a thorough study of selected geographies and states with the help of industry-leading third-party advisors and overlaid important lessons learned from our past challenges to ensure that we do not face such challenges again. We plan to pursue prudent growth at a measured pace in our chosen new states, testing and validating rate adequacy commensurate with risk factors in the new geographies. Our current plan is to go live in California and Connecticut in 2026, and two additional states in 2027.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes the changes in the results of our operations for the periods indicated:


	Years ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2025		2024		Change		Percent
Revenues
Direct written premiums (1)	$	277,801	$	241,980	$	35,821	14.8	%


Ceded written premiums
Ceded to quota share treaties (2)	23,828		50,539		(26,711)		(52.9	%)
Ceded to excess of loss treaties	6,391		6,417		(26)		(0.4	%)
Ceded to catastrophe treaties	33,863		30,794		3,069		10.0	%
Total ceded written premiums	64,082		87,750		(23,668)		(27.0	%)

Net written premiums (1)	213,719		154,230		59,489		38.6	%

Change in unearned premiums
Direct and assumed	(19,326)		(29,080)		9,754		33.5	%
Ceded to quota share treaties (2)	(7,266)		3,348		(10,614)		NM
Change in net unearned premiums	(26,592)		(25,732)		(860)		(3.3	%)

Premiums earned
Direct and assumed	258,474		212,900		45,574		21.4	%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties	(71,348)		(84,402)		13,054		15.5	%
Net premiums earned	187,127		128,498		58,629		45.6	%

Ceding commission revenue (2)	15,675		18,838		(3,163)		(16.8	%)
Net investment income	9,799		6,824		2,975		43.6	%
Net (losses) gains on investments	(310)		415		(725)		174.7	%
Gain on sale of real estate	1,966		—		1,966		NM
Other income	611		568		43		7.6	%
Total revenues	214,867		155,142		59,725		38.5	%
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
Direct and assumed:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	100,708		79,472		21,236		26.7	%
Losses from catastrophes (3)	2,578		3,389		(811)		(23.9)	%
Total direct and assumed loss and loss adjustment expenses	103,286		82,861		20,425		24.6	%

Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	18,615		19,292		(677)		(3.5	%)
Losses from catastrophes (3)	405		935		(530)		(56.7)	%
Total ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses	19,020		20,226		(1,206)		(6.0	%)

Net loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	82,093		60,181		21,912		36.4	%
Losses from catastrophes (3)	2,173		2,454		(281)		(11.5	%)
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses	84,266		62,635		21,631		34.5	%

Commission expense	40,727		33,929		6,798		20.0	%
Other underwriting expenses	31,719		25,693		6,026		23.5	%
Other operating expenses	4,105		3,635		470		12.9	%
Depreciation and amortization	2,560		2,449		111		4.5	%
Interest expense	445		3,514		(3,069)		(87.3	%)
Total expenses	163,822		131,854		31,968		24.2	%

Income before taxes	51,046		23,288		27,758		119.2	%
Income tax expense	10,279		4,930		5,349		108.5	%
Net income	$	40,767	$	18,358	$	22,409	122.1	%

(Columns in the table above may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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(1)Direct written premiums and net premiums written are non-GAAP measures, defined above under "Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures", and reconciled in the table herein to the GAAP measure of net premiums earned.

(2)For the year ended December 31, 2024, our personal lines business was subject to a 27% quota share treaty, expiring on January 1, 2025, which included a runoff of a 3.0% portion of the prior quota share reinsurance treaty through the remainder of 2024. Effective January 1, 2025, we entered into a 16% personal lines quota share treaty, under a cutoff basis.

(3)For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 include catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		Percentage Point Difference	Percent Change

Key ratios:
Net loss ratio	45.0	%	48.7	%	(3.7)	(7.6)	%
Net underwriting expense ratio	30.0	%	31.3	%	(1.3)	(4.2)	%
Net combined ratio	75.0	%	80.0	%	(5.0)	(6.3)	%

Direct Written Premiums(1)

Direct written premiums during the year ended December 31, 2025 (“Year Ended 2025”) were $277,801,000 compared to $241,980,000 during the year ended December 31, 2024 (“Year Ended 2024”). The increase of $35,821,000, or 14.8%, was primarily due to an increase in premiums from our personal lines business. Direct written premiums from our personal lines business for Year Ended 2025 were $263,188,000, an increase of $35,545,000, or 15.6%, from $227,643,000 in Year Ended 2024. The 15.6% increase in premiums from our personal lines business was primarily due to the organic growth from the Change in Market Dynamics in the New York market and to a lesser extent an increase in rates primarily from an increase in replacement costs.

Direct written premiums from our livery physical damage business for Year Ended 2025 were $14,550,000, an increase of $302,000, or 2.1%, from $14,248,000 in Year Ended 2024. The growth in direct written premiums for livery physical damage reflects increased vehicle valuations and an increase from the removal of underwriting restrictions on electric vehicles until after receiving adequate rate approval in July 2024.
___________________

(1) Direct written premiums is a non-GAAP measure defined above under "Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures", and reconciled in the table above to the GAAP measure of net premiums earned.

Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned

Net Written Premiums(1) and Net Premiums Earned

Net written premiums increased $59,489,000, or 38.6%, to $213,719,000 in Year Ended 2025 from $154,230,000 in Year Ended 2024. Net written premiums include direct premiums, less the amount of written premiums ceded under our reinsurance treaties (quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe). The increase in Year Ended 2025 was primarily due to the additional premiums due to the organic growth from the Change in Market Dynamics in the New York market and to a lesser extent an increase in rates primarily from an increase in replacement costs, and changes to our personal lines quota share reinsurance treaty. See "Quota share reinsurance treaties" discussion below.
___________________

(1) Net written premiums is a non-GAAP measure, defined above under "Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures", and reconciled in the table above to the GAAP measure of net premiums earned.

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Quota share reinsurance treaties

Effective January 1, 2024, we entered into a 27% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025 (“2024/2025 Treaty”). Upon expiration of the 2024/2025 Treaty on January 1, 2025, we entered into a new 16% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2025 through January 1, 2026 (“2025/2026 Treaty”). Our personal lines business was subject to the 2025/2026 Treaty in Year Ended 2025, and the 2024/2025 Treaty in Year Ended 2024. In Year Ended 2025, our premiums ceded under quota share treaties decreased by $26,711,000 in comparison to premiums ceded under quota share treaties in Year Ended 2024 (see table above). The decrease in Year Ended 2025 was attributable to the decrease in the quota share ceding percentage rate, offset by an increase in direct written premiums subject to the 2025/2026 Treaty compared to direct written premiums subject to the 2024/2025 Treaty. The inception of the 2025/2026 Treaty was recorded as a cutoff, resulting in the return of $11,471,000 from reinsurers to us of previously ceded written premiums that were unearned as of January 1, 2025.

Excess of loss reinsurance treaties

In Year Ended 2025, our ceded excess of loss reinsurance premiums decreased $26,000 compared to the ceded excess of loss premiums for Year Ended 2024. Effective January 1, 2024, we entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty (the “Underlying XOL Treaty”) covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025. The Underlying XOL Treaty provided 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms were excluded from the Underlying XOL Treaty. Effective January 1, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026. The Underlying XOL Treaty, combined with the excess of loss treaty, provided 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $250,000 in excess of $750,000, and reinsurance coverage for losses in excess of $1,000,000 up to $9,000,000, together with facultative coverage. Retention was increased to $715,000 from $640,000 under the 2025/2026 Treaty. Under the 2026/2027 Treaty, retention was increased to $825,000 from $715,000.

Catastrophe reinsurance treaties

Most of the premiums written under our personal lines policies are also subject to our catastrophe reinsurance treaties. An increase in our personal lines business historically gave rise to more property exposure, which increased our exposure to catastrophe risk; therefore, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties would increase. An increase in our personal lines business historically resulted in an increase in premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties if reinsurance rates were stable or were increasing. With regard to treaties entered into on July 1, 2025 ("2025/2026 Catastrophe Treaty") and 2024 ("2024/2025 Catastrophe Treaty"), we recorded our catastrophe premiums written for the entire treaty period covering July 1 through June 30, resulting in the entire annual premium written being recorded in the third quarter of 2025 and 2024. The 2025/2026 Catastrophe Treaty covers 80% of losses on the first layer of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000 (Catastrophe coverage of $4,000,000), and losses of $435,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000 (Catastrophe coverage of $430,000,000), for a total catastrophe coverage of $434,000,000. The 2024/2025 Catastrophe Treaty covered 80% of losses on the first layer of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000 (Catastrophe coverage of $4,000,000), and losses of $275,000,000 in excess of $10,000,000 (Catastrophe coverage of $265,000,000), for a total catastrophe coverage of $269,000,000. Catastrophe coverage under the 2025/2026 Catastrophe Treaty increased by $165,000,000 compared to the 2024/2025 Catastrophe Treaty. In Year Ended 2025, our premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties increased by $3,069,000 in comparison to premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties in Year Ended 2024 (see table above). The increase in Year Ended 2025 was primarily attributable to the $169,000,000 increase in catastrophe coverage discussed above.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned increased $58,629,000 or 45.6% to $187,127,000 in Year Ended 2025 compared to $128,498,000 in Year Ended 2024. The increase was due to the 11 percentage point reduction in quota share rates discussed above, and the increase in premiums from the Change in Market Dynamics which began in the third quarter of 2024, partially offset by an increase in catastrophe premiums due to the increase in catastrophe coverage reflected in ceded catastrophe premiums earned, which increased the amount of growth in net premiums earned.

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Ceding Commission Revenue

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of ceding commission revenue (in thousands) for the periods indicated:


	Years ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2025		2024		Change		Percent

Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	13,927	$	18,829	$	(4,902)	(26.0	%)
Contingent ceding commissions earned	1,748		9		1,739		NM

Total ceding commission revenue	$	15,675	$	18,838	$	(3,163)	(16.8	%)

NM = Not Meaningful

(Columns in the table above may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Ceding commission revenue was $15,675,000 in Year Ended 2025 compared to $18,838,000 in Year Ended 2024. The decrease of $3,163,000 is explained below in the discussion of provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned.

Provisional Ceding Commissions Earned

In the Year Ended 2025, we earned provisional ceding commissions of $13,927,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2025/2026 Treaty, and in the Year Ended 2024, we earned provisional ceding commissions of $18,829,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2024/2025 Treaty. The decrease of $4,902,000 in provisional ceding commissions earned was due to the decrease in premiums ceded under these treaties during the Year Ended 2025 compared to the Year Ended 2024, offset by an increase in ceding commission rates under the 2025/2026 Treaty. The decrease in the premiums ceded was due to a decrease in the quota share percentage from 27% in the Year Ended 2024 to 16% in the Year Ended 2025.

Contingent Ceding Commissions Earned

Under our 2025/2026 Treaty and prior years’ quota share treaties before July 1, 2017, we received a contingent ceding commission based on a sliding scale of commission rates and ultimate treaty year loss ratio on the policies reinsured under this agreement based upon which contingent ceding commissions are earned. The sliding scale includes minimum and maximum commission rates in relation to specified ultimate loss ratio. The commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned increase when the estimated ultimate loss ratio decreases and, conversely, the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned decrease when the estimated ultimate loss ratio increases. The lower the ceded loss ratio, the more contingent commission we received. The structure of the 2024/2025 Treaty called for a fixed provisional ceding commission with no opportunity to earn additional contingent ceding commissions. We earned $1,748,000 of contingent ceding commissions due to both a decrease in the attritional and catastrophe loss ratios in the Year Ended 2025 as compared to $9,000 earned in the Year Ended 2024.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income was $9,799,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $6,824,000 in the Year Ended 2024, an increase of $2,975,000, or 43.6%. The average yield on non-cash invested assets was 4.3% as of December 31, 2025 compared to 3.8% as of December 31, 2024

Cash and invested assets were $321,867,000 as of December 31, 2025 compared to $237,287,000 as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $84,580,000.

Net Gains on Investments

Net (losses) on investments were $(310,000) in the Year Ended 2025 compared to net gains of $415,000 in the Year Ended 2024. Unrealized (losses) on our equity securities and other investments in the Year Ended 2025 were

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$(87,000), compared to unrealized gains of $477,000 in the Year Ended 2024. Net realized (losses) on sales of investments were $(223,000) in the Year Ended 2025 compared to net realized (losses) of $(62,000) in the Year Ended 2024.

Gain on Sale of Real Estate

Gain on sale of real estate was $1,966,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $0 in the Year Ended 2024. On March 19, 2025 one of our subsidiaries closed on the sale of our headquarters building in Kingston, New York, along with an adjacent mixed-use property (collectively, the “Property”). The purchase price for the Property was $3,600,000. We are now renting a smaller facility in Kingston, New York.

Other Income

Other income was $611,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $568,000 in the Year Ended 2024, an increase of $43,000, or 7.6%.

Net Loss and LAE

Net loss and LAE was $84,266,000 for the Year Ended 2025 compared to $62,635,000 for the Year Ended 2024. The net loss ratio was 45.0% in the Year Ended 2025 compared to 48.7% in the Year Ended 2024, a decrease of 3.7 percentage points. The improvement in the net loss ratio was primarily driven by a decrease in the frequency of non-catastrophe losses and a decrease in catastrophe losses, both partially offset by less favorable prior accident year reserve development and an increase in severity from large losses. The total net catastrophe impact for the Year Ended 2025 was $2,173,000, which contributed 1.2 points to the loss ratio. By comparison, the catastrophe impact for the Year Ended 2024 was 1.9 points. Favorable prior accident year development decreased the net loss ratio by 0.6 points during the Year Ended 2025 as compared to decreasing the net loss ratio by 1.4 points during the Year Ended 2024. In 2025, property claims overall developed better than expected, driven primarily by reserve takedowns on several large fire and water damage claims from accident years 2023 and 2024, resulting in favorable development. This favorable development was partially offset by increased reserves associated with liability claims, which reflect the inherent variability associated with liability claim settlement patterns. In 2024, the favorable development was primarily attributable to reserve takedowns on several large property losses from accident years 2022 and 2023, reflecting recoverable depreciation. This favorable impact was partially offset by strengthening of reserves for liability claims, particularly related to loss adjustment expenses.

The underlying loss ratio(1) (loss ratio excluding the impact of catastrophes and prior year development) was 44.4% for the Year Ended 2025, a decrease of 3.8 points from the 48.2% underlying loss ratio recorded for the Year Ended 2024. The improvement in the underlying loss ratio for the Year Ended 2025 as compared to the Year Ended 2024 was primarily due to an improvement in the frequency of losses which is the result of better performance of our Select product as well as our active efforts to manage less profitable lines of business. The favorable frequency for the Year Ended 2025 was partially offset by higher overall personal lines non-catastrophe severity, primarily driven by a greater impact from large losses.

________________

(1) Underlying loss ratio is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the GAAP net loss ratio excluding the effect of prior year loss reserve development and catastrophe losses. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of underlying loss ratio to the GAAP measure of net loss ratio.

See table below under “Additional Financial Information” summarizing net loss ratios by line of business.

Commission Expense

Commission expense was $40,727,000 in the Year Ended 2025 or 15.8% of direct earned premiums. Commission expense was $33,929,000 in the Year Ended 2024 or 15.9% of direct earned premiums. The increase of $6,798,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to the Year Ended 2024 was primarily due to an increase in direct earned premiums of $45,574,000 and an increase of $313,000 contingent commission based on the profitability of the business.

Other Underwriting Expenses

Other underwriting expenses were $31,719,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $25,693,000 in the Year Ended 2024. The increase of $6,026,000, or 23.5%, was primarily due to increases in salaries and employment costs as described below; an increase in underwriting fees and premium taxes due to the growth in direct earned premiums; an increase in DFS regulatory fees; and an increase in professional fees. In addition, we realized a $365,000 gain on the

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commutations of prior years’ quota share reinsurance treaties from a group of reinsurers, in the Year Ended 2024, with no such gain in the Year Ended 2025.

Our largest single component of other underwriting expenses is salaries and employment costs, with costs of $15,681,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $13,143,000 in the Year Ended 2024. Salaries and employment costs were 8.4 points of the net underwriting expense ratio in the Year Ended 2025, a reduction of 1.8 points from 10.2 points in the Year Ended 2024 primarily due to the economies of scale with the increase in net premiums earned. The dollar increase in salaries and employment costs was due to annual salary increases, increase in profit sharing due to improvement in Company performance and strengthening of our professional team by investing in hiring talent with insurance industry experience due to the growth in premiums written and anticipated new business in accordance with our 5-Year Growth Plan.

Our net underwriting expense ratio in the Year Ended 2025 was 30.0% compared to 31.3% in the Year Ended 2024. The following table shows the individual components of our net underwriting expense ratio for the periods indicated:


	Years ended December 31,				Percentage Point Change
	2025		2024
Other underwriting expenses
Employment costs	8.4	%	10.2	%	(1.8)
Underwriting fees (inspections/surveys)	1.3		1.4		(0.1)
IT expenses	1.5		2.2		(0.7)
Professional fees	0.7		0.8		(0.1)
Other expenses	5.0		5.4		(0.4)
Total other underwriting expenses	16.9		20.0		(3.1)

Commission expense	21.8		26.4		(4.6)

Ceding commission revenue
Provisional	(7.4)		(14.7)		7.3
Contingent	(0.9)		—		(0.9)
Total ceding commission revenue	(8.3)		(14.7)		6.4

Other income	(0.3)		(0.4)		0.1

Net underwriting expense ratio	30.0	%	31.3	%	(1.3)

(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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Other operating expenses were $4,105,000 for the Year Ended 2025 compared to $3,635,000 for the Year Ended 2024. The following table shows a breakdown of the significant components of other operating expenses for the periods indicated:


	Years ended December 31,
($ in thousands)	2025		2024		Change		Percent

Other operating expenses
Employment costs	$	232	$	325	$	(93)	(28.6)	%
Executive bonus	69		50		19		38.0
Equity compensation	1,482		1,383		99		7.2
Professional	673		381		292		76.6
Directors fees	486		376		110		29.3
Insurance	153		196		(43)		(21.9)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	175		297		(122)		(41.1)
Other expenses	835		627		208		33.2
Total other operating expenses	$	4,105	$	3,635	$	470	12.9	%

(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

The increase in the Year Ended 2025 of $470,000, or 12.9%, as compared to the Year Ended 2024 was primarily due to an increase in professional fees, other expenses and equity compensation, partially offset by a decrease in employment costs and loss on extinguishment of debt. The increase in equity compensation is due to additional restricted stock awards granted to our senior leadership team as of December 31, 2025 pursuant to our employee bonus plan. The increase in professional fees is due to incurring additional expenses related to our upcoming requirement for the audit of our internal controls over financial reporting. The increase in other expenses in the Year Ended 2025 of $208,000 represents $219,000 of warrant costs following the exercise of the warrants in December 2025, compared to $0 in the Year Ended 2024. The loss on extinguishment of debt is due to the balance of unamortized debt issue costs upon the prepayment of the 2024 Notes in the Year Ended 2025 and Year Ended 2024 as disclosed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements. The decrease in employment costs was due to fluctuations in deferred compensation liability in the Year Ended 2024 related to changes in the underlying invested portfolio. The deferred compensation plan was terminated in the Year Ended 2024.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $2,560,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $2,449,000 in the Year Ended 2024. The increase of $111,000, or 4.5%, in depreciation and amortization was primarily due to the difference between additional depreciation on software acquired compared to software being fully depreciated.

Interest Expense

Interest expense in the Year Ended 2025 was $445,000 compared to $3,514,000 in the Year Ended 2024, a decrease of $3,069,000 or 87.3%. In the Year Ended 2025 and the Year Ended 2024, as disclosed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, we incurred interest expense in connection with the 2024 Notes and the 12.00% Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2022 Notes"), respectively. The 2022 Notes provided for interest at the rate of 12% per annum. In September 2024, in accordance with the 2024 Exchange Agreement, we paid $5,000,000 of principal on the 2022 Notes, reducing the principal balance to $14,950,000 from $19,950,000. Under the 2024 Exchange Agreement, the balance of the 2022 Notes were exchanged for the 2024 Notes, which provided for interest at the rate of 13.75% per annum. Beginning in the third quarter of 2024 through February 2025, we paid optional principal amounts, reducing the balance of the 2024 Notes, and completely satisfying the obligation on February 24, 2025. In addition, we also incurred interest expense on the 2022 equipment financing.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense in the Year Ended 2025 was $10,279,000, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 20.1%. Income tax expense in the Year Ended 2024 was $4,930,000, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 21.2%. The difference in effective tax rate is due to the effect of permanent differences in the Year Ended 2025 compared to the Year Ended 2024. In the Year Ended 2025, the vesting of restricted stock awards resulted in an income tax benefit, due to the increase in the stock price on the vesting date as compared to the grant date, which had the effect of reducing the effective tax rate. In the Year Ended 2024, the vesting of restricted stock awards resulted in additional income tax, due to the decrease in the stock price on the vesting date as compared to the grant date, which had the effect of increasing the effective tax rate.

Net income was $40,767,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to net income of $18,358,000 in the Year Ended 2024. The increase in net income of $22,409,000 was due to the items described above.

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Additional Financial Information

We operate our business as one segment, property and casualty insurance. Within this segment, we offer an array of property and casualty policies to our producers. The following table summarizes gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, and loss and loss adjustment expenses by major product type, which were determined based primarily on similar economic characteristics and risks of loss.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Direct written premiums(1):
Personal lines	$	263,187,529		$	227,642,802
Livery physical damage	14,549,889			14,248,462
Other(1)	63,212			88,673
Total direct written premiums(1)	$	277,800,630		$	241,979,937

Net premiums written(1):
Personal lines	$	199,111,560		$	139,914,970
Livery physical damage	14,549,889			14,248,462
Other(2)	57,617			66,433
Total net premiums written	$	213,719,066		$	154,229,865

Net premiums earned:
Personal lines	$	172,418,801		$	113,876,043
Livery physical damage	14,643,437			14,550,160
Other(2)	64,484			71,717
Total net premiums earned	$	187,126,722		$	128,497,920

Net loss and loss adjustment expenses(4):
Personal lines	$	70,481,180		$	49,268,714
Livery physical damage	5,617,684			6,158,197
Other(2)	(128)			(34,237)
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses	5,986,975			4,926,243
Total without commercial lines	82,085,711			60,318,917
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2)	2,180,011			2,315,799
Total net loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	84,265,722		$	62,634,716

Net loss ratio(4):
Personal lines	40.9		%	43.3		%
Livery physical damage	38.4		%	42.3		%
Other(1)	(0.2		%)	(47.7		%)
Total without commercial lines	43.9		%	46.9		%
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2)	na			na
Total	45.0		%	48.7		%

(1)Direct written premiums and net written premiums are non-GAAP measures, defined above under "Key GAAP and Non-GAAP Measures". See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for the reconciliation of direct written premiums, and net written premiums to the GAAP measure of net premiums earned.

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(2)“Other” includes, among other things, premiums and loss and loss adjustment expenses from our participation in a mandatory state joint underwriting association and loss and loss adjustment expenses from commercial auto.

(3)In July 2019, we stopped underwriting Commercial Liability risks. See discussions above regarding the discontinuation of this line of business.

(4)See discussions above with regard to “Net Loss and LAE”, as to catastrophe losses in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Insurance Underwriting Business on a Standalone Basis(1)

Our insurance underwriting business reported on a standalone basis(1) for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2025			2024

Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	187,126,722		$	128,497,920
Ceding commission revenue	15,674,971			18,837,946
Net investment income	9,798,764			6,823,590
Net (losses) gains on investments	(309,994)			359,490
Gain on sale of real estate	1,965,989			—
Other income	610,212			549,967
Total revenues	214,866,664			155,068,913

Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	84,265,722			62,634,716
Commission expense	40,726,801			33,929,333
Other underwriting expenses	31,718,770			25,692,727
Depreciation and amortization	2,559,835			2,448,932
Interest expense	299,235			368,664
Total expenses	159,570,363			125,074,372

Income from operations	55,296,301			29,994,541
Income tax expense	11,460,903			6,412,686
Net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis(1)	$	43,835,398		$	23,581,855

Key Measures:
Net loss ratio	45.0		%	48.7		%
Net underwriting expense ratio	30.0		%	31.3		%
Net combined ratio	75.0		%	80.0		%

Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio:
Acquisition costs and other
underwriting expenses	$	72,445,571		$	59,622,060
Less: Ceding commission revenue	(15,674,971)			(18,837,946)
Less: Other income	(610,212)			(549,967)
Net underwriting expenses	$	56,160,388		$	40,234,147

Net premiums earned	$	187,126,722		$	128,497,920

Net Underwriting Expense Ratio	30.0		%	31.3		%

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(1) Net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis is a non-GAAP measure, which is computed as GAAP net income without the effect of holding company operations on GAAP net income. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of net income from insurance underwriting business on a standalone basis to the GAAP measure of net income.

An analysis of our direct, assumed and ceded earned premiums, loss and loss adjustment expenses, and loss ratios is shown below:


	Direct			Assumed			Ceded			Net
Year ended December 31, 2025
Written premiums	$	277,800,630		$	-		$	(64,081,564)		$	213,719,066
Change in unearned premiums	(19,326,339)			-			(7,266,005)			(26,592,344)
Earned premiums	$	258,474,291		$	-		$	(71,347,569)		$	187,126,722

Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding
the effect of catastrophes	$	100,707,653		$	-		$	(18,614,871)		$	82,092,782
Catastrophe loss	2,577,920			-			(404,980)			2,172,940
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	103,285,573		$	-		$	(19,019,851)		$	84,265,722

Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes(2)	39.0		%	0.0		%	26.1		%	43.9		%
Catastrophe loss	1.0		%	0.0		%	0.6		%	1.2		%
Loss ratio	40.0		%	0.0		%	26.7		%	45.0		%

Year ended December 31, 2024
Written premiums	$	241,979,937		$	-		$	(87,750,072)		$	154,229,865
Change in unearned premiums	(29,080,195)			-			3,348,250			(25,731,945)
Earned premiums	$	212,899,742		$	-		$	(84,401,822)		$	128,497,920

Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding
the effect of catastrophes	$	79,477,309		$	-		$	(19,296,752)		$	60,180,557
Catastrophe loss	3,388,937			-			(934,778)			2,454,159
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	82,866,246		$	-		$	(20,231,530)		$	62,634,716

Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes(2)	37.3		%	0.0		%	22.9		%	46.8		%
Catastrophe loss	1.6		%	0.0		%	1.1		%	1.9		%
Loss ratio	38.9		%	0.0		%	24.0		%	48.7		%

(Percentage components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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The key measures for our insurance underwriting business for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2025			2024

Net premiums earned	$	187,126,722		$	128,497,920
Ceding commission revenue	15,674,971			18,837,946
Other income	610,212			549,967

Loss and loss adjustment expenses (1)	84,265,722			62,634,716

Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses:
Commission expense	40,726,801			33,929,333
Other underwriting expenses	31,718,770			25,692,727
Total acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	72,445,571			59,622,060

Underwriting income	$	46,700,612		$	25,629,057

Key Measures:
Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes(2)	43.8		%	46.8		%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net loss ratio (1)(2)	1.2		%	1.9		%
Net loss ratio	45.0		%	48.7		%

Net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes(2)	30.0		%	31.3		%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net underwriting expense ratio(2)	0.0		%	0.0		%
Net underwriting expense ratio	30.0		%	31.3		%

Net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes(2)	73.8		%	78.1		%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net combined ratio (1)(2)	1.2		%	1.9		%
Net combined ratio	75.0		%	80.0		%

Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio:
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	$	72,445,571		$	59,622,060
Less: Ceding commission revenue	(15,674,971)			(18,837,946)
Less: Other income	(610,212)			(549,967)
	$	56,160,388		$	40,234,147

Net earned premium	$	187,126,722		$	128,497,920

Net Underwriting Expense Ratio	30.0		%	31.3		%

(1)For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, includes the sum of net catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses of $2,172,940 and $2,454,159, respectively.

(2)Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net loss ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net loss ratio. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes to the GAAP measure of net loss ratio. Net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is also a non-GAAP ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net underwriting expense ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net underwriting expense ratio. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes to the GAAP measure of net underwriting expense ratio. Net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes is also a non-GAAP

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ratio, which is computed as the difference between the GAAP net combined ratio and the effect of catastrophes on the net combined ratio. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes to the GAAP measure of net combined ratio.

Investments

Portfolio Summary

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost, estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses of our investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Available-for-Sale Securities


	December 31, 2025

	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value
Category					Less than 12 Months		More than 12 Months

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	997,124	$	10,066	$	—	$	—	$	1,007,190	0.3	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions	24,125,578		182,580		—		(2,534,725)		21,773,433		7.5	%
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous	131,958,643		567,410		(118,901)		(2,540,470)		129,866,682		44.9	%
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) (2)	139,656,710		1,273,816		(62,968)		(4,477,673)		136,389,885		47.2	%
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	296,738,055	$	2,033,872	$	(181,869)	$	(9,552,868)	$	289,037,190	100.0	%

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	December 31, 2024

	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value
Category					Less than 12 Months		More than 12 Months


Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions	$	24,271,177	$	—	$	(73,589)	$	(3,324,491)	$	20,873,097	11.2	%
Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous	112,507,436		—		(1,024,461)		(4,690,597)		106,792,378		57.1	%
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (1) (2)	65,529,545		119,647		(209,890)		(6,211,339)		59,227,963		31.7	%
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	202,308,158	$	119,647	$	(1,307,940)	$	(14,226,427)	$	186,893,438	100.0	%

(1)In October 2022, KICO placed certain U.S. Treasury securities to fulfill the required collateral for a sale leaseback transaction in a designated custodian account (see Note 7 – Debt - “Equipment Financing”). As of December 31, 2024. KICO had sold its U.S. Treasury securities and replaced a portion of its other fixed-maturity securities in the designated custodian account. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of required collateral was approximately $3,616,000 and $5,308,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the estimated fair value of the eligible collateral was approximately $3,616,000 and $5,308,000 respectively.

(2)KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") (see Note 9 – Debt – “Federal Home Loan Bank”). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of December 31, 2025, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $9,598,000. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

Equity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


	December 31, 2025
Category	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value

Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	9,750,322	$	—	$	(2,765,627)	$	6,984,695	69.5	%
Fixed income exchange traded funds	3,711,232		—		(724,432)		2,986,800		29.7	%
FHLBNY common stock	85,100		—		—		85,100		0.8	%
Total	$	13,546,654	$	—	$	(3,490,059)	$	10,056,595	100.0	%

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	December 31, 2024
Category	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value

Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	9,750,322	$	—	$	(2,422,617)	$	7,327,705	71.2	%
Fixed income exchange traded funds	3,711,232		—		(808,432)		2,902,800		28.2	%
FHLBNY common stock	66,000		—		—		66,000		0.6	%
Total	$	13,527,554	$	—	$	(3,231,049)	$	10,296,505	100.0	%

Other Investments

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on, our other investments as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


	December 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Category	Cost		Gross Gains		Estimated Fair Value		Cost		Gross Gains		Estimated Fair Value

Other Investments:
Hedge fund	$	1,987,040	$	2,565,338	$	4,552,378	$	1,987,040	$	2,393,616	$	4,380,656

Held-to-Maturity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


	December 31, 2025

	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value
Category					Less than 12 Months		More than 12 Months

Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,229,490	$	—	$	(3,070)	$	(22,083)	$	1,204,337	23.4	%


Exchange traded debt	304,111		—		—		(62,111)		242,000		4.7	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous	4,508,747		—		—		(817,817)		3,690,930		71.8	%
Total	$	6,042,348	$	—	$	(3,070)	$	(902,011)	$	5,137,267	100.0	%

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	December 31, 2024

	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses				Estimated Fair Value		% of Estimated Fair Value
Category					Less than 12 Months		More than 12 Months

Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,229,170	$	—	$	(39,630)	$	(15,990)	$	1,173,550	19.7	%
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions	499,719		—		(654)		—		499,065		8.4	%
Exchange traded debt	304,111		—		—		(55,611)		248,500		4.2	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous	5,014,342		—		—		(976,192)		4,038,150		67.8	%
Total	$	7,047,342	$	—	$	(40,284)	$	(1,047,793)	$	5,959,265	100.0	%

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum fund requirements.

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 is shown below:


	December 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Remaining Time to Maturity	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value

Less than one year	$	—	$	—	$	499,719	$	499,065
One to five years	2,063,366		2,029,462		622,375		600,288
Five to ten years	—		—		1,427,579		1,323,600
More than 10 years	3,978,982		3,107,805		4,497,669		3,536,312
Total	$	6,042,348	$	5,137,267	$	7,047,342	$	5,959,265

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Credit Rating of Fixed-Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes the credit quality of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 as rated by Standard and Poor’s (or, if unavailable from Standard and Poor’s, then Moody’s, Fitch, or Kroll):


	December 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Estimated Fair Value		Percentage of Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Fair Value		Percentage of Estimated Fair Value

Rating
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,007,198	0.3	%	$	—	0.0	%

Corporate and municipal bonds
AAA	3,388,595		1.2	%	3,232,352		1.7	%
AA	18,728,005		6.5	%	22,844,557		12.2	%
A	72,631,685		25.1	%	61,528,377		32.9	%
BBB+	29,128,976		10.1	%	20,827,660		11.1	%
BBB	24,203,080		8.4	%	13,933,733		7.5	%
BBB-	1,958,225		0.7	%	1,953,596		1.0	%
BB	—		—	%	991,550		0.5	%
Total corporate and municipal bonds	150,038,566		52.0	%	125,311,825		66.9	%

Residential mortgage backed, asset backed, and other collateralized obligations
AAA	50,779,398		17.6	%	15,961,257		8.5	%
AA	64,073,127		22.2	%	34,893,057		18.7	%
A	22,403,831		7.8	%	9,927,371		5.3	%
CCC	422,903		0.1	%	372,787		0.2	%
CC	—		0.0	%	82,696		0.0	%
Non rated	312,167		0.1	%	344,445		0.2	%
Total residential mortgage backed, asset backed,
and other collateralized obligations	137,991,426		47.8	%	61,581,613		32.9	%

Total	$	289,037,190	100.0	%	$	186,893,438	100.0	%

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The table below details the average yield by type of fixed-maturity security as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


Category	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	3.84	%	3.62	%

Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions	3.69	%	3.85	%

Corporate and other bonds Industrial and miscellaneous	4.19	%	3.86	%

Residential mortgage backed securities	4.44	%	3.31	%

Total	4.27	%	3.68	%

The table below lists the weighted average maturity and effective duration in years on our fixed-maturity securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Weighted average effective maturity	11.2	7.6

Weighted average final maturity	15.0	11.0

Effective duration	4.4	3.9

Fair Value Consideration

As disclosed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, with respect to “Fair Value Measurements,” we define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities between market participants (an “exit price”). The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between inputs based on market data from independent sources (“observable inputs”) and a reporting entity’s internal assumptions based upon the best information available when external market data is limited or unavailable (“unobservable inputs”). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes fair value measurements into three levels based on the nature of the inputs. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets have the highest priority (“Level 1”), followed by observable inputs other than quoted prices including prices for similar but not identical assets or liabilities (“Level 2”), and unobservable inputs, including the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumption that market participants would use, having the lowest priority (“Level 3”). As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, 47% and 59%, respectively, of the investment portfolio recorded at fair value was priced based upon quoted market prices.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The primary sources of cash flow are from our insurance underwriting subsidiary, KICO, and include direct premiums written, ceding commissions from our quota share reinsurers, loss recovery payments from our reinsurers, investment income and proceeds from the sale or maturity of investments. Funds are used by KICO for ceded premium payments to reinsurers, which are paid on a net basis after subtracting losses paid on reinsured claims and reinsurance commissions. KICO also uses funds for loss payments and loss adjustment expenses on our net business, commissions to producers, salaries and other underwriting expenses as well as to purchase investments and fixed assets.

The primary source of cash flow for the Holding Company are dividends and distributions received from KICO, which are subject to statutory restrictions. For the Year Ended 2025, KICO paid dividends of $7,950,000 to the Holding Company. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum dividends that KICO can pay to us is restricted to the lesser of 10% of statutory surplus as shown by its last statement on file with DFS, or 100% of net investment income of the preceding 36

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months reduced by dividends paid during such period. As of December 31, 2025, the maximum allowable dividend that KICO may pay to KINS was $1,969,796 without DFS approval.

KICO is a member of the FHLBNY, which provides additional access to liquidity. Members have access to a variety of flexible, low-cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances. Advances are to be fully collateralized; eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 – Investments to our consolidated financial statements for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the end of the previous quarter, which is September 30, 2025. On July 6, 2023, A.M. Best withdrew KICO’s ratings as KICO requested to no longer participate in A.M. Best’s interactive rating process. As a result of the withdrawal of A.M. Best ratings, prior to April 15, 2025, KICO was only able to borrow on an overnight basis. Effective April 15, 2025, based on KICO's credit rating from FHLBNY, KICO can now borrow for a term of up to five years. The maximum allowable advance as of December 31, 2025, based on the net admitted assets as of September 30, 2025, was approximately $16,873,000. Available collateral as of December 31, 2025 was approximately $9,598,000. Effective April 15, 2025, advances are limited to 91% of the amount of available collateral. Prior to April 15, 2025, advances were limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral. There were no borrowings under this facility during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

On April 5, 2024, we filed a shelf registration (the “Shelf Registration”) statement on Form S-3 with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with regard to the registration of $50,000,000 of our equity and debt securities (the “Shelf Registration Statement”). The Shelf Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on April 22, 2024. Any offering made pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement may only be made by means of a prospectus, including a prospectus supplement, forming a part of the effective Shelf Registration Statement, relating to the offering.

In May 2024, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Janney Montgomery Scott LLC (the “Sales Agent”) under which we initially had the ability to issue and sell shares of our Common Stock, from time to time, through the Sales Agent, pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement, up to an aggregate offering price of approximately $16,400,000 in what is commonly referred to as an “at-the-market” (“ATM”) program. On January 7, 2025, we filed a prospectus supplement providing for a going forward aggregate offering price for the ATM program of $25,000,000. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we sold 612,999 shares of our Common Stock at a weighted average price of $16.00 per share and raised $9,464,323 in net proceeds under the ATM program. As of December 31, 2025, we had remaining capacity to sell up to an additional $15,945,937 of our Common Stock under the ATM program.

On September 12, 2024, we issued the 2024 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $14,950,000 pursuant to the 2024 Exchange Agreement. Beginning in the third quarter of 2024 through the first quarter of 2025, we paid optional principal amounts, reducing the balance of the 2024 Notes, and completely satisfying the obligation on February 24, 2025.

If the aforementioned sources of cash flow currently available are insufficient to cover our Holding Company cash requirements, we will seek to obtain additional financing.

Cash flow and liquidity are categorized into three sources: (1) operating activities; (2) investing activities; and (3) financing activities, which are shown in the following table:


Years ended December 31,	2025		2024

Cash flows provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	75,859,517	$	57,947,771
Investing activities	(92,856,302)		(35,261,441)
Financing activities	506,074		(2,993,887)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(16,490,711)		19,692,443
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	28,669,441		28,669,441
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	12,178,730	$	28,669,441

Net cash provided by operating activities was $75,860,000 in the Year Ended 2025 as compared to $57,948,000 provided by operating activities in the Year Ended 2024. The $17,912,000 increase in cash flows provided by operating

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activities in the Year Ended 2025 as compared to the Year Ended 2024 was primarily the result of an increase in net income (adjusted for non-cash items) of $16,190,000 and cash provided from net fluctuations in operating assets and liabilities. The net fluctuations in assets and liabilities are related to operating activities of KICO as affected by growth or declines in its operations, payments on claims and other changes, which are described above.

Net cash used in investing activities was $92,856,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $35,261,000 used in investing activities in the Year Ended 2024 resulting in a $57,595,000 increase in net cash used in investing activities. In the Year Ended 2025 we had net cash used by our investment portfolio of $93,649,000, compared to $32,924,000 used in the Year Ended 2024. In the Year Ended 2025 one of our subsidiaries received gross proceeds of $3,600,000 from the sale of real estate that was used as our headquarters building.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $506,000 in the Year Ended 2025 compared to $2,994,000 used in the Year Ended 2024. In the Year Ended 2025, we received net proceeds of $9,470,000 from our ATM offering. This amount was offset primarily by principal payments of $5,950,000 on our 2024 Notes, $1,223,000 on our equipment financing debt in connection with KICO’s sale-leaseback transaction, $562,000 for withholding taxes paid on vested restricted stock awards and the exercise of stock options, and shareholder dividend payments of $1,414,000. The principal payments on the 2024 Notes were made by using a portion of the net proceeds from our ATM offering. Net cash used in financing activities in the Year Ended 2024 were primarily principal payments of $5,000,000 on our 2022 Notes, $9,000,000 on our 2024 Notes, and $1,154,000 principal payments on our equipment financing debt. The principal payments in the Year Ended 2024 on the 2024 Notes were made by using a portion of the $13,611,000 net proceeds from our ATM offering.

Reinsurance

The following table provides summary information with respect to each reinsurer that accounted for more than 10% of our reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2025:


($ in thousands)	A.M. Best Rating	Amount Recoverable as of December 31, 2025
Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation	A+	$	9,658,000	26.8	%
Hanover Rueck SE	A+	12,373,000		34.3	%
Lancashire Insurance Company Limited	A	7,040,000		19.5	%
		29,071,000		80.6	%
Others (1)		6,989,000		19.4	%
Total		$	36,060,000	100.0	%

(1)Of $6,989,000 reinsurance recoverables included in Others at December 31, 2025, $384,000 was guaranteed by irrevocable letters of credit.

Effective January 1, 2024, we entered into a 27% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, which primarily consisted of homeowners’ and dwelling fire policies, covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025 (“2024/2025 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2024/2025 Treaty on January 1, 2025, we entered into a new 16% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2025 through January 1, 2026 (“2025/2026 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2025/2026 Treaty on January 1, 2026, we entered into a new 5% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business (written in all states except California for which we entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty) covering the period from January 1, 2026 through January 1, 2027 (“2026/2027 Treaty”).

Our excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties expired on June 30, 2025 and we entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2025 (as discussed below).The new catastrophe reinsurance treaties includes the issuance of a $125,000,000 catastrophe bond ("Series 2025-1 Notes"). The Series 2025-1 Notes were priced at 4.5% and issued through a Bermuda-registered special purpose insurer, 1886 Re Ltd., providing us with $125,000,000 of collateralized reinsurance protection. The Series 2025-1 Notes offer multi-year protection against named storm events across New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island on an indemnity trigger and per-

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occurrence basis. The Series 2025-1 Notes, which were structured and placed by Aon Securities LLC, will cover four annual risk periods from July 1, 2025, through June 30, 2029.

Effective January 1, 2024, we renewed an underlying excess of loss treaty ("Underlying XOL Treaty") covering the period from January 1, 2024 through January 1, 2025. The treaty provided 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms were excluded from the treaty. Effective January 1, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025. Effective July 1, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed along with our excess of loss reinsurance treaty covering the period from July 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026. Combined, the renewed treaties provide 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $250,000 in excess of $750,000, and 100% reinsurance coverage for losses in excess of $1,000,000 up to $9,000,000 together with facultative coverage. For the period October 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, we purchased catastrophe reinsurance which provides coverage for winter storm losses to the extent of 71% of $4,500,000 in excess of $5,500,000. For the period October 15, 2025 through April 30, 2026, we purchased catastrophe reinsurance which provides coverage for winter storm losses to the extent of 90% of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000. Effective July 1, 2025, we purchased $435,000,000 of catastrophe reinsurance in excess of $5,000,000, compared to $275,000,000 of catastrophe reinsurance in excess of $5,000,000 in the expiring treaty. Material terms for our reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

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	Treaty Period
	2026/2027 Treaty						2025/2026 Treaty						2024/2025 Treaty
Line of Business	July 1, 2026 to January 1, 2027			January 2, 2026 to June 30, 2026			July 1, 2025 to January 1, 2026			January 2, 2025 to June 30, 2025			July 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025			January 1, 2024 to June 30, 2024

Personal Lines:
Homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded (6)	5		%	5		%	16		%	16		%	27		%	27		%
Risk retained on initial
$1,000,000 of losses (4) (5) (6)	$	950,000		$	950,000		$	840,000		$	840,000		$	730,000		$	730,000
Losses per occurrence
subject to quota share
reinsurance coverage	$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000
Expiration date	January 1, 2027			January 1, 2027			January 1, 2026			January 1, 2026			January 1, 2025			January 1, 2025
Excess of loss coverage and
facultative facility
coverage (1) (4) (5)	$	(5)		$	8,250,000		$	8,250,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000
				in excess of			in excess of			in excess of			in excess of			in excess of
				$	750,000		$	750,000		$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000
Total reinsurance coverage
per occurrence (4) (5)	$	50,000		$	8,175,000		$	8,285,000		$	8,360,000		$	8,470,000		$	8,470,000
Losses per occurrence
subject to reinsurance
coverage (5)	$	1,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000
Expiration date	(5)			June 30, 2026			June 30, 2026			June 30, 2025			June 30, 2025			June 30, 2024

Catastrophe Reinsurance:
Initial loss subject to personal
lines quota share treaty (5)	$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000
Risk retained per catastrophe
occurrence (5) (6) (7) (8)	(5)			$	5,500,000		$	5,000,000		$	4,250,000		$	4,750,000		$	9,500,000
Catastrophe loss coverage
in excess of quota share
coverage (2) (5) (8)	(5)			$	434,500,000		$	435,000,000		$	275,000,000		$	275,000,000		$	315,000,000

Reinstatement premium
protection (3)	(5)			Yes			Yes			Yes			Yes			Yes

(1)For personal lines, includes the addition of an automatic facultative facility allowing KICO to obtain homeowners single risk coverage up to $9,000,000 in total insured value, which covers direct losses from $3,500,000 to $9,000,000 through June 30, 2026.

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(2)Catastrophe coverage is limited on an annual basis to two times the per occurrence amounts, except for one occurrence on 80% of the first layer of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000, and one occurrence on 52% of the top layer of $240,000,000 in excess of $200,000,000, which is covered under the catastrophe bond. Duration of 168 consecutive hours for a catastrophe occurrence from windstorm, hail, tornado, hurricane and cyclone, except for winter storm coverage, which is covered under a specific declared catastrophe event.

(3)For the period July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025 (expiration date of the catastrophe reinsurance treaty), reinstatement premium protection for $50,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000. For the period July 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026 (expiration date of the catastrophe reinsurance treaty), reinstatement premium protection for $50,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.

(4)For the period January 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, the Underlying XOL Treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Excludes losses from named storms. Reduces retention to $530,000 from $730,000 under the 2024/2025 Treaty. Retention increases to $640,000 from $530,000 under the 2025/2026 Treaty. For the period July 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026, the Underlying XOL Treaty combined with the excess of loss treaty provide 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $250,000 in excess of $750,000, and 100% reinsurance coverage for losses in excess of $1,000,000 up to $9,000,000 together with facultative coverage. Increased retention to $715,000 from $640,000 under the 2025/2026 Treaty, and increased retention to $825,000 under the 2026/2027 Treaty. (see note 5 below).

(5)Excess of loss coverage and facultative facility and catastrophe reinsurance treaties will expire on June 30,2026, with none of these coverages to be in effect during the period from July 1 2026 through January 1, 2027. If and when these treaties are renewed on July 1, 2026 the excess of loss and facultative facility, underlying excess of loss treaty, and the catastrophe reinsurance treaty, will be as provided for therein. Reinsurance coverage in effect from July 1, 2026 through January 1, 2027 is currently only covered under the 2026/2027 Treaty. The 2026/2027 Treaty will expire on January 1, 2027.

(6)For the 2024/2025 Treaty, 22% of the 27% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event. For the 2025/2026 Treaty, 6% of the 16% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event. For the 2026/2027 Treaty, there is no exclusion for catastrophe events.

(7)Plus losses in excess of catastrophe coverage.

(8)Effective July 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026, catastrophe coverage is 80% of the first layer of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000. The remaining coverage is at 100% of $430,000,000 in excess of $10,000,000. For the period October 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, additional catastrophe reinsurance treaty provided coverage for winter storm losses to the extent of 71% of $4,500,000 in excess of $5,500,000. For the period October 15, 2025 through April 30, 2026, additional catastrophe reinsurance treaty will provide coverage for winter storm losses to the extent of 90% of $5,000,000 in excess of $5,000,000. Retention for winter storms is $4,800,000 under the 2024/2025 Treaty, $5,200,000 under the 2025/2026 Treaty from January 1, 2025 through April 30, 2025, $3,900,000 from October 15, 2025 through January 1, 2026, the expiration date of the 2025/2026 Treaty, and $5,000,000 under the 2026/2027 Treaty through April 30, 2026,

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	Treaty Year
Line of Business	July 1, 2025 to June 30, 2026			July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025			July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024

Personal Lines:
Personal Umbrella
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage	90		%	90		%	90		%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage	95		%	95		%	95		%
Risk retained	$	300,000		$	300,000		$	300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000
Expiration date	June 30, 2026			June 30, 2025			June 30, 2024

Commercial Lines (1)

(1)Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

Inflation

Premiums are established before we know the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. We attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing our reserves, especially as it relates to medical and hospital rates where historical inflation rates have exceeded the general level of inflation. Inflation in excess of the levels we have assumed could cause loss and loss adjustment expenses to be higher than we anticipated, which would require us to increase reserves and reduce earnings.

Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio and yields on new investments. Operating expenses, including salaries and benefits, generally are impacted by inflation.

The Year Ended 2025 economic inflation tempered compared to 2024 and 2023, which resulted in a sustained increase in interest rates, a widening of credit spreads, lower public equity valuations, and significant financial market volatility. The higher interest rates and widening of credit spreads reduced the value of our fixed income securities.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP.

The following table reconciles GAAP net premiums earned to net written premiums and direct written premiums for the periods presented:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025		2024

GAAP net premiums earned	$	187,126,722	$	128,497,920
Change in unearned premiums	26,592,344		25,731,945
Net written premiums	213,719,066		154,229,865
Ceded written premiums	64,081,564		87,750,072
Direct written premiums	$	277,800,630	$	241,979,937

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The following table reconciles the GAAP net loss ratio to the net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes and to the underlying loss ratio for the periods presented:


	Years ended December 31,
	2025		2024

GAAP net loss ratio	45.0	%	48.7	%

Effect of catastrophes	1.2	%	1.9	%
Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes	43.8	%	46.8	%
Effect of prior year reserve development	(0.6	%)	(1.4	%)
Underlying loss ratio	44.4	%	48.2	%

The following table reconciles the GAAP net loss ratio to the net loss ratio excluding commercial lines business for the periods presented:


	Years ended December 31,
	2025		2024

GAAP net loss ratio	45.0	%	48.7	%
Effect of commercial lines business

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. 10-K