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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended April 30, 2025


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 001-00566

GREIF, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			31-4388903
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)


425 Winter Road, Delaware Ohio			43015
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (740) 549-6000

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report: Not Applicable

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock	GEF	New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock	GEF-B	New York Stock Exchange

The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the close of business on June 3, 2025:


Class A Common Stock			26,129,971 shares
Class B Common Stock			21,331,127 shares

Table of Content


Item		Page
	Part I. Financial Information
1	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Six Months Ended April 30 , 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended April 30 , 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at April 30 , 2025 (Unaudited) and October 31, 2024	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended April 30 , 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended April 30 , 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	10
2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
4	Controls and Procedures	43

	Part II. Other Information
1A	Risk Factors	44
5	Other Information	44
6	Exhibits	44
	Signatures	45

Table of Content

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended April 30,				Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net sales	$	1,385.7	$	1,371.0	$	2,651.5	$	2,576.8
Cost of products sold	1,066.2		1,100.9		2,086.5		2,085.1
Gross profit	319.5		270.1		565.0		491.7
Selling, general and administrative expenses	172.6		167.2		340.3		313.0
Acquisition and integration related costs	2.0		11.5		4.2		14.1
Restructuring and other charges	14.6		(6.8)		17.3		(1.1)

Non-cash asset impairment charges	10.7		0.4		24.4		1.7
Loss (gain) on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	0.5		(0.3)		(1.1)		(3.0)
Loss on disposal of businesses, net	0.5		—		1.4		—
Operating profit	118.6		98.1		178.5		167.0
Interest expense, net	34.9		30.2		72.6		54.4


Other (income) expense, net	(0.2)		(0.4)		0.2		8.7
Income before income tax expense and equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net	83.9		68.3		105.7		103.9
Income tax expense (benefit)	29.8		17.0		37.6		(21.2)
Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	(0.4)		(0.7)		(0.8)		(1.2)
Net income	54.5		52.0		68.9		126.3
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(7.2)		(7.6)		(13.0)		(14.7)
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.	$	47.3	$	44.4	$	55.9	$	111.6
Basic earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders:
Class A common stock	$	0.82	$	0.77	$	0.97	$	1.94
Class B common stock	$	1.22	$	1.15	$	1.44	$	2.90
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders:
Class A common stock	$	0.82	$	0.77	$	0.97	$	1.94
Class B common stock	$	1.22	$	1.15	$	1.44	$	2.90
Weighted-average number of Class A common shares outstanding:
Basic	26.1		25.8		26.0		25.7
Diluted	26.2		25.9		26.1		25.8
Weighted-average number of Class B common shares outstanding:
Basic	21.3		21.3		21.3		21.3
Diluted	21.3		21.3		21.3		21.3
Cash dividends declared per common share:
Class A common stock	$	0.54	$	0.52	$	1.08	$	1.04
Class B common stock	$	0.81	$	0.78	$	1.61	$	1.55

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended April 30,				Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income	$	54.5	$	52.0	$	68.9	$	126.3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation	118.0		(29.2)		77.0		(1.6)
Derivative financial instruments	(37.1)		27.7		(28.3)		(8.5)
Minimum pension liabilities	(4.3)		0.3		(1.9)		(2.4)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	76.6		(1.2)		46.8		(12.5)
Comprehensive income	131.1		50.8		115.7		113.8
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	7.9		6.7		13.4		13.8
Comprehensive income attributable to Greif, Inc.	$	123.2	$	44.1	$	102.3	$	100.0

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)


(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	252.7	$	197.7
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance	803.7		746.9
Inventories:
Raw materials	318.9		299.6

Finished goods	111.8		99.9
Assets held for sale	5.4		3.1

Prepaid expenses	74.7		55.8
Other current assets	187.2		146.4
	1,754.4		1,549.4
Long-term assets
Goodwill	1,987.4		1,953.7
Other intangible assets, net of amortization	881.7		937.1
Deferred tax assets	35.8		36.9

Pension assets	48.3		46.0
Operating lease right-of-use assets	260.0		284.5
Finance lease right-of-use assets	35.8		38.4
Other long-term assets	121.5		149.5
	3,370.5		3,446.1
Properties, plants and equipment
Timber properties, net of depletion	231.6		231.2
Land	156.6		158.0
Buildings	596.0		605.6
Machinery and equipment	2,339.9		2,308.7
Capital projects in progress	179.9		159.6
	3,504.0		3,463.1
Accumulated depreciation	(1,874.5)		(1,811.0)
	1,629.5		1,652.1
Total assets	$	6,754.4	$	6,647.6

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)


(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	531.6	$	521.9
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	110.1		156.9
Restructuring reserves	11.7		4.9
Current portion of long-term debt	95.8		95.8
Short-term borrowings	388.5		18.6


Current portion of operating lease liabilities	54.2		56.5
Current portion of finance lease liabilities	5.8		5.6

Other current liabilities	188.1		154.2
	1,385.8		1,014.4
Long-term liabilities
Long-term debt	2,290.9		2,626.2
Operating lease liabilities	207.5		230.2
Finance lease liabilities	30.7		34.2
Deferred tax liabilities	289.5		295.1
Pension liabilities	60.3		59.2
Postretirement benefit obligations	5.5		5.6

Contingent liabilities and environmental reserves	19.8		19.1

Long-term income tax payable	—		11.7
Other long-term liabilities	158.2		104.5
	3,062.4		3,385.8
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	131.2		129.9
Equity
Common stock, without par value	243.2		230.3
Treasury stock, at cost	(276.8)		(279.0)
Retained earnings	2,476.4		2,486.2
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation	(237.5)		(314.1)
Derivative financial instruments	5.6		33.9
Minimum pension liabilities	(76.8)		(74.9)
Total Greif, Inc. shareholders’ equity	2,134.1		2,082.4
Noncontrolling interests	40.9		35.1
Total shareholders’ equity	2,175.0		2,117.5
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,754.4	$	6,647.6

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)


	Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	68.9	$	126.3
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	133.0		126.3
Non-cash asset impairment charges	24.4		1.7

Gain on disposals of properties, plants and equipment, net	(1.1)		(3.0)
Loss on disposals of businesses, net	1.4		—

Unrealized foreign exchange loss	0.6		9.5
Deferred income tax benefit	(3.2)		(53.4)


Non-cash lease expense	36.3		33.0
Other, net	0.8		1.2
Increase (decrease) in cash from changes in certain assets and liabilities, net of impacts from acquisitions:
Trade accounts receivable	(42.7)		(65.9)
Inventories	(23.6)		(37.5)

Accounts payable	3.3		49.1
Restructuring reserves	6.7		(10.6)
Operating leases	(36.4)		(32.8)
Pension and post-retirement benefit liabilities	(3.6)		(7.9)
Other, net	(59.2)		(44.0)
Net cash provided by operating activities	105.6		92.0
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of business, net of cash acquired	(4.6)		(567.6)

Purchases of properties, plants and equipment	(65.7)		(96.6)
Purchases of timber properties	(2.3)		(3.1)





Payments for deferred purchase price of acquisitions	(1.2)		(1.2)
Proceeds from the sale of properties, plants, equipment and other assets	20.5		5.9
Payments for the sale of businesses	(0.9)		—

Proceeds from hedging derivatives	22.5		—

Net cash used in investing activities	(31.7)		(662.6)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	1,060.4		1,571.6
Payments on long-term debt	(1,041.4)		(902.6)

Proceeds (payments) on short-term borrowings, net	(11.3)		6.4
Proceeds from trade accounts receivable credit facility	174.6		44.1
Payments on trade accounts receivable credit facility	(156.9)		(49.2)


Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders	(62.4)		(59.7)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests	(5.6)		(10.1)



Tax withholding payments for stock-based awards	(7.4)		(10.6)

Other, net	(3.7)		(5.0)

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(53.7)		584.9

Effects of exchange rates on cash	34.8		0.8
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	55.0		15.1
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	197.7		180.9
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	252.7	$	196.0

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2025
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Greif, Inc. Equity		Non controlling interests		Total Equity
(in millions, except for shares which are in thousands)	Common Shares	Amount		Treasury Shares	Amount
As of January 31, 2025	47,437	$	240.3	29,405	$	(277.0)	$	2,461.7	$	(384.6)	$	2,040.4	$	38.5	$	2,078.9
Net income							47.3				47.3		7.2		54.5
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation									117.3		117.3		0.7		118.0
Derivative financial instruments, net of $11.9 million of income tax expense									(37.1)		(37.1)				(37.1)
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of $0.0 million income tax expense									(4.3)		(4.3)				(4.3)
Comprehensive income				.							123.2				131.1

Current period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest							(1.1)				(1.1)				(1.1)
Net income allocated to redeemable noncontrolling interests											—		(2.1)		(2.1)
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders ($0.54 and $0.81 per Class A share and Class B share, respectively)							(31.4)				(31.4)				(31.4)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests and other											—		(3.4)		(3.4)
Dividends earned on RSU shares							(0.1)				(0.1)				(0.1)
Colleague stock purchase plan	—	0.3		—	—						0.3				0.3


Share based compensation	—	1.3		—	—						1.3				1.3

Restricted stock, directors	24	1.3		(24)	0.2						1.5				1.5
As of April 30, 2025	47,461	$	243.2	29,381	$	(276.8)	$	2,476.4	$	(308.7)	$	2,134.1	$	40.9	$	2,175.0

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2025
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Greif, Inc. Equity		Non controlling Interests		Total Equity
(in millions, except for shares which are in thousands)	Common Shares	Amount		Treasury Shares	Amount
As of October 31, 2024	47,181	$	230.3	29,661	$	(279.0)	$	2,486.2	$	(355.1)	$	2,082.4	$	35.1	$	2,117.5
Net income							55.9				55.9		13.0		68.9
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation									76.6		76.6		0.4		77.0
Derivative financial instruments, net of $9.1 million of income tax expense									(28.3)		(28.3)				(28.3)
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of $0.0 million income tax expense									(1.9)		(1.9)				(1.9)
Comprehensive income				.							102.3				115.7

Current period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest and other							(3.2)				(3.2)				(3.2)
Net income allocated to redeemable noncontrolling interests											—		(3.6)		(3.6)
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders ($1.08 and $1.61 per Class A share and Class B share, respectively)							(62.4)				(62.4)				(62.4)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests and other											—		(4.0)		(4.0)
Dividends earned on RSU shares							(0.1)				(0.1)				(0.1)
Colleague stock purchase plan	45	2.4		(45)	0.3						2.7				2.7

Long-term incentive shares issued	211	6.6		(211)	1.7						8.3				8.3
Share based compensation	—	2.6		—	—						2.6				2.6


Restricted stock, directors	24	1.3		(24)	0.2						1.5				1.5
As of April 30, 2025	47,461	$	243.2	29,381	$	(276.8)	$	2,476.4	$	(308.7)	$	2,134.1	$	40.9	$	2,175.0

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	Three Months Ended April 30, 2024
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Greif, Inc. Equity		Non controlling interests		Total Equity
(in millions, except for shares which are in thousands)	Common Shares	Amount		Treasury Shares	Amount
As of January 31, 2024	47,121	$	222.1	29,721	$	(279.5)	$	2,377.7	$	(327.8)	$	1,992.5	$	43.9	$	2,036.4
Net income							44.4				44.4		7.6		52.0
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation									(28.3)		(28.3)		(0.9)		(29.2)
Derivative financial instruments, net of $9.1 million income tax benefit									27.7		27.7				27.7
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of $0.1 million income tax benefit									0.3		0.3				0.3
Comprehensive income											44.1				50.8

Current period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest							(0.5)				(0.5)				(0.5)
Net income allocated to redeemable noncontrolling interests											—		(2.2)		(2.2)
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders ($0.52 and $0.78 per Class A share and Class B share, respectively)							(30.0)				(30.0)				(30.0)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests and other											—		(10.1)		(10.1)
Dividends earned on RSU shares							(0.1)				(0.1)				(0.1)
Colleague stock purchase plan	—	0.2		—	0.1						0.3				0.3


Share based compensation	—	1.7		—	—						1.7				1.7

Restricted stock, directors	18	1.0		(18)	0.1						1.1				1.1
As of April 30, 2024	47,139	$	225.0	29,703	$	(279.3)	$	2,391.5	$	(328.1)	$	2,009.1	$	38.3	$	2,047.4

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2024
	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Greif, Inc. Equity		Non controlling Interests		Total Equity
(in millions, except for shares which are in thousands)	Common Shares	Amount		Treasury Shares	Amount
As of October 31, 2023	46,805	$	208.4	30,037	$	(281.9)	$	2,337.9	$	(316.5)	$	1,947.9	$	38.4	$	1,986.3
Net income							111.6				111.6		14.7		126.3
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation									(0.7)		(0.7)		(0.9)		(1.6)
Derivative financial instruments, net of $2.8 million income tax expense									(8.5)		(8.5)				(8.5)
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of $0.2 million income tax benefit									(2.4)		(2.4)				(2.4)
Comprehensive income				.							100.0				113.8

Current period mark to redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest and other							1.8				1.8				1.8
Net income allocated to redeemable noncontrolling interests											—		(3.8)		(3.8)
Dividends paid to Greif, Inc. shareholders ($1.04 and $1.55 per Class A share and Class B share, respectively)							(59.7)				(59.7)				(59.7)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests and other											—		(10.1)		(10.1)
Dividends earned on RSU shares							(0.1)				(0.1)				(0.1)
Colleague stock purchase plan	33	2.0		(33)	0.3						2.3				2.3

Long-term incentive shares issued	283	10.5		(283)	2.2						12.7				12.7
Share based compensation	—	3.1		—	—						3.1				3.1

Restricted stock, directors	18	1.0		(18)	0.1						1.1				1.1
As of April 30, 2024	47,139	$	225.0	29,703	$	(279.3)	$	2,391.5	$	(328.1)	$	2,009.1	$	38.3	$	2,047.4

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GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) instructions to Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.

The 2024 fiscal year of Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) began on November 1, 2023 and ended on October 31, 2024. Any references to the 2024 fiscal year or to any quarter of that year, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ended October 31, 2024, unless otherwise stated. The Company is changing its fiscal year, effective for the 2025 fiscal year. The 2025 fiscal year began on November 1, 2024 and will end on September 30, 2025, and accordingly, will consist of eleven months. The Company’s fourth fiscal quarter of 2025 will be the two-month period ending September 30, 2025. Thereafter, the Company’s fiscal year will begin on October 1 and end on September 30 of the following year.

The information filed herein reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2025 and the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2024, the interim condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income and changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 and the interim condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 of the Company. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greif, Inc., all wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries and investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which it has controlling influence or is the primary beneficiary. Non-majority owned entities include investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company does not have controlling interest and are accounted for using either the equity or cost method, as appropriate.

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Recast of Certain Prior Period Information

In December 2024, the Company announced changes to its reporting structure, moving to a material solution-based structure. The Company believes this structure will enable the Company to more efficiently utilize its robust scale and global network of facilities, align operations to capitalize on its deep subject matter expertise, enable further innovation and growth, and optimize cross-selling and margin expansion opportunities. This internal re-alignment has resulted in a change in the Company’s reportable segments. Prior period segment information for the 2024 fiscal year has been recast to conform to the way the Company internally manages and monitors its business during the 2025 fiscal year.

The recast of prior period information had no impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, interim condensed consolidated statements of income, interim condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, interim condensed consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity and the interim condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

There have been no new accounting standards adopted since the filing of the 2024 Form 10-K that have significance, or potential significance, to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Tax Disclosures,” which is intended to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2025. The

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Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning November 1, 2024 and October 1, 2025 respectively. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which is intended to improve disclosures related to the Company’s certain income statement expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning October 1, 2027 and October 1, 2028 respectively. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

NOTE 2 — ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES

2024 Acquisitions

Ipackchem Acquisition

The Company acquired Ipackchem Group SAS (“Ipackchem”) on March 26, 2024 (the “Ipackchem Acquisition”). Ipackchem is a global market leader in the production of high-performance plastic packaging, including premium barrier and non-barrier jerrycans and other small plastic containers. The total purchase price for this acquisition was $582.1 million. The Company incurred transaction costs of $8.9 million to complete this acquisition.

As of April 30, 2025, the Company had completed the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed related to the Ipackchem Acquisition.

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The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Ipackchem and the final valuation of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:


(in millions)	Amounts Recognized as of the Acquisition Date		Measurement Period Adjustments		Amount Recognized as of Acquisition Date (as Adjusted)
Fair value of consideration transferred
Cash consideration	$	582.1	$	—	$	582.1

Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Cash and cash equivalents	$	14.5	$	—	$	14.5
Accounts receivable	50.9		—		50.9
Inventories	36.7		—		36.7
Other current assets	4.9		(0.6)		4.3
Intangibles	231.7		1.4		233.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets	15.1		2.4		17.5
Finance lease right-of-use assets	8.2		2.2		10.4
Other long-term assets	1.0		—		1.0
Properties, plants and equipment	91.5		(2.9)		88.6
Total assets acquired	454.5		2.5		457.0

Accounts payable	(17.2)		—		(17.2)

Short-term borrowings	(26.2)		—		(26.2)
Other current liabilities	(13.2)		0.1		(13.1)

Operating lease liabilities	(14.2)		(3.3)		(17.5)
Finance lease liabilities	(10.0)		(0.5)		(10.5)
Long-term deferred tax liability	(62.1)		(1.5)		(63.6)
Other long-term liabilities	(5.3)		(2.5)		(7.8)
Total liabilities assumed	(148.2)		(7.7)		(155.9)
Total identifiable net assets	$	306.3	(5.2)		301.1
Goodwill	$	275.8	$	5.2	$	281.0

The Company recognized goodwill related to this acquisition of $281.0 million. The goodwill recognized in this acquisition was attributable to the acquired assembled workforce, expected synergies and economies of scale, none of which qualify for recognition as a separate intangible asset. Ipackchem is reported within the Customized Polymer Solutions segment to which the goodwill was assigned. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The cost approach was used to determine the fair value for land, building, improvements and equipment. The cost approach measures the value by estimating the cost to acquire, or construct, comparable assets and adjusts for age and condition. The Company assigned to land use rights, building and improvements a useful life ranging from 1 year to 21 years and equipment a useful life ranging from 1 year to 10 years. Acquired property, plant and equipment are being depreciated over their estimated remaining useful lives on a straight-line basis.

The fair value for acquired customer relationship intangibles was determined as of the acquisition date based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for the future after-tax cash flows arising from the revenue from customer relationships that existed on the acquisition date over their estimated lives, including the probability of expected future contract renewals and revenue, less a contributory assets charge, all of which is discounted to present value. The fair value for acquired developed technology was determined as of the acquisition date based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for the future after-tax cash flows arising from the revenue from developed technology that existed on the acquisition date over their estimated lives. The fair values of the trademark intangible assets were determined utilizing the relief from royalty method, which is a form of the income approach. Under this method, a royalty rate based on observed market royalties is applied to projected revenue supporting the trademarks and discounted to present value using an appropriate discount rate.

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Acquired intangible assets are being amortized over the estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. The following table summarizes the final purchase price allocation and weighted average remaining useful lives for identifiable intangible assets acquired as of the acquisition date:


(in millions)	Purchase Price Allocation		Weighted Average Estimated Useful Life
Customer relationships	$	183.8	13.5
Developed technology	39.0		8.0
Trademarks	10.3		5.0
Total intangible assets	$	233.1

Pro Forma Results

The following unaudited supplemental pro forma data presents consolidated information as if the Ipackchem Acquisition had been completed on November 1, 2022. These amounts were calculated after adjusting Ipackchem’s results to reflect interest expense incurred on the debt to finance the acquisition, additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets had been applied from November 1, 2022, the adjusted income tax expense, and related transaction costs.


	Three Months Ended April 30,		Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts)	2024		2024
Pro forma net sales	$	1,404.3	$	2,665.7
Pro forma net income attributable to Greif, Inc.	54.6		130.2
Basic earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders:
Class A common stock	$	0.94	$	2.26
Class B common stock	$	1.42	$	3.38
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Greif, Inc. common shareholders:
Class A common stock	$	0.94	$	2.26
Class B common stock	$	1.42	$	3.38

The pro forma data should not be considered indicative of the results that would have occurred if the acquisition and related financing had been consummated on the assumed completion dates, nor are they indicative of future results.

NOTE 3 — GOODWILL

In December 2024, the Company announced changes to its reporting structure, effective November 1, 2024, moving to a material solution-based structure. This internal re-alignment has resulted in a change in the Company’s reportable segments from three: Global Industrial Packaging; Paper Packaging & Services; and Land Management; to four: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

Changes to the Company’s operating segments resulted in a change to the Company’s reporting units: Customized Polymer Solutions – Small Plastics/Jerrycans; Customized Polymer Solutions – Large/Medium Plastics; Customized Polymer Solutions – Intermediate Bulk Containers; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions – Boxboard & Converted; Sustainable Fiber Solutions – Containerboard & Corrugated; Sustainable Fiber Solutions – Land Management; and Integrated Solutions. As a result of this segment realignment, the Company allocated goodwill to the reporting units existing under the new organizational structure on a relative fair value basis as of the first quarter of 2025.

In conjunction with the goodwill allocation described above, the Company tested its reporting units for potential impairment immediately before and after the segment realignment and concluded that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its respective carrying value.

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The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the six months ended April 30, 2025:


(in millions)	Global Industrial Packaging		Paper Packaging & Services		Customized Polymer Solutions		Durable Metal Solutions		Sustainable Fiber Solutions		Integrated Solutions		Total
Balance at October 31, 2024	$	1,148.3	$	805.4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,953.7
Segment recast	(1,148.3)		(805.4)		607.9		401.8		774.1		169.9		—
Goodwill acquired / Measurement period adjustment	—		—		(9.1)		—		—		—		(9.1)



Currency translation	—		—		24.6		11.6		—		6.6		42.8
Balance at April 30, 2025	$	—	$	—	$	623.4	$	413.4	$	774.1	$	176.5	$	1,987.4

NOTE 4 — RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring reserve balances for the six months ended April 30, 2025:


(in millions)	Employee Separation Costs		Other Costs		Total
Balance at October 31, 2024	$	4.8	$	0.1	$	4.9
Costs incurred and charged to expense	10.6		3.3		13.9
Costs paid or otherwise settled	(3.9)		(3.2)		(7.1)
Balance at April 30, 2025	$	11.5	$	0.2	$	11.7

The focus for restructuring activities in 2025 is to optimize operations to manage a historical period of industrial activity contraction while simultaneously transforming the Company’s internal processes and portfolio mix for optimal alignment to long-term profitable earnings growth.

During the three months ended April 30, 2025, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $11.2 million, as compared to $(6.8) million of restructuring charges recorded during the three months ended April 30, 2024. The restructuring activity for the three months ended April 30, 2025 consisted of $8.6 million in employee separation costs and $2.6 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of professional fees and other fees associated with restructuring activities.

During the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $13.9 million, as compared to $(1.1) million of restructuring charges recorded during the six months ended April 30, 2024. The restructuring activity for the six months ended April 30, 2025 consisted of $10.6 million in employee separation costs and $3.3 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of professional fees and other fees associated with restructuring activities.

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The following is a reconciliation of the total amounts expected to be incurred from open restructuring plans or plans that are being formulated and have not been announced as of the filing date of this Form 10-Q. Remaining amounts expected to be incurred were $25.9 million as of April 30, 2025:


(in millions)	Total Amounts Expected to be Incurred		Amounts Incurred During the Six Months Ended April 30, 2025		Amounts Remaining to be Incurred
Customized Polymer Solutions
Employee separation costs	$	2.0	$	1.2	$	0.8
Other restructuring costs	0.4		0.3		0.1
	2.4		1.5		0.9
Durable Metal Solutions
Employee separation costs	3.9		1.3		$	2.6
Other restructuring costs	0.7		0.2		0.5
	4.6		1.5		3.1
Sustainable Fiber Solutions
Employee separation costs	9.2		7.7		$	1.5
Other restructuring costs	22.3		2.7		19.6
	31.5		10.4		21.1
Integrated Solutions
Employee separation costs	0.6		0.4		0.2
Other restructuring costs	0.7		0.1		0.6
	1.3		0.5		0.8
	$	39.8	$	13.9	$	25.9

NOTE 5 — DEBT

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt is summarized as follows:


(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
2022 Credit Agreement - Term Loans	$	1,663.4	$	1,707.4
2023 Credit Agreement - Term Loan	285.0		288.8

Accounts receivable credit facilities	—		357.9
2022 Credit Agreement - Revolving Credit Facility	443.9		373.7
Other debt	—		1.3
	2,392.3		2,729.1
Less: current portion	95.8		95.8
Less: deferred financing costs	5.6		7.1
Long-term debt, net	$	2,290.9	$	2,626.2

Credit Agreements

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are parties to a senior secured credit agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions.

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continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-2 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027, and (d) as further described below, a $300.0 million incremental secured term loan A-4 facility with quarterly principal installments that commenced on April 30, 2024 and continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-4 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027. Subject to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, the Company has an option to borrow additional funds under the 2022 Credit Agreement with the agreement of the lenders.

On March 25, 2024, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an incremental term loan agreement (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement is an amendment to the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement provided for a loan in the aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million that was made available in a single draw on March 25, 2024 (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4”). Amounts repaid or prepaid in respect of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 may not be reborrowed. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 amortizes at 2.50% per annum in equal quarterly principal installments, with the remaining outstanding principal balance due on March 1, 2027. The terms and provisions of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are identical in all material respects to the terms and provisions of the other term loans made under the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Company’s obligations with respect to the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are secured and guaranteed with the other obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement on a pari passu basis. The Company used the proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan A-4 to repay funds drawn on the revolving credit facility under the 2022 Credit Agreement for the purchase of Ipackchem on March 26, 2024.

On May 17, 2023, the Company and Greif Packaging LLC, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc. (“Greif Packaging”), entered into a $300.0 million senior secured credit agreement (the “2023 Credit Agreement” and, together with the 2022 Credit Agreement, the “2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements”) with a syndicate of financial institutions, of which CoBank, ACB (“CoBank”) acted as a lender and as the lead administrative agent. The 2023 Credit Agreement is permitted incremental equivalent debt under the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement provides for a $300.0 million secured term loan facility on a pari passu basis with the 2022 Credit Agreement, with quarterly principal installments that commenced on July 31, 2023 and will continue through January 31, 2028, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan being due and payable on maturity on May 17, 2028. The Company used the borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement to repay and refinance a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement.

Interest accruing under the 2023 Credit Agreement is based on SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment or a base rate that resets periodically plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount that is based on the Company’s leverage ratio.

As of April 30, 2025, $2,392.3 million was outstanding under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements. The current portion was $95.8 million, and the long-term portion was $2,296.5 million. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements was 5.88% for the six months ended April 30, 2025. The actual interest rate for borrowings under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements was 6.06% as of April 30, 2025. The deferred financing costs associated with the term loan portion of the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements totaled $5.6 million as of April 30, 2025 and are recorded as a reduction of long-term debt on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The deferred financing costs associated with the revolving portion of the 2022 Credit Agreement totaled $1.9 million as of April 30, 2025 and are recorded within other long-term assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Short-Term Debt

Short-term debt is summarized as follows:


(in millions)	April 30, 2025	October 31, 2024
Accounts receivable credit facilities	381.3	—

Other debt	7.2	18.6
	388.5	18.6

Accounts Receivable Credit Facilities

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Greif Receivables Funding LLC (“Greif Funding”), Greif Packaging, and certain other U.S. subsidiaries of the Company are parties to an amended and restated U.S. Receivables Financing Facility Agreement (the “U.S. RFA”). On May 16, 2025, the maturity date of the U.S. RFA was extended to May 15, 2026. The U.S. RFA provides an accounts receivable financing facility of $290.0 million. As of April 30, 2025, there was a $274.3 million ($273.7 million as of October 31, 2024) outstanding under the U.S. RFA. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the U.S. RFA was 5.46% for the six months ended April 30, 2025.

Greif Funding is a direct subsidiary of Greif Packaging and is included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. However, because Greif Funding is a separate and distinct legal entity from the Company, the assets of Greif Funding are not available to satisfy the liabilities and obligations of the Company, Greif Packaging or other subsidiaries of the Company, and the liabilities of Greif Funding are not the liabilities or obligations of the Company or its other subsidiaries.

Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. and Greif Services Belgium BV, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc., are parties to an amended and restated Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Financing Agreement (the “European RFA”) with affiliates of a major international bank. On April 1, 2025, the maturity date of the European RFA was extended to April 21, 2026. The European RFA provides an accounts receivable financing facility of up to €100.0 million ($114.2 million as of April 30, 2025) secured by certain European accounts receivable. As of April 30, 2025, $107.0 million ($84.2 million as of October 31, 2024) was outstanding under the European RFA. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the European RFA was 4.01% for the six months ended April 30, 2025.

NOTE 6 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the fair value for those assets and (liabilities) measured on a recurring basis as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024:


	April 30, 2025
	Assets								Liabilities
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Interest rate derivatives	$	—	$	26.1	$	—	$	26.1	$	—	$	(12.7)	$	—	$	(12.7)
Foreign exchange hedges	—		0.7		—		0.7		—		(1.4)		—		(1.4)
Insurance annuity	—		—		20.0		20.0		—		—		—		—
Cross currency swap	—		6.4		—		6.4		—		(39.5)		—		(39.5)

	October 31, 2024
	Assets								Liabilities
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Interest rate derivatives	$	—	$	40.4	$	—	$	40.4	$	—	$	(5.6)	$	—	$	(5.6)
Foreign exchange hedges	—		0.2		—		0.2		—		(0.1)		—		(0.1)
Insurance annuity	—		—		18.9		18.9		—		—		—		—
Cross currency swap	—		17.6		—		17.6		—		(6.4)		—		(6.4)

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, current liabilities and short-term borrowings as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these items and are not included in this table.

Interest Rate Derivatives

As of April 30, 2025, the Company has various interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $1,362.5 million ($1,400.0 million as of October 31, 2024), maturing between March 1, 2027 and July 16, 2029. The Company will receive variable rate interest payments based upon one-month U.S. dollar SOFR, and in return the Company will be obligated to pay interest at a weighted average fixed interest rate of 2.99%. This effectively converted the borrowing rate on an amount of debt equal to the notional amount of the interest rate swaps from a variable rate to a fixed rate.

These derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the gain or loss on these derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line

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item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. See Note 12 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures of the aggregate gain or loss included within other comprehensive income (loss). The assumptions used in measuring fair value of these interest rate derivatives are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon observable market rates, including SOFR and interest paid based upon a designated fixed rate over the life of the swap agreements.

Gains reclassified to earnings under these contracts were $4.6 million and $8.9 million for the three months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Gains reclassified to earnings under these contracts were $10.2 million and $18.6 million for the six months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. A derivative gain of $10.0 million, based upon interest rates at April 30, 2025, is expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings in the next twelve months.

Foreign Exchange Hedges

The Company conducts business in various international currencies and is subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. The Company’s objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes. Accordingly, the Company enters into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency cash flows. As of April 30, 2025, and October 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $112.5 million and $74.1 million, respectively.

Adjustments to fair value are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged profits. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which are based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts.

For the three months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded realized gains of $1.1 million and $2.9 million, respectively, under fair value contracts in other expense, net. For the six months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded realized gains of $0.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively, under fair value contracts in other expense, net.

For the three months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded unrealized net losses of $0.8 million and $2.8 million, respectively, in other expense, net. For the six months ended April 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded unrealized net losses of $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in other expense, net.

Cross Currency Swap

The Company has operations and investments in various international locations and is subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. As of April 30, 2025, the Company has various cross currency interest rate swaps that synthetically swap $534.9 million ($447.6 million as of October 31, 2024) of U.S. fixed rate debt to Euro denominated fixed rate debt. The Company receives a weighted average rate of 1.64% on these swaps. These agreements are designated as either net investment hedges or cash flow hedges for accounting purposes and will mature between October 5, 2026 and November 3, 2028.

The gain or loss on these net investment hedge derivative instruments is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income (loss) until the net investment is sold, diluted, or liquidated. See Note 12 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures of the aggregate gain or loss included within other comprehensive income (loss). The gain or loss on the cash flow hedge derivative instruments is included in the unrealized foreign exchange component of other expense, offset by the underlying gain or loss on the underlying cash flows that are being hedged. Interest payments received for the cross currency swap are excluded from the net investment hedge effectiveness assessment and are recorded in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of income. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of the cross currency swap are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon the Euro to United States dollar exchange rate market.

For the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024, gains recorded in interest expense, net under the cross currency swap agreements were $1.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively. For the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024, gains recorded in interest expense, net under the cross currency swap agreements were $3.3 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company executed a cash settlement of certain cross-currency swap contracts and simultaneously entered into new cross-currency swaps at prevailing market rates. The net cash settlement from restriking these swaps resulted in a cash receipt of $22.5 million of which $11.5 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as net investment hedges and $11.0 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

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The net investment hedges that were settled resulted in a final gain of $11.3 million, which is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and the final OCI balance on these transactions is maintained on the balance sheet until the underlying hedged subsidiary is either sold or substantially liquidated. For the cash flow hedges that were settled, the gain will be recognized to income, through interest expense, over time through an amortization of the remaining OCI balance at termination. This OCI balance amounted to $1.8 million and will be recognized on a straight-line basis to the income statement through the transaction’s original maturity date of October 5, 2026.

Other Financial Instruments

The fair values of the Company’s 2022 Credit Agreement, the 2023 Credit Agreement, the U.S. RFA, and the European RFA do not materially differ from carrying value as the Company’s cost of borrowing is variable and approximates current borrowing rates. The fair values of the Company’s long-term obligations are estimated based on either the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or the current interest rates offered for the debt of the same remaining maturities, which are considered level 2 inputs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.”

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the impairment of long-lived assets held and used and net assets held for sale for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:

Quantitative Information about Level 3
Fair Value Measurements

(in millions)

Impairment Amount

Valuation
Technique

Unobservable
Input

Range of
Input
Values

April 30, 2025

Net Assets Held for Sale

4.7

Indicative Bids

N/A

Long Lived Assets

19.7

Discounted Cash Flows; Indicative Bids

N/A

Total

24.4

April 30, 2024

Long Lived Assets

1.7

Discounted Cash Flows; Indicative Bids

N/A

Total

1.7

For six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $44.3 million to a fair value of $24.6 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of $19.7 million. These charges include $0.7 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment, $2.2 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment, $16.4 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment, $0.2 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment and $0.2 million related to definite-lived intangibles in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment. For six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company also recognized impairment charges of $4.7 million related to net assets held for sale in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment.

For six months ended April 30, 2024, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $4.0 million to a fair value of $2.3 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of $1.7 million. These charges include $0.4 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment and $1.3 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment.

The assumptions used in measuring fair value of long-lived assets are considered level 3 inputs, which include bids received from third parties, recent purchase offers, market comparable information, and discounted cash flows based on assumptions that market participants would use.

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NOTE 7 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Company granted 123,800 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) on December 13, 2024, for the performance period commencing on November 1, 2024 and ending September 30, 2027. The weighted average fair value of the RSUs granted on that date was $66.61.

During 2025, the Company issued 49,269 shares of Class A Common Stock, which excludes shares withheld for the payment of taxes owed by recipients for RSUs vested, for the performance period commenced on November 1, 2021 and ended October 31, 2024.

The Company granted 215,953 performance stock units (“PSUs”) on December 13, 2024, for the performance period commencing on November 1, 2024 and ending September 30, 2027. If earned, the PSUs are to be awarded in shares of Class A Common Stock. The weighted average fair value of the PSUs granted on that date was $61.19.

During 2025, the Company issued 161,641 shares of Class A Common Stock, which excludes shares withheld for the payment of taxes owed by recipients for PSUs vested, for the performance period commenced on November 1, 2021 and ended October 31, 2024.

NOTE 8 — INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense for the quarter and year-to-date was calculated according to ASC 740-270, “Income Taxes - Interim Reporting.” This method uses forecasted annual earnings and other amounts, such as uncertain tax positions and withholding taxes, to estimate annual tax expense. Losses from jurisdictions with a valuation allowance are excluded from the annual estimated tax rate. Each quarter’s income tax expense is based on the year-to-date annual estimated tax rate, adjusted for discrete taxable events during the interim period.

For the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024, income tax expense (benefit) was $37.6 million and $(21.2) million, respectively. The $58.8 million increase in income tax expense was primarily due to a significant one-time discrete tax benefit in 2024 from recognizing deferred tax assets related to the onshoring of certain intangible property.

As part of the Ipackchem Acquisition, a deferred tax liability of $63.6 million has been recorded through purchase accounting. This liability arises from the temporary differences between the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis through the measurement period. The primary components of the deferred tax liability include intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, and inventory. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

NOTE 9 — POST RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

The components of net periodic pension cost include the following:


	Three Months Ended April 30,				Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$	1.6	$	1.7	$	3.3	$	3.4
Interest cost	7.8		8.7		15.5		17.3
Expected return on plan assets	(9.5)		(10.7)		(19.1)		(21.5)
Amortization of prior service benefit	(0.1)		(0.1)		(0.1)		(0.2)
Recognized net actuarial loss (gain)	0.2		(0.3)		0.3		(0.5)
Net periodic pension benefit	$	—	$	(0.7)	$	(0.1)	$	(1.5)

The Company expects to make employer contributions of $5.9 million, including benefits paid directly by the Company, during 2025.

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit, other than the service cost components, are included in the line item “Other expense, net” in the interim condensed consolidated statements of income.

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NOTE 10 — CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVES

Litigation-related Liabilities

The Company may become involved from time-to-time in litigation and regulatory matters incidental to its business, including governmental investigations, enforcement actions, personal injury claims, product liability, employment health and safety matters, commercial disputes, intellectual property matters, disputes regarding environmental clean-up costs, litigation in connection with acquisitions and divestitures, and other matters arising out of the normal conduct of its business. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself in such litigation. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company may accrue for contingencies related to litigation and regulatory matters if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable and unfavorable resolutions can occur, assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events. The Company regularly reviews contingencies to determine whether its accruals are adequate. The amount of ultimate loss may differ from these estimates.

Environmental Reserves

As of April 30, 2025, and October 31, 2024, the Company’s environmental reserves were $19.8 million and $19.1 million, respectively (including $9.8 million for the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site in the New Jersey). These reserves are principally based on environmental studies and cost estimates provided by third parties, but also take into account management estimates. The estimated liabilities are reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of relevant costs. For sites that involve formal actions subject to joint and several liabilities, these actions have formal agreements in place to apportion the liability. It is possible that there could be resolution of uncertainties in the future that would require the Company to record charges that could be material to future earnings.

The Company’s exposure to adverse developments with respect to any individual site is not expected to be material. Although environmental remediation could have a material effect on results of operations if a series of adverse developments occur in a particular quarter or year, the Company believes that the chance of a series of adverse developments occurring in the same quarter or year is remote. Future information and developments will require the Company to continually reassess the expected impact of these environmental matters.

NOTE 11 — EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company has two classes of common stock and, as such, applies the “two-class method” of computing earnings per share (“EPS”) as prescribed in ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share.” In accordance with this guidance, earnings are allocated in the same fashion as dividends would be distributed. Under the Company’s certificate of incorporation, any distribution of dividends in any year must be made in proportion of one cent a share for Class A Common Stock to one and one-half cents a share for Class B Common Stock, which results in a 40% to 60% split to Class A and B shareholders, respectively. In accordance with this, earnings are allocated first to Class A and Class B Common Stock to the extent that dividends are actually paid and the remainder is allocated assuming all of the earnings for the period have been distributed in the form of dividends.

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The Company calculates EPS as follows:

Basic Class A EPS

40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding

Undistributed Net Income

Class A Dividends Per Share

40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding

Average Class A Shares Outstanding

Diluted Class A EPS

40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding

Undistributed Net Income

Class A Dividends Per Share

40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding

Average Diluted Class A Shares Outstanding

Basic Class B EPS

60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding

Undistributed Net Income

Class B Dividends Per Share

40% * Average Class A Shares Outstanding + 60% * Average Class B Shares Outstanding

Average Class B Shares Outstanding

*Diluted Class B EPS calculation is identical to Basic Class B calculation

The following table provides EPS information for each period, respectively:


	Three Months Ended April 30,				Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS
Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.	$	47.3	$	44.4	$	55.9	$	111.6
Cash dividends	(31.4)		(30.0)		(62.4)		(59.7)
Undistributed earnings attributable to Greif, Inc.	$	15.9	$	14.4	$	(6.5)	$	51.9

The Class A Common Stock has no voting rights unless four quarterly cumulative dividends upon the Class A Common Stock are in arrears. The Class B Common Stock has full voting rights. There is no cumulative voting for the election of directors.

The following table summarizes the shares of the Company’s Class A and Class B Common Stock as of the specified dates:


	Authorized Shares	Issued Shares	Outstanding Shares	Treasury Shares
April 30, 2025
Class A Common Stock	128,000,000	42,281,920	26,129,971	16,151,949
Class B Common Stock	69,120,000	34,560,000	21,331,127	13,228,873

October 31, 2024
Class A Common Stock	128,000,000	42,281,920	25,850,270	16,431,650
Class B Common Stock	69,120,000	34,560,000	21,331,127	13,228,873

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The following is a reconciliation of the shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share:


	Three Months Ended April 30,		Six Months Ended April 30,
	2025	2024	2025	2024
Class A Common Stock:
Basic shares	26,123,396	25,802,839	26,011,064	25,667,030
Assumed conversion of restricted shares	98,778	115,548	99,662	105,582
Diluted shares	26,222,174	25,918,387	26,110,726	25,772,612
Class B Common Stock:
Basic and diluted shares	21,331,127	21,331,127	21,331,127	21,331,127

NOTE 12 — COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the six months ended April 30, 2025:


(in millions)	Foreign Currency Translation		Derivative Financial Instruments		Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of October 31, 2024	$	(314.1)	$	33.9	$	(74.9)	$	(355.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	76.6		(28.3)		(1.9)		46.4
Balance as of April 30, 2025	$	(237.5)	$	5.6	$	(76.8)	$	(308.7)

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the six months ended April 30, 2024:


(in millions)	Foreign Currency Translation		Derivative Financial Instruments		Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of October 31, 2023	$	(317.7)	$	71.7	$	(70.5)	$	(316.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(0.7)		(8.5)		(2.4)		(11.6)

Balance as of April 30, 2024	$	(318.4)	$	63.2	$	(72.9)	$	(328.1)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) above are presented net of tax, as applicable.

NOTE 13 — BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION

As previously described, effective November 1, 2024, the Company implemented changes to its reporting structure, moving to a material solution-based structure. The Company realigned its organizational structure to four operating segments and four reportable business segments: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

The Company’s reportable business segments offer different products and services. The products and services included in each of these reportable segments are as follows:

•Customized Polymer Solutions: Operations in the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of a comprehensive line of polymer based packaging products, such as plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers and small plastics. The polymer-based packaging products and services are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, food and beverage, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, among others.

•Durable Metal Solutions: Operations in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of metal-based packaging products, including a wide variety of steel drums. The metal-based packaging products are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, petroleum, agriculture and paints and coatings, among others.

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•Sustainable Fiber Solutions: Operations in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of fiber-based packaging products, including fiber drums, containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers, uncoated recycled board, coated recycled board, tubes and cores and specialty partitions made from containerboard, uncoated recycled board and coated recycled board. The fiber-based packaging products are sold in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, construction, food and beverage and building products. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the management and sale of timber, timberland and special use properties in the southeastern United States.

•Integrated Solutions: Operations in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of complimentary packaging products, such as paints, linings and closure systems for industrial packaging products and related services. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the purchase and sale of recycled fiber and the production and sale of adhesives, which can be used in containerboard and paperboard products. These products and services are used internally by the Company and are also sold to external customers.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on material solution-based operating segments for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. Intercompany balances were eliminated in consolidation and are not reviewed when evaluating segment performance.

The accounting policies of the reportable business segments are substantially the same as those described in the “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” note in the 2024 Form 10-K.

The following tables present net sales disaggregated by geographic area for each reportable segment for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025:


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2025
(in millions)	United States		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific and Other Americas		Total
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	143.5	$	134.3	$	51.5	$	329.3
Durable Metal Solutions	72.1		223.6		83.2		378.9
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	587.7		0.2		11.2		599.1
Integrated Solutions	58.5		12.0		7.9		78.4
Total net sales	$	861.8	$	370.1	$	153.8	$	1,385.7

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2025
(in millions)	United States		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific and Other Americas		Total
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	269.3	$	251.0	$	104.1	$	624.4
Durable Metal Solutions	135.2		417.6		168.3		721.1
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	1,137.7		0.5		22.3		1,160.5
Integrated Solutions	108.4		21.7		15.4		145.5
Total net sales	$	1,650.6	$	690.8	$	310.1	$	2,651.5

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The following tables present net sales disaggregated by geographic area for each reportable segment for the three and six months ended April 30, 2024:


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2024
(in millions)	United States		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific and Other Americas		Total
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	134.9	$	109.5	$	41.2	$	285.6
Durable Metal Solutions	84.6		233.7		95.4		413.7
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	566.6		0.2		13.3		580.1
Integrated Solutions	71.4		12.1		8.1		91.6
Total net sales	$	857.5	$	355.5	$	158.0	$	1,371.0

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2024
(in millions)	United States		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Asia Pacific and Other Americas		Total
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	248.0	$	193.8	$	71.8	$	513.6
Durable Metal Solutions	156.5		435.0		192.7		784.2
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	1,083.8		0.3		24.8		1,108.9
Integrated Solutions	133.0		21.0		16.1		170.1
Total net sales	$	1,621.3	$	650.1	$	305.4	$	2,576.8

The following segment information is presented for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended April 30,				Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Operating profit:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	25.8	$	6.3	$	39.6	$	18.0
Durable Metal Solutions	54.1		56.5		91.7		93.4
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	25.9		18.9		29.5		27.1
Integrated Solutions	12.8		16.4		17.7		28.5
Total operating profit	$	118.6	$	98.1	$	178.5	$	167.0

Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	23.1	$	17.5	$	46.0	$	29.5
Durable Metal Solutions	7.1		7.2		13.9		14.5
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	33.7		37.9		68.0		75.9
Integrated Solutions	2.5		3.3		5.1		6.4
Total depreciation, depletion and amortization expense	$	66.4	$	65.9	$	133.0	$	126.3

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The following table presents total assets by segment and total properties, plants and equipment, net by geographic area:


(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
Assets:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	1,878.6	$	1,818.7
Durable Metal Solutions	1,206.4		1,183.8
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	2,738.8		2,788.8
Integrated Solutions	404.7		403.1
Total segments	6,228.5		6,194.4
Corporate and other	525.9		453.2
Total assets	$	6,754.4	$	6,647.6

Property, plant and equipment, net and lease right-of-use assets:
United States	$	1,399.6	$	1,455.3
Europe, Middle East and Africa	382.7		373.7
Asia Pacific and other Americas	143.0		146.0
Total long-lived assets, net	$	1,925.3	$	1,975.0

NOTE 14 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On May 30, 2025, the Company redeemed remaining 20% ownership interest in one of its noncontrolling interests, increasing ownership from 80% to 100% in an all-cash transaction for $38.7 million.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL

The terms “Greif,” “our Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” as used in this discussion refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Our 2024 fiscal year began on November 1, 2023 and ended on October 31, 2024. Any references in unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) to the 2024 fiscal year or to any quarter of that year, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ended October 31, 2024, unless otherwise stated. We are changing our fiscal year, effective for the 2025 fiscal year. The 2025 fiscal year began on November 1, 2024 and will end on September 30, 2025, and accordingly, will consist of eleven months. Our fourth fiscal quarter of 2025 will be the two-month period ending September 30, 2025. Thereafter, Our fiscal year will begin on October 1 and end on September 30 of the following year.

The discussion and analysis presented below relates to the material changes in financial condition and results of operations for the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2025 and the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2024, and for the interim condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the interim condensed consolidated financial statements that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”). Readers are encouraged to review the entire 2024 Form 10-K, as it includes information regarding Greif not discussed in this Form 10-Q. This information will assist in your understanding of the discussion of our current period financial results.

All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-Q, including without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, goals, trends, and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “aspiration,” “objective,” “project,” “believe,” “continue,” “on track” or “target” or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are based on assumptions, expectations, and other information currently available to management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those forecasted, projected or anticipated, whether expressed in or implied by the statements. Such risks and uncertainties that might cause a difference include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) historically, our business has been sensitive to changes in general economic or business conditions, (ii) our global operations subject us to political risks, instability and currency exchange that could adversely affect our results of operations, (iii) the current and future challenging global economy and disruption and volatility of the financial and credit markets may adversely affect our business, (iv) the continuing consolidation of our customer base and suppliers may intensify pricing pressure, (v) we operate in highly competitive industries, (vi) our business is sensitive to changes in industry demands and customer preferences, (vii) raw material shortages, price fluctuations, global supply chain disruptions and high inflation may adversely impact our results of operations, (viii) energy and transportation price fluctuations and shortages may adversely impact our manufacturing operations and costs, (ix) we may encounter difficulties or liabilities arising from acquisitions or divestitures, (x) we may incur additional rationalization costs and there is no guarantee that our efforts to reduce costs will be successful, (xi) several operations are conducted by joint ventures that we cannot operate solely for our benefit, (xii) certain of the agreements that govern our joint ventures provide our partners with put or call options, (xiii) our ability to attract, develop and retain talented and qualified employees, managers and executives is critical to our success, (xiv) our business may be adversely impacted by work stoppages and other labor relations matters, (xv) we may be subject to losses that might not be covered in whole or in part by existing insurance reserves or insurance coverage and general insurance premium and deductible increases, (xvi) our business depends on the uninterrupted operations of our facilities, systems and business functions, including our information technology and other business systems, (xvii) a cyber-attack, security breach of customer, employee, supplier or our information and data privacy risks and costs of compliance with new regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, (xviii) we could be subject to changes to our tax rates, the adoption of new U.S. or foreign tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities, (xix) we have a significant amount of goodwill and long-lived assets which, if impaired in the future, would adversely impact our results of operations, (xx) changing climate, global climate change regulations and greenhouse gas effects may adversely affect our operations and financial performance, (xxi) we may be unable to achieve our

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greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2030, (xxii) legislation/regulation related to environmental and health and safety matters could negatively impact our operations and financial performance, (xxiii) product liability claims and other legal proceedings could adversely affect our operations and financial performance, and (xxiv) we may incur fines or penalties, damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, agents or business partners violate, or are alleged to have violated, anti-bribery, competition or other laws.

Forward looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those forecasted or anticipated, whether expressed in or implied by the statements. For a detailed discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those forecasted, projected, or anticipated, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our 2024 Form 10-K and our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to such risk factors. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

BUSINESS SEGMENTS

As previously announced, effective November 1, 2024, we implemented changes to our reporting structure, moving to a material solution-based structure. We realigned our organizational structure to operate in four reportable business segments: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

In the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment, we produce and sell a comprehensive line of polymer based packaging products, such as plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers and small plastics. Our polymer-based packaging products and services are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, food and beverage, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, among others.

In the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment, we produce and sell metal-based packaging products, including a wide variety of steel drums. Our metal-based packaging products are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, petroleum, agriculture and paints and coatings, among others.

In the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment, we produce and sell fiber-based packaging products, including fiber drums, containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers, uncoated recycled board, coated recycled board, tubes and cores and specialty partitions made from containerboard, uncoated recycled board and coated recycled board. Our fiber-based packaging products are sold in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, construction, food and beverage and building products. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the management and sale of timber, timberland and special use properties in the southeastern United States.

In the Integrated Solutions reportable segment, we produce and sell complimentary packaging products, such as paints, linings and closure systems for industrial packaging products and related services. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the purchase and sale of recycled fiber and the production and sale of adhesives used in our containerboard and paperboard products. These products and services are used internally by us and are also sold to external customers.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these interim condensed consolidated financial statements, in accordance with these principles, require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Our critical accounting policies are discussed in Part II, Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the 2024 Form 10-K. We believe that the consistent application of these policies enables us to provide readers of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements with useful and reliable information about our results of operations and financial condition. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies from the disclosures contained in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Valuation of Goodwill

In December 2024, we announced changes to our reporting structure, effective November 1, 2024, moving to a material solution-based structure. This internal re-alignment has resulted in a change in our reportable segments from three: Global

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Industrial Packaging; Paper Packaging & Services; and Land Management; to four: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

In conjunction with the goodwill allocation described above, we tested our reporting units for potential impairment immediately before and after the segment realignment and concluded that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its respective carrying value.

For the Customized Polymer Solutions – Small Plastics/Jerrycans reporting unit, the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 2%, so no impairment was deemed to exist. The low headroom is expected due to various acquisitions related to this reporting unit in recent years. We expect the headroom of this reporting unit to grow after synergies from those acquisitions are realized and the acquired businesses are fully integrated into our network.

For all other reporting units with goodwill balances, the fair value exceeded the carrying value by at least 26%, so no impairment was deemed to exist.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit as of April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (recasted from the 2024 10-K by allocating goodwill to reporting units under the new organizational structure on a relative fair value basis):


	Goodwill Balance
(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
Customized Polymer Solutions
Small Plastics/Jerrycans	$	366.4	$	357.7
Large/Medium Plastics	130.1		128.0
Intermediate Bulk Containers	126.9		122.2
Durable Metal Solutions	413.4		401.8
Sustainable Fiber Solutions
Boxboard & Converted	475.9		475.9
Containerboard & Corrugated	298.2		298.2
Integrated Solutions	176.5		169.9
Total	$	1,987.4	$	1,953.7
*The Sustainable Fiber Solutions: Land Management reporting unit has no goodwill balance at either reporting period.

Recently Issued and Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

See Note 1 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a detailed description of recently issued and newly adopted accounting standards.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following comparative information is presented for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024. Historical revenues and earnings may or may not be representative of future operating results as a result of various economic and other factors.

Items that could have a significant impact on the financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Part I, Item 1A — Risk Factors, of the 2024 Form 10-K. Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.

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The non-GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA is used throughout the following discussion of our results of operations, both for our consolidated and segment results. For our consolidated results, Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income, plus interest expense, net, plus other (income) expense, net, plus income tax (benefit) expense, plus depreciation, depletion and amortization expense, plus acquisition and integration related costs, plus restructuring and other charges, plus non-cash asset impairment charges, plus (gain) loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net, plus (gain) loss on disposal of businesses, net, plus other costs. Since we do not calculate net income by reportable segment, Adjusted EBITDA by reportable segment is reconciled to operating profit by reportable segment. In that case, Adjusted EBITDA is defined as operating profit by reportable segment, less equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, plus depreciation, depletion and amortization expense, plus acquisition and integration related costs, plus restructuring and other charges, plus non-cash asset impairment charges, plus (gain) loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net, plus (gain) loss on disposal of businesses, net, plus other costs, for that reportable segment.

We use Adjusted EBITDA as a financial measure to evaluate our historical and ongoing operations and believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to enable investors to perform meaningful comparisons of our historical and current performance. The foregoing non-GAAP financial measures are intended to supplement and should be read together with our financial results. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative or substitute for, and should not be considered superior to, our reported financial results. Accordingly, users of this financial information should not place undue reliance on the non-GAAP financial measures.

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Second Quarter Results

The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit and Adjusted EBITDA for each of our business segments for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Three Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Net sales:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	329.3	$	285.6
Durable Metal Solutions	378.9		413.7
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	599.1		580.1
Integrated Solutions	78.4		91.6
Total net sales	$	1,385.7	$	1,371.0
Operating profit:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	25.8	$	6.3
Durable Metal Solutions	54.1		56.5
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	25.9		18.9
Integrated Solutions	12.8		16.4
Total operating profit	$	118.6	$	98.1
Adjusted EBITDA:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	53.4	$	34.9
Durable Metal Solutions	63.7		64.5
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	79.5		49.5
Integrated Solutions	17.3		20.8
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	213.9	$	169.7

The following table sets forth Adjusted EBITDA, reconciled to net income and operating profit, for our consolidated results for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Three Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Net income	$	54.5	$	52.0
Plus: interest expense, net	34.9		30.2


Plus: other income, net	(0.2)		(0.4)
Plus: income tax expense	29.8		17.0
Plus: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	(0.4)		(0.7)
Operating profit	118.6		98.1
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	(0.4)		(0.7)
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense	66.4		65.9
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	2.0		11.5
Plus: restructuring and other charges	14.6		(6.8)

Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	10.7		0.4
Plus: loss (gain) on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	0.5		(0.3)
Plus: loss on disposal of businesses, net	0.5		—
Plus: other costs*	0.2		0.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	213.9	$	169.7
*includes fiscal year-end change costs and share-based compensation impact of disposals of businesses

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The following table sets forth Adjusted EBITDA for our business segments, reconciled to the operating profit for each segment, for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2025
(in millions)	Customized Polymer Solutions		Durable Metal Solutions		Sustainable Fiber Solutions		Integrated Solutions		Consolidated
Operating profit	$	25.8	$	54.1	$	25.9	$	12.8	$	118.6
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	—		—		—		(0.4)		(0.4)
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense	23.1		7.1		33.7		2.5		66.4
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	2.0		—		—		—		2.0
Plus: restructuring and other charges	1.7		1.7		10.5		0.7		14.6
Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	0.7		0.7		8.9		0.4		10.7
Plus: loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	—		—		0.5		—		0.5
Plus: loss on disposal of businesses, net	—		—		—		0.5		0.5
Plus: other costs*	0.1		0.1		—		—		0.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	53.4	$	63.7	$	79.5	$	17.3	$	213.9

	Three Months Ended April 30, 2024
(in millions)	Customized Polymer Solutions		Durable Metal Solutions		Sustainable Fiber Solutions		Integrated Solutions		Consolidated
Operating profit	$	6.3	$	56.5	$	18.9	$	16.4	$	98.1
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	—		—		—		(0.7)		(0.7)
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense	17.5		7.2		37.9		3.3		65.9
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	11.2		—		0.3		—		11.5
Plus: restructuring and other charges	0.2		0.3		(7.6)		0.3		(6.8)
Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	—		0.4		—		—		0.4
Plus: (gain) loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	(0.3)		0.1		(0.2)		0.1		(0.3)

Plus: other costs*	—		—		0.2		—		0.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	34.9	$	64.5	$	49.5	$	20.8	$	169.7
*includes fiscal year-end change costs and share-based compensation impact of disposals of businesses

Net Sales

Net sales were $1,385.7 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $1,371.0 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $14.7 million increase was primarily due to $15.2 million from higher average selling prices. See the “Segment Review” below for additional information on net sales by segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $319.5 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $270.1 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $49.4 million increase was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales and lower raw material costs. See the “Segment Review” below for additional information on gross profit by segment. Gross profit margin was 23.1 percent and 19.7 percent for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $172.6 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $167.2 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $5.4 million increase was primarily related to recent acquisitions. SG&A expenses were 12.5 percent and 12.2 percent of net sales for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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Financial Measures

Operating profit was $118.6 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $98.1 million for the second quarter of 2024. Net income was $54.5 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $52.0 million for the second quarter of 2024. Adjusted EBITDA was $213.9 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $169.7 million for the second quarter of 2024. The reasons for the changes in operating profit, net income, and Adjusted EBITDA for each segment are described below in the “Segment Review.”

Trends

While volumes have improved year over year across some geographies and product groups, we have not identified, and do not anticipate, any compelling customer demand inflection on the horizon. We expect prices for steel and resin to be relatively stable for the remainder of the year, apart from any potential tariff impact. We also expect prices for old corrugated containers and other direct materials, as well as prices for transportation, labor and utilities, to remain relatively stable through the remainder of the year.

Segment Review

Key factors influencing profitability for our segments include:

•Selling prices, product mix, customer demand, and sales volumes;

•Raw material costs, primarily steel, resin, containerboard, old corrugated containers and used industrial packaging for reconditioning;

•Energy and transportation costs;

•Benefits from executing the Greif Business System 2.0;

•Restructuring charges;

•Acquisition of businesses and facilities;

•Divestiture of businesses and facilities; and

•Impact of foreign currency translation.

Customized Polymer Solutions

Our Customized Polymer Solutions segment offers a comprehensive line of polymer based packaging products, such as plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers and small plastics.

Net sales were $329.3 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $285.6 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $43.7 million increase was primarily due to $38.8 million of contributions from recent acquisitions.

Gross profit was $76.7 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $55.5 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $21.2 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales, partially offset by higher raw material costs and higher manufacturing costs. Gross profit margin was 23.3 percent and 19.4 percent for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $25.8 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $6.3 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $19.5 million increase was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit. Adjusted EBITDA was $53.4 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $34.9 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $18.5 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit.

Durable Metal Solutions

Our Durable Metal Solutions segment produces and sells metal-based packaging products, including a wide variety of steel drums.

Net sales were $378.9 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $413.7 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $34.8 million decrease was primarily due to $18.6 million attributable to lower volumes, $12.3 million from lower average selling prices and negative foreign currency translation impacts.

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Gross profit was $82.9 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $89.3 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $6.4 million decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales, partially offset by lower raw material costs. Gross profit margin was 21.9 percent and 21.6 percent for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $54.1 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $56.5 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $2.4 million decrease was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit and higher restructuring and other charges, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses related to lower incentive expenses due to performance. Adjusted EBITDA was $63.7 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $64.5 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $0.8 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses related to lower incentive expenses due to performance.

Sustainable Fiber Solutions

Our Sustainable Fiber Solutions segment produces and sells fiber-based packaging products, including fiber drums, containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers, uncoated recycled board, coated recycled board, tubes and cores and specialty partitions made from containerboard, uncoated recycled board and coated recycled board. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the management and sale of timber, timberland and special use properties in the southeastern United States.

Net sales were $599.1 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $580.1 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $19.0 million increase was primarily due to $29.0 million from higher published containerboard and boxboard prices, partially offset by $9.1 million attributable to lower volumes.

Gross profit was $132.7 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $93.7 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $39.0 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales, along with lower raw material costs and lower manufacturing costs. Gross profit margin was 22.1 percent and 16.2 percent for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $25.9 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $18.9 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $7.0 million increase was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses related to higher compensation expenses and costs incurred for strategic investments, higher restructuring and other charges and impairment charges related to plant closures. Adjusted EBITDA was $79.5 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $49.5 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $30.0 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses related to higher compensation expenses and costs incurred for strategic investments.

Integrated Solutions

Our Integrated Solutions segment produces and sells complimentary packaging products, such as paints, linings and closure systems for industrial packaging products and related services. In addition, this reportable segment participates in the purchase and sale of recycled fiber and the production and sale of adhesives, which can be used in our containerboard and paperboard products.

Net sales were $78.4 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $91.6 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $13.2 million decrease was primarily due to a $15.2 million impact from the divestiture of Delta Petroleum Company, Inc. (the “Delta Divestiture”) during the third quarter of 2024.

Gross profit was $27.2 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $31.6 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $4.4 million decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the Delta Divestiture. Gross profit margin was 34.7 percent and 34.5 percent for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $12.8 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $16.4 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $3.6 million decrease was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit. Adjusted EBITDA was $17.3 million for the second quarter of 2025 compared with $20.8 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $3.5 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense for the second quarter of 2025 was $29.8 million compared with $17.0 million for the second quarter of 2024. The $12.8 million increase in income tax expense was primarily due to higher pre-tax book earnings, changes in the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions, and other discrete tax expenses.

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Year-to-Date Results

The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit and Adjusted EBITDA for each of our business segments for the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Net sales:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	624.4	$	513.6
Durable Metal Solutions	721.1		784.2
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	1,160.5		1,108.9
Integrated Solutions	145.5		170.1
Total net sales	$	2,651.5	$	2,576.8
Operating profit:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	39.6	$	18.0
Durable Metal Solutions	91.7		93.4
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	29.5		27.1
Integrated Solutions	17.7		28.5
Total operating profit	$	178.5	$	167.0
Adjusted EBITDA:
Customized Polymer Solutions	$	92.9	$	60.7
Durable Metal Solutions	108.9		109.2
Sustainable Fiber Solutions	131.0		102.5
Integrated Solutions	26.2		34.3
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	359.0	$	306.7

The following table sets forth Adjusted EBITDA, reconciled to net income and operating profit, for our consolidated results for the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended April 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Net income	$	68.9	$	126.3
Plus: interest expense, net	72.6		54.4


Plus: other expense, net	0.2		8.7
Plus: income tax expense (benefit)	37.6		(21.2)
Plus: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	(0.8)		(1.2)
Operating profit	178.5		167.0
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	(0.8)		(1.2)
Plus: depreciation, depletion and amortization expense	133.0		126.3
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	4.2		14.1
Plus: restructuring and other charges	17.3		(1.1)

Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	24.4		1.7
Plus: gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	(1.1)		(3.0)
Plus: loss on disposal of businesses, net	1.4		—
Plus: other costs*	0.5		0.5
Adjusted EBITDA	$	359.0	$	306.7
*includes fiscal year-end change costs and share-based compensation impact of disposals of businesses

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The following table sets forth Adjusted EBITDA for our business segments, reconciled to the operating profit for each segment, for the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended April 30, 2025
(in millions)	Customized Polymer Solutions		Durable Metal Solutions		Sustainable Fiber Solutions		Integrated Solutions		Consolidated
Operating profit	$	39.6	$	91.7	$	29.5	$	17.7	$	178.5
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	—		—		—		(0.8)		(0.8)
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense	46.0		13.9		68.0		5.1		133.0
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	4.2		—		—		—		4.2
Plus: restructuring and other charges	2.2		2.2		12.1		0.8		17.3
Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	0.7		2.2		21.1		0.4		24.4
Plus: (gain) loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	—		(1.2)		0.1		—		(1.1)
Plus: loss on disposal of businesses, net	—		—		—		1.4		1.4
Plus: other costs*	0.2		0.1		0.2		—		0.5
Adjusted EBITDA	$	92.9	$	108.9	$	131.0	$	26.2	$	359.0

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2024
(in millions)	Customized Polymer Solutions		Durable Metal Solutions		Sustainable Fiber Solutions		Integrated Solutions		Consolidated
Operating profit	$	18.0	$	93.4	$	27.1	$	28.5	$	167.0
Less: equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax	—		—		—		(1.2)		(1.2)
Plus: depreciation and amortization expense	29.5		14.5		75.9		6.4		126.3
Plus: acquisition and integration related costs	13.0		—		1.1		—		14.1
Plus: restructuring and other charges	0.4		0.7		(3.0)		0.8		(1.1)
Plus: non-cash asset impairment charges	—		0.4		1.3		—		1.7
Plus: (gain) loss on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net	(0.3)		0.1		(0.2)		(2.6)		(3.0)

Plus: other costs*	0.1		0.1		0.3		—		0.5
Adjusted EBITDA	$	60.7	$	109.2	$	102.5	$	34.3	$	306.7
*includes fiscal year-end change costs and share-based compensation impact of disposals of businesses

Net Sales

Net sales were $2,651.5 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $2,576.8 million for the first six months of 2024. The $74.7 million increase was primarily due to $97.2 million contributions from recent acquisitions, partially offset by a $26.5 million impact from the Delta Divestiture. See the “Segment Review” below for additional information on net sales by segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $565.0 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $491.7 million for the first six months of 2024. The $73.3 million increase was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales and lower raw material costs, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs. See “Segment Review” below for additional information on gross profit by segment. Gross profit margin was 21.3 percent and 19.1 percent for first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses were $340.3 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $313.0 million for the first six months of 2024. The $27.3 million increase in SG&A expenses was primarily related to higher compensation expenses and amortization

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expenses due to recent acquisitions. SG&A expenses were 12.8 percent and 12.1 percent of net sales for first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Financial Measures

Operating profit was $178.5 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $167.0 million for the first six months of 2024. Net income was $68.9 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $126.3 million for the first six months of 2024. Adjusted EBITDA was $359.0 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $306.7 million for the first six months of 2024. The reasons for the changes in operating profit, net income, and Adjusted EBITDA for each segment are described below in the “Segment Review.”

Segment Review

Customized Polymer Solutions

Net sales were $624.4 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $513.6 million for the first six months of 2024. The $110.8 million increase in net sales was primarily due to $97.2 million of contributions from recent acquisitions.

Gross profit was $137.3 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $99.7 million for the first six months of 2024. The $37.6 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales, partially offset by higher raw material, transportation and manufacturing costs. Gross profit margin was 22.0 percent and 19.4 percent for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $39.6 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $18.0 million for the first six months of 2024. The $21.6 million increase in operating profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses related to higher compensation expenses and amortization expenses from recent acquisitions. Adjusted EBITDA was $92.9 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $60.7 million for the first six months of 2024. The $32.2 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit.

Durable Metal Solutions

Net sales were $721.1 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $784.2 million for the first six months of 2024. The $63.1 million decrease in net sales was primarily due to $29.0 million attributable to lower volumes, $20.9 million of negative foreign currency translation impacts and lower average selling prices.

Gross profit was $146.0 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $155.1 million for the first six months of 2024. The $9.1 million decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted net sales, partially offset by lower raw material costs. Gross profit margin was 20.2 percent and 19.8 percent for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $91.7 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $93.4 million for the first six months of 2024. The $1.7 million decrease in operating profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit and higher restructuring and other charges, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses related to lower incentive expenses due to performance. Adjusted EBITDA was $108.9 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $109.2 million for the first six months of 2024. The $0.3 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses related to lower incentive expenses due to performance.

Sustainable Fiber Solutions

Net sales were $1,160.5 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $1,108.9 million for the first six months of 2024. The $51.6 million increase in net sales was primarily due to $54.8 million from higher published containerboard and boxboard prices, partially offset by lower volume.

Gross profit was $236.1 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $182.0 million for the first six months of 2024. The $54.1 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the same factor that impacted net sales. Gross profit margin was 20.3 percent and 16.4 percent for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $29.5 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $27.1 million for the first six months of 2024. The $2.4 million increase in operating profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses related to higher compensation expenses and costs incurred for strategic investments, higher restructuring and other charges and impairment charges related to plant closures. Adjusted EBITDA was $131.0 million for the

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first six months of 2025 compared with $102.5 million for the first six months of 2024. The $28.5 million increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit, excluding impacts from depreciation and amortization, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses.

Integrated Solutions

Net sales were $145.5 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $170.1 million for the first six months of 2024. The $24.6 million decrease in net sales was primarily due to a $26.5 million impact from the Delta Divestiture.

Gross profit was $45.6 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $54.9 million for the first six months of 2024. The $9.3 million decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the Delta Divestiture. Gross profit margin was 31.3 percent and 32.3 percent for the first six months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Operating profit was $17.7 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $28.5 million for the first six months of 2024. The $10.8 million decrease in operating profit was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit. Adjusted EBITDA was $26.2 million for the first six months of 2025 compared with $34.3 million for the first six months of 2024. The $8.1 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors that impacted gross profit.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense for the first six months of 2025 was $37.6 million compared with $21.2 million income tax benefit for the first six months of 2024, respectively. The $58.8 million increase in income tax expense was primarily due to a significant one-time discrete tax benefit in 2024 from recognizing deferred tax assets related to the onshoring of certain intangible property.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows and borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities and proceeds from our trade accounts receivable credit facilities. We use these sources to fund our working capital needs, capital expenditures, cash dividends, debt repayment, and acquisitions. We anticipate continuing to fund these items in a like manner. We currently expect that operating cash flows, borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities, and proceeds from our trade accounts receivable credit facilities will be sufficient to fund our anticipated working capital, capital expenditures, cash dividends, debt repayment, potential acquisitions of businesses, and other liquidity needs for at least 12 months.

Cash Flow


Six Months Ended April 30, (in millions)	2025		2024
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	105.6	$	92.0
Net cash used in investing activities	(31.7)		(662.6)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(53.7)		584.9
Effects of exchange rates on cash	34.8		0.8
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	55.0		15.1
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	197.7		180.9
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	252.7	$	196.0

Operating Activities

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, cash used in change in accounts receivable was $(42.7) million and $(65.9) million, respectively. The favorable change in accounts receivable levels was primarily due to increased collection contributed from an increase in net sales.

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, cash used in change in inventories was $(23.6) million and $(37.5) million, respectively. The favorable change in inventories was primarily due to decrease in raw material prices.

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, cash provided by change in accounts payable was $3.3 million and $49.1 million, respectively. The unfavorable change in accounts payable levels was primarily due to increase in purchases primarily related to acquisitions and timing of payments.

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Investing Activities

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, we invested $65.7 million and $96.6 million, respectively, of cash in capital expenditures.

During the first six months of 2025, we received $22.5 million proceeds from a cash settlement of certain cross-currency swap contracts, of which $11.5 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as net investment hedges and $11.0 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

During the first six months of 2024, we paid $567.6 million for purchases of businesses, net of cash acquired, primarily for the Ipackchem Acquisition.

Financing Activities

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, we paid cash dividends to our stockholders in the amount of $62.4 million and $59.7 million, respectively.

During the first six months of 2025 and 2024, we borrowed $25.4 million and $670.3 million of debt, net of payments, respectively. The 2024 borrowing was primarily for the Ipackchem Acquisition.

Financial Obligations

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt is summarized as follows:


(in millions)	April 30, 2025		October 31, 2024
2022 Credit Agreement - Term Loans	$	1,663.4	$	1,707.4
2023 Credit Agreement - Term Loan	285.0		288.8

Accounts receivable credit facilities	—		357.9
2022 Credit Agreement - Revolving Credit Facility	443.9		373.7
Other debt	—		1.3
	2,392.3		2,729.1
Less: current portion	95.8		95.8
Less: deferred financing costs	5.6		7.1
Long-term debt, net	$	2,290.9	$	2,626.2

2022 Credit Agreement

We have a senior secured credit agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions.

The 2022 Credit Agreement provides for (a) an $800.0 million secured revolving credit facility, consisting of a $725.0 million multicurrency facility and a $75.0 million U.S. dollar facility, maturing on March 1, 2027, (b) a $1,100.0 million secured term loan A-1 facility with quarterly principal installments that continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-1 facility being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027, (c) a $515.0 million secured term loan A-2 facility with quarterly principal installments that continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-2 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027, and (d) as further described below, a $300.0 million incremental secured term loan A-4 facility with quarterly principal installments that continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-4 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027. Subject to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, the Company has an option to borrow additional funds under the 2022 Credit Agreement with the agreement of the lenders.

We have an incremental term loan agreement (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement is an amendment to the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement provided for a loan in the aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million that was made available in a single draw on March 25, 2024 (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4”). Amounts repaid or prepaid in respect of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 may not be reborrowed. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 amortizes at 2.50% per annum in equal quarterly

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principal installments, with the remaining outstanding principal balance due on March 1, 2027. The terms and provisions of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are identical in all material respects to the terms and provisions of the other term loans made under the 2022 Credit Agreement. Our obligations with respect to the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are secured and guaranteed with the other obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement on a pari passu basis. We used the proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan A-4 to repay funds drawn on the revolving credit facility under the 2022 Credit Agreement for the purchase of Ipackchem on March 26, 2024.

Interest accruing under the 2022 Credit Agreement is based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a credit spread adjustment or a base rate that resets periodically plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount that is based on our leverage ratio. As of April 30, 2025, we had $356.1 million of available borrowing capacity under the $800.0 million secured revolving credit facility.

The repayment of all borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement is secured by a security interest in certain of our personal property and certain of the personal property of certain of our U.S. subsidiaries, including equipment and inventory and certain intangible assets, as well as a pledge of the capital stock of substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries, and is secured, in part, by the capital stock of the non-U.S. borrowers. However, in the event that we receive and maintain an investment grade rating from either Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC, we may request the release of such collateral.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, which include financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. The leverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our total consolidated indebtedness (less the aggregate amount of our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents), to (b) our consolidated net income plus depreciation, depletion and amortization, interest expense (including capitalized interest), income taxes, and minus certain extraordinary gains and non-recurring gains (or plus certain extraordinary losses and non-recurring losses), and plus or minus certain other items for the preceding twelve months (as used in this paragraph only “EBITDA”) to be greater than 4.50 to 1.00 through the quarter ending January 31, 2025, and thereafter 4.00 to 1.00; provided that such leverage ratio is subject to (i) a covenant step-up (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) increase adjustment of 0.50 upon the consummation of, and the following three fiscal quarters after, certain specified acquisitions and (ii) a collateral release decrease adjustment of 0.25x during any collateral release period (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement). The interest coverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our consolidated EBITDA, to (b) our consolidated interest expense to the extent paid or payable, to be less than 3.00 to 1.00, during the applicable preceding twelve-month period. As of April 30, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants and other agreements in the 2022 Credit Agreement.

2023 Credit Agreement

We have a $300.0 million senior secured credit agreement (the “2023 Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The 2023 Credit Agreement is permitted incremental equivalent debt under the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement provides for a $300.0 million secured term loan facility on a pari passu basis with the 2022 Credit Agreement, with quarterly principal installments that continue through January 31, 2028, with any outstanding principal balance being due and payable at maturity on May 17, 2028. We used the borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement to repay and refinance a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement. Interest accruing under the 2023 Credit Agreement is based on SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment or a base rate that resets periodically plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount that is based on our leverage ratio.

The repayment of all borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement is secured by a security interest in certain of our personal property and certain of the personal property of certain of our U.S. subsidiaries, including equipment and inventory and certain intangible assets, as well as a pledge of the capital stock of substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries. However, in the event that we receive and maintain an investment grade rating from either Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC, we may request the release of such collateral. Our obligations under the 2023 Credit Agreement are secured on a pari passu basis with the obligations arising under the 2022 Credit Agreement.

The 2023 Credit Agreement contains covenants, including financial covenants, substantially the same as the covenants in 2022 Credit Agreement, as described above, and a “most favored lender” provision related to the 2022 Credit Agreement. As of April 30, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants and other agreements in the 2023 Credit Agreement.

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Short-Term Debt

Short-term debt is summarized as follows:


(in millions)	April 30, 2025	October 31, 2024
Accounts receivable credit facilities	381.3	—

Other debt	7.2	18.6
	388.5	18.6

Accounts Receivable Credit Facilities

We have a $290.0 million U.S. Receivables Financing Facility Agreement (the “U.S. RFA”) that matures on May 15, 2026. As of April 30, 2025, there was a $274.3 million ($273.7 million as of October 31, 2024) outstanding balance under the U.S. RFA. The U.S. RFA also contains events of default and covenants that are substantially the same as the covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement. As of April 30, 2025, we were in compliance with these covenants. Proceeds of the U.S. RFA are available for working capital and general corporate purposes.

We have a €100.0 million ($114.2 million as of April 30, 2025) European Receivables Financing Agreement (the “European RFA”) that matures on April 21, 2026. As of April 30, 2025, $107.0 million ($84.2 million as of October 31, 2024) was outstanding under the European RFA. As of April 30, 2025, we were in compliance with covenants contained in the European RFA. Proceeds of the European RFA are available for working capital and general corporate purposes.

See Note 5 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional disclosures regarding our financial obligations.

Financial Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives

As of April 30, 2025, we had various interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $1,362.5 million ($1,400.0 million as of October 31, 2024) amortizing down over the term, in which we receive variable interest rate payments based on SOFR and in return are obligated to pay interest at a weighted average fixed interest rate of 2.99%. These derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes and will mature between March 1, 2027 and July 16, 2029.

Accordingly, the gain or loss on these derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transactions and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Foreign Exchange Hedges

We conduct business in international currencies and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. Our objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes to allow management to focus its attention on business operations. Accordingly, we enter into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments, and anticipated foreign currency cash flows.

As of April 30, 2025, and October 31, 2024, we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $112.5 million, and $74.1 million, respectively.

Cross Currency Swap

We have operations and investments in various international locations and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. As of April 30, 2025, we have cross currency interest rate swaps that synthetically swap $534.9 million ($447.6 million as of October 31, 2024) of U.S. fixed rate debt to Euro denominated fixed rate debt. We receive a weighted average rate of 1.64%. These agreements are designated either net investment hedges or cash flow hedges for accounting purposes and will mature between October 5, 2026 and November 3, 2028.

Accordingly, the gain or loss on the net investment hedge derivative instruments is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income (loss) until the net investment is sold, diluted, or liquidated. The gain or loss on the

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cash flow hedge derivative instruments is included in the unrealized foreign exchange component of other expense, offset by the underlying gain or loss on the underlying cash flows that are being hedged. Interest payments received from the cross currency swap are excluded from the net investment hedge effectiveness assessment and are recorded in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of income.

During the first quarter of 2025, we executed a cash settlement of certain cross-currency swap contracts and simultaneously entered into new cross-currency swaps at prevailing market rates. The net cash settlement from restriking these swaps resulted in a cash receipt of $22.5 million of which $11.5 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as net investment hedges and $11.0 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

See Note 6 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional disclosures regarding our financial instruments.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

With the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report:

•Information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC;

•Information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; and

•Our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in the 2024 Form 10-K under Part I, Item 1A –– Risk Factors.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the three months ended April 30, 2025, Mr. Ole Rosgaard, President and Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Kimberly Kellermann, Senior Vice President and Chief Operations Officer, and Mr. Timothy Bergwall, Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, entered into Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans with their brokers. Mr. Rosgaard entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan on March 10, 2025, for the sale of up to 65,000 shares of Greif, Inc. Class A Common Stock. Mr. Rosgaard’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan expires upon the earlier of March 10, 2026 or the date all trades pursuant to such trading plan are executed. Ms. Kellermann entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan on March 11, 2025, for the sale of up to 9,000 shares of Greif, Inc. Class A Common Stock. Ms. Kellermann’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan expires upon the earlier of March 10, 2026 or the date all trades pursuant to such trading plan are executed. Mr. Bergwall entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan on April 10, 2025, for the sale of up to 36,000 shares of Greif, Inc. Class A Common Stock. Mr. Bergwall’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan expires upon the earlier of January 9, 2026 or the date all trades pursuant to such trading plan are executed.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

(a.) Exhibits


Exhibit No.						Description of Exhibit

10.1						Letter dated April 1, 2025, between Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corporation B.V., Greif, Inc., Greif Service Belgium BV and Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V., extending the maturity date of the European receivables financing arrangement to April 21, 2026.

10.2						Omnibus Amendment and Amendment No. 7 dated May 16, 2025, to Third Amended and Restated Transfer and Administration Agreement dated September 24, 2019, by and among Greif Receivables Funding LLC, as seller, Container Life Cycle Management LLC, Lee Container, LLC, and Lee Container Iowa, LLC, Greif Packaging LLC, American Flange & Manufacturing Co. Inc., Caraustar Mill Group, Inc., Caraustar Industrial and Consumer Products Group, Inc., Caraustar Recovered Fiber Group, Inc., The Newark Group, Inc., Caraustar Consumer Products Group, LLC, and Cascade Paper Converters Co., as originators.

10.3						Greif, Inc. Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan Trust Agreement

31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a — 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a — 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

32.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a —14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

32.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a — 14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

101						The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended April 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereto duly authorized.


						GREIF, INC.
						(Registrant)

Date: June 5, 2025						/s/ LAWRENCE A. HILSHEIMER
						Lawrence A. Hilsheimer
						Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

GREIF, INC 10-Q