UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 000-10843

CSP Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)


Massachusetts		04-2441294
(State of incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

175 Cabot Street, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854

(Address of principal executive offices)

(978) 954-5038

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share		CSPI		Nasdaq Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ◻	Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ⌧	Smaller Reporting Company ☒
	Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $~~158~~108,~~179~~261,~~808,~~682 based on the closing sale price of $1815.4634 as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on March 31, ~~2024~~2025. This day was the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

As of December 1912, ~~2024~~2025, wethe registrant had ~~outstanding~~ 9,~~882~~904,~~613~~783 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the information required in Part III of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference from ~~our~~the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for ~~our~~its ~~2024~~2026 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of ~~our~~its fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page

PART I.
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	16
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	16
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	17
Item 2.	Properties	17
Item 2.	Properties	18
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	17
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	18
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	17
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	18

PART II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	1817
Item 6.	[Reserved]	1918
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2018
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	3028
Item 9.	Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures	3129
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	3129
Item 9B.	Other Information	3431
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections	3431

PART III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	3431
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	3431
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	3431
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	3532
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	3532

PART IV.
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	3532
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	3733

Note: Items 1B and 7A are not required for Smaller Reporting Companies and therefore are not furnished.

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This information may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are difficult to predict and may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. The discussion below contains certain forward-looking statements related but not limited to, among others, statements concerning future revenues and future business plans. Forward-looking statements include statements in which we use words such as “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions. Although we believe the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, the forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and thus we cannot assure you that these expectations will prove to be correct, and actual results may vary from those contained in such forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks and uncertainties in Item 1A under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

Factors that may cause such variances include, but are not limited to, our dependence on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue, ~~our dependence on contracts with the U.S. federal governmentg~~ and intense competition in the market segments in which we operate. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this document. We have based the forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K on information available to us on the date of this Annual Report, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, other than as required by law.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was incorporated in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of our commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPi and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, cloud services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems.

Segments

CSPI operates in two segments: Technology Solutions ("TS") and High Performance Products ("HPP").

TS Segment

●

The TS segment consists of our wholly-owned Modcomp, Inc. subsidiary, which operates in the United States and the United Kingdom.

The TS segment generates product revenues by reselling third-party computer hardware and software as a value added reseller ("VAR"). The TS segment generates service revenues by the delivery of professional services for complex IT solutions, including advanced security; unified communications and collaboration; wireless and mobility; data center solutions; and network solutions as well as managed IT services ("MSP") that primarily serve the small and mid-sized business market ("SMB").

Third party products and professional services are marketed and sold through the Company’s direct sales force into a variety of vertical markets, including automotive, defense, healthcare, education, federal, state and local government, and maritime.

HPP Segment

●

The HPP segment revenue comes from three distinct product lines: (i) a cybersecurity solution marketed as ARIA™ Software-Defined Security (“SDS”), which is offered to commercial, original equipment manufacturers ("OEM") and government customers; (ii) the Myricom^® network adapters and related software for commercial, government and OEM customers; and (iii) the legacy Multicomputer product portfolio for digital signal processing ("DSP") applications within the defense markets.

● The ARIA SDS solution is a software portfolio comprised of 3 products: ARIA Packet Intelligence software which is used by customers for its high-speed wire-rate in-line packet filtering, steering and policy enforcement functions. ARIA Advanced Detection and Response (“ADR”) solution used by customers to find and stop threats in real-time by monitoring their entire network, device and services footprint. It is used as the basis of MDR (Managed Detection and Response) services offered by ARIA and its Managed Security Service Provider (“MSSP”) partners who provide it as part of a 24x7 managed SOC (Security Operations Center) offering. The product automates the MITRE ATT&CK™ framework to find threats up to 100 times faster with fewer human resources than other solutions.

● In July of 2023 ARIA Zero Trust (AZT) PROTECT™ was introduced to the market. ARIA AZT PROTECT™ was designed to fill a gap in the market – stopping the most sophisticated attacks that are used to attack critical infrastructure applications before harm can be done. It compliments other protection technologies ~~already~~ in place and can stop some of the most well-known attacks including the SolarWinds attack, and the recent Russian sponsored Sandworm attacks used on utilities and energy infrastructure. The product is ~~already~~ deployed and generating revenue from its initial contracts.

●

Revenue is derived from: (i) license sales of our software platform components, (ii) support packages and (iii) any required supporting services. The software licenses, the support packages, as well as supporting services

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are renewable on a recurring basis.

● The ARIA portfolio is of value to regulated industries, such as manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, financial services, energy production, utilities, ~~transport~~transportation and healthcare, due to the rise of critical infrastructure regulations enforced at the federal, ~~U.S.~~ state, and international level, as well as by industry entities. In addition, due to the complexities and high- costs associated with enterprise-wide security, particularly in the creation and operation of SOCs, we believe that ARIA will be attractive to organizations that desire SOC -level protections without incurring the ~~procurement~~costs of procuring disparate tools and ~~the~~hiring ~~need to hire~~ and ~~retain~~retaining highly trained security analysts. We also have begun selling our unique solution into ~~Managed Security Service Providers (“~~MSSPs”) that want to offer a lower cost, more effective service at detecting today’s widening range of cyber-attacks.

● The Myricom SmartNIC adapters (“ARC Series” and Myricom Secure Intelligent Adapters or “SIA”) are optimized for and sold into markets that require high-bandwidth and low-latency including (i) packet capture, (ii) financial transactions, (iii) machine vision and (iv) network security. The ARC series has reached end of life due to ASIC supplier problems which will significantly reduce its contribution to the HPP line of business. The focus is now supporting its applications on ~~3rd~~third party provided intelligent network interface cards.

● Multicomputer products for DSP applications are no longer actively developed but will continue to be sold into established programs through FYfiscal year 2025 and supported for several years via our repair services offering. The revenue from these products, as a percentage of overall Company revenue, is expected to continue to decline over time.

Sales Information by Industry Segment

The following table details our sales by operating segment for fiscal years ~~ending~~ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024. Additional segment and geographical information are set forth in Note 1817 Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements.


Segment	~~2024~~2025		%		~~2023~~2024		%
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
TS	$	5156,~~065~~808	9297	%	$	5751,~~774~~065	8992	%
HPP		41,~~154~~922	83	%		64,~~873~~154	118	%
Total Sales	$	5558,~~219~~730	100	%	$	6455,~~647~~219	100	%

TS Segment

Products and Services

Integration Solutions

The TS segment is a value-added reseller ("VAR") of third-party hardware and software technology solutions along with our advanced technology consulting, professional IT, managed IT and Cloud services. Our value proposition is our ability to support the complete IT life cycle of planning, designing, implementing and optimizing a comprehensive solution into our customers’ IT environments, to help achieve their expected business outcomes.

Third-Party Hardware and Software

We sell third-party hardware, software, and information technology products, with a strategic focus on industry -standard servers and data center infrastructure solutions, midrange data storage infrastructure products, networking and mobility products, unified communications, and advanced IT security hardware and software solutions. Our key offerings include products from Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)/Aruba, Cisco Systems, Palo Alto Networks, Nutanix, Dell EMC, Juniper Networks, ~~Citrix~~Varonis, ~~Intel,~~Cato ~~VMWare~~Networks, Fortinet, Microsoft and Barracuda. Through our business relationships with these vendors, we are able to offer competitively priced robust products to meet our diverse customers’ technology needs, providing procurement and engineering expertise in server infrastructure, storage, security, unified communications,

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~~providing procurement and engineering expertise in server infrastructure, storage, security, unified communications,~~ mobility and networking, to the small-to-medium sized businesses ("SMBs") and large enterprise businesses ("LEBs") with unique and/or complex IT environments. Many of our SMB customers have unique ~~technology~~technological needs and may lack technical purchasing expertise or have very limited IT engineering resources on staff. We offer our customers a single point of contact for complicated multi-vendor technology purchases. We also provide installation, integration, logistical assistance and other value-added services that customers may require. We target SMB and LEB customers across all industries. Our current customers are in web and infrastructure hosting, education, travel, telecommunications, healthcare services, distribution, financial services, professional services and manufacturing.

Professional Services

We provide professional IT consulting services in the following areas:

●

Assessments, planning, designing, implementation, migration, optimization services and project management.

●

Hyper-Converged Infrastructure ("HCI"). We assist our clients with designing and implementing HCI solutions from multiple vendors including DellEMC, Nutanix, HPE and Cisco. HCI is a software-centric architecture that tightly integrates compute, storage and virtualization resources in a single system. The benefits of an HCI solution are improved performance, scalability and flexibility all in a reduced footprint.

●

Virtualization. We help our customers implement virtualization solutions using products from companies such as VMWare, Nutanix and Citrix that allow one computer to do the job of multiple computers by sharing resources of a single computer across multiple environments. Virtualization eliminates physical and geographical limitations and enables users to host multiple operating systems and applications on fewer servers. Benefits include energy cost savings, lower capital expenditure requirements, high availability of resources, better desktop management, increased security and improved disaster recovery.

●

Enterprise security intrusion prevention, network access control and unified threat management. Using third-party products from companies like Palo Alto, Aruba Networks, Juniper Networks, Fortinet, Barracuda and Cisco Systems, our services are designed to ensure data security and integrity through the establishment of virtual private networks, firewalls and other technologies.

●

IT security compliance services. We provide services for IT security compliance with personal privacy laws such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ("PCI DSS"), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), and internal control regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ("SOX").

●

Unified communications, using Cisco Systems and Microsoft solutions. We are Cisco Premier Partner approved for its Cloud and Managed Services Program for Managed Business Communications and a Microsoft Gold Partner with specialties in Cloud, and Collaboration solutions.

●

Wireless, routing, and switching solutions using Juniper Networks and Aruba Networks products and services.

●

Custom software applications and solutions development and support. We develop custom applications to customer specifications using industry standard platforms such as Microsoft.Net, SharePoint and OnBase. We are a Microsoft Gold Partner.

●

Managed IT services that include monitoring, reporting and management of alerts for the resolution and preventive general IT and IT security support tasks.

●

Optimization, maintenance and technical support for third-party products including hardware and software, operating system and user support.

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Managed IT and Cloud Services

As consumption models continue to evolve in our industry, we have developed a robust managed and cloud services portfolio to provide alternative solutions to traditional capital expenditure investments in IT solutions and IT operations for our clients. Our value is to provide an elastic offering that will allow the client to scale and consume these offerings with monthly billing options that help control costs and provide economies of scale.

We provide managed and cloud services in the following areas:

● Proactive monitoring and remote management of IT Infrastructure that includes ~~network~~networks (both wired and wireless), data ~~center~~centers (which includes compute, storage and virtualization), desktops, unified communications platforms and security.

●

Managed and Hosted Unified Communication as a Service via a Cisco Communication and Collaboration solution under an annuity program.

●

Managed Security (firewall, endpoint protection, malware, anti-virus Managed Detection & Response).

●

Managed BackUp and Replication.

●

Cloud services that include Microsoft 365, Azure, Azure Virtual Desktop, Greencloud, Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud Platform.

Markets and Marketing

We are an IT systems integrator and computer hardware and software VAR. We also provide technical services to achieve a value-add to our customers. We operate within the VAR sales channels of major computer hardware and software OEMs, primarily within the geographic areas of our sales offices and across the U.S. We provide innovative IT solutions, including a myriad of infrastructure products with customized professional IT consulting services and managed services to meet the unique requirements of our customers. We market the products and services we sell through sales offices in the U.S. and the U.K. using our direct sales force.

Competition

Our primary competition in the TS segment is other VARs ranging from small companies that number in the thousands, to large enterprises such as CDW, PC Connection, Insight, Presidio, Dimension Data, and Computacenter Limited. In addition, we compete directly with many of the companies that manufacture the third-party products we sell, including Cisco Systems, IBM, HPE, EMC (now part of Dell) and others. In the network management, security and storage systems integration services business, our competitors are extensive and vary to a certain degree in each of the geographical markets, but they also include such national competitors as HP/EDS, IBM and Cap Gemini.

Nearly all of our product offerings are available through other channels. Favorable competitive factors for the TS segment include procurement capability, product diversity which enables the delivery of complete and custom solutions to our customers and the strength of our key business relationships with the major IT OEMs. We also consider our ability to meet the unique and/or specialized needs of the SMB and LEB markets and our strong knowledge of the IT products that we sell to be a key competitive advantage. Our ability to provide managed services through our network operations center and the professional IT services required to design and implement custom IT solutions to address our customers' IT needs are distinct competitive advantages. Unfavorable competitive factors include low name recognition, limited geographic coverage and pricing.

Sources and Availability of Product

No components used in our TS segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers.

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Sources and Availability of Product

No components used in our TS segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers.

Backlog

The gross backlog of customer orders and contracts for the TS segment was approximately $47.91 million as of September 30, ~~2024,~~2025 as compared to $74.59 million as of September 30, ~~2023~~2024. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. These fluctuations can be due to the timing of receiving large orders for third-party products and/or IT services. It is expected that all of the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided during fiscal year ~~2025~~2026.

HPP Segment

Products and Services

The mission of the HPP team is to deliver a differentiated, smarter approach to cybersecurity. Our software-defined platform makes it easier for organizations to achieve enterprise-wide network security with a focus on the protection of critical assets, applications and devices from cyberattacks.

Markets and Marketing

Cyber Security Products Market

The ARIA SDS and ADR solution is targeted at organizations that need to get additional functionality out of their current cybersecurity solutions to find and stop attacks, while also reducing their operating costs. At the present time, our ARIA solutions are primarily offered through our direct sales channel, however with ARIA AZT PROTECT’s introduction we have begun to add channel partners such as independent resellers.

OEM vendors in the cybersecurity market can benefit from integrating the ARIA applications and leveraging them as internal solutions to allow their applications to scale and add critical functionality. OEMs are interested in running our ARIA SDS applications on their SmartNIC and other ARM-core based platforms.

As mentioned, MSSPs require simple, yet differentiated, solutions that can be deployed across their customer bases. The detection and automation capabilities found in ARIA solutions are valuable as they allow these security service providers to scale their offerings while increasing the productivity of their security operation center staff.

Manufacturing Market

Our focus for fiscal ~~2025~~year 2026 and beyond is to expand from our initial successes more broadly into this market and its various sub segments.

Energy/Utility Market

We believe our AZT PROTECT product is well suited to address a critical security gap in this market. Noting that sales cycles can be up to 1 year.

Competition

CSPi’s competition in the cybersecurity space comes primarily from the large, traditional security vendors like Palo Alto, VMware and security services providers like Arctic Wolf.

Manufacturing, Assembly and Testing

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Currently, products are shipped to our customers directly from our plant in Lowell, Massachusetts.

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Research and Development

For the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025, our expenses for R&D were ~~approximately~~ $3.03 million compared to ~~approximately~~ $3.10 million for the year ended September 30, ~~2023~~2024. Expenditures ~~for~~on R&D are expensed as they are incurred. Product development efforts in fiscal year ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2024~~2025 involved development of the ARIA product set, ARIA Zero Trust (AZT), and enhancements to our ARIA SDS and ARIA ADR product offering. We expect to continue to make investments related to the development of new cybersecurity software applications.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights. We have newly issued as well as pending patents for the ARIA AZT PROTECT™ software and will be pursuing additional patent rights over time.

Sources and Availability of Product

No components used in our HPP segment products are obtained from sole-source suppliers.

Backlog

The gross backlog of customer orders and contracts in the HPP segment was $01.80 million as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 as compared to $10.8 million as of September 30, ~~2023~~2024. Our backlog can fluctuate greatly. We can experience large fluctuations due to the timing of receipt of large orders often for purchases from prime contractors for sales to the government. It is expected nearly all of the customer orders in backlog will ship and/or be provided through fiscal year ~~2025~~2026.

All Companies

Significant Customers

See Note 1817 Segment Information in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for detailed information regarding customers. There were no customers which comprised more than 10% of consolidated revenues for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 ~~and~~or ~~2023~~2024.

Employees

As of September 30, ~~2024~~2025, we had approximately ~~111~~123 full time equivalent employees worldwide for our consolidated operations. None of our employees are represented by a labor union and we have had no work stoppages in the last three fiscal years. We consider relations with our employees to be good.

Company Website

The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Company’s internet address is http://www.cspi.com. Through that address, the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included in, nor incorporated by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K.

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Financial Information about Geographic Areas

Information regarding our sales by geographic area and percentage of sales based on the location to which the products are shipped or services rendered are in Note 1817 Segment Information of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

If any of the risks and uncertainties set forth below actually materialize, our business, financial condition and/or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline and a stockholder could lose all or part of its, his or her investment. The risks and uncertainties set forth below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also impair our business operations.

Economic, Industry, and Operational Risks

We depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and the loss of any customer could significantly affect our business.

Both the HPP and TS segments are reliant upon a small number of significant customers, and the loss of or significant reduction in sales to any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. For the fiscal ~~year~~years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, no one customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues ~~for the fiscal year~~. Our revenues are largely dependent upon the ability of our customers to continue to grow or need services or to develop and sell products that incorporate our products. No assurance can be given that our customers will not experience financial or other difficulties that could adversely affect their operations and, in turn, our results of operations.

We depend on key personnel and skilled employees and face competition in hiring and retaining qualified employees.

We are largely dependent upon the skills and efforts of our senior management, managerial, sales and technical employees. None of our senior management personnel or other key employees are subject to any employment contracts except Victor Dellovo, our Chief Executive Officer and President. The loss of services of any of our executives or other key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on our ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled technical professionals. Our ability to maintain and renew existing engagements and obtain new business depends, in large part, on our ability to hire and retain technical personnel with skills that keep pace with continuing changes in our industry standards and technologies. The inability to hire additional qualified personnel could impair our ability to satisfy or grow our client base. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in retaining current or future employees.

Our success depends in part on our timely introduction of new products and technologies and our results can be impacted by the effectiveness of our significant investments in new products and technologies.

We have made significant investments in our ARIA cyber security products and services that may not achieve expected returns. We will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing for ARIA products, services, and technologies. Commercial success depends on many factors, including innovativeness, developer support, and effective distribution and marketing. If customers do not perceive our latest offerings as providing significant new functionality or other value, they may reduce their purchases of new software and hardware products or upgrades, unfavorably affecting revenue. We may not achieve significant revenue from new product, service, and distribution channel investments for several years. New products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for some new products and businesses may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically. Developing new technologies and products is complex. It can require long development and testing periods. Significant delays in new releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could adversely affect our revenue.

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To be successful, we must respond to the rapid changes in technology. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to enhance our current products and to develop new commercial products on a timely and cost-effective basis in order to respond to technological developments and changing customer needs. The design-in process is typically lengthy and expensive and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet the product specifications of our customers in a timely and adequate manner. In addition, if we fail to anticipate or to respond adequately to changes in technology and customer preferences, or if there is any significant delay in product developments or introductions, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including the risk of inventory obsolescence. Because of the complexity of our products, we have experienced delays from time to time in completing products on a timely basis. If we are unable to design, develop or introduce competitive new products on a timely basis, our future operating results would be adversely affected, particularly in our HPP segment. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in developing new products or enhancing our existing products on a timely or cost-effective basis, or that such new products or product enhancements will achieve market acceptance.

The complexity of our products, particularly in the HPP segment, could result in unforeseen delays or expense or undetected defects or bugs, which could adversely affect the market acceptance of new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, and materially and adversely affect our operating costs.

Highly complex products, such as those we offer, may contain defects and bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions, software documentation or enhancements are released, or their release may be delayed due to unforeseen difficulties during product development. If any of our products or third-party components used in our products contain defects or bugs, or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, we may not be able to successfully design workarounds or corrections. Furthermore, if any of these problems are not discovered until after we have commenced commercial production or deployment of a new product, we may be required to incur additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. Significant technical challenges also arise with our software products because our customers license and deploy our products across a variety of computer platforms and integrate them with a number of third-party software applications and databases. As a result, if there is system-wide failure or an actual or perceived breach of information integrity, security or availability occurs in one of our end-user customer’s system, it can be difficult to determine which product is at fault and we could ultimately be harmed by the failure of another supplier’s product. Consequently, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers. To resolve these problems, we may have to invest significant capital and other resources and we would likely lose, or experience a delay in, market acceptance of the affected product or products. These problems may also result in claims against us by our customers or others. For example, if a delay in the manufacture and delivery of our products causes the delay of a customer’s end-product delivery, we may be required, under the terms of our agreement with that customer, to compensate the customer for the adverse effects of such delays. As a result, our financial results could be materially adversely affected.

Our international operation is subject to a number of risks.

We market and sell our products in certain international markets and we have established operations in the U.K. Foreign-based revenue is determined based on the location to which the product is shipped or services are rendered and represented 310% and 312% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. If revenues generated by foreign activities are not adequate to offset the expense of establishing and maintaining these foreign activities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, there are certain risks inherent in transacting business internationally, such as changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements, export and import restrictions, export controls relating to technology, tariffs and other trade barriers, longer payment cycles, problems in collecting accounts receivable, political instability, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, expatriation controls and potential adverse tax consequences, any of which could adversely impact the success of our international activities. In particular, it is possible activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities, including those related to tax, trade, data protection, and employee relations as a result of Brexit and evolving international regulations. A portion of our revenues are from sales to foreign entities, including foreign governments, which are primarily paid in the form of foreign currencies. ~~There can be no assurance that one or more of~~

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There can be no assurance that one or more of such factors will not have a material adverse effect on our future international activities and, consequently, on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We face competition that could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

The markets for our products are highly competitive and are characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent product performance improvements and evolving industry standards. Many of our competitors are substantially larger than we are and have greater access to capital and human resources and in many cases price their products and services less than ours. In addition, due to the rapidly changing nature of technology, new competitors may emerge. Competitors may be able to offer more attractive pricing or develop products that could offer performance features that are superior to our products, resulting in reduced demand for our products. Such competitors could have a negative impact on our ability to win future business opportunities. There can be no assurance that a new competitor will not attempt to penetrate the various markets for our products and services. Their entry into markets historically targeted by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pandemics, epidemics or disease outbreaks, ~~such as the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”),~~ may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Pandemics, epidemics, or disease outbreaks, ~~such as COVID-19~~ may cause harm to us, our employees, our clients, our vendors and supply chain partners, and financial institutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. The impact of a pandemic, epidemic, or other disease outbreak, ~~such as COVID-19,~~ may include, but would not be limited to: (i) disruption to operations due to the unavailability of employees due to illness, quarantines, risk of illness, travel restrictions or factors that limit our existing or potential workforce; (ii) volatility in the demand for or availability of our products and services, (iii) inability to meet our customers’ needs due to disruptions in the manufacture, sourcing and distribution of our products and services, or (iv) failure of third parties on which we rely, including our suppliers, clients, and external business partners, to meet their obligations to us, or significant disruptions in their ability to do so.

Government Contracting Risks

During certain fiscal years, we may depend on contracts with the federal government, primarily with the Department of Defense ("DoD"), for a portion of our revenue, and our business could be seriously harmed if the government significantly decreased or ceased doing business with us.

We derived below 1% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2024 and 5% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2023 from the DoD as a subcontractor. Although we only derived 1% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2024, we expect that the DoD contracts to continue to be important to our business for the foreseeable future. If we were suspended or debarred from contracting with the federal government generally, the General Services Administration, or any significant agency in the intelligence community or the DoD, if our reputation or relationship with government agencies were to be impaired, or if the government otherwise ceased doing business with us or significantly decreased the amount of business it does with us, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be materially and adversely affected.

Our business could be adversely affected by changes in budgetary priorities of the federal government.

Because we derive a significant percentage of our revenue from contracts with the federal government, changes in federal government budgetary priorities could directly affect our financial performance. A significant decline in government expenditures, a shift of expenditures away from programs that we support or a change in federal government contracting policies could cause federal government agencies to reduce their purchases under contracts, to exercise their right to terminate contracts at any time without penalty or not to exercise options to renew contracts.

In years when Congress does not complete its budget process before the end of its fiscal year (September 30), government operations are funded through a continuing resolution ("CR") that temporarily funds federal agencies. Recent CRs have generally provided funding at the levels provided in the previous fiscal year and have not authorized new spending initiatives. When the federal government operates under a CR, delays can occur in the procurement of products

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and services. Historically, such delays have not had a material effect on our business; however, should funding of the federal government by CR be prolonged or extended, it could have significant consequences for our business and our industry.

Additionally, our business could be seriously affected if changes in DoD priorities reduces the demand for our services on contracts supporting some operations and maintenance activities or if we experience an increase in set-asides for small businesses, which could result in our inability to compete directly for contracts.

U.S. Federal government contracts contain numerous provisions that are unfavorable to us.

U.S. Federal government contracts contain provisions and are subject to laws and regulations that give the government rights and remedies, some of which are not typically found in commercial contracts, including allowing the government to:

● cancel multi-year contracts and related orders if funds for contract performance for any subsequent year become unavailable;

● claim rights in systems and software developed by us;

● suspend or debar us from doing business with the federal government or with a governmental agency;

● impose fines and penalties and subject us to criminal prosecution; and

● control or prohibit the export of our data and technology.

If the government terminates a contract for convenience, we may recover only our incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, we may be unable to recover even those amounts, and instead may be liable for excess costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items and services from another source. Depending on the value of a contract, such termination could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

As is common with government contractors, we have experienced and continue to experience occasional performance issues under certain of our contracts. Depending upon the value of the matters affected, a performance problem that impacts our performance of a program or contract could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

Intellectual Property and Systems Risks

We may be unsuccessful in protecting our intellectual property rights which could result in the loss of a competitive advantage.

Our ability to compete effectively against other companies in our industry depends, in part, on our ability to protect our current and future proprietary technology under patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and unfair competition laws. We cannot assure that our means of protecting our proprietary rights in the United States or abroad will be adequate, or that others will not develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in attempting to protect our proprietary rights.

Also, despite the steps taken by us to protect our proprietary rights, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or reverse-engineer aspects of our products develop similar technology independently or otherwise obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary and we may be unable to successfully identify or prosecute unauthorized uses of our technology. Furthermore, with respect to our issued patents and patent applications, we cannot assure that patents from any pending patent applications (or from any future patent applications) will be issued, that the scope of any patent protection will include competitors or provide competitive advantages to us, that any of our patents will be held valid if subsequently challenged or that others will not claim rights in or ownership of the patents (and patent applications) and other proprietary rights held by us.

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valid if subsequently challenged or that others will not claim rights in or ownership of the patents (and patent applications) and other proprietary rights held by us.

If we become subject to intellectual property infringement claims, we could incur significant expenses and could be prevented from selling specific products.

We may become subject to claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others in the future. We cannot assure that, if made, these claims will not be successful. Any claim of infringement could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim even if the claim is invalid and could distract management from other ~~business. Any judgment against us could require substantial payment in damages and could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering certain products.~~

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business. Any judgment against us could require substantial payment in damages and could also include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from offering certain products.

We need to continue to expend resources on research and development ("R&D") efforts in our HPP segment, to meet the needs of our customers. If we are unable to do so, our products could become less attractive to customers and our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our industry requires a continued investment in R&D. As a result of our need to maintain or increase our spending levels for R&D in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with R&D, our operating results could be materially harmed if our revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of CSPi’s commitment to invest in R&D, spending as a percent of revenues may fluctuate in the future. Further, if we fail to invest sufficiently in R&D or our R&D does not produce competitive results, our products may become less attractive to our customers or potential customers, which could materially harm our business and results of operations.

Our need for continued or increased investment in research and development may increase expenses and reduce our profitability.

Our industry is characterized by the need for continued investment in research and development. If we fail to invest sufficiently in research and development, our products could become less attractive to potential customers and our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. As a result of the need to maintain or increase spending levels in this area and the difficulty in reducing costs associated with research and development, our operating results could be materially harmed if our research and development efforts fail to result in new products or if revenues fall below expectations. In addition, as a result of our commitment to invest in research and development, spending levels of research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues may fluctuate in the future.

Our results of operations are subject to fluctuation from period to period and may not be an accurate indication of future performance.

We have experienced fluctuations in operating results in large part due to the sale of products and services in relatively large dollar amounts to a relatively small number of customers. Customers specify delivery date requirements that coincide with their need for our products and services. Because these customers may use our products and services in connection with ~~a variety of defense programs or~~ other projects with different sizes and durations, a customer’s orders for one quarter generally do not indicate a trend for future orders by that customer. As such, we have not been able in the past to consistently predict when our customers will place orders and request shipments so that we cannot always accurately plan our manufacturing, inventory, and working capital requirements. As a result, if orders and shipments differ from what we predict, we may incur additional expenses and build excess inventory, which may require additional reserves and allowances and reduce our working capital and operational flexibility. Any significant change in our customers’ purchasing patterns could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and reported earnings per share for a particular quarter. Thus, results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of the results to be expected for any future period.

Our quarterly results may be subject to fluctuations resulting from a number of other factors, including:

●

delays in completion of internal product development projects;

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delays in shipping hardware and software;

●

delays in acceptance testing by customers;

●

a change in the mix of products sold to our served markets;

●

changes in customer order patterns;

●

production delays due to quality problems with outsourced components;

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●

inability to scale quick reaction capability products due to low product volume;

●

shortages and costs of components;

●

the timing of product line transitions;

●

declines in quarterly revenues from previous generations of products following announcement of replacement products containing more advanced technology;

●

inability to realize the expected benefits from acquisitions and restructurings, or delays in realizing such benefits;

●

potential asset impairment, including goodwill and intangibles, write-off of deferred tax assets or restructuring charges; and

●

changes in estimates of completion on fixed price service engagements.

In addition, from time to time, we have entered into contracts, referred to as development contracts, to engineer a specific solution based on modifications to standard products. Gross margins from development contract revenues are typically lower than gross margins from standard product revenues. We intend to continue to enter into development contracts and anticipate that the gross margins associated with development contract revenues will continue to be lower than gross margins from standard product sales.

Another factor contributing to fluctuations in our quarterly results is the fixed nature of expenditures on personnel, facilities and marketing programs. Expense levels for these programs are based, in significant part, on expectations of future revenues. If actual quarterly revenues are below management’s expectations, our results of operations will likely be adversely affected. Further, the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and changes in estimates in subsequent periods could cause our results of operations to fluctuate.

If we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, we may not be able to recover successfully, which could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, or legal liability.

If we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as a hurricane, earthquake, terrorist attack, pandemic or other natural or ~~man~~human-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities, and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. As we grow our operations, the potential for particular types of natural or ~~man~~human-made disasters, political, economic or infrastructure instabilities, or other country- or region-specific business continuity risks increases.

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If we suffer any data breaches involving the designs, schematics, or source code for our products or other sensitive information, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.

We securely store our designs, schematics, and source code for our products as they are created. A breach, whether physical, electronic or otherwise, of the systems on which this sensitive data is stored could lead to damage or piracy of our products. If we are subject to data security breaches from external sources or from an insider threat, we may have a loss in sales or increased costs arising from the restoration or implementation of additional security measures, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Other potential costs could include loss of brand value, incident response costs, loss of stock market value, regulatory inquiries, litigation, and management distraction. In addition, a security breach that involved classified information could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, loss of a government contract, loss of access to classified information, or debarment as a government contractor. Similarly, a breach that involved loss of customer-provided data could subject us to loss of a customer, loss of a contract, litigation costs and legal damages, and reputational harm.

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loss of a government contract, loss of access to classified information, or debarment as a government contractor. Similarly, a breach that involved loss of customer-provided data could subject us to loss of a customer, loss of a contract, litigation costs and legal damages, and reputational harm.

Systems failures may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Any systems failures, including network, software or hardware failures, whether caused by us, a third -party service provider, unauthorized intruders and hackers, computer viruses, natural disasters, power shortages or terrorist attacks, could cause loss of data or interruptions or delays in our business or that of our clients and reputational harm as a security provider. Like other companies, we have experienced cyber security threats to our data and systems, our company sensitive information, and our information technology infrastructure, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, systems failures and temporary disruptions. We may experience similar security threats at customer sites that we operate and manage as a contractual requirement. Prior cyber attacks directed at us have not had a material adverse impact on our business or our financial results, and we believe that our continuing commitment toward threat detection and mitigation processes and procedures will help us minimize or avoid such impact in the future. Due to the evolving nature of these security threats, however, the impact of any future incident cannot be predicted.

In addition, the failure or disruption of our email, communications or utilities could cause us to interrupt or suspend our operations or otherwise harm our business. Our property and business interruption insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur as a result of any system or operational failure or disruption and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

The systems and networks that we maintain for our clients, although highly redundant in their design, could also fail. If a system or network we maintain were to fail or experience service interruptions, we might experience loss of revenue or face claims for damages or contract termination. Our errors and omissions liability insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all the damages that we might incur and, as a result, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Furthermore, governments in the United States, United Kingdom and European Union have each imposed export controls on certain products and financial and economic sanctions on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia. Although we do not have significant customers or suppliers in Russia or Ukraine, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected. Further escalation of Russian-Ukraine military conflict and geopolitical tensions related to such military conflict, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyber attacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described in these "Risk Factors.”

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the ~~ongoing~~ conflict between Israel and Hamas.

14The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Israel and Hamas. Although we do not have significant customers or suppliers in the Middle East region, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected. Violation of the peace process may lead to to renewed military conflict and/or escalation of the Israel and Hamas conflict and geopolitical tensions related to such military conflict and/or escalation, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyber attacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described in these "Risk Factors.”

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~~The~~Significant ~~global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Israel and Hamas. There could be an expansion of the countries involved~~political, which could lead to significant detrimental effects to the global economy. Although we do not have significant customers or suppliers in the Middle East region, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected. Further escalation of the Israel and Hamas conflict and geopolitical tensions related to such military conflict, including increased trade ~~barriers or restrictions on global trade~~, ~~could~~regulatory ~~result in~~developments, ~~among~~and other ~~things,~~circumstances ~~cyber~~beyond ~~attacks,~~our ~~supply disruptions~~control, ~~lower~~could ~~consumer~~have ~~demand,~~a ~~and~~material ~~changes~~adverse toeffect ~~foreign~~on ~~exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect~~ our ~~business,~~ financial condition ~~and~~or results of operations. ~~The effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described in these "Risk Factors.”~~

~~Legal~~Significant political, trade, or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions in which we sell or purchase our products, including country of origin of such products, are difficult to predict and ~~Regulatory~~may ~~Risks~~create periods of volatility in such markets which may have a material adverse effect on us. Recent changes in U.S. federal policy that affect the geopolitical landscape could give rise to circumstances outside our control that could have negative impacts on our business operations. Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, new U.S. Tariffs were announced, including additional tariffs on imports from China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and the EU, among others. In response, several countries have imposed, or threatened to impose, reciprocal tariffs on imports from the U.S. and other retaliatory measures. Various modifications and delays to the U.S. Tariffs have been announced and further changes are expected to be made in the future, which may include additional sector-based tariffs or other measures. For example, the U.S. Department of Commerce has initiated an investigation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, into, among other things, imports of semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and their derivative products, including downstream products that contain semiconductors. These tariffs do not currently include software, services, intangibles, and other digital services; however, we cannot predict future trade policy or tariffs, including the impact or timing thereof, or whether such services will be subject to any form of tariffs or other restrictions in the future. The ultimate impact remains uncertain and will depend on several factors, including whether additional or incremental U.S. Tariffs or other measures are announced or imposed, to what extent other countries implement tariffs or other retaliatory measures in response, and the overall magnitude and duration of these measures. If disputes and conflicts further escalate, actions by governments in response could be significantly more severe and restrictive. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Changes in regulations could materially adversely affect us.

Our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected if laws, regulations, or standards relating to us or our products are newly implemented or changed. In addition, our compliance with existing regulations may have a material adverse impact on us. Under applicable federal securities laws, we are required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control structure and procedures. If we have a material weakness in our internal controls, our results of operations or financial condition may be materially adversely affected, or our stock price may decline.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Failure to remediate and then maintain our internal control over our financial reporting could cause our financial reports to be inaccurate.

We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to assess and report on the effectiveness of those controls. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ~~ineffective~~effective as of September 30, ~~2024, and identified certain material weaknesses in our internal controls~~2025. While management is working to remediate the material weaknesses, there is no assurance that such changes will remediate the identified material weaknesses or that the controls will prevent or detect future material weaknesses. If we are not able to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our financial statements, including related disclosures, may be inaccurate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Failure to maintain our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the financial reporting and internal controls requirements for publicly traded companies.

As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial ~~reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud.~~

Because we are a smaller reporting company and a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. However, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in this report and future annual reports on Form 10-K, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This requires that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts.14

As of September 30, 2024, we discovered material weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because

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ofreporting ~~the~~and ~~inherent~~disclosure ~~limitations~~controls inand ~~all~~procedures. ~~control~~Effective ~~systems,~~internal ~~no evaluation of~~ controls ~~can~~are ~~provide~~necessary ~~absolute~~for ~~assurance~~us ~~that misstatements due~~ to ~~error~~produce orreliable ~~fraud~~financial ~~will~~reports ~~not~~and ~~occur~~are orimportant ~~that~~to ~~all~~help ~~control~~prevent ~~issues~~financial ~~and instances of~~ fraud ~~will be detected~~.

Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we are unable to remediate or maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed, and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Our stock price may continue to be volatile.

Historically, the market for technology stocks has been extremely volatile. Our common stock has experienced and may continue to experience substantial price volatility. The following factors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly:

●

loss of a major customer;

●

loss of a major supplier;

●

inflationary pressures;

●

the addition or departure of key personnel;

●

variations in our quarterly operating results;

●

announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products or product enhancements;

●

acquisitions, distribution partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

●

regulatory changes;

●

sales of our common stock or other securities in the future;

●

changes in market valuations of technology companies; and

●

fluctuations in stock market prices and volumes.

In addition, the stock market in general and the NASDAQ Global Market and technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market and industry factors may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such companies. If any shareholder were to issue a lawsuit, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of management could be diverted.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

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of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against such companies. If any shareholder were to issue a lawsuit, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of management could be diverted.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management strategy to evaluate, detect, and mitigate significant risks posed by cybersecurity threats. The Information Security Risk component of our overall Risk Management Policy outlines our approach to manage processes, people and technology to address and meet the ever-changing challenges in the global IT security landscape. Our program aims to safeguard our systems, data, and operations against cyber threats, maintain business continuity, ensure compliance with relevant privacy and other regulations, and fulfill our commitments to members, customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders.

Our cybersecurity program is designed to align with and meet the rigorous standards set by industry frameworks such as NIST, SOC 2 Type 2, and other relevant guidelines. By adhering to these frameworks, we ensure that our security measures are robust, comprehensive, and effective in protecting our systems, data, and operations. This commitment not only helps us maintain compliance with regulatory requirements but also demonstrates our dedication to providing a secure environment for our members, customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders.

Risk Assessment; Third Party Assessments and Audits

An information security Risk Assessment (RA) is conducted annually or following any significant changes to the operating or sensitive data environments to identify vulnerabilities and implement appropriate controls and risk mitigation strategies. These assessments can be conducted on any entity within CSPi or any external entity that has signed a Third-Party Agreement with CSPi, covering information systems, applications, servers, networks, and related processes. The IT Manager, along with the responsible department, oversees the execution, development, and implementation of remediation programs. The RA process involves assembling a team, defining the scope, identifying business and IT owners, conducting interviews, reviewing controls and incidents, developing a threat/risk matrix, and preparing an executive summary with recommendations. The ~~Executive~~executive ~~Team~~team reviews and approves the recommendations, and a project is initiated to implement the necessary controls and procedures, which are tested quarterly.

Incident Response Planning

Our incident response policies and procedures are aligned with applicable laws and state policies. They encompass the identification of roles and responsibilities, investigation, containment and escalation procedures, documentation and preservation of evidence, communication protocols, and lessons learned.

We have established robust incident reporting policies and procedures. These include training employees and contractors to recognize and report incidents promptly upon discovery, as well as preparing and submitting follow-up written reports.

To date, no cybersecurity incident has resulted in any material impact on our business, operations or financial results or our ability to service our customers or run our business.

Governance

A formal process exists through our enterprise risk management matrix developed by the management team of the Company that tracks the Company’s material risks, associated mitigation and remediation strategies and direct accountability which is submitted quarterly to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors for review and oversight.

The management team consists our Vice President and General Manager of the High Performance Products segment, which has developed cybersecuritiy software at the Company that multiple Fortune 500 companies are currently using. In addition, he has been the Chief Technical Officer and served in various roles at several cybersecuritiy companies over his 40 year career. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business and Engineering as well as a Masters of Science in 16

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The management team includes our Vice President and General Manager of the HPP segment, who has developed cybersecurity software at the Company. In addition, he has been the Chief Technical Officer and served in various roles at several cybersecurity companies over his 40 year career. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business and Engineering as well as a Masters of Science in Finance. Also on the team is the Vice President of Managed ~~services~~Services at the ~~Technology~~TS ~~Solutions~~ segment, who has over twenty years of technology experience including the monitoring and management of other ~~oganization~~organization’s security systems.

Item 2. Properties

Listed below are our principal facilities as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025. Management considers all facilities listed below to be suitable for the purpose(s) for which they are used, including manufacturing, research and development, sales, marketing, service and administration.


		Owned
		or	Approximate
Location	Principal Use	Leased	Floor Area
HPP Segment Properties:
CSP Inc.	Corporate Headquarters	Leased	8,257 S.F.
175 Cabot Street, Suite 210	~~Manufacturing,~~ Sales, Marketing and
Lowell, MA 01854	~~Marketing and~~Administration
	Administration
TS Segment Properties:
Modcomp, Inc.	Division Headquarters	Leased	11,815 S.F.
1182 East Newport Center Drive	Sales, Marketing and
Deerfield Beach, FL 33442	Administration

Modcomp, Ltd.	Sales, Marketing and	Leased	484 S.F.
TS Segment Properties:
Indigo House, Mulberry Business Park	Administration
Modcomp, Inc.	Division Headquarters	Leased	9,900 S.F.
Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 2GY
951 Broken Sound Parkway, Suite 250	Sales, Marketing and
United Kingdom
Boca Raton, Florida 33487	Administration

CSPI Ltd	Sales, Marketing and	Leased	484 S.F.
Innovation House, Molly Millars Close	Administration
Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 2RX
United Kingdom

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Purchases of equity securities. On February 8, 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to 500 thousand additional shares of the Company's outstanding common stock ~~(retroactively adjusted for the effects of a stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend, see Note 1 in this Form 10-K)~~ at market price. The plan does not expire. The stock repurchase program may be suspended, terminated, or modified at any time for any reason.

Common stock of CSP Inc. may be repurchased on the open market at the discretion of management. Open market repurchases will be made in compliance with the Securities and ~~Exchanges~~Exchange Commission’s Rule 10b-18 in addition to ~~complying with applicable legal and other considerations. Below are the purchases that have been made for the three months ended September 30, 2024.~~

1817

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Period	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans	Maximum number that may yet be purchased under the repurchase plan
August 1-31, 2024	100	$	13.96	100	337,354
September 1-30, 2024	2,700	$	12.04	2,700	334,654

complying with applicable legal and other considerations. Below are the purchases that have been made for the three months ended September 30, 2025.


Period	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans	Maximum number that may yet be purchased under the repurchase plan
July 1-31, 2025	—		—	—	291,854
August 1-30, 2025	11,402	$	12.32	11,402	280,452
September 1-30, 2025	8,098		11.50	8,098	272,354
Total	19,500	$	11.98	19,500

Market information. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol CSPI. The following table provides the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market for the periods indicated. ~~Amounts below are retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend February 21, 2024.~~


	~~2024~~2025				~~2023~~2024
Fiscal Year:	High		Low		High		Low
1st Quarter	$	1320.8545	$	812.0020	$	413.7385	$	38.5100
2nd Quarter	$	2720.9582	$	915.1025	$	627.8095	$	49.7110
3rd Quarter	$	1917.5714	$	1210.2068	$	719.4057	$	512.2520
4th Quarter	$	1713.8241	$	1110.2514	$	1117.8082	$	511.0825

Stockholders. We had approximately 64137 holders of record of our common stock as of December 208, ~~2024~~2025. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in a “nominee” or “street” name. We believe the number of beneficial owners of our shares of common stock (including shares held in street name) at that date was approximately 2,~~639~~558.

Dividends. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company paid cash dividends as follows:


				Amount Paid
Fiscal Year	Date Declared	Record Date	Date Paid	Per Share
2024	12/12/2023	12/22/2023	1/9/2024	$	0.020
2024	2/14/2024	2/26/2024	3/8/2024	$	0.025
2024	5/8/2024	5/24/2024	6/12/2024	$	0.030
2024	8/13/2024	8/23/2024	9/10/2024	$	0.030
2025	12/20/2024	12/27/2024	1/15/2025	$	0.030
2025	2/10/2025	2/24/2025	3/10/2025	$	0.030
2025	5/14/2025	5/28/2025	6/11/2025	$	0.030
2025	8/14/2025	8/29/2025	9/15/2025	$	0.030

Dividends. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 the Company paid cash dividends as follows:


				Amount Paid
Fiscal Year	Date Declared	Record Date	Date Paid	Per Share
2023(1)	12/6/2022	12/21/2022	1/6/2023	$	0.015
2023(1)	2/8/2023	2/24/2023	3/14/2023	$	0.015
2023(1)	5/10/2023	5/25/2023	6/13/2023	$	0.020
2023(1)	8/9/2023	8/23/2023	9/12/2023	$	0.020
2024(1)	12/12/2023	12/22/2023	1/9/2024	$	0.020
2024(1)	2/14/2024	2/26/2024	3/8/2024	$	0.025
2024	5/8/2024	5/24/2024	6/12/2024	$	0.030
2024	8/13/2024	8/23/2024	9/10/2024	$	0.030

(1) Retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend (see Note 1)

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and other portions of this filing contain forward-looking ~~information~~statements that ~~involves~~involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking ~~information~~statements. You should review the “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this annual report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements ~~contained in the following discussion and analysis. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing.~~

~~Recent trends affecting our financial performance~~ 18

As of September 30, 2024, the Russian/Ukrainian military conflict and the Israeli-Hamas conflict have not had a direct significant impact on revenue as we do not have any significant recurring customers in either region. However, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected and further escalation of both conflicts and geopolitical tensions related to such conflicts could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, by among other things, cyberattacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets. It is not possible at this time to predict the size of the impact or consequences of the conflicts on the Company and our customers or suppliers.

Overview of Fiscal 2024 Results of Operations

Revenue decreased by approximately $9.4 million, or 15%, to $55.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 compared to $64.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Gross profit margin percentage remained consistent at 34% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

We generated an operating loss of $(1.9) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 as compared to operating income of $1.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Other income, net was $1.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 as compared to $2.9 million for the prior year.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $(93) thousand, which reflected an effective tax rate of 22.2%, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 compared to an income tax benefit of $(469) thousand, which reflected an effective tax rate of (9.9)% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

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contained in the following discussion and analysis. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing.

Recent trends affecting our financial performance

As of September 30, 2025, the Russian/Ukrainian military conflict and the Israeli-Hamas conflict have not had a direct or significant impact on revenue as we do not have any significant recurring customers in either region. However, we do have customers and suppliers in surrounding regions which may be affected and further escalation of both conflicts and geopolitical tensions related to such conflicts could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, by among other things, cyberattacks, supply disruptions, lower consumer demand, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets. It is not possible at this time to predict the size of the impact or consequences of the conflicts on the Company and our customers or suppliers.

Overview of Fiscal Year 2025

Results of Operations

Revenue increased by approximately $3.5 million, or 6%, to $58.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to $55.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Gross profit margin percentage decreased to 32% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to 34% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. We generated an operating loss of $(3.1) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 as compared to an operating loss of $(1.9) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Other income, net was consistent at approximately $1.5 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $(1.6) million, which reflected an effective tax rate of 94.5%, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to an income tax benefit of $(0.1) million, which reflected an effective tax rate of 22.2% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

The following table details our results of operations in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the fiscal years ended:


			%				%
	September 30, ~~2024~~2025		of sales		September 30, ~~2023~~2024		of sales
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Sales	$	5558,~~219~~730	100	%	$	6455,~~647~~219	100	%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of sales		3640,~~364~~219	6668	%		4236,~~727~~364	66	%
Engineering and development		2,956	5	%		3,140	5	%
Research and development		3,250	6	%		2,956	5	%
Selling, general and administrative		1718,~~771~~370	3231	%		1617,~~910~~771	2632	%
Total costs and expenses		5761,~~091~~839	~~103~~105	%		6257,~~777~~091	97103	%
Operating (loss) income		(1,872)	(3)	%		1,870	3	%
Operating loss		(3,109)	(5)	%		(1,872)	(3)	%
Other income, net		1,~~453~~448	32	%		21,~~865~~453	42	%
(Loss) income before income taxes		(419)	(1)	%		4,735	7	%
Loss before income taxes		(1,661)	(3)	%		(419)	(1)	%
Income tax benefit		(931,570)	—(3)	%		(~~469~~93)	~~(1)~~—	%
Net (loss) income	$	(326)	(1)	%	$	5,204	8	%
Net loss	$	(91)	—	%	$	(326)	(1)	%

Revenues

Revenue ~~decreased~~increased by approximately $93.45 million, or approximately 156%, to $5558.27 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 compared to $6455.62 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2023~~2024.

TS segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	September 30,				Increase (decrease)
	2024		2023		$		%
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Products	$	34,194	$	41,674	$	(7,480)	(18)	%
Services		16,871		16,100		771	5	%
Total	$	51,065	$	57,774	$	(6,709)	(12)	%

Our TS segment revenue decreased by approximately $6.7 million consisting of a decrease of $6.6 million in our U.S. division combined with a decrease of $0.1 million in our U.K. division. The decrease in TS segment product revenue of $7.5 million during the period was the result of a $7.4 million decrease in the U.S. division combined with a decrease of $0.1 million in the U.K. division. Interest rates were relatively high compared to prior years in fiscal year 2024 along with inflation which caused economic uncertainty and some reduced customer spending on products. The decrease in our U.S. division product revenue year over year was primarily associated with several existing major customers, partially offset by an increase with several new major customers and existing customers. The decrease in the U.K. division year over year was primarily associated with two major customers. The increase in TS segment service revenue of $0.8 million as compared to the prior year was in the U.S. division. In fiscal year 2024 as compared to the prior year, the U.S. division had an increase of $1.1 million in third party maintenance revenue, an increase of $0.4 million in managed services, partially offset by a decrease of $0.7 million in internal services.19

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TS segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:


		September 30,						Increase
		2025			2024			$			%

		(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Products		$	37,262		$	34,194		$	3,068		9	%
Services			19,546			16,871			2,675		16	%
Total		$	56,808		$	51,065		$	5,743		11	%

Our TS segment revenue increased by approximately $5.7 million consisting of an increase of $5.5 million in our U.S. division combined with an increase of $0.2 million in our U.K. division.

The increase in TS segment products revenue of $3.0 million during the period was the result of a $2.8 million increase in the U.S. division combined with an increase of $0.2 million in the U.K. division. The increase in our U.S. division product revenue year over year was primarily associated with several existing major customers as well as one new customer. The increase in the U.K. division year over year was primarily associated with two major existing customers.

The increase in TS segment services revenue of $2.7 million as compared to the prior year was in the U.S. division due to an increase of $1.3 million in third-party maintenance revenue, an increase of $1.1 million in internal and third party services, and an increase of $0.3 million in managed services.

HPP segment revenue changes by products and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:


		September 30,			Decrease
	2025		2024		$			%

	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Products	$	487	$	2,599	$	(2,112)		(81)	%
Services		1,435		1,555		(120)		(8)	%
Total	$	1,922	$	4,154	$	(2,232)		(54)	%

21Our HPP segment revenue decreased by approximately $2.2 million or 54%.

The decrease in HPP products revenue of $2.1 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 was primarily the result of decreased ARIA AZT revenue of $1.7 million combined with decreased Myricom revenue of $0.4 million. The ARIA revenue decrease was due to one large nonrecurring ARIA AZT software license sale of $2.0 million in the prior year, partially offset by increased total ARIA AZT software license sales of $0.3 million. The decreased Myricom revenue was primarily due to one large nonrecurring transaction in the prior year.

The decrease in HPP services revenue of approximately $0.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period for the prior year was primarily the result of a $0.3 million decrease in repairs revenue and a $0.2 million decrease in royalty revenues on high-speed processing boards related to the E2D program, partially offset by an increase in Multicomputer revenue of $0.2 million and increased ARIA revenue of $0.2 million. ARIA AZT service revenue is from post contract support of the ARIA AZT software license and ARIA ADR revenue is all recorded to service revenue. The non-recurring AZT software license transaction discussed above was originally sold with annual post contract support, which was renewed in fiscal year 2025 for another year of service.

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HPP segment revenue changes by product and services for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


		September 30,			Increase (decrease)
	2024		2023		$		%
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Products	$	2,599	$	5,475	$	(2,876)	(53)	%
Services		1,555		1,398		157	11	%
Total	$	4,154	$	6,873	$	(2,719)	(40)	%

Our HPP segment revenue decreased by approximately $2.7 million or 40%. The decrease in HPP product revenue of $2.9 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was primarily the result of two major non-recurring transactions of $1.8 million and $1.2 million in the prior year along with several other customers, partially offset by one major AZT sale in fiscal year 2024. The increase in HPP service revenue of approximately $0.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was primarily the result of a $0.5 million increase in ARIA revenue, partially offset with a decrease of $0.3 million in royalty revenues on high-speed processing boards related to the E2D program as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Our total revenues by geographic area based on the location to which the products were shipped or services rendered were as follows:


	September 30,								Increase (decrease)
	~~2024~~2025		%		~~2023~~2024		%		$		%
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Americas	$	5357,~~308~~111	9798	%	$	6253,~~763~~308	97	%	$	(93,~~455)~~803	~~(15)~~7	%
Europe		1,~~125~~362	2	%		1,~~429~~125	2	%		~~(304)~~237	(21)	%
Asia-Pacific		786	1	%		455	1	%		331	73	%
APAC and Africa		257	—	%		786	1	%		(529)	(67)	%
Totals	$	5558,~~219~~730	100	%	$	6455,~~647~~219	100	%	$	(93,~~428)~~511	~~(15)~~6	%

The $93.58 million ~~decrease~~increase in the Americas revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2023~~2024 was primarily due to ~~decreased~~increased revenue by our TS-US division of $75.08 million, ~~decreased~~combined with increased revenue byin our TS-UK division of $0.1 million, ~~and~~partially offset by decreased revenue byin our HPP segment of $2.41 million. Sales to Europe ~~decreased~~increased by $0.32 million primarily due to aan ~~decrease~~increase by our ~~HPP~~TS-US ~~segment~~division of $0.31 million. ~~Sales~~and ~~to Europe in the TS segment remained flat with~~ an increase ~~in the TS-US division~~ of $0.1 million, ~~offset with a decrease~~ in the TS-UK division. ofSales to APAC and Africa decreased $0.15 million. ~~Sales~~due to ~~Asia-Pacific~~a ~~increased~~decrease of $0.4 million ~~due~~by to the TS-US division and a decrease of $0.1 million in the HPP segment.

Gross Margins

Our gross margin ("GM") decreased ~~by $3.1 million~~ to $18.95 million for fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 as compared to GM of ~~approximately~~ $2118.9 million for fiscal year ~~2023~~2024. The total GM as a percentage of revenue ~~remained~~decreased ~~flat~~to at32% for fiscal year 2025 compared to 34% for fiscal year 2024 ~~and 2023~~.

The following table summarizes GM changes by segment for fiscal years ended September 30:


	September 30,
	~~2024~~2025				~~2023~~2024				Increase (decrease)
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
	GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%
TS	$	1617,~~153~~635	3231	%	$	1716,~~666~~153	3132	%	$	(1,~~513)~~482	(1)	%
HPP		~~2,702~~876	6546	%		42,~~254~~702	6265	%		(1,~~552~~826)	3(19)	%
Total	$	18,~~855~~511	3432	%	$	2118,~~920~~855	34	%	$	(~~3,065~~344)	—(2)	%

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The impact of product mix within our TS segment on gross margins for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as follows:


	September 30,
	~~2024~~2025				~~2023~~2024				Increase (decrease)
	GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Products	$	6,~~130~~062	1816	%	$	86,~~197~~130	2018	%	$	(~~2,067~~68)	(2)	%
Services		1011,~~023~~573	59	%		910,~~469~~023	59	%		~~554~~1,550	—	%
Total	$	1617,~~153~~635	3231	%	$	1716,~~666~~153	3132	%	$	(1,~~513)~~482	(1)	%

The overall TS segment GM as a percentage of revenue ~~increased~~decreased to 3231% in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 from 3132% in fiscal year ~~2023~~2024. The $20.1 million product GM decrease in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 as compared to the prior year resulted from a decrease in the U.S. division. Product GM as a percentage of revenue decreased 2% for fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 compared to the prior year due to ~~product~~higher ~~mix~~volume of sales to certain customers with lower margins. The $01.6 million increase in our TS segment service GM in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 as compared to the prior year resulted from an increase in GM in the U.S. division. Service GM as a percentage of revenue remained flat at 59% in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 due to ~~increased~~a ~~third~~proportional ~~party~~increase ~~maintenance revenue, which is recorded as net sales meaning all the gross margin is recorded~~ in the ~~services~~cost ~~revenue financial statement line item causing increased GM as a percentage~~ of ~~revenue,~~sales ~~offset~~compared byto ~~decreased GM from internal services which have associated fixed costs which decreased the GM as a percentage of~~ revenue.

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The impact of product mix on gross margins within our HPP segment for the fiscal years ended September 30 was as follows:


	September 30,
	~~2024~~2025				~~2023~~2024				~~Increase (decrease)~~Decrease
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
	GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%		GM$		GM%
Products	$	~~1,863~~224	7246	%	$	31,~~428~~863	6372	%	$	(1,~~565~~639)	9(26)	%
Services		~~839~~652	5445	%		~~826~~839	5954	%		13(187)	(59)	%
Total	$	~~2,702~~876	6546	%	$	42,~~254~~702	6265	%	$	(1,~~552~~826)	3(19)	%

The overall HPP segment GM as a percentage of revenue ~~increased~~decreased to 6546% in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 from 6265% in fiscal year ~~2023~~2024. The GM as a percentage of sales from products ~~increased~~decreased 926% primarily due to ~~the~~a nonrecurring prior year large ARIA AZT software license sale which was nearly all GM. The GM as a percentage of sales from services decreased 59% primarily due to decreased Multicomputer royalty revenues, which is nearly all GM and recorded as service revenue.

~~Engineering~~Research and Development Expenses

Our ~~engineering~~research and development expenses are only in our HPP segment. These expenses ~~decreased~~increased $0.13 million tofrom $3.0 million ~~for~~in fiscal year 2024 ~~from~~to $3.13 million ~~for~~in fiscal year ~~2023~~2025. This was primarily due to ~~decreased~~increased ~~labor~~consulting ~~expenses~~ of $0.21 million, inincreased ~~fiscal~~stock ~~year~~compensation ~~2024~~of ~~when~~$0.1 ~~compared to fiscal year 2023~~million, ~~partially~~and ~~offset by~~ increased ~~stock~~salaries ~~compensation~~ of $0.1 million. Fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 expenses were primarily for product engineering expenses incurred in connection with the further development of the ARIA Zero Trust (AZT), ARIA SDS, and ARIA ~~SDS~~ADR cyber security products.

Selling, General and Administrative

The following table details our selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses by operating segment for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Year ended September 30,									$	%
			% of				% of			Increase	Increase
	2025		Total		2024		Total			(decrease)

	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
By Operating Segment:
TS segment	$	13,786	75	%	$	13,179	74	%	$	607	5	%
HPP segment		4,584	25	%		4,592	26	%		(8)	—	%
Total	$	18,370	100	%	$	17,771	100	%	$	599	3	%

The TS segment SG&A expenses increased approximately $0.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily in the TS-US division due to an increase of $0.4 million in variable compensation, an increase of $0.1 million in salaries, and an increase of $0.1 million in recruiting fees. The HPP segment SG&A expense remained flat at $4.6 million for fiscal year 2025 and 2024 without any significant changes in types of expenses.

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Selling, General and Administrative

The following table details our selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses by operating segment for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Year ended September 30,
			% of				% of			$	%
	2024		Total		2023		Total			Increase	Increase
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
By Operating Segment:
TS segment	$	13,179	74	%	$	13,089	77	%	$	90	1	%
HPP segment		4,592	26	%		3,821	23	%		771	20	%
Total	$	17,771	100	%	$	16,910	100	%	$	861	5	%

The TS segment SG&A expenses increased approximately $0.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 when compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily due to an increase in audit and tax fees of $0.3 million, an increase in stock compensation expense of $0.2 million, an increase in actuarial fees of $0.2 million in connection to preparing to sell the pension in the TS-UK division, partially offset with decreased variable compensation of $0.3 million and decreased bonus of $0.3 million.

The HPP segment SG&A expense increase of $0.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 when compared to the prior year was primarily attributed to increased consulting of $0.4 million, increased professional services of $0.2 million, increased selling including travel and events of $0.2 million, increased stock compensation of $0.1 million, increased recruiting of $0.1 million, partially offset by decreased bonuses of $0.2 million.

Other Income/Expenses

The following table details our other income (expense) for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Twelve months

	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023		$ Change
	(Amounts in thousands)
Foreign exchange loss	$	(438)	$	(581)	$	143
Interest expense		(235)		(262)		27
Interest income		2,047		1,460		587
Employee Retention Tax Credit, net of costs to collect		—		2,136		(2,136)
Other income, net		79		112		(33)
Total other income, net	$	1,453	$	2,865	$	(1,412)

For the year ended September 30, 2024 the foreign exchange loss decreased $0.1 million primarily due to the U.S. dollar weakening less against the British pound in fiscal year 2024 compared to the prior year. The U.K. division has bank accounts with U.S. dollars and Euros. In consolidation, U.S. dollars and Euros are remeasured into the functional currency, British Pounds, of our U.K. subsidiary. This non-cash remeasurement is included in foreign exchange gain or loss on the income statement and the foreign exchange gain or loss is primarily from a U.S. Dollar and Euro bank account. The U.S. Dollar bank account consists of approximately 87% of the currency held in the U.K. subsidiary after remeasurement into U.S. dollars.22

Interest expense decreased $27 thousand for the year ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year period primarily due to less interest expense related to multi-year agreements with vendors in the TS U.S. division. Payments on these agreements contain both principal and interest expense. As principal payments are made the interest expense decreases. See Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities in Item 1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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~~Interest~~Other income increased $0.6 million for the year ended September 30, 2024 when compared to the prior year. Interest income from cash and cash equivalents in fiscal year 2024 increased $0.7 million from prior year due to a significantly higher average balance during fiscal year 2024 earning interest income, partially offset by decreased interest income from multi-year agreements of $0.1 million. These agreements have payment terms in excess of one year (see Note 3 Financing Receivables, net in Item 1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details) and are only in the TS-US segment. Income/Expenses

The ~~Employee~~following ~~Retention~~table ~~Tax~~details ~~Credit,~~our ~~net~~other ofincome ~~costs to collect of $2.1 million was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act provided an Employee Retention Credit~~ (~~“ERC”~~expense) ~~which~~for ~~is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 extended and expanded~~ the years ~~availability~~ended ~~of the employee retention credit through December 31~~September 30, ~~2021~~2025 ~~including amending the employee retention credit to be equal to 70% of qualified wages paid to employees during the 2021 calendar year. Both the TS-US division~~ and ~~HPP segment qualified for the ERC beginning in March 2021 for qualified wages through September 2021. There are no other amounts that will be received related to this credit.~~2024:


	Year ended

	September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024		$ Change

	(Amounts in thousands)
Foreign exchange gain (loss)	$	33	$	(438)	$	471
Interest expense		(357)		(235)		(122)
Interest income		1,854		2,047		(193)
Other (expense) income, net		(82)		79		(161)
Total other income, net	$	1,448	$	1,453	$	(5)

For the year ended September 30, 2025, there was an increase in foreign exchange gain of $0.5 million primarily due to the TS U.K. division carrying a higher U.S. dollar bank account balance earlier in fiscal year 2025 when the dollar was on average stronger than the British pound, which caused a foreign exchange gain. In the prior fiscal year the U.S. dollar significantly weakened against the British pound causing an exchange loss. Additionally, the euro strengthened relative to the British pound in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 in which the euro weakened relative to the British pound. The U.K. division has bank accounts with U.S. dollars and euros. There are also transactions in both of these currencies in the TS U.K. division. In consolidation, U.S. dollars and euros are remeasured into the functional currency, British pounds, of our U.K. subsidiary. This non-cash remeasurement is included in foreign exchange gain or loss on the income statement and the foreign exchange gain or loss is primarily from the U.S. dollar and euro bank accounts.

Interest expense increased $0.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year period primarily due to increased interest expense related to multi-year agreements with vendors in the TS U.S. division. Payments on these agreements contain both principal and interest expense. As principal payments are made the interest expense decreases. See Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities in Item 15 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest income decreased $0.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the prior year. This is due to lower interest income of $0.1 million from Cash and cash equivalents in fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior year due to a lower average balance and lower average interest rate during fiscal year. Additionally, there was $0.1 million decreased interest income from multi-year agreements. The prime rate has decreased since the end of fiscal year 2023 resulting in customers getting better lower interest rates meaning less interest income. These agreements have payment terms in excess of one year (see Note 3 Financing Receivables, net in Item 15 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details) and are only in the TS-US division.

Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $(931.6) ~~thousand~~million, which ~~reflected~~resulted in an effective tax rate of 2294.25%, for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. The ~~provision~~benefit iswas primarily driven by the ~~benefit~~U.S. ~~recognized~~pre-tax asloss, ~~a result of~~ windfalls for restricted stock awards that vested during the period, ~~offset~~and by the change in valuation allowance. The benefit recorded during the fiscal year was $189 thousand for the windfall on restricted stock awards vesting during the period and an expense of $180 thousand for the change in valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.

For the year ended September 30, ~~2023~~2024, the income tax benefit was approximately $(~~469~~93) thousand, which ~~reflected~~resulted in an effective tax rate of a (922.9)2% ~~benefit~~. The ~~provision~~benefit was primarily driven by ~~the~~windfalls ~~benefit~~for ~~recognized~~restricted asstock aawards ~~result~~that ofvested ~~the release of the valuation allowance against the majority of the Company's deferred tax assets. The benefit recorded~~ during the ~~fiscal~~period, ~~year~~partially ~~was~~offset ~~$1.8~~by ~~million for valuation allowances released on deferred tax assets related to prior years. The Company also claimed and received~~ the ~~Employee~~change ~~Retention Credit, which resulted~~ in avaluation ~~net benefit of approximately $134 thousand, after amending prior year returns~~allowance.

The Company undertakes a review of its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing the positive and negative evidence to help determine whether it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not that substantially all of its net deferred tax assets in the U.S., ~~jurisdiction~~except ~~will~~for becertain ~~utilized~~state ~~and~~tax ~~that~~credits, ~~associated~~will ~~valuation~~be ~~allowances~~realized ~~should~~for bethe ~~reversed~~fiscal ~~during~~years ~~year~~ ended September 30, 2024 and 2025. The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal and state credits and determined $~~796~~495 thousand (net of federal benefit) of state credits are expected to expire unutilized and ~~kept~~maintained a valuation allowance against these credits. The Company will continue to maintain a valuation allowance against certain state tax credits in the U.S. and a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets in the U.K. jurisdiction.

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valuation allowance against these credits. The Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against the net U.K. deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

Our primary source of liquidity and capital resources is our cash from operations and our line of credit.

Cash and cash equivalents ~~increased~~decreased by $53.42 million to $3027.64 million as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 from $2530.26 million as of September 30, ~~2023~~2024.

The following is a summary of our cash flows for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Year ended September 30,

	2025		2024

	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	2,268	$	4,213
Investing activities		(428)		(256)
Financing activities		(5,036)		1,379
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		29		32
(Decrease) increase in Cash and cash equivalents	$	(3,167)	$	5,368

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The following is a summary of our cash flows for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:


	Year ended

(Dollar amounts in thousands)	2024		2023
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	4,213	$	3,907
Investing activities		(256)		(341)
Financing activities		1,379		(2,401)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		32		70
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	5,368	$	1,235

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $4.2.3 million for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 compared to $34.92 million for the prior year period. The ~~increase~~decrease from prior year is primarily related ~~the~~to ~~change~~a decrease in Accounts ~~payable~~receivable ~~and accrued expense payments~~ of $132.05 million asand aan ~~large~~increase ~~payment run at the end~~ of ~~fiscal~~$7.5 ~~year 2023 when~~ in ~~fiscal~~Accounts ~~year~~payable ~~2024~~and ~~there~~accrued ~~was~~expenses, ~~not~~partially ~~and~~offset with a decrease in ~~pension~~financing ~~and~~receivables ~~retirement plan liabilities~~ of $07.47 million. The ~~primary~~remaining ~~decreases~~differences ~~include~~are arelated ~~decrease~~to oftiming ~~net~~differences ~~income (loss) change of $5.5 million, a decrease of $4.9 million~~ in ~~other~~operating assets, and ~~a decrease of $2~~liabilities.~~7 million in accounts receivable.~~

The remaining differences are related to timing differences in operating assets and liabilities.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $~~258~~(428) thousand for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 compared to $~~341~~(256) thousand used in investing activities for the prior year. The ~~decrease~~increase from the prior year is primarily related to ~~less~~increased ~~additions of intangible assets and less~~ purchases of property, equipment, and improvements during fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 when compared to the prior fiscal year.

Financing Activities

Cash ~~provided~~used byin financing activities was $1(5.40) million for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 compared to $21.4 million ~~used~~provided inby financing activities for the prior year period. The primary difference was the timing in the net borrowing on the line-of-credit, which for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 we had a net ~~borrowing~~repayment of $23.73 million compared to a net ~~payment~~borrowing of $12.67 million in the prior year period. Additionally, in fiscal year ~~2024~~2025 there ~~were~~was increased ~~cash~~repurchases ~~dividends~~of ~~paid~~common bystock of $0.49 million and increased ~~treasury~~cash ~~stock~~dividends ~~repurchases~~paid ofby $0.12 million compared to the prior fiscal year.

Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Items

Our cash held by our foreign subsidiary in the United Kingdom totaled the equivalent of approximately $5.4.9 million as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025, which consisted of 0.46 million ~~Euros~~euros, 0.34 million British ~~Pounds~~pounds, and 43.76 million U.S. ~~Dollars~~dollars. This cash is included in our total cash and cash equivalents reported within our financial statements. Due to the pension obligation in the U.K., we maintain a large balance of cash in the U.K. ~~Subsequent~~In toOctober ~~September 30,~~ 2024, ~~the U.K. pension assets, excluding cash, were all converted into cash to sell the U.K. pension obligation. As of the date of this filing, there is an agreement to sell the pension obligation~~ in ~~full.~~connection ~~This~~with ~~agreement has many contingencies and~~ the ~~expected~~planned ~~timeframe of the sale occurring is 4 to 16 months from the date of this filing.~~

As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company maintained a line of credit with a capacity of up to $15.0 million for inventory accessible to both the HPP and TS segments. This line of credit also includes availability of a limited cash withdrawal of up to $1.0 million. Amounts of $10.2 million and $13.5 million were available as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 there were

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notermination ~~cash~~of ~~withdrawals~~our ~~outstanding~~defined benefit pension plan in the U.K., ~~For~~we paid 8.5 million British pounds to enter into a ~~further~~buy-in ~~discussion~~contract. This payment is subject to adjustment as a result of ~~the~~subsequent ~~Company’s~~data ~~line~~cleansing activities. Under the terms of ~~credit~~this buy-in contract, ~~including~~the ~~its~~insurer ~~financial~~is ~~covenants,~~liable ~~see~~to ~~Item~~pay 1the benefits of the plan, ~~Note~~but 12the ~~Line~~Company still retains full legal responsibility to pay the benefits to members using the insurance payments. This agreement has contingencies and the expected timeframe of ~~Credit~~the buy-in contract turning into a buy-out contract is within fiscal year 2026.

The last note payable was paid in full in fiscal year 2024 of $0.4 million and no notes remain outstanding as of September 30, 2024. There is a total of $3.8 million due to vendors with financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2024, including $2.3 million payments to be made that are current. Each vendor financing agreement was related to a sale and has a related financing receivable. There is a total of $7.3 million due to the Company of customer financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2024, including $4.3 million to be received that are current.

AAs ~~subsequent review~~ of ~~qualified~~September ~~wages~~30, ~~for~~2025 ~~the~~and ~~Employee~~September ~~Retention~~30, ~~Credit~~2024, ~~was~~the ~~performed~~Company ~~during~~maintained ~~the~~a ~~preparation~~line of ~~the~~credit ~~tax~~with ~~provision~~a ~~for~~capacity ~~fiscal~~of ~~year~~up ~~2023~~to ~~and it was determined~~ $015.60 million offor ~~the~~inventory ~~money~~accessible ~~received~~to ~~did~~both ~~not~~the ~~qualify~~HPP and ~~was~~TS ~~paid~~segments. ~~back~~This toline ~~the~~of ~~Internal~~credit ~~Revenue~~also ~~Service~~includes ~~(IRS)~~availability ~~except~~of ~~for~~a ~~$11k,~~limited ~~which~~cash iswithdrawal ~~still~~of ~~owed~~up to ~~the~~$1.0 ~~IRS~~million. asAmounts of ~~September 30, 2024~~$14.1 ~~This~~million and $010.68 million ~~was~~were ~~included~~available ~~in Cash and cash equivalents~~ as of September 30, ~~2023.~~2025 ~~However,~~and ~~this~~September ~~amount~~30, ~~was~~2024, ~~not~~respectively. ~~recognized~~As ~~in net income in the Consolidated statements~~ of ~~operations for the fiscal year ended~~ September 30, ~~2023.~~2025 ~~The Company may be subject to interest~~ and ~~penalties~~2024 ~~related~~there towere ~~this~~no cash withdrawals outstanding.

The last note payable was paid in full in fiscal year 2025 of $0.4 million and no notes remain outstanding as of September 30, 2025. There is a total of $5.3 million due to vendors with financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2025, including $3.5 million payments to be made in the next 12 months from September 30, 2025. Each vendor financing agreement was related to a sale and has a related financing receivable. There is a total of $16.3 million due to the Company of customer financing agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2025, including $9.9 million to be received in the next 12 months from September 30, 2025

If cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy working capital requirements, we may need to access funds through bank loans or other means. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may not be able to complete development or enhancement of products, take advantage of future opportunities, respond to competition, retain key employees, or continue to effectively operate our business.

Based on our current plans and business conditions, management believes that the Company’s available cash and cash equivalents, the cash generated from operations, and availability on our line of credit will be sufficient to provide for the Company’s working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least 12 months from the date of this filing.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to ~~the inventory valuation,~~ income taxes, ~~deferred compensation,~~ revenue recognition, and retirement plans~~, and contingencies~~. We base our estimates on historical performance and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: revenue recognition, valuation allowances, specifically the net deferred tax asset valuation allowance, ~~inventory valuation,~~ and pension and retirement plans.

Revenue Recognition

See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our revenue recognition policies. The following areas involve significant judgment and estimates:

Allocating transaction price with agreements with multiple components including leasing and/or a financing component

A financing component exists when at contract inception the period between the transfer of a promised good and/or service to the customer differs from when the customer pays for the good and/or service. As a practical expedient, we have elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less.

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we have elected not to adjust the amount of consideration for effects of a significant financing component when it is anticipated the promised good or service will be transferred and the subsequent payment will be one year or less.

Certain contracts contain a financing component including managed services contracts with financing of hardware and software. The interest rate used reflects the approximate interest rate consistent with a separate financing transaction with the customer at the inception of the agreement. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, Leases. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

When product and non-managed services are sold together, the allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation is calculated based on the estimated relative selling price or a budgeted cost-plus margin approach, as appropriate. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, there is significant judgment in allocating the transaction price. These estimates are periodically reviewed by project managers, engineers, and other staff involved to ensure estimates remain appropriate. For items sold separately, including hardware, software, professional services, maintenance contracts, other services, and third-party service contracts, there is no allocation as there is one performance obligation.

Professional Services Sold Without Products

The input method using labor hours expended relative to the total expected hours is used to recognize revenue for professional services. Only the hours that depict our performance toward satisfying a performance obligation are used to measure progress. An estimate of hours for each professional service agreement is made at the beginning of each contract based on prior experience and monitored throughout the performance of the services. This method is most appropriate as it depicts the measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation.

Gross versus Net Revenue

We recognize revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether we are acting as the principal party to the transaction or acting as an agent or broker based on control and timing. We are the principal if we control the good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. For each identified performance obligation in a transaction, we evaluate the facts and circumstances present to determine whether or not we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, assessing indicators such as whether: (i) we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified goods or service, (ii) we have inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer and (iii) we have discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. When the evaluation indicates we control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as a principal. When the evaluation indicates we do not control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as an agent.

We record revenue as gross when we are the principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when we are acting as a broker or agent for a third party. Under gross sales recognition, the entire selling price is recorded in revenue and our cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded in cost of sales. Under net sales recognition, the cost to the third-party service provider or vendor is recorded as a reduction to revenue resulting in net sales equal to the gross profit on the transaction. Third-party service contracts are sold in different combinations with hardware, software, and services. When we are an agent, revenue is typically recorded at a point in time. When we are the principal, revenue is recognized over the contract term. We have concluded we are the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that includes critical updates. When CSPi sells goods and services with a financing component the strongest indicator is whether the Company has discretion in selling price as many of the agreements are brought to us at predetermined price by the manufacturer.

Income Taxes

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carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized.

In addition, we are required to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, those tax positions determined to be more-likely-than-not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the positions as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are recognized.

In addition, the calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The recoverability of inventories is based upon the types and levels of inventories held, forecasted demand, pricing, competition and changes in technology. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

Pension and Retirement Plans

The funded status of pension and other post-retirement benefit plans is recognized prospectively on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic pension/post-retirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30).

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plans in the U.K. are closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisers and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense.

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estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense.

The Company funds its pension plans in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. Liabilities for amounts in excess of these funding levels are accrued and reported in the consolidated balance sheets.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The consolidated financial statements are included herein.

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 49)	39
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 199)	36

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023	41
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 49)	38

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023	42
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024	39

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023	43
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	40

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023	44
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	41

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023	45
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	42

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	43

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	45

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and other members of our senior management team supervised and participated in this evaluation. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s ("SEC") rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and other members of our senior management team supervised and participated in this evaluation. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange CommissionManagement’s ~~("SEC")~~Annual ~~rules~~Report and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on ~~the~~Internal ~~evaluation~~Control ofover ~~our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief~~ Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. This is due to the fact that we have identified material weaknesses described in this Item 9A and we are not yet able to conclude that such material weaknesses have been remediated by the changes we made in response to those material weaknesses.Reporting

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. It includes those policies and procedures that:

● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of a company;

● pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of a company

●

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures of a company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the board of directors of a company; and

●

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission (“2013 Framework”). Based on our evaluation under the COSO 2013 Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2025.

~~Management~~Because ~~has assessed the effectiveness~~ of ~~the~~its ~~Company’s~~inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting asmay not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of ~~September~~any 30evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, ~~2024~~or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

“In making its assessment of internal control, management used the criteria described in “Internal Control Integrated Framework” under the 2013 Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") of the Treadway Commission.” As a result of its assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2024.

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025 was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that call for the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Remediation of Previously Identified Material Weaknesses

As reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, management identified two material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting in connection with internal controls as described below:

AsCorporate ofcredit ~~September~~cards 30, 2024, management has identified material weaknesses. As defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, a material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected in a timely basis.

Description: The control deficiencies related to the Company’s business expense reimbursement and selected purchases policy and application of a legacy credit card program for Company credit cards. The control deficiencies arose out of a lack of adequate review and incomplete supporting documentation related to certain business expenses including those for reimbursement for Company credit card charges from a C level Company executive as well as undocumented compensation agreement with regards to the use of credit card points which resulted in undisclosed compensation. The Audit Committee engaged a third party to investigate and analyze certain transactions made on the corporate credit card and it was not led by management. As a result, the C-level executive returned to the Company approximately $20,000 in aggregate related to the portion of the undisclosed compensation in excess of the intended compensation agreement in fiscal year 2024.

InRemediation ~~August~~procedures: ~~2024~~A ~~during~~formal ~~its fiscal 2024 third quarter review the Company identified certain control deficiencies related to its business expense reimbursement and selected purchases~~ policy ~~and~~was ~~application~~introduced ~~of a legacy credit card program~~ for ~~Company~~all credit cards~~. The~~ ~~control deficiencies arose out of a lack of adequate review and incomplete supporting documentation related to certain business expenses~~ including ~~those~~the ~~for reimbursement for Company credit card charges from a~~ C -level Company executive ~~as well as undocumented compensation agreement with regards to the use of credit card points which resulted in undisclosed compensation~~. ~~The~~ ~~Audit~~This ~~Committee~~formal ~~engaged~~policy arequires ~~third~~approval ~~party to investigate and analyze certain transactions made~~ on ~~the~~all ~~corporate~~expenses ~~credit~~as ~~card~~well ~~and~~as itcertain ~~was~~supporting ~~not led by management~~documentation. As of September 30, 2024, the C-level executive returned to the Company approximately $20,000 in aggregate related to the portion of the undisclosed compensation in excess of the intended compensation agreement

Income tax

InDescription: ~~response~~This tocontrol ~~these~~deficiency ~~control~~for ~~deficiencies,~~reporting ~~the~~income ~~Company~~taxes ~~performed~~related ~~additional~~to ~~analysis~~current/non-current ~~and~~taxes ~~reconciliation~~payable, ~~around~~certain ~~all~~deferred ~~the~~tax ~~credit~~assets ~~card~~and ~~activity~~liabilities, ~~including~~ ~~reimbursement, purchases~~and current and ~~review~~ ~~of the~~deferred ~~credit~~tax ~~card~~expenses. We use ~~policies,~~a ~~assessed~~third-party ~~various~~provider ~~alternatives~~ to ~~remediate~~prepare ~~this~~our ~~material~~tax ~~weakness~~provision and ~~implemented~~related ~~changes~~disclosures toon ~~our~~a ~~internal~~quarterly ~~controls~~basis. ~~including~~The ~~implementation~~company ofreviews ~~additional~~the ~~review~~provision and ~~confirmation~~disclosures. ~~process~~We bybelieve ~~designated~~the ~~employees~~material ~~and~~weakness ~~the~~occurred ~~termination~~due to a lack of competency of the ~~legacy~~third-party ~~benefit~~provider ~~program~~and ~~identified~~management ~~above.~~ needs to perform a more comprehensive review with the third-party preparer

Remediation procedures: A new accounting firm was hired with global expertise as our new third-party tax provider to prepare tax provisions and corporate income tax returns. This firm assisted with enhancing internal controls over financial reporting for income taxes. Quarterly meetings were held with the new third-party tax provider to discuss changes in tax law, key aspects of our quarterly/annual provisions and required updates to provisions, deciding a course of action and documenting such actions, review and approval of the tax data by senior members of our finance team and final discussion, review and approval of the third-party provider prepared provisions and returns. Income tax accounting training was provided to those involved in the review of the tax data from our third-party tax provider.

~~During~~As ~~the~~a ~~preparation~~result of the ~~Company’s~~implementation ~~annual~~of ~~financial~~these ~~statement,~~processes ~~the~~and ~~Company~~testing ~~performed~~these ~~further~~processes ~~analysis~~in ~~and~~fiscal ~~testing~~year of2025, ~~these~~management ~~controls~~has ~~including~~determined that the ~~newly~~remediation ~~implemented~~actions ~~controls. These~~discussed ~~identified~~above ~~control~~were ~~deficiencies~~effectively ~~could~~designed ~~have~~and ~~resulted~~demonstrated ineffective operation for a ~~material~~sufficient ~~misstatement~~period of time to enable the Company’s ~~financial~~to ~~statements~~conclude that ~~would~~the ~~not~~previously ~~have~~identified ~~been~~material ~~prevented~~weaknesses orin ~~detected,~~internal ~~although~~control noover ~~such~~financial ~~misstatements~~reporting ~~occurred.~~have been remediated as of September 30, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

~~During~~Except ~~the~~as ~~preparation~~discussed ~~of our annual financial statements~~above, wethere ~~determined that the controls over the credit card process~~ were ~~not~~no ~~operating~~changes ~~effectively, and the resulting control gap amounted to a material weakness~~ in our ~~controls over financial reporting. As a result, we concluded that the Company’s~~ internal control over financial reporting ~~was not effective~~ (as ofdefined ~~September~~in ~~30,~~Rules ~~2024.~~13a-15(f) ~~The COSO principles of Exercises oversight responsibility~~ and ~~develops~~15d-15(f) ~~control~~under ~~activities~~the ~~were~~Exchange ~~not~~Act) ~~properly~~identified ~~followed~~ in ~~our~~connection ~~internal~~with controls. Although we have implemented changes to our internal controls over financial reporting as described herein, at this time we cannot conclude that the material weakness has been remediated. Accordingly, management ~~concluded that the control deficiencies were a material weakness in the Company~~’s ~~internal~~evaluation ~~control~~during ~~over~~our ~~financial reporting.~~

Remediation of Material Weaknesses

We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment and implementing measures designed to help ensure that the material weaknesses are remediated as soon as possible. We believe we have made progress towards remediation and continue to implement our remediation plan for the material weakness, which includes the following steps.

● All points earned on the Company credit cards will accrue only to the benefit of the .Company.

● The Company will further update its Credit Card purchase and Reimbursement Policy and take steps to ensure the Expense Policy is followed with documentation and proper approvals.

● In fiscal year 2025, internal audit will test a reasonable number of selections from all corporate credit card expenses monthly and report findings directly to the Company’s CFO. If there is an exception, this will be reported to the Audit Committee

● Quarterly a summary report of Credit card internal audit results will be reported to the Audit Committee.

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~~They~~fiscal ~~consider~~year ~~the~~2021 ~~material~~that ~~weakness~~have ~~remediated~~materially ~~after~~affected, ~~the~~or ~~applicable~~are ~~controls~~reasonably ~~operate~~likely ~~for~~to amaterially ~~sufficient period of time~~affect, ~~and~~the ~~management~~Company’s ~~has~~internal ~~concluded,~~control ~~through~~over ~~testing,~~financial ~~that the controls are operating effectively~~reporting.

The process of designing and implementing an effective accounting and financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain an accounting and financial reporting system that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations. As we continue to evaluate and take actions to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine to take additional actions to address control deficiencies or determine to modify certain of the remediation measures described above.

Income Tax

Management identified another material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting for income taxes relating to current/non-current taxes payable, certain deferred tax assets and liabilities, and current and deferred tax expenses. We use a third-party provider to prepare our tax provision and related disclosures on a quarterly basis. The company reviews the provision and disclosures. We believe the material weakness occurred due to a lack of competency of the third-party provider and management needs to perform a more comprehensive review with the third-party preparer. Management put in place a remediation plan to address the material weakness as described below however, as a result, we concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2024.

Remediation of Material Weaknesses

With oversight from the Audit Committee, management designed and began implementing changes in processes and controls to remediate the material weakness relating to income taxes identified and has enhanced the Company's internal control over financial reporting as follows:

o Hire a new accounting firm with global expertise as our new third-party tax provider to prepare tax provisions and corporate income tax returns. We intend to use this firm to assist with enhancing internal controls over financial reporting for income taxes and developing and implementing a remediation plan.

o Hold quarterly meetings with our new third-party tax provider to discuss changes in tax law, key aspects of our quarterly/annual provisions and required updates to provisions, deciding a course of action and documenting such actions, review and approval of the tax data by senior members of our finance team and final discussion, review and approval of the third-party provider prepared provisions and returns.

o Provide income tax accounting training to those involved in the review of the tax data from our third-party tax provider.

Attestation Report

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that call for the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company began implementing the remediation efforts described above for both material weaknesses. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended September 30, 2024, that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign ~~Jurisdiction~~Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned “Nominees for Election”, “Our Board of Directors”, “Our Executive Officers”, “Delinquent Section 16(a) ~~reports~~Reports” and “Corporate Governance” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our ~~2025~~2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the sections captioned “Compensation of Executive Officers” and “Compensation of Non-Employee Directors” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our ~~2025~~2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.

The equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders consist of the CSP Inc. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan and the ~~2015~~2025 Stock Incentive Plan. In fiscal ~~2024~~year 2025 and ~~2023~~2024, the Company granted certain key employees, ~~certain officers including its Chief Executive Officer~~ and non-employee directors’ shares of non-vested common stock instead of stock options. The non-vested common stock has a four-year vesting period for key employees and officers including the Chief Executive Officer. There is a one-year vesting period for the non-employee directors. The following table sets forth information as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 regarding the total number of securities outstanding under these equity compensation plans.


						Number of securities
	Number of securities to be		Weighted-average			remaining available for future
	issued upon exercise		exercise price of			issuance under equity
	of outstanding options,		outstanding options,			compensation plans (excluding
	warrants and rights		warrants and rights			securities reflected in column (a))
Plan Category	(a)		(b)			(c)

Equity plans approved by security holders	651,350	(1)	$	—	(2)	701,811	(3)
Equity plans approved by security holders:
Stock Incentive Plan	549,855	(1)	$	—	(2)	549,855
Employee Stock Purchase Plan						483,262
Total	549,855		$	—		1,033,117

(1) Includes only non-vested restricted stock awards issued under the 2015 and 2025 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan expired in fiscal year 2025, but does not affect restricted stock awards issued from this plan.

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(2)	There are only non-vested restricted awards outstanding, which do not require the holder to give any consideration for the awards.

~~(3)~~We ~~Includes~~incorporate ~~191,434~~additional ~~shares~~information ~~under~~required by this Item by reference to the ~~2015~~section ~~Stock~~captioned ~~Incentive~~“Security ~~Plan~~Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and ~~509,377~~Management” ~~shares~~in ~~under~~our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the ~~2014~~SEC ~~Employee~~within ~~Stock~~120 days ~~Purchase~~after ~~Plan~~the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

We incorporate additional information required by this Item by reference to the section captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

We incorporate the information required by this item by reference to the section captioned “Corporate Governance” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our ~~2025~~2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

We incorporate the information required by this ~~item~~Item by reference to the sections captioned “Fees for Professional Services” and “Pre-approval Policies and Procedures” in our Schedule 14A Proxy Statement for our ~~2025~~2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) (1) Financial statements filed as part of this report:

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) Financial statement schedules

All other financial statements and schedules not listed have been omitted since the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto included in Item 8, or is not applicable, material or required.

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(3) Exhibits


			Incorporated by Reference
ExhibitNo.	Description	Filed withthis Form10-K	Form	Filing Date	ExhibitNo.

3.1	Articles of Organization and amendments thereto		10-K	December 26, 2007	3.1
3.2	Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Organization, adopted February 21, 2024		8-K	February 22, 2024	3.1
3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Organization, adopted June 26, 2024		8-K	June 27, 2024	3.1
3.4	By-laws, as amended December 13, 2012		10-K	December 20, 2012	3.2
4.1	Description of Securities	X
10.1	Form of Employee Invention and Non-Disclosure Agreement		10-K	November 22, 1996	10.3
10.2	CSPI Supplemental Retirement Income Plan		10-K	December 29, 2008	10.2
10.3*	2014 Variable Compensation (Executive Bonus) and Base Programs dated November 12, 2013		10-K	December 23, 2014	10.10
10.4*	Death Benefit and Retirement Benefit Agreement between the Company and Victor Dellovo dated September 13, 2013		10-K	December 24, 2013	10.11
10.5*	Form of Change of Control Agreement with Gary W. Levine dated January 11, 2008		10-K	December 23, 2010	10.11
10.6*	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan		DEF 14A	January 6, 2014	A
10.7*	2015 Stock Incentive Plan		DEF 14RA	January 25, 2019	A
10.8	2015 Lowell, MA Lease		10-K	December 24, 2015	10.21
10.9	2015 Deerfield Beach, FL Lease		10-K	December 24, 2015	10.20
10.10*	Executive Retention and Service Agreement with Victor Dellovo, dated September 4, 2012		10-Q	February 14, 2018	10.1
10.11*	Forms of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement		10-Q	February 14, 2018	10.2
19.1	Insider Trading Policy	X
21.1	Subsidiaries	X
23.1	Consent of RSM LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	X
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
97.1	Policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation		10-K	December 13, 2023	97.1
101.INS	XBRL Instance
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels

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101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation

3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Company's Articles of Organization, adopted June 26, 2024		8-K	June 27, 2024	3.1
3.4	By-laws, as amended December 13, 2012		10-K	December 20, 2012	3.2
4.1	Description of Securities	X
10.1	Form of Employee Invention and Non-Disclosure Agreement		10-K	November 22, 1996	10.3
10.2	CSPI Supplemental Retirement Income Plan		10-K	December 29, 2008	10.2
10.3*	2014 Variable Compensation (Executive Bonus) and Base Programs dated November 12, 2013		10-K	December 23, 2014	10.10
10.4*	Death Benefit and Retirement Benefit Agreement between the Company and Victor Dellovo dated September 13, 2013		10-K	December 24, 2013	10.11
10.5*	Form of Change of Control Agreement with Gary W. Levine dated January 11, 2008		10-K	December 23, 2010	10.12
10.6*	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan		DEF 14A	January 6, 2014	A
10.7*	2015 Stock Incentive Plan		DEF 14RA	January 25, 2019	A
10.8*	2025 Stock Incentive Plan		DEF 14RA	December 30, 2024	A
10.10*	Executive Retention and Service Agreement with Victor Dellovo, dated September 4, 2012		10-Q	February 14, 2018	10.1
10.11*	Forms of Employee Restricted Stock Award Agreement		10-Q	February 14, 2018	10.2
19.1	Insider Trading Policy		10-K	December 20, 2024	19.1
21.1	Subsidiaries	X
23.1	Consent of RSM US LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	X
23.2	Consent of CBIZ CPAs P.C., Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	X
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	X
97.1	Policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation		10-K	December 13, 2023	97.1
101.INS	XBRL Instance
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File

*	Management contract or compensatory plan.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	CSP INC.

	By:	/s/ Victor Dellovo
		Victor Dellovo Chief Executive Officer and President

Date: December 2016, ~~2024~~2025

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	Title	Date

/s/ Victor Dellovo	Chief Executive Officer, President and Director	December 2016, ~~2024~~2025
Victor Dellovo

/s/ Gary W. Levine	Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer)	December 2016, ~~2024~~2025
Gary W. Levine

/s/ Mike Newbanks	Vice President of Finance(Chief Accounting Officer)	December 2016, ~~2024~~2025
Mike Newbanks

/s/ C. Shelton James	Director	December 20, 2024
/s/ Anthony Folger	Director	December 16, 2025
C. Shelton James
Anthony Folger

/s/ Raymond Charles Blackmon	Director	December 20, 2024
/s/ Stephen Webber	Director	December 16, 2025
Raymond Charles Blackmon
Stephen Webber

/s/ Marilyn T. Smith	Director	December 2016, ~~2024~~2025
Marilyn T. Smith

/s/ Izzy Azeri	Director	December 2016, ~~2024~~2025
Izzy Azeri

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and ~~the~~ Board of Directors of

CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance ~~sheets~~sheet of CSP Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, ~~2024 and 2023~~2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the ~~years~~year ~~then~~ ended September 30, 2025, and the related notes to(collectively ~~the~~referred ~~consolidated~~to ~~financial~~as ~~statements (collectively,~~ the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, ~~2024 and 2023~~2025, and the results of ~~their~~its operations and ~~their~~its cash flows for the ~~years~~year ~~then~~ ended September 30, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’'s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’'s financial statements based on our ~~audits~~audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our ~~audits~~audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the ~~audits~~audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our ~~audits,~~audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’'s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our ~~audits~~audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our ~~audits~~audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our ~~audits~~audit ~~provide~~provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

~~The~~Critical ~~critical~~Audit ~~audit~~Matters matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements, and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

~~Revenue~~Critical ~~Recognition~~audit -matters ~~Gross~~are ~~Versus~~matters ~~Net~~arising ~~Presentation~~from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue from third-party service contracts as either gross sales or net sales depending on whether the Company is acting as a principal party to the transaction or simply acting as an agent or broker. The Company records revenue as gross when the

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~~Company~~/s/ isCBIZ aCPAs ~~principal party to the arrangement and net of cost when they are acting as a broker or agent~~P. The Company has concluded that it is the agent in sales of third-party maintenance, software or hardware support, and certain security software that is sold with integral third-party delivered software maintenance that include critical updatesC.

WeCBIZ ~~identified~~CPAs the Company’s accounting for revenue from third-party service contracts described above to be a critical audit matter due to the significant judgments used by management related to the evaluation of the principal versus agent considerationsP. ~~Auditing management’s assumptions and conclusions involved a high degree of auditor judgment~~C.

~~Our~~We ~~audit~~have ~~procedures~~served ~~related~~as ~~to these contracts included~~ the ~~following,~~Company’s ~~among~~auditor ~~others:~~since 2025.

●Tampa, WeFlorida ~~evaluated~~December ~~management’s~~16, ~~significant~~2025 ~~accounting policies related to these third-party contracts for consistency with accounting standards.~~

● For a selection of contracts, we performed the following procedures:

o Inspected the customer invoice and purchase order to determine whether the sale represented a valid and enforceable transaction with a customer.

o Compared the cost per the Company’s records to the cost per the vendor invoice.

o For third-party service contracts, we assessed the terms in the customer purchase order, customer invoice and vendor invoice and evaluated the Company’s determination of principal versus agent presentation. For those contracts where the Company is acting as an agent or broker, we:

• Compared the description of the transaction per the customer invoice to management’s summary file of gross vs. net transactions.

• Assessed the reasonableness of the revenue allocation of third-party service contracts and the related vendor costs.

• Evaluated the accuracy of the summary file through inspection of customer and vendor invoices, purchase orders and information on vendor websites accessed through third-party search engines and through inquiries with management.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of CSP Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of CSP Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows, for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ RSM US LLP

We ~~have~~ served as the Company'’s auditor ~~since~~from 2007 to 2025.

Coral Gables, Florida

December 20, 2024

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except par value)


	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3027,~~585~~418	$	2530,~~217~~585
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $147 and $100		14,494		12,955
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $122 and $147		12,000		14,494
Financing receivables, net of allowances of $12 and $0		4,384		7,171
Financing receivables, net of allowances of $34 and $12		8,939		4,384
Inventories		21,~~293~~442		2,~~542~~293
Other current assets		32,~~093~~521		23,~~479~~093
Total current assets		5452,~~849~~320		5054,~~364~~849


Property, equipment and improvements, net		~~429~~539		~~525~~429
Operating lease right-of-use assets		489		966
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		1,647		489
Intangibles, net		5069		4650
Financing receivables due after one year, net of allowances of $25 and $0		2,922		4,224
Financing receivables due after one year, net of allowances of $66 and $25		5,965		2,922
Deferred income taxes, net		24,~~734~~559		2,~~346~~734
Cash surrender value of life insurance		5,~~589~~845		5,~~356~~589
Pension benefits assets		~~2,201~~42		12,~~958~~201
Other assets		~~173~~177		~~119~~173
Total assets	$	6971,~~436~~163	$	6569,~~904~~436

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	1219,~~084~~508	$	1012,~~785~~084
Line of credit		~~4,169~~903		14,~~515~~169
Note payable		—		449
Deferred revenue and contract liabilities		1,503		2,171
Deferred revenue and contract liabilities		2,171		1,898
Pension and retirement plans		77		76
Pension and retirement plans		76		98
Income taxes payable		192		182
Income taxes payable		182		914
Total current liabilities		22,183		18,682
Total current liabilities		18,682		15,659
Pension and retirement plans		1,219		1,306
Pension and retirement plans		1,306		1,251
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion		1,336		117
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion		117		482
Income taxes payable		165		447
Income taxes payable		447		513
Other noncurrent liabilities		1,709		1,614
Other noncurrent liabilities		1,614		1,851
Total liabilities		26,612		22,166
Total liabilities		22,166		19,756

Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, $.01 par value per share; authorized, 20,000 shares; issued and outstanding 9,776 and 9,456 (1) shares, respectively		98		94
Common stock, $.01 par value per share; authorized, 20,000 shares; issued and outstanding 9,906 and 9,776 shares, respectively		99		98
Additional paid-in capital(1)		22,689		20,837
Additional paid-in capital		24,744		22,689
Retained earnings		2927,~~848~~700		3129,~~311~~848
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(57,~~365~~992)		(65,~~094~~365)
Total shareholders’ equity		4744,~~270~~551		4647,~~148~~270
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6971,~~436~~163	$	6569,~~904~~436

(1) Retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend for fiscal year 2023 (see Note 1)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except for per share data)


	Year Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
Sales:
Product	$	3637,~~793~~749	$	4736,~~149~~793
Services		1820,~~426~~981		1718,~~498~~426
Total sales		5558,~~219~~730		6455,~~647~~219

Cost of sales:
Product		2831,~~800~~463		3528,~~524~~800
Services		78,~~564~~756		7,~~203~~564
Total cost of sales		3640,~~364~~219		4236,~~727~~364

Gross profit		18,~~855~~511		2118,~~920~~855

Operating expenses:
Engineering and development		2,956		3,140
Research and development		3,250		2,956
Selling, general and administrative		1718,~~771~~370		1617,~~910~~771
Total operating expenses		2021,~~727~~620		20,~~050~~727

Operating (loss) income		(1,872)		1,870
Operating loss		(3,109)		(1,872)

Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss		(438)		(581)
Foreign exchange gain (loss)		33		(438)
Interest expense		(~~235~~357)		(~~262~~235)
Interest income		21,~~047~~854		12,~~460~~047
Employee Retention Tax Credit, net of costs to collect		—		2,136
Other (expense) income, net		(82)		79
Other income, net		79		112
Total other income, net		1,448		1,453
Total other income, net		1,453		2,865
Loss before income taxes		(1,661)		(419)
(Loss) income before income taxes		(419)		4,735
Income tax benefit		(1,570)		(93)
Income tax benefit		(93)		(469)
Net loss	$	(91)	$	(326)
Net (loss) income	$	(326)	$	5,204
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(91)	$	(326)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	$	(326)	$	4,884

Net (loss) income per common share - basic(1)	$	(0.04)	$	0.56
Net loss per common share - basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.04)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic(1)		9,041		8,762
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		9,297		9,041

Net (loss) income per common share - diluted(1)	$	(0.04)	$	0.55
Net loss per common share - diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.04)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted(1)		9,041		8,941
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		9,297		9,041

(1) Retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend for fiscal year 2023 (see Note 1)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

(Amounts in thousands)


	Year Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
Net (loss) income	$	(326)	$	5,204
Net loss	$	(91)	$	(326)
Other comprehensive income:
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Unrealized actuarial gain on minimum pension liability, net of tax effect		6		272
Actuarial (loss) gain on minimum pension liability, net of tax effect		(2,723)		6
Foreign currency translation gain adjustments, net of tax effect		~~723~~96		~~962~~723
Other comprehensive income		729		1,234
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(2,627)		729
Total comprehensive income	$	403	$	6,438
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(2,718)	$	403

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the Years Ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024:

(Amounts in thousands)


								Accumulated
				Additional				other		Total
				Paid-in		Retained		comprehensive		Shareholders’
Year ended September 30, 2024:	Shares(1)	Amount(1)		Capital(1)		Earnings		loss		Equity
Year ended September 30, 2025:	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		loss		Equity
Balance as of September 30, 2023	9,456	$	94	$	20,837	$	31,311	$	(6,094)	$	46,148
Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13	—		—		—		(15)		—		(15)
Net loss	—		—		—		(326)		—		(326)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		729		729
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,579		—		—		1,579
Restricted stock cancellation	(7)		—		—		—		—		—
Restricted stock issuance	305		3		—		—		—		3
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	30		1		273		—		—		274
Purchase of common stock	(8)		—		—		(104)		—		(104)
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.105 per share)(1)	—		—		—		(1,018)		—		(1,018)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	9,776	$	98	$	22,689	$	29,848	$	(5,365)	$	47,270
Net loss	—		—		—		(91)		—		(91)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		—		(2,627)		(2,627)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,769		—		—		1,769
Restricted stock cancellation	(3)		—		—		—		—		—
Restricted stock issuance	169		2		—		—		—		2
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	26		—		286		—		—		286
Purchase of common stock	(62)		(1)		—		(869)		—		(870)
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.120 per share)	—		—		—		(1,188)		—		(1,188)
Balance as of September 30, 2025	9,906	$	99	$	24,744	$	27,700	$	(7,992)	$	44,551

								Accumulated
				Additional				other		Total
				Paid-in		Retained		comprehensive		Shareholders’
Year ended September 30, 2023:	Shares(1)	Amount(1)		Capital(1)		Earnings		loss		Equity
Year ended September 30, 2024:	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		loss		Equity
Balance as of September 30, 2022	9,108	$	91	$	19,431	$	26,769	$	(7,328)	$	38,963
Net income	—		—		—		5,204		—		5,204
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		1,234		1,234
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,126		—		—		1,126
Restricted stock issuance	286		3		—		—		—		3
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	64		—		280		—		—		280
Purchase of common stock	(2)		—		—		(6)		—		(6)
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.07 per share)(1)	—		—		—		(656)		—		(656)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	9,456	$	94	$	20,837	$	31,311	$	(6,094)	$	46,148

Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13	—		—		—		(15)		—		(15)
(1) Retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend for fiscal year 2023 (see Note 1)
Net loss	—		—		—		(326)		—		(326)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		729		729
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,579		—		—		1,579
Restricted stock cancellation	(7)		—		—		—		—		—
Restricted stock issuance	305		3		—		—		—		3
Issuance of shares under employee stock purchase plan	30		1		273		—		—		274
Purchase of common stock	(8)		—		—		(104)		—		(104)
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.105 per share)	—		—		—		(1,018)		—		(1,018)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	9,776	$	98	$	22,689	$	29,848	$	(5,365)	$	47,270

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)


	Year Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
Operating activities
Net (loss) income	$	(326)	$	5,204
Net loss	$	(91)	$	(326)

Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		~~292~~237		~~343~~292
Amortization of intangibles		67		156
Loss on disposal of fixed assets, net		1		41
Foreign exchange loss		438		581
Foreign exchange (gain) loss		(33)		438
Provision for credit losses - financing receivables		(45)		—
Provision (benefit) for credit losses - financing receivables		63		(45)
Provision for credit losses - accounts receivable		~~114~~25		26114
Provision for obsolete inventory		~~354~~182		~~274~~354
Amortization of lease right-of-use assets		~~496~~458		~~573~~496
Stock-based compensation expense on restricted stock awards		1,~~579~~769		1,~~126~~579
Deferred income taxes		(~~387~~1,825)		(~~2,346~~387)
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance		(~~180~~202)		(~~130~~180)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable		(1,573)		1,080
Accounts receivable		2,474		(1,573)
Decrease in financing receivables		4,058		4,961
Financing receivables		(7,661)		4,058
(Increase) decrease in inventories		(95)		1,557
Inventories		669		(95)
Decrease in refundable income taxes		—		1,048
Other assets		570		(681)
(Increase) decrease in other assets		(681)		4,207
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		7,477		1,383
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses		1,383		(11,646)
Operating lease liabilities		(450)		(485)
Decrease in operating lease liabilities		(485)		(190)
Deferred revenue and contract liabilities		(668)		273
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and contract liabilities		273		(2,161)
Pension and retirement plans liabilities		(557)		27
Increase (decrease) in pension and retirement plans liabilities		27		(391)
Income taxes payable		(272)		(798)
(Decrease) increase in income taxes payable		(798)		967
Other noncurrent liabilities		95		(238)
Decrease in other noncurrent liabilities		(238)		(1,195)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,268		4,213
Net cash provided by operating activities		4,213		3,907

Investing activities
Life insurance premiums paid		(5054)		(6450)
Purchase of held-to-maturity investments		—		(3,533)
Additions of intangible assets		(26)		(10)
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity investments		—		3,533
Purchases of property, equipment and improvements		(348)		(196)
Additions of intangible assets		(10)		(51)
Net cash used in investing activities		(428)		(256)
Purchases of property, equipment and improvements		(196)		(226)
Net cash used in investing activities		(256)		(341)

Financing activities
Dividends paid		(1,~~018~~188)		(~~656~~1,018)
Net borrowing under line-of-credit agreement		2,654		(1,609)
Net (repayment) borrowing under line-of-credit agreement		(3,265)		2,654
Repayments on note payable		~~(427)~~—		(~~406~~427)
Principal payments on finance leases		—		(4)
Repurchases of common stock		(869)		(104)
Purchase of common stock		(104)		(6)
Proceeds from issuance of shares under equity compensation plans		286		274
Proceeds from issuance of shares under equity compensation plans		274		280
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(5,036)		1,379
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		1,379		(2,401)
Effects of exchange rate on cash, net		29		32
Effects of exchange rate on cash, net		32		70
Net (decrease) increase in Cash and cash equivalents		(3,167)		5,368
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period		30,585		25,217
Cash and cash equivalents end of period	$	27,418	$	30,585

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Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		5,368		1,235
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period		25,217		23,982
Cash and cash equivalents end of period	$	30,585	$	25,217

Supplementary cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,601	$	246
Cash paid for interest	$	206	$	313

Supplementary non-cash financing activities:
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a lease liability	$	19	$	392
Customer financing for inventory sold (see Note 3 Financing receivables, net for details)	$	5,240	$	6,032
Vendor financing for inventory purchased (see Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities for details)	$	2,995	$	2,321

CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)


Supplementary cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	(446)	$	(1,601)
Cash paid for interest	$	(137)	$	(206)

Supplementary non-cash financing activities:
Obtaining a right-of-use asset in exchange for a lease liability	$	1,628	$	19
Customer financing for inventory sold (see Note 3 Financing receivables, net for details)	$	13,723	$	5,240
Vendor financing for inventory purchased (see Note 9 Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities for details)	$	4,500	$	2,995

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CSP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, ~~2024~~2025 AND ~~2023~~2024

Organization and Business

CSP Inc. ("CSPi" or "CSPI" or "the Company" or "we" or "our") was founded in 1968 and is based in Lowell, Massachusetts. To meet the diverse requirements of commercial and defense customers worldwide, CSPI and its subsidiaries develop and market IT integration solutions, advanced security products, managed IT services, purpose built network adapters, and high-performance cluster computer systems. The Company operates in two segments, its Technology Solutions ("TS") segment and its High Performance Products ("HPP") segment.

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

~~Presentation~~Adopted –Accounting ~~sales~~Pronouncement ~~whose~~in ~~payment~~the ~~terms~~Year ~~exceed~~Ended ~~one~~September ~~year~~30, 2025

~~Effective~~In inNovember ~~fiscal~~2024, ~~year~~the ~~2024~~Financial ~~sales~~Accounting ~~whose~~Standards ~~payment~~Board ~~terms~~(“FASB”) ~~exceed~~issued ~~one~~Accounting ~~year~~Standards isUpdate ~~now~~(“ASU”) ~~presented~~2023-07, asSegment ~~“Financing~~Reporting ~~receivables~~(Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, ~~net~~which requires disclosure of ~~allowances”~~incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU also requires disclosure of the ~~Consolidated~~title ~~Balance~~and ~~Sheets~~position ~~rather~~of ~~than~~the ~~being~~Chief ~~combined~~Operating ~~with~~Decision ~~Accounts~~Maker ~~receivable,~~(CODM) ~~net~~and an explanation of ~~allowances~~how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Under ASU 2023-07, the disclosures that are currently required on an annual basis under Topic 280, Segment Reporting, pertaining to reportable segment profit or loss and assets will also be required for interim periods. The ~~financial~~amendments ~~statement~~in ~~line~~this ~~item~~Update ~~Long-term~~do ~~receivable~~not change how an entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. This ASU is ~~now~~effective ~~labeled~~for asfiscal ~~“Financing~~years ~~receivables~~beginning ~~due~~after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after ~~one~~December ~~year~~15, ~~net~~2024, ofon ~~allowances~~a retrospective basis.” ~~These~~Early ~~changes~~adoption ~~are~~is ~~reflected~~permitted. The Company retrospectively adopted this as of and for the year ended September 30, ~~2023~~2025. ~~This~~The ~~change~~effects ~~was~~of ~~made~~adopting tothis ~~provide~~ASU ~~more~~only ~~detail~~impacted on the ~~balance~~Company’s ~~sheet~~disclosures ~~related to these receivables~~ and ~~align~~did ~~with~~not ~~our~~have ~~notes~~an toeffect ~~the~~on its consolidated financial statements. See Note 17 – Segment Information for additional information.

~~Presentation~~Accounting –Pronouncement ~~two-for-one~~Not ~~stock~~Yet ~~split~~Adopted as of September 30, 2025

OnIn ~~February~~July 212025, ~~2024~~the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, ~~the~~Financial ~~Board~~Instruments—Credit ofLosses ~~Directors~~(Topic 326): Measurement of ~~CSP~~Credit ~~Inc.~~Losses ~~approved~~for anAccounts ~~amendment~~Receivable toand ~~the~~Contract ~~Company’s~~Assets, ~~Articles~~which ofprovides ~~Organization~~new tooptional ~~increase~~guidance ~~the~~relating ~~total~~to ~~number~~the estimation of ~~its~~expected ~~authorized~~credit ~~shares~~losses ofon ~~Common~~current ~~Stock,~~accounts ~~par~~receivable ~~value~~and $0current contract assets under Topic 326.~~01,~~ ~~from~~This ~~7,500,000~~ASU ~~shares~~permits entities to ~~9,753,900~~apply ~~shares~~a ~~(the~~practical ~~“Amendment”).~~expedient Nowhen ~~shareholder~~estimating ~~approval~~credit ~~was~~losses ~~required~~and ~~under~~is ~~the~~effective ~~Massachusetts~~for ~~Business~~annual ~~Corporation~~reporting ~~Act~~periods ~~with~~beginning ~~respect~~after toDecember ~~the~~15, ~~Amendment. The~~2025, ~~Amendment~~and ~~became~~interim ~~effective~~reporting ~~upon~~periods ~~filing~~within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating the ~~Secretary~~adoption of this standard and its impact to the ~~Commonwealth~~Company's ofconsolidated ~~Massachusetts~~financial onstatements ~~February~~and ~~21,~~related ~~2024~~disclosures.

On February 21, 2024, the Company announced its Board of Directors approved and declared a two-for-one stock split to be effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend. The stock dividend was paid on March 20, 2024 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 6, 2024. In accordance with ASC 505 Equity, specifically ASC 505-20-25-3 through ASC 505-20-25-6, we have determined this had a material effect on reducing share market value and therefore was treated this event as a stock split for accounting purposes.45

All common shares and per share amounts contained in these financial statements and notes have been retrospectively restated to reflect this two-for-one stock split in the form a 100% dividend in accordance with ASC 260 Earnings Per Share, specifically ASC 260-10-55-12.

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OnIn ~~June~~November ~~26,~~ 2024, the ~~stockholders~~FASB ofissued ~~CSP~~ASU 2024-03, ~~Inc.~~Income ~~approved~~Statement—Reporting anComprehensive ~~amendment~~Income—Expense toDisaggregation ~~the~~Disclosures ~~Company's~~(Subtopic ~~Articles of Organization~~220-40), aswhich ~~amended~~requires ~~(the~~expanded ~~"Articles~~disclosures ofin ~~Organization"),~~the notes to ~~increase~~ the ~~number~~financial ofstatements ~~authorized~~about ~~shares~~certain ofcosts ~~Common~~and ~~Stock~~expenses. ~~from~~This ~~9,753,900~~ASU tois ~~20,000,000~~effective ~~(the~~for ~~"Amendment").~~fiscal Onyears ~~June~~beginning 26after December 15, ~~2024~~2026, ~~the~~and ~~Company~~interim ~~filed~~periods anwithin ~~Articles~~fiscal ofyears ~~Amendment~~beginning toafter ~~the~~December ~~Articles~~15, of2027, ~~Organization~~on ~~with~~a ~~the~~retrospective ~~Secretary~~basis. ofEarly ~~the~~adoption ~~Commonwealth~~is ofpermitted. ~~Massachusetts~~The toCompany ~~effect~~is ~~the~~currently ~~Amendment,~~evaluating ~~which~~the ~~became~~effect ~~effective~~of ~~immediately~~this ~~upon~~pronouncement ~~such~~on ~~filing.~~its disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands existing income tax disclosures primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The ASU is effective for all public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the amendments on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its disclosures.

Adopted Accounting Pronouncement in the Year Ended September 30, 2024

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), an amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Additional updates were issued in 2018-2020. The amended guidance replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology for measurement of credit losses on financial instruments with a methodology (the “current expected credit losses model,” or “CECL model”) that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Under the CECL model, the allowance for losses on financial assets, measured at amortized cost, reflects management’s estimate of credit losses over the remaining expected life of such assets.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 (the “new CECL standard”) as of October 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of Shareholders’ equity as of October 1, 2023. The adoption primarily impacted the estimation of our Allowance for credit losses for Accounts receivable and Financing receivables. Additionally, it affected allowance for credit losses of contract assets with effects being immaterial. The total impact recorded on our initial adoption of ASU 2016-13 as of October 1, 2023 included an increase of Accounts receivable, net of $67k and a decrease of Financing receivables, net in the amount of $82k with the total adjustment decreasing retained earnings of $15k. For the accounting policies adopted and details of impacts from adoption refer to Note 2 - Accounts receivable, net and Note 3 - Financing receivables, net.

Accounting Pronouncement Not Yet Adopted as of September 30, 2024

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on its disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands existing income tax disclosures primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The ASU is effective for all public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Entities should apply the amendments on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires expanded disclosures in the notes to the financial statements about certain costs and expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on its disclosures.

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Foreign Currency Translation

The U.S. Dollar is the reporting currency for all periods presented. The financial information for entities outside the United States is measured using the local currency as the functional currency. In consolidation, foreign transactions are remeasured into the functional currency, British Pounds, of our U.K. subsidiary. This non-cash remeasurement is included in the foreign exchange gain or loss on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. After this remeasurement, assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the period. The resulting translation adjustment is reflected as accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. Currency transaction gains and losses are recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition are considered cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions and, at times, the balance may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation federally insured limits (United States - $250,000 per ~~depositer~~depositor) or Financial Services Compensation Scheme (United Kingdom - £85,000 per ~~depositer~~depositor). The Company has never experienced any losses related to these balances.

Employee Retention Tax Credit

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act provided an employee retention credit (“ERC”) which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 extended and expanded the availability of the employee retention credit through December 31, 2021 including amending the employee retention credit to be equal to 70% of qualified wages paid to employees during the 2021 calendar year.

The TS-US division and HPP segment qualified for the ERC beginning in March 2021 for qualified wages through September 2021 and filed a cash refund claim during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. An amount of $2.8 million, net of costs, was received in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023.

On the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations in Total other income, net the financial statement line item Employee retention tax credit, net of costs to collect for fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 of $2.1 million represents the amount we were qualified to receive. There are no other amounts that will be received related to this credit.

We accounted for the ERC as a gain contingency in accordance with ASC 450-30 Gain Contingencies. Under this standard, the ERC was recognized only after the contingency was resolved and deemed realizable.

Research and Development Expense

For the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, our expenses for research and development were approximately $3.03 million and $3.10 million, respectively. Expenditures for research and development are expensed as they are incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Management assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets (intangibles) by comparing the estimated undiscounted cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets against their respective carrying amounts. The amount of impairment, if any, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are also required to be tested annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. We did not have intangible assets with indefinite lives any time during the two years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025.

49Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years, and are carried at net book value. The remaining useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis. Intangible assets subject to amortization are also tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the fair value of an intangible asset subject

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~~Intangible assets subject~~ to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years, and are carried at net book value. The remaining useful lives of intangible assets are evaluated on an annual basis. Intangible assets subject to amortization are also tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the fair value of an intangible asset subject to amortization is determined to be less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to write down that asset to its fair value. There was no impairment for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024.

Leases as Lessee

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement contains a lease. This includes arrangements with goods and services to determine if there is an embedded lease. An arrangement containing a lease would allow the Company the right to control an implicitly or explicitly identified asset. If there is a lease in an arrangement, the classification is determined at inception of the arrangement. Certain leases may contain transfer of ownership or an option to purchase the underlying asset. The most relevant criterion for our lease classification is transfer of ownership, which if included in the arrangement makes the lease a finance lease rather than an operating lease.

The discount rate used to assess classification is the incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date due to the implicit rate not being readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate commensurate with the lease term is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease term includes periods when we are reasonably certain we will exercise the renewal option. The Company has elected not to apply Subtopic ASC 842-25 to short-term leases, which are defined as a lease that has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Therefore, there are no right-of-use assets or lease liabilities related to short-term leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases are typically not able to be terminated without penalty. None of our lease arrangements contain residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants. None of the Company’s current leases are with related parties. There are no lease arrangements that we have entered into as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 that have not yet commenced. See Note 10 Leases for additional information.

Operating leases

The Company has operating leases for office space, data centers, and other information technology equipment under various leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date using the present value of the fixed lease payments over the lease term. We do not have leases with variable consideration. The incremental borrowing rate is used in determining present value. Certain operating leases, primarily office space and IT equipment, have an option to extend the lease. Renewal periods related to certain lease agreements related to office buildings are included in the lease term for lease accounting.

The Company has operating lease agreements with lease components (e.g. fixed payments including rent~~, real estate taxes, and insurance costs~~) as well as nonlease components (e.g. common-area maintenance, colocation services). The Company has elected to account for lease and nonlease components as one single lease component for all classes of assets. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

~~Inventories~~Leases as Lessor

~~Inventories~~The ~~are~~process ~~stated~~for atidentifying and classifying a lease is similar to the ~~lower~~process ofdescribed ~~cost~~above orin ~~net~~the ~~realizable~~lessee ~~value~~section. Additionally, ~~with~~the ~~cost~~most ~~determined~~relevant ~~using~~criteria to classification is transfer of ownership and present value of the ~~first-~~total lease payments in, ~~first~~relation to fair value of the underlying asset. The Company as a lessor only has sales-~~out~~type ~~method~~leases. All the Company’s agreements are bundled agreements containing managed services, software, and/or other services. The ~~recoverability~~fixed ofpayments ~~inventories~~under isbundled agreements are allocated based ~~upon~~on the ~~types~~relative standalone selling prices of the lease and ~~levels~~non-lease deliverables are consistent with ASC 606. The allocation of ~~inventories~~the ~~held,~~fixed ~~forecasted~~payments ~~demand,~~may ~~pricing~~be calculated using a budgeted cost-plus margin approach if there are other services in addition to managed services. Due to the complex nature of these contracts, ~~competition~~there ~~and~~is ~~changes~~significant judgment in ~~technology~~allocating the fixed payments. WeThere ~~write~~is ~~down~~no ~~our~~variable ~~inventory~~consideration ~~for~~in ~~estimated~~these ~~obsolescence~~agreements. orThe ~~unmarketable~~discount ~~inventory~~rate ~~equal~~used as a lessor pertaining to the ~~difference~~lease ~~between~~component is the ~~cost~~implicit ofrate. ~~inventory~~Lease ~~and~~agreements ~~the~~transfer ~~estimated~~ownership ~~market~~at ~~value~~the ~~based~~end ~~upon~~of ~~assumptions~~the ~~about~~lease ~~future~~and ~~demand~~there ~~and~~is ~~market~~no ~~conditions~~renewal option. IfThe ~~actual~~leases ~~market~~typically ~~conditions~~do ~~are~~not ~~less~~have ~~favorable~~any ~~than~~residual ~~those~~value ~~projected~~to bythe ~~management~~Company. In the Company’s agreements, ~~additional~~the ~~inventory~~payments ~~write-downs~~allocated ~~may~~to the lease component cannot be ~~required~~terminated. AsRevenue offrom ~~September 30,~~sales-type ~~2024,~~leases ~~and~~is ~~September 30,~~presented ~~2023,~~on a gross basis when the Company ~~maintained~~enters ~~inventory~~into ~~reserves~~a oflease ~~$1.1~~to ~~million~~realize ~~and~~value $1from a product that it would otherwise sell in its ordinary course of business.0 ~~million~~In addition, ~~respectively.~~we have elected to account for sales

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tax and other similar taxes collected from a lessee as lessee costs and therefore we exclude these costs from contract consideration and variable consideration and present revenue net of these costs. See Note 10 Leases for additional information.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The recoverability of inventories is based upon the types and levels of inventories held, forecasted demand, pricing, competition and changes in technology. We write down our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. As of September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, the Company maintained inventory reserves of $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Property, Equipment and Improvements

The components of property, equipment and improvements are stated at cost. The Company provides for depreciation by use of the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (three to seven years). Leasehold improvements are amortized by use of the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining lease term. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Accounts Receivable, net of Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are non-interest bearing. Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value, net of the allowance for credit losses. Allowances for credit losses are recorded for the estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments based on historical data as well as forecasted future conditions. The estimation of the allowance is based on an analysis of historical loss experience, management’s assessment of current conditions and reasonable and supportable expectation of future conditions as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible including reviewing the current receivables aging. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Accounts receivable are charged off against the reserve when management has determined they are uncollectible.

Financing Receivables, net of Allowance for Credit Losses

Financing receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and are interest bearing. Financing receivables are stated at their net realizable value, net of the allowance for credit losses. Allowances for credit losses are recorded for the estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments based on historical data as well as forecasted future conditions. The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses for financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. A probability method for calculating credit losses is used based on historical data of defaults of Fitch ratings and remaining length of time to collect the receivable. Various factors are also assessed in the allowance for credit losses including internal historical data as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions and management judgments applicable to and through the expected life of the portfolios. Macroeconomic conditions include the level of gross domestic product growth and unemployment rates, which directly correlate with our historical credit losses. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Financing receivables are charged off against the reserve when management has determined they are uncollectible.

Pension and Retirement Plans

The funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining transition amounts that have not yet been recognized through pension expense will be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until they are ~~amortized as a component of net periodic pension/postretirement benefits expense. Additionally, plan assets and obligations are measured as of our fiscal year-end balance sheet date (September 30).~~

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) and in the U.S. In the U.K. the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is closed to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2024. In the U.S., the Company also provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2024. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and 48

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~~post-retirement~~amortized ~~health~~as ~~insurance~~a ~~benefits~~component ~~through~~of ~~supplemental~~net ~~post-retirement~~periodic ~~plans~~pension/postretirement tobenefits ~~certain officers~~expense. ~~The~~Additionally, ~~Company~~plan ~~also~~assets ~~funds~~and ~~these~~obligations ~~supplemental~~are ~~plans’~~measured ~~obligations~~as ~~through~~of ~~whole~~our ~~life~~fiscal year-end ~~insurance~~balance ~~policies~~sheet ondate ~~the officers~~(September 30).

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) and in the U.S. In the U.K. the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is closed to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. In the U.S., the Company also provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

Pension expense is based on an actuarial computation of current future benefits using estimates for expected return on assets, expected compensation increases and applicable discount rates. Management has reviewed the discount rates and rates of return with our consulting actuaries and investment advisor and concluded they were reasonable. A decrease in the expected return on pension assets would increase pension expense. Expected compensation increases are estimated based on historical and expected increases in the future. Increases in estimated compensation increases would result in higher pension expense while decreases would lower pension expense. Discount rates are selected based upon rates of return on high quality fixed income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefit. A decrease in the discount rate would result in greater pension expense while an increase in the discount rate would decrease pension expense.

Segment Information

We have two operating segments: (i) Technology Solutions ("TS") and (ii) High Performance Products ("HPP"). In the TS segment, we focus on value added reseller ("VAR") integrated solutions including third party hardware, software and technical computer-related consulting and managed services. In the HPP segment, we design, manufacture and deliver products and services to customers that require specialized cyber security services, networking and signal processing products. The operations and assets of our TS segment are located in the United States and the United Kingdom, which are the two divisions that make up the TS segment. The operations and assets of our HPP segment are located in the United States.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from the sale of integrated hardware and software, third-party service contracts, professional services, managed services, financing of hardware and software, and other services.

We recognize revenue from hardware upon transfer of control, which is at a point in time typically upon shipment when title transfers. Revenue from software is recognized at a point in time when the license is granted.

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~~critical~~assessing ~~updates.~~indicators ~~When~~such ~~CSPi~~as ~~sells~~whether: ~~goods~~(i) ~~and~~we ~~services~~are ~~with~~primarily aresponsible ~~financing~~for ~~component~~fulfilling the ~~strongest~~promise ~~indicator~~to isprovide ~~whether~~the specified goods or service, (ii) we have inventory risk before the ~~Company~~specified good or service has been transferred to a customer and (iii) we have discretion in ~~selling~~establishing the price asfor ~~many~~the ofspecified good or service. When the ~~agreements~~evaluation ~~are~~indicates ~~brought~~we control the specified good or service prior to ustransfer atto ~~predetermined~~the ~~price~~customer, bywe are acting as a principal. When the ~~manufacturer~~evaluation indicates we do not control the specified good or service prior to transfer to the customer, we are acting as an agent.

Professional services generally include implementation, installation, and training services. Professional services are considered a series of distinct services that form one performance obligation and revenue is recognized over time as services are performed.

Revenue generated from managed services is recognized over the term of the contract. Certain managed services contracts include financing of hardware and software. Revenues from arrangements which include financing are allocated considering relative standalone selling prices of lease and non-lease components within the agreement. The lease component includes hardware, which is subject to ASC 842, Leases. The non-lease components are subject to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Other services generally include revenue generated through our royalty, extended warranty, multicomputer repair, and maintenance contracts. Royalty revenue is sales-based and recognized on the date of subsequent sale of the product, which occurs on the date of customer shipment. Revenue from extended warranty contracts is recognized ratably over the warranty period. Multicomputer repair services revenue is recognized upon control transfer when the customer takes possession of the computer at time of shipping. Revenue generated from maintenance services is recognized evenly over the term of the contract.

Some transactions include shipping as part of the contract. The Company records shipping billed to its customers as Product revenue and the related freight costs as Product cost of sales when the underlying product revenue is recognized. For freight not billed to its customers, the Company records the freight costs as Product ~~cst~~cost of sales. The Company considers shipping to be a fulfillment activity and not a separate performance obligation.

The right of return risk lies with the original manufacturer of the product. Managed service contracts contain the right to refund if canceled within 30 days of inception. Any products the Company manufactures, all in our HPP segment, with a standard warranty are treated as a warranty obligation under ASC 460, Guarantees.

The following policies are applicable to our major categories of segment revenue transactions:

TS Segment Revenue

TS Segment revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, professional services, third-party service contracts, maintenance contracts, managed services, and financing of hardware and software. Financing revenue pertaining to the portion of an arrangement containing a lease is recognized in accordance with ASC 842. Financing revenue related to the lease is recorded in revenue as equipment leasing is part of our operations.

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Third-party service contracts are evaluated to determine whether such service revenue should be recorded as gross or net sales and whether over time or at point in time.

HPP Segment Revenue

HPP segment revenue is derived from the sale of integrated hardware and software, maintenance, and other services through the ARIA, Multicomputer, and Myricom product lines.

ARIA ADR revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, and ~~managed services~~maintenance. ~~ARIA~~The ~~Zero~~software ~~Trust~~licenses ~~Gateway~~or ~~(“AZT”)~~hardware ~~revenue~~with ~~contains~~integrated ~~two~~software ~~performance~~are ~~obligations:~~not adistinct ~~software~~from ~~license~~their ~~and~~accompanying ~~post~~maintenance, ~~contract~~as ~~support~~they are dependent upon regular threat updates. The ~~transaction~~software ~~price~~updates isand ~~generally~~upgrades ~~fixed~~are ~~consideration~~highly interdependent and ~~allocated~~highly ~~based~~interrelated, onworking ~~relative~~together ~~stand-alone~~to ~~selling~~deliver ~~price.~~continuously ~~Software~~updated ~~license~~protection ~~revenue~~from iscyber ~~recognized~~threats atto acustomers. ~~point~~By inidentifying ~~time,~~and ~~generally~~addressing ~~when~~new threats, the ~~license~~software isupdates ~~made~~significantly ~~available~~modify to the ~~customer.~~licensed ~~Post~~software ~~contract~~and ~~support~~are ~~revenue~~integral isto ~~recognized~~maintaining ~~ratably~~its ~~over~~utility given the ~~contractual~~rapid ~~period~~pace ofwith ~~generally~~which ~~one~~new ~~year.~~threats ~~Myricom~~are ~~revenue~~identified, isthe ~~derived~~value ~~from~~of the ~~sale~~licensed ofsoftware ~~products,~~diminishes ~~which~~rapidly ~~are~~without ~~comprised~~the ofsoftware ~~both~~updates. ~~hardware~~As ~~and~~control ~~embedded~~transfers ~~software~~to ~~which~~the iscustomer ~~essential~~over totime of the ~~products’~~contract ~~functionality~~term, ~~and~~we ~~post~~therefore ~~contract~~consider ~~maintenance~~the software license and related support. ~~Post~~obligations ~~contract~~a ~~maintenance~~single, ~~and~~combined ~~support~~performance isobligation ~~considered~~with ~~immaterial~~revenue inrecognized ~~the~~ratably ~~context~~over time as our solutions are delivered.

53ARIA Zero Trust Gateway (“AZT”) revenue contains two performance obligations: a software license and post contract support. The transaction price is generally fixed consideration and allocated based on relative stand-alone selling price. Software license revenue is recognized at a point in time, generally when the license is made available to the customer. Post contract support revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual period of generally one year. Myricom revenue is derived from the sale of products, which are comprised of both hardware and embedded software which is essential to the products’ functionality, and post contract maintenance and support. Post contract maintenance and support is considered immaterial in the context of the contract and therefore is not a separate performance obligation. Multicomputer revenue is derived from the sale of hardware, software, extended warranties, royalties, and repair services.

~~Table~~In the TS US division financing of ~~Contents~~goods and services is offered to certain customers. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. See Note 3 Financing Receivables, net for more details.

See details of ~~the~~timing ~~contract~~of revenue recognition and ~~therefore~~whether isCSPi ~~not~~acted aas ~~separate~~the ~~performance~~principal ~~obligation.~~or ~~Multicomputer~~agent ~~revenue~~and isgeographic ~~derived~~areas ~~from~~based on which the ~~sale~~products ofwere ~~hardware,~~shipped ~~software,~~or ~~extended~~services ~~warranties,~~rendered ~~royalties,~~in ~~and~~Note ~~repair~~17 ~~services.~~Segment Information.

See disaggregated revenues below by products/services and geography.


			Technology Solutions Segment
	High
	Performance
	Products		United						Consolidated
Year ended September 30, 2024	Segment		Kingdom		U.S.		Total		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
2024
Sales:
Product	$	2,599	$	594	$	33,598	$	34,192	$	36,791
Service		1,555		260		16,611		16,871		18,426
Finance *		—		—		2		2		2
Total sales	$	4,154	$	854	$	50,211	$	51,065	$	55,219

			Technology Solutions Segment
	High
	Performance
	Products		United						Consolidated
Year ended September 30, 2023	Segment		Kingdom		U.S.		Total		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
2023
Sales:
Product	$	5,475	$	734	$	40,938	$	41,672	$	47,147
Service		1,398		288		15,812		16,100		17,498
Finance *		—		—		2		2		2
Total sales	$	6,873	$	1,022	$	56,752	$	57,774	$	64,647

* Finance revenue is related to equipment leasing and is not subject to the guidance on revenue from contracts with customers (ASC 606).

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See details of timing of revenue recognition and whether CSPi acted as the principal or agent below. Also see geographic areas based on the which the products were shipped or services rendered.


			Technology Solutions Segment
	High
	Performance
	Products		United						Consolidated
Year ended September 30,	Segment		Kingdom		U.S.		Total		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
2024
Timing of Revenue Recognition
Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is principal	$	3,098	$	603	$	33,921	$	34,524	$	37,622
Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is agent		—		37		7,070		7,107		7,107
Transferred over time where CSPi is principal		1,056		214		9,220		9,434		10,490
Total Revenue	$	4,154	$	854	$	50,211	$	51,065	$	55,219

Geography
United States	$	3,098	$	75	$	45,611	$	45,686	$	48,784
Americas (excluding United States)		714		—		3,810		3,810		4,524
Europe		6		775		344		1,119		1,125
Asia-Pacific		336		4		446		450		786
Total Revenue	$	4,154	$	854	$	50,211	$	51,065	$	55,219

2023
Timing of Revenue Recognition
Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is principal	$	6,259	$	741	$	41,136	$	41,877	$	48,136
Transferred at a point in time where CSPi is agent		—		68		5,994		6,062		6,062
Transferred over time where CSPi is principal		614		213		9,621		9,835		10,449
Total Revenue	$	6,873	$	1,022	$	56,752	$	57,774	$	64,647

Geography
United States	$	6,069	$	125	$	51,587	$	51,712	$	57,781
Americas (excluding United States)		110		13		4,859		4,872		4,982
Europe		335		835		259		1,094		1,429
Asia-Pacific		359		49		47		96		455
Total Revenue	$	6,873	$	1,022	$	56,752	$	57,774	$	64,647

In the TS US division financing of goods and services is offered to certain customers. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. See Note 3 Financing Receivables, net for more details. Revenue from these agreements in fiscal year 2024 was $2.0 million, which consisted of $1.5 million with CSPi acting as the principal and $0.5 million with CSPi acting as the agent. Revenue from these agreements in fiscal year 2023 was $0.8 million with CSPi acting as the agent.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

When we have performed work but do not have an unconditional right to payment, a contract asset is recorded. When we have the right to bill a customer, accounts receivable is recorded as an unconditional right exists. Current contract assets were $10.78 million and $01.97 million as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and September 30, ~~2023~~2024, respectively. Current contract assets were $40.49 million as of September 30, ~~2022~~2023. The current portion is recorded in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2025 there was $0.1 million related to amounts billed but not paid by customers under retainage provisions included in current contract assets. All amounts are expected to be collected within one year. There were no noncurrent contract assets as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and September 30, ~~2023~~2024. There were no noncurrent contract assets as of September 30, ~~2022~~2023. The difference in the balances is due to regular timing differences between when work is performed and having an unconditional right to payment.

55Contract liabilities arise when payment is received before we transfer a good or service to the customer. Current contract liabilities were $1.5 million and $2.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Current contract liabilities were $1.9 million as of September 30, 2023. The current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in Deferred revenue and contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. There were $37 thousand of long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and none as of September 30, 2024, respectively. There were no long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2023. Revenue recognized for the year ended September 30, 2025 that was included in contract liabilities as of September 30, 2024 was $1.8 million. At times, customers delay projects that were supposed to be complete within a year, which is why the full balance of Deferred revenue and contract liabilities as of

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~~Contract liabilities arise when payment is received before we transfer a good or service to the customer. Current contract liabilities were $2.2 million and $1.9 million as of~~ September ~~30, 2024~~ ~~and September~~ 30, 2023, respectively. Current contract liabilities were $4.1 million as of September 30, 2022. The current portion of contract liabilities is recorded in Deferred revenue and contract liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. There were no long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2024 ~~and 2023, respectively. There were no long-term contract liabilities as of September 30, 2022. Revenue recognized for the year ended September 30, 2024 that~~ was included in contract liabilities as of September 30, 2023 was $1.3 million. At times, customers delay projects that were supposed to be complete within a year, which is why the full balance of Deferred revenue and contract liabilities as of September 30, 2023 was not recognized in the twelve months ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. The Company cannot reasonably predict when ~~the~~delays ~~customers~~ will ~~make these delays~~arise.

Contract Costs

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract involving customer transactions where the revenue and the related transfer of goods and services are equal to or less than a one year period, are expensed as incurred, utilizing the practical expedient in ASC 340-40-25-4. Incremental costs are related to commissions in the TS portion of the business. Current capitalized contract costs are within the other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024. The portion of current capitalized costs were $~~177~~33 thousand and $~~172~~177 thousand as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. There were no noncurrent capitalized costs on the consolidated balance sheets as these commissions are paid annually even when the contract extends beyond a one year period. The amount of incremental costs amortized for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 were $~~477~~217 thousand and $~~436~~477 thousand, respectively. This is recorded in selling, general, and administrative expenses. There was no impairment related to incremental costs capitalized for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively.

Costs to fulfill a contract are capitalized when the costs are related to a contract or anticipated contract, generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future, and costs are recoverable. Costs to fulfill a contract are related to the TS portion of the business and involve activities performed before managed services can be completed. Fulfillment costs are amortized consistent with the pattern of transferring the services to which the cost relates ratably over the term of the contract. Current capitalized fulfillment costs are in the other current assets and noncurrent costs are in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. There were no current capitalized costs as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~$9 thousand as of September 30, 2023, respectively~~2024. There were no noncurrent capitalized costs as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. ~~The~~There ~~amount~~were no amounts of fulfillment costs amortized for the year ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025. ~~and~~An ~~2023~~amount ~~were~~of $9 thousand ~~and~~was ~~$13~~amortized ~~thousand~~for the year ended September 30, ~~respectively~~2024. These costs amortized were recorded in cost of sales. There was no impairment related to fulfillment costs capitalized for the year ended ~~and~~September ~~2023~~30, 2024.

Other

Projects are typically billed upon completion or at certain milestones. ~~Product~~Products and services are typically billed when shipped or as services are being performed. Payment terms are typically 30 days to pay in full except in Europe where it could be up to 90 days. Most of our contracts are for less than one year. There are certain contracts that contain a financing component. ~~See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.~~ We elected to use the optional exemption to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less. This is due to a low amount of performance obligations, which are less than one year from being unsatisfied at each period end. Most of these contracts are related to product sales.

We have certain contracts that have an original term of more than one year. The royalty agreement is longer than one year, but not included in the table below as the royalties are sales-based. Managed service contracts are generally longer than one year. For these contracts the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of September 30, 2025 is set forth in the table below:


Fiscal Year	(Amounts in thousands)
2026	$	1,196
2027		982
2028		899
2029		222
	$	3,299

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Fiscal Year	(Amounts in thousands)
2025	$	1,327
2026		999
Thereafter		2,002
	$	4,328

Product Warranty Accrual

Our HPP product sales with hardware generally include a hardware warranty which ranges from 90- days to three- years. At time of product shipment, we accrue for the estimated cost including labor and hardware to repair or replace ~~potentially defective products. Estimated warranty costs are based upon prior actual warranty costs for substantially similar products.~~

~~Engineering and Development Expenses~~52

~~Engineering~~Table and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Engineering and development expenses also include third-party development and programming costs. We consider technological feasibility for our software products to be reached upon the release of ~~the software, accordingly, no internal software development costs have been capitalized.~~Contents

potentially defective products. Estimated warranty costs are based upon prior actual warranty costs for substantially similar products.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other headcount-related expenses associated with product development. Research and development expenses also include third-party development and programming costs. We consider technological feasibility for our software products to be reached upon the release of the software, accordingly, no internal software development costs have been capitalized.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in net income in the period that includes the enactment date. We also reduce deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. This methodology requires estimates and judgments in the determination of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and in the calculation of certain tax liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded against the gross deferred tax assets that management believes, after considering all available positive and negative objective evidence, historical and prospective, with greater weight given to historical evidence, that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be realized.

In addition, the calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves estimating uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

57Net loss per common share

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Earnings per Share of Common Stock

Basic net (loss) income per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per common share reflects the maximum dilution that would have resulted from the assumed exercise and share repurchase related to dilutive restricted stock awards and is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the assumed weighted average number of common shares outstanding.

We are required to present earnings per share ("EPS") utilizing the two-class method because we had outstanding, non-vested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, which are considered participating securities.

Basic ~~and~~net ~~diluted (~~loss) ~~income~~ per common share ~~computations~~is ~~for~~computed ~~the~~by ~~Company’s~~dividing ~~reported~~ net (loss) ~~income~~available ~~attributable~~ to common ~~stockholders~~shareholders ~~are~~by asthe ~~follows:~~weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.


	Year Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023

Net (loss) income	$	(326)	$	5,204
Less: net income attributable to nonvested common stock		—		(320)
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders	$	(326)	$	4,884

Weighted average total shares outstanding - basic(1)		9,041		9,337
Less: weighted average non–vested shares outstanding(1)		—		(575)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic(1)		9,041		8,762
Add: potential common shares from non-vested stock awards(1)		—		179
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted(1)	$	9,041		8,941

Net (loss) income per common share - basic(1)	$	(0.04)	$	0.56
Net (loss) income per common share - diluted(1)	$	(0.04)	$	0.55

(1) Retroactively adjusted for the effects of a two for one stock split effected in the form of a 100% stock dividend for fiscal year 2023 (see Note 1)

Diluted net loss per common share reflects the maximum dilution that would have resulted from the assumed exercise and share repurchase related to dilutive restricted stock awards. As the Company has reported losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per common share equals diluted net loss per common share.

All anti-dilutive securities, including restricted stock awards, are excluded from the diluted (loss) income per share computation. Non-vested restricted stock awards of 396 thousand shares were excluded from net loss per share for the year ended September 30, 2024 because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive as there was a net loss for the period. Non-vested restricted stock awards of 108 thousand shares were excluded from net income per share for the year ended September 30, 2023 because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

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Basic and diluted loss per share computations for the Company’s reported net loss attributable to common stockholders are as follows:


	Year Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2025		2024

Net loss	$	(91)	$	(326)
Less: net income attributable to nonvested common stock		—		—
Net loss income attributable to common shareholders	$	(91)	$	(326)

Weighted average total shares outstanding - basic		9,297		9,041
Less: weighted average non–vested shares outstanding		—		—
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic		9,297		9,041
Add: potential common shares from non-vested restricted stock awards		—		—
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	$	9,297		9,041

Net loss per common share - basic	$	(0.01)	$	(0.04)
Net loss per common share - diluted	$	(0.01)	$	(0.04)

All anti-dilutive securities, RSA’s, are excluded from the diluted loss per share computation. Non-vested restricted stock awards of 304 thousand and 396 thousand shares were excluded from net loss per share for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive as there was a net loss for the period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure and recognize compensation expense for nonvested stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the closing market price of our common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes stock compensation expense, net of actual forfeitures. The Company has no outstanding stock options issued as of September 30, 2025 and did not issue any for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

58Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures and will be revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

~~Table~~Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 consisted of ~~Contents~~restricted stock granted pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans of approximately $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

The Company has no outstanding stock options issued as of September 30, 2024 and did not issue any for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures and will be revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted of restricted stock granted pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive and employee stock purchase plans of approximately $1.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

~~There~~The ~~was~~Company nohas ~~customer~~bank ~~with~~accounts ~~10%~~in orthe ~~more~~United ofStates ~~accounts~~and ~~receivable~~United asKingdom, ofwhich ~~September~~have ~~30,~~cash ~~2024~~deposits orin ~~September~~excess ~~30,~~of ~~2023~~federally insured limits.

~~Below are customers with 10% or more of financing receivables as of September 30, 2024 or 2023.~~54


	As of September 30,
	2024				2023
	(Amounts in millions)
			% of Total				% of Total
	Financing Receivables		Financing Receivables		Financing Receivables		Financing Receivables

Customer A	$	3.0	41	%	$	7.4	65	%
Customer B	$	1.9	25	%	$	2.5	22	%
Customer C	$	1.3	18	%	$	1.5	13	%

We do not believe we have a significant credit risk with respect to accounts receivable or financing receivables.

Subsequent Events

The Company recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the statement of financial position, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of this filing, see Note 22 Subsequent event.

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For information about other concentration of credit risk, see Note 3 Financing receivables and Note 17 Segment Information.

2. Accounts Receivable, net

~~Upon~~The ~~adoption of the new CECL standard as described in Note 1 Basis of Presentation and New Significant Accounting Policy, the~~ Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable in an amount equal to the current expected credit losses. The estimation of the allowance is based on an analysis of historical loss experience, management’s assessment of current conditions and reasonable and supportable expectation of future conditions as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible including reviewing the current receivables aging. This results in a general reserve and a specific reserve. The Company assesses collectability by pooling receivables where similar characteristics exist and evaluates receivables individually when specific customer balances no longer share those risk characteristics and are considered at risk or uncollectible. The expense associated with the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The balance of accounts receivable, net as of September 30, 2022 was $14.0 million, adjusted for the change in Presentation – sales whose payment terms exceed one year (see Note 1 for details). Also adjusted, the balance of the current and non-current portion of financing receivables as of September 30, 2022 was $9.0 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

~~Amounts disclosed below for the year ended September 30, 2024 reflect adoption of the new CECL standard and the amounts disclosed for the year ended September 30, 2023 reflect superseded guidance.~~ The following table presents the changes in the allowance for accounts receivable for the periods indicated.


	Year ended
		September 30, ~~2024~~2025		September 30, ~~2023~~2024
		(Amounts in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable:
Balances at beginning of the period		$	~~100~~147	$	88100
Adjustment for adoption of new CECL standard			~~(67)~~-		-(67)
Charge-offs			-(50)		~~(14)~~-
Provision for credit losses			~~114~~25		26114
Balances at end of the period		$	~~147~~122	$	~~100~~147

3. Financing Receivables, net

In the TS-US division financing of goods and services is offered to certain customers within the United States. This involves amounts due reflecting sales whose payment terms exceed one year. This financing is separate from agreements with a leasing component, see Note 10 Leases for financing through leases. Determining whether to offer financing involves looking at the customer’s payment history, economic conditions, and capacity to pay. These financing arrangements do not contain collateral.

The Company assigns an internal risk rating to each customer at inception, which groups customers into a portfolio based on this risk rating. A risk rating is assigned by analyzing a customer’s financial statements and the latest Fitch rating, if publicly available, as well as recent payment activity. The credit quality of customers is continually monitored by these items. Accounts rated low risk have the equivalent of a Fitch rating of BBB– or higher, ~~while~~ accounts rated moderate risk have the equivalent of BB., ~~The~~and ~~Company~~accounts ~~does~~rated ~~not~~high ~~offer financing for customers where the~~ risk ishave ~~classified as higher, which would be lower than~~ the equivalent of ~~a BB Fitch rating due to the likelihood of loss being higher~~B.

The risk characteristics of each portfolio are consistent with the Fitch rating or equivalent. According to Fitch Ratings, “'’BB' ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists that supports the servicing of financial commitments.” According to Fitch Ratings, “'BBB' ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.”:

60‘BBB' ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low

'BB' ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists that supports the servicing of financial commitments

‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

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~~The~~Financing ~~only~~receivables, ~~significant~~net ~~change~~carry ina ~~factors~~weighted ~~that~~average ~~influenced~~interest ~~the~~rate ~~estimate~~ of ~~expected credit losses as of September 30~~8.7%, ~~2024~~which ~~was~~reflects athe ~~significant~~approximate ~~customer~~interest ~~having~~rate ~~its~~consistent ~~Fitch~~with ~~Rating upgraded from BB+ to BBB-. This customer had~~ a ~~balance~~separate ~~of $1.9 million, or 25%, of~~ financing ~~receivables,~~transaction ~~net~~with ~~and~~the ~~$2.5~~customer ~~million,~~at orthe ~~22%,~~inception as of ~~September~~the ~~30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively~~agreement.

~~Financing~~Interest income attributable to financing receivables, ~~net~~is ~~carry~~recognized anon ~~average~~the ~~weighted~~accrual ~~average~~basis using the effective interest ~~rate~~method. The amount of ~~8.4%,~~interest ~~which~~income ~~reflects~~earned from sales whose payment terms exceed one year for the ~~approximate~~years ~~interest~~ended ~~rate~~September ~~consistent~~30, ~~with~~2025 aand ~~separate~~2024 ~~financing~~was ~~transaction~~$641 ~~with~~thousand ~~the~~and ~~customer~~$700 atthousand, ~~the~~respectively. ~~inception~~Interest ofincome from these agreements is recorded in Interest income on the ~~agreement~~Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The amount of interest income earned from sales whose payment terms exceed one year for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $700 thousand and $810 thousand, respectively. Interest income from these agreements is recorded in Other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Amounts disclosed below as of September 30, 2024 reflect adoption of the new CECL standard and the amounts disclosed as of September 30, 2023 reflect superseded guidance.

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Financing receivables, net segregated by portfolio (risk rating) for the periods indicated:


	As of September 30, ~~2024~~2025						~~As of September 30, 2023~~		As of September 30, 2024
	Risk Rating						~~Risk Rating~~		Risk Rating
		Low		Moderate		~~Total~~High		~~Low~~Total		~~Moderate~~Low		~~Total~~Moderate		High		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)						~~(Amounts in thousands)~~
Financing receivables, net:
Financing receivables, gross	$	713,~~153~~651	$	~~874~~1,751	$	~~8,027~~891	$	816,~~893~~293	$	37,~~361~~153	$	~~12,254~~874	$	-	$	8,027
Unearned interest income		(~~599~~1,038)		(85156)		(~~684~~95)		(~~325~~1,289)		(~~534~~599)		(~~859~~85)		-		(684)
Allowance for credit losses		(2750)		(1018)		(3732)		-(100)		-(27)		-(10)		-		(37)
Financing receivables, net	$	612,~~527~~563	$	~~779~~1,577	$	~~7,306~~764	$	814,~~568~~904	$	26,~~827~~527	$	~~11,395~~779	$	-	$	7,306
Short-term	$	47,~~013~~778	$	~~371~~791	$	~~4,384~~370	$	68,~~281~~939	$	~~890~~4,013	$	~~7,171~~371	$	-	$	4,384
Long-term	$	24,~~514~~785	$	~~408~~786	$	~~2,922~~394	$	25,~~287~~965	$	12,~~937~~514	$	~~4,224~~408	$	-	$	2,922

~~Amounts~~ ~~disclosed below for the year ended September 30, 2024 reflect adoption of the new CECL standard and the amounts for the year ended September 30, 2023 reflect superseded guidance.~~

The following table presents the changes in Allowance for credit losses for Financing receivables, net for the periods indicated:


	Year ended
	September 30, ~~2024~~2025						~~September 30, 2023~~		September 30, 2024
	Risk Rating						~~Risk Rating~~		Risk Rating
	Low		Moderate		~~Total~~High		~~Low~~Total		~~Moderate~~Low		~~Total~~Moderate		High		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)						~~(Amounts in thousands)~~
Allowance for credit losses for financing receivables:
Balances at beginning of the period	$	-27	$	-10	$	-	$	-37	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Adjustment for adoption of new CECL standard		27		55		82		-		-		-
Adjustment for adoption of new accounting standard		-		-		-		-		27		55		-		82
Recovery charged to Consolidated Statements of Operations		-		(45)		(45)		-		-		-
Provision (benefit) charged to Consolidated Statements of Operations		23		8		32		63		-		(45)		-		(45)
Balances at end of the period	$	2750	$	1018	$	3732	$	-100	$	-27	$	-10	$	-	$	37

~~Upon~~ adoption of the new CECL standard as described in Note 1 Basis of Presentation and New Significant Accounting Policy, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses for financing receivables in an amount equal

61The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses for financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. A probability method for calculating credit losses is used based on historical data of defaults of Fitch ratings and length of time. Various factors are also assessed in the allowance for credit losses including internal historical data as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions and management judgments applicable to and through the expected life of the portfolios. Macroeconomic conditions include the level of gross domestic product (“GDP”) growth and unemployment rates, which directly correlate with our historical credit losses. The expense associated with the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Financing receivables whose payment terms exceed one year are placed on non-accrual status, meaning interest income stops being recorded, when the customer has a past due amount in excess of 30 days or reasonable doubt exists in collecting all interest and principal. A payment due in excess of 30 days is considered delinquent. If a payment is received

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tofor ~~the~~a ~~probable~~receivable ~~losses~~on ~~net~~non-accrual ofstatus ~~recoveries.~~the Apayment ~~probability method for calculating credit losses~~ is ~~used~~first ~~based~~applied onto ~~historical~~interest ~~data of defaults of Fitch ratings~~ and ~~length~~then ~~of time~~principal. ~~Various~~Recording ~~factors~~interest ~~are~~income ~~also~~resumes ~~assessed~~once inno ~~the~~reasonable ~~allowance~~doubt ~~for~~exists ~~credit~~regarding ~~losses~~collecting ~~including~~all ~~internal~~interest ~~historical data as well as macroeconomic forecast assumptions~~ and ~~management~~principal. ~~judgments~~There ~~applicable~~were tono ~~and~~financing ~~through~~receivables ~~the~~placed ~~expected~~on ~~life~~non-accrual ofstatus ~~the~~as ~~portfolios. Macroeconomic conditions include the level~~ of ~~gross~~September ~~domestic product (“GDP”) growth and unemployment rates~~30, ~~which~~2025 ~~directly~~or ~~correlate~~September ~~with our historical credit losses. The expense associated with the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in Selling~~30, ~~general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations~~2024.

~~Financing~~The ~~receivables~~following ~~whose~~table ~~payment~~presents ~~terms~~Financing ~~exceed one year are placed on non-accrual status~~receivables, ~~meaning interest income stops being recorded~~gross, ~~when~~including ~~the~~accrued ~~customer has a past due amount in excess of 30 days or reasonable doubt exists in collecting all~~ interest and ~~principal.~~excluding Aany ~~payment~~allowance ~~due in excess of 30 days is considered delinquent. If a payment is received~~ for acredit ~~receivable~~loss, onby ~~non-accrual~~credit ~~status~~quality ~~the~~indicator ~~payment~~segregated isby ~~first~~risk ~~applied~~rating ~~to interest~~ and ~~then~~year ~~principal.~~of ~~Recording~~origination ~~interest income resumes once no reasonable doubt exists regarding collecting all interest and principal. There were no financing receivables placed on non-accrual status~~ as of September 30, ~~2024 or September 30, 2023.~~2025:

The following table presents Financing receivables, gross, including accrued interest and excluding any allowance, by credit quality indicator segregated by risk rating and year of origination as of September 30, 2024:


	September 30, ~~2024~~2025
	Fiscal year of origination
Risk Rating	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023		~~2021~~Total		~~Total~~

Moderate	$	531	$	343	$	—	$	—	$	874
High	$	891	$	—	$	—	$	891
Low		2,956		2,637		—		1,560		7,153
Moderate		1,268		369		114		1,751
Total	$	3,487	$	2,980	$	—	$	1,560	$	8,027
Low		10,888		1,507		1,256		13,651
Total	$	13,047	$	1,876	$	1,370	$	16,293

Contractual maturities of outstanding financing receivables are as follows:


Fiscal year ending September 30:	(Amounts in thousands)
2025	$	5,119
2026	$	9,883
2026		2,042
2027		5,257
2027		808
2028		1,153
2028		58
Total payments	$	16,293
Total payments	$	8,027
Less: unearned interest income		(1,289)
Less: unearned interest income		(684)
Less: allowance for credit losses		(100)
Less: allowance for credit losses		(37)
Total, net of unearned interest income and allowance for credit losses	$	14,904
Total, net of unearned interest income and allowance for credit losses	$	7,306

4. Inventories~~, net~~

Inventories, ~~net~~ consist of the following:


	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Raw materials	$	77—	$	~~247~~77
Work-in-process		~~315~~94		36315
Finished goods		1,~~901~~348		21,~~259~~901
Total	$	21,~~293~~442	$	2,~~542~~293

We evaluate inventory for obsolescence on at least a quarterly basis or more frequently if needed. Our HPP segment has a multi-faceted approach in determining obsolescence including reviewing inventory by product line, program, and individual part. In the TS segment, we seek to minimize obsolete inventory by having nearly all of our inventory purchased in conjunction with a sales agreement. From time to time, we do purchase certain inventory in bulk to receive discounts, but only when we anticipate selling this inventory in the near-term. The inventory we purchase at the TS segment is in high demand, especially in the current environment, and has a limited risk of obsolescence. The TS-US division has many vendors it transacts with and does not have any specific agreement with any vendor that it must purchase certain products. Management believes other suppliers could provide similar products with comparable terms.

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We evaluate inventory for obsolescence on at least a quarterly basis or more frequently if needed. Our HPP segment has a multi-faceted approach in determining obsolescence including reviewing inventory by product line, program, and individual part. In the TS segment, we seek to minimize obsolete inventory by having nearly all of our inventory purchased in conjunction with a sales agreement. From time to time, we do purchase certain inventory in bulk to receive discounts, but only when we anticipate selling this inventory in the near-term. The inventory we purchase at the TS segment is in high demand, especially in the current environment, and has a limited risk of obsolescence. The TS US division has many vendors it transacts with and does not have any specific agreement with any vendor that it must purchase certain products. Management believes other suppliers could provide similar products with comparable terms.

5. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:


	Effect of				Accumulated
	Foreign		Minimum		Other
	Currency		Pension		Comprehensive
	Translation		Liability		Loss
	(Amounts in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	(5,791)	$	(1,537)	$	(7,328)
Change in period		962		244		1,206
Tax effect of change in period		—		28		28
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	(4,829)	$	(1,265)	$	(6,094)
Change in period		723		(60)		663
Tax effect of change in period		—		66		66
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	(4,106)	$	(1,259)	$	(5,365)
Change in period		96		(2,714)		(2,618)
Tax effect of change in period		—		(9)		(9)
Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	(4,010)	$	(3,982)	$	(7,992)

The changes in the minimum pension liability are net of an amortization ~~gain~~loss of $~~185~~243 thousand in ~~2024~~2025 and a ~~gain~~loss of $~~200~~185 thousand in ~~2023~~2024 included in net periodic pension cost.

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6. Income Taxes

The components of income (loss) before income tax benefit and income tax benefit are comprised of the following:


	For the Years Ended
	September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Income (loss) before income tax benefit
U.S.	$	74(1,620)	$	~~5,202~~74
Foreign		(~~493~~41)		(~~467~~493)
	$	(~~419~~1,661)	$	~~4,735~~(419)
Income tax expense:
Current:
Federal	$	~~123~~—	$	~~1,551~~123
State		~~172~~173		~~326~~172
	$	~~295~~173	$	~~1,877~~295
Deferred:
Federal	$	(~~372~~1,173)	$	(~~1,971~~372)
State		(15570)		(~~375~~15)
	$	(~~387~~1,743)	$	(~~2,346~~387)

Total income tax benefit	$	(931,570)	$	(~~469~~93)

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The effective income tax rate differed from the statutory federal income tax rate due to the following:


	For the Years Ended September 30,
	~~2024~~2025				~~2023~~2024
	(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Computed “expected” tax expense	$	(88)	21.0	%	$	994	21.0	%
Tax benefit at the statutory rate	$	(349)	21.0	%	$	(88)	21.0	%
Increases (reductions) in taxes resulting from:
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		(87)	20.8	%		106	2.2	%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit		16	(1.0)	%		(87)	20.8	%
Foreign rate differential		10	(2.4)	%		9	0.2	%
Impact of non-U.S. earnings		2	(0.1)	%		—	-	%
Employee Retention Credit		—	—	%		(134)	(2.8)	%
Change in valuation allowance		(293)	17.6	%		180	(43.0)	%
RSA Windfall		(189)	45.1	%		(16)	(0.3)	%
Excess stock compensation deductions		(748)	45.0	%		(189)	45.1	%
Permanent differences		1931	(41.59)	%		919	0(4.25)	%
Change in valuation allowance		180	(43.0)	%		(1,746)	(36.9)	%
Non-deductible executive compensation		240	(14.4)	%		—	-	%
Research and development credit		(90)	21.5	%		(112)	(2.4)	%
Change in uncertain tax positions		(94)	5.7	%		89	(21.2)	%
Deferred Tax True Ups		4	(1.0)	%		322	6.8	%
Tax credits		(148)	8.9	%		(90)	21.5	%
FIN 48 Reserves		89	(21.2)	%		166	3.5	%
Return to provision and prior period assessments		(226)	13.6	%		43	(10.3)	%
Return to Provision Adjustments		39	(9.3)	%		(64)	(1.4)	%
Other items		(1)	0.1	%		30	(7.2)	%
Other items		20	(4.8)	%		(3)	(0.1)	%
Income tax benefit	$	(1,570)	94.5	%	$	(93)	22.2	%
Income tax benefit	$	(93)	22.2	%	$	(469)	(9.9)	%

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Significant components of the Company's net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:


	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Pension	$	331	$	321
Capitalized research and development expenses		1,155		651
Other reserves and accruals		975		1,118
Inventory reserves and other		303		278
Federal and state tax credits		829		771
Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards		4		—
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards		2,554		2,945
Lease Liability		121		239
Gross deferred tax assets		6,272		6,323
Less: valuation allowance		(2,800)		(3,283)
Realizable deferred tax asset		3,472		3,040

Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization		(69)		(84)
ROU Asset		(119)		(235)
Pension		(550)		(372)
Intangibles		—		(3)
Realizable deferred tax liabilities		(738)		(694)


Net deferred tax assets	$	2,734	$	2,346

~~The~~Significant ~~Company~~components ~~undertakes a review~~ of ~~its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing~~ the ~~positive and negative evidence to help determine whether it is more likely than not that the~~ Company's ~~will realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not that substantially all of its~~ net deferred tax assets ~~in the U.S. jurisdiction will be utilized~~ and ~~that~~liabilities ~~associated~~as ~~valuation~~of ~~allowances should not be reversed at~~ September 30, ~~2024~~2025 ~~or 2023. The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal~~ and ~~state~~2024 ~~credits and determined $796 thousand (net of federal benefit) of state credits~~ are ~~expected~~as to expire unutilized and kept a valuation allowance against these credits. The Company will continue to maintain a valuation allowance against certain state tax credits in the U.S. and a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets in the U.K. jurisdiction.follows:

As of September 30, 2024, and 2023, the Company had no U.S. net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards for federal purposes.


		September 30,		September 30,
		2025		2024

		(Amounts in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward		$	2,689	$	2,558
Tax credits			669		829
Capitalized research and development expenses			1,681		1,155
Other reserves and accruals			881		975
Lease liability			423		121
Accrued expenses			1,165		—
Inventory reserve			327		303
Pension			422		331
Other temporary differences			2		—
Gross deferred tax assets			8,259		6,272
Less: valuation allowance			(3,167)		(2,800)
Net deferred tax asset			5,092		3,472

Deferred tax liabilities:
Fixed assets			(96)		(69)
Pension			(21)		(119)
ROU asset			(416)		(550)
Realizable deferred tax liabilities			(533)		(738)


Net deferred tax assets		$	4,559	$	2,734

As of September 30, 2024, and 2023, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for state purposes of approximately $60 thousand and $12 thousand, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable income through 2035. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $1.1 million available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $55 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits are available through FY 2038.

As ~~of September 30, 2024, the Company had U.K. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $10.6 million that have an indefinite life with no expiration.~~

~~Undistributed~~The ~~earnings~~Company undertakes a review of its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing the ~~Company's~~positive ~~foreign~~and ~~subsidiaries~~negative ~~amounted~~evidence to ~~approximately~~help ~~$10.3~~determine ~~million~~whether ~~and~~it ~~$4.8~~is ~~million~~more aslikely ofthan ~~September~~not ~~30,~~that ~~2024~~the ~~and~~Company ~~2023,~~will ~~respectively~~realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. The Company has determined that it is ~~considering~~more ~~cash~~likely ~~distribution~~than not that substantially all of ~~undistributed~~its ~~foreign~~net ~~earnings~~deferred tax assets in the ~~future~~U.S., ~~and~~except for certain state tax credits, will ~~continue~~be torealized ~~assess~~for the ~~potential~~fiscal ~~impact~~years ofended ~~any~~September ~~future~~30, ~~distributions~~2024 onand U2025.S. ~~taxes.~~ The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal and state ~~tax~~credits ~~impact~~and determined $495 thousand (net of afederal ~~distribution~~benefit) of ~~foreign~~state ~~earnings~~credits ~~and~~are ~~profits~~expected ~~would~~to ~~not~~expire beunutilized ~~material.~~and maintained a

6559

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valuation allowance against these credits. The Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against the net U.K. deferred tax assets.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no U.S. net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards for federal tax purposes.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards for state purposes of approximately $60 thousand and $60 thousand, respectively, which begin to expire in FY 2031. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $1.0 million available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $50 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits begin to expire in FY 2029. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had state tax credit carryforwards of $1.1 million available to reduce future state tax expense, of which $55 thousand has unlimited carryover status and the remainder of the credits begin to expire in FY 2025.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had U.K. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $10.8 million and $10.6 million, respectively, that have an indefinite life with no expiration.

Undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $10.3 million and $10.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company is considering cash distributions of undistributed foreign earnings in the future and will continue to assess the potential impact of any future distributions on U.S. taxes. The state tax impact of a distribution of foreign earnings and profits would not be material.

In addition, the calculation of the Company's tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The Company records liabilities for estimated tax obligations in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions. These estimated tax liabilities include the provision for taxes that may become payable in the future.

As of September 30, ~~2024~~2025, ~~the total amount of~~ uncertain tax ~~liabilities~~benefits ~~relates~~were primarily related to federal and state tax ~~credit~~credits ~~carryforwards~~and ~~which~~were ~~are~~ partially recorded net in deferred taxes and ~~partially~~ as a long term tax payable.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:


	For the Year Ended
	September 30, ~~2024~~2025		September 30, ~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	~~323~~351	$	~~502~~323
Additions for tax positions of current year		1123		2211
Additions for tax positions of prior years		~~(8)~~3		~~(201)~~8
Reduction for lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(1377)		—(13)
Accrued penalties and interest		226		—22
Balance, end of period	$	~~335~~306	$	~~323~~351

~~The~~ unrecognized tax benefits of $350 thousand as of September 30, 2024, if recognized, would reduce our annual effective tax rate, subject to the valuation allowance. The Company does not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months.

WeThe ~~file~~unrecognized ~~income~~ tax ~~returns~~benefits inof ~~the~~$306 ~~U.S.~~thousand ~~federal~~as ~~jurisdiction~~of ~~and~~September ~~various~~30, ~~state~~2025, ~~and~~if ~~foreign~~recognized, ~~jurisdictions.~~would ~~The~~reduce ~~Company~~our ~~has~~annual ~~reviewed~~effective ~~the~~ tax ~~positions~~rate, ~~taken~~subject onto ~~returns~~the ~~filed~~valuation ~~domestically~~allowance ~~and~~maintained inagainst ~~its~~certain ~~foreign~~state ~~jurisdictions~~tax ~~for~~credits. ~~all~~The ~~open~~Company ~~years,~~does ~~generally~~not ~~fiscal~~expect ~~2021~~our ~~through~~unrecognized ~~2024, and believes that any~~ tax ~~adjustments~~benefits ~~not~~to ~~currently~~change ~~reserved~~significantly inover ~~any~~the ~~audited~~next ~~year~~12 ~~will not be material~~months.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has reviewed the tax positions taken on returns filed domestically and in its foreign jurisdictions for all open years, generally fiscal 2022 through 2025, and believes that any tax adjustments not currently reserved in any audited year would not be material.

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7. Property, Equipment and Improvements, net

Property, equipment and improvements, net consist of the following:


	September 30,		September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Leasehold improvements	$	~~224~~29	$	224
Equipment		82,~~814~~731		8,~~626~~814
Automobiles		~~194~~200		194
Property, equipment and improvements, gross		92,~~232~~960		9,~~044~~232
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(82,~~803~~421)		(8,~~519~~803)
Property, equipment and improvements, net	$	~~429~~539	$	~~525~~429

The Company uses the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets to record depreciation expense. Depreciation expense was $~~292~~237 thousand and $~~343~~292 thousand for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively.

668. Intangibles, net

~~Table~~As of ~~Contents~~September 30, 2025 and 2024, intangible assets are as follows:

8. Acquired Intangible Assets

September 30, 2025

September 30, 2024

Weighted

Average

Remaining

Amortization

Accumulated

Amortization

Accumulated

 

Period

 

Gross

 

Amortization

 

Net

 

Period

 

Gross

 

Amortization

 

Net

(Amounts in thousands)

Patent

7 years

(17)

8 years

(10)

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, intangible assets are as follows:


	September 30, 2024							September 30, 2023
	Weighted							Weighted
	Average							Average
	Remaining							Remaining
	Amortization			Accumulated				Amortization			Accumulated
	Period	Gross		Amortization		Net		Period	Gross		Amortization		Net
	(Amounts in thousands)
Customer list	0 years	$	—	$	—	$	—	1 year	$	90	$	(89)	$	1
Patent	8 years	$	60	$	(10)	$	50	9 years	$	51	$	(6)	$	45

Amortization expense on these intangible assets was $67 thousand and $156 thousand for the years ended September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. There were additions of $1026 thousand and $5110 thousand for the years ended ~~Septembe~~September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. These additions were at our HPP segment related to our ARIA cybersecurity products.

Annual amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the following five successive fiscal years is as follows:


Fiscal year ending September 30:	(Amounts in thousands)
2025	$	5
2026		9
2026		5
2027		9
2027		5
2028		9
2028		5
2029		9
2028		5
2030		9
Thereafter		2524
Total	$	5069

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9. Accounts payable and accrued expenses, and Other noncurrent liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following:


	September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Accounts payable	$	613,~~953~~465	$	56,~~141~~953
Vendor financing agreements		23,~~309~~160		12,~~578~~309
Commissions		~~527~~580		~~615~~527
Compensation and fringe benefits		1,~~342~~421		1,~~958~~342
Professional fees		~~370~~300		~~199~~370
Taxes, other than income		~~170~~198		~~130~~170
Director fees		1442		—14
Operating lease liability		~~382~~340		~~502~~382
Employee Retention Tax Credit Payable		11		640
Employee retention tax credit payable		—		11
Product warranty		62		226
Total	$	1219,~~084~~508	$	1012,~~785~~084

The TS US division enters into certain multi-year agreements with vendors when also entering into some of the multi-year contracts the Company enters into with customers. The caption “Vendor financing agreements” above represents the interest-bearing amounts due to vendors, which are current. See Note 3 Financing Receivables, net for further information related to the multi-year agreements with customers.

67There was not an interest rate stated explicitly in the agreements and therefore interest was imputed under ASC 835 Interest as the payments in the exchange represented two elements: principal and interest. The average weighted imputed interest rate for the agreements was determined to be 9.2%. The rate was determined primarily based on the rate the Company could obtain by financing from other sources at the date of the transaction.

~~Table~~Interest ofexpense ~~Contents~~related to these agreements was $346 thousand and $219 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

~~There~~The ~~was~~amounts ~~not~~owed anfor ~~interest~~these ~~rate~~agreements ~~stated~~are ~~explicitly~~within in the ~~agreements~~Consolidated ~~and~~balance ~~therefore~~sheets ~~interest~~in ~~was~~accounts ~~imputed~~payable ~~under~~and ~~ASC~~other ~~835~~noncurrent ~~Interest~~liabilities asbecause ~~the~~they ~~payments~~are inowed ~~the~~to ~~exchange~~a ~~represented~~vendor ~~two~~rather ~~elements:~~than ~~principal~~banks ~~and~~or ~~interest.~~financial ~~The~~institutions ~~average weighted imputed interest rate~~ for ~~the agreements was determined to be 7~~borrowings.~~9%.~~ ~~The~~See ~~rate~~Note ~~was~~12 ~~determined~~Line ~~primarily~~of ~~based~~Credit onfor ~~the~~amounts ~~rate~~due ~~the~~to ~~Company~~banks ~~could~~and ~~obtain by financing from~~ other ~~sources~~financial atinstitutions ~~the~~for ~~date of the transaction~~borrowings.

Interest expense related to these agreements was $219 thousand and $229 thousand for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The amounts owed for these agreements are within the Consolidated balance sheets in accounts payable and other noncurrent liabilities because they are owed to a vendor rather than banks or financial institutions for borrowings. See Note 12 Line of Credit and Note 13 Note Payable for amounts due to banks and other financial institutions for borrowings.

Below are details of the aforementioned agreements with the vendors that contain imputed interest:


	September 30, ~~2024~~2025		September 30, ~~2023~~2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Current	$	23,~~553~~475	$	12,~~718~~553
Less: discount		(~~244~~315)		(~~140~~244)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	23,~~309~~160	$	12,~~578~~309

Noncurrent	$	1,~~677~~786	$	1,~~967~~677
Less: discount		(~~146~~114)		(~~116~~146)
Other noncurrent liabilities	$	1,531	$	1,851
Total within Other noncurrent liabilities	$	1,672	$	1,531

The TS US division has many vendors it transacts with and does not have any specific agreement with any vendor that it must purchase certain products. Management believes other suppliers could provide similar products with comparable terms.

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10. Leases

Information related to both lessee and lessor

The following table specifies where the right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, and investment in lease are within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024:


	Consolidated Balance Sheets Location		September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024
			(Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Operating leases, net	Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		$	1,647	$	489

Lease receivable - current	Other current assets		$	41	$	14
Lease receivable - noncurrent	Other assets			45		11
Total lease receivable			$	86	$	25

Liabilities
Current operating lease liabilities	Accounts payable and accrued expenses		$	340	$	382
Non-current operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion			1,336		117
Total operating lease liabilities			$	1,676	$	499


	Consolidated Balance Sheets Location	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
		(Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Operating leases	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	489	$	966

Lease receivable - current	Other current assets	$	14	$	8
Lease receivable - noncurrent	Other assets		11		7
Total lease receivable		$	25	$	15

Liabilities
Current operating lease liabilities	Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	382	$	502
Non-current operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent portion		117		482
Total operating lease liabilities		$	499	$	984

68The components of lease costs for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

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		Year ended
	Consolidated Statements of Operations Location	September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024
		(Amounts in thousands)
Operating Lease:
Operating lease cost	Selling, general, and administrative	$	509	$	531
Short-term lease cost	Selling, general, and administrative		73		34
Total lease costs		$	582	$	565
Less lessor interest income	Revenue		(9)		(3)
Total lease costs, net of lessor interest income		$	573	$	562

The components of lease costs for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:


		Year ended
	Consolidated Statements of Operations Location	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
		(Amounts in thousands)
Finance Lease:
Interest on lease liabilities	Interest expense	$	—	$	1
Operating Lease:
Operating lease cost	Selling, general, and administrative		531		618
Short-term lease cost	Selling, general, and administrative		34		43
Total lease costs		$	565	$	662
Less sublease interest income	Revenue		(3)		(3)
Total lease costs, net of sublease interest income		$	562	$	659

~~Future~~For ~~lease~~the ~~payments~~year ~~under~~ended ~~our~~September ~~non-cancellable~~30, ~~leases~~2025 an amount of $100 thousand was recognized in Sales: Product and ~~payments~~$86 tothousand bein ~~received~~Cost asof sales - Product for a ~~sublessor~~sales-type aslease. ofFor the year ended September 30, 2024 ~~are~~an inamount ~~the~~of ~~following~~$20 ~~table~~thousand was recognized in Sales: Product and $10 thousand in Cost of sales - Product related for a sales-type lease.


	Operating lease		Sublease
Fiscal year ending September 30:	costs		payments
	(Amounts in thousands)
2025	$	395	$	16
2026		114		9
2027		5		4
Total	$	514	$	29
Less imputed interest		(15)		(4)
Total	$	499	$	25

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is below:


	Year ended
	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	539	$	628
Operating cash flows paid for short-term leases		34		43
Operating cash flows paid for finance leases		1		1
Financing cash flows paid for finance leases		—		4
Cash received from subleases		(15)		(20)
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
Operating leases		19		392

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~~Information~~Future aslease apayments ~~lessee~~under ~~related~~our tonon-cancellable ~~weighted~~leases ~~averages~~and ofpayments ~~lease~~to ~~term~~be ~~and~~received ~~discount~~as ~~rate~~a lessor as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 isare ~~below~~in the following table:


Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	September 30, 2024
	Operating lease		Lessor
Operating leases	1.3
Fiscal year ending September 30:	costs		payments
	(Amounts in thousands)
Weighted-average discount rate	September 30, 2024
2026	$	440	$	47
Operating leases	7.0%
2027		346		41
2028		296		6
2029		261		—
2030		266		—
Thereafter		410		—
Total	$	2,019	$	94
Less imputed interest		(343)		(8)
Total	$	1,676	$	86

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is below:

11. Product Warranties


	Year ended
	September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024
	(Amounts in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	488	$	539
Operating cash flows paid for short-term leases		73		34
Operating cash flows paid for finance leases		—		1
Cash received from lessor agreements		(48)		(15)
Lease assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
Operating leases		1,628		19

Product warranty activity for the year ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:


	2024		2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	22	$	44
Usage for warranties for products sold in the period		(16)		—
Fulfillment of warranty obligations		—		(22)
Balance at the end of the year	$	6	$	22

These amounts are within Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

12. Line of Credit

As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company maintained an inventory line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $15.0 million. It may be used by the TS or HPP segment in the U.S. to purchase inventory from approved vendors with payment terms which exceed those offered by the vendors. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms, however, late payments are subject to an interest charge of the rate published in the Wall Street Journal as the “prime rate” plus 5%. The prime rate was 8.0% as of September 30, 2024. There is no expiration date or minimum principal payment. However, the credit agreement for the inventory line of credit contains financial covenants which require the Company to maintain the following TS segment-specific financial ratios: (1) a minimum current ratio of 1.2, (2) tangible net worth of no less than $4.0 million, and (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities to total net worth of less than 5.0:1. As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, Company borrowings, all from the TS segment, under the inventory line of credit were $4.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There is no unused commitment fee. As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, this line of credit also included availability of a limited cash withdrawal option of up to $1.0 million. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no cash withdrawals outstanding.

13. Note Payable

In October 2019, the Company borrowed $2.0 million with a 5.1% rate of interest related to a multi-year agreement with a customer. This note payable was paid in full as of September 30, 2024.

Information as a lessee related to weighted averages of lease term and discount rate as of September 30, 2025 is below:


Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	September 30, 2025
Operating leases	5.6

Weighted-average discount rate	September 30, 2025
Operating leases	6.9%

11. Product Warranties

Product warranty activity for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:


		2025			2024

		(Amounts in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the year		$	6		$	22
Usage for warranties for products sold in the period			(1)			(16)
Fulfillment of warranty obligations			(3)			—
Balance at the end of the year		$	2		$	6

These amounts are within Accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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~~There was no interest expense for the year ended September 30, 2024~~12. Line ~~Interest expense related to the note for the year ended September 30, 2023 was $22 thousand. Below are details~~ of ~~the notes payable.~~Credit

As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company maintained an inventory line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $15.0 million. It may be used by the TS or HPP segment in the U.S. to purchase inventory from approved vendors with payment terms which exceed those offered by the vendors. No interest accrues under the inventory line of credit when advances are paid within terms, however, late payments are subject to an interest charge of the rate published in the Wall Street Journal as the “prime rate” plus 1% or 8.25% as of September 30, 2025. The line of credit automatically renews for one year periods unless terminated by the Company with at least 60 days’ notice or immediate termination by the lender. The collateral is a blanket UCC filing on Modcomp, Inc. and CSPi assets. The credit agreement for the inventory line of credit contains financial covenants which require the Company to maintain the following TS segment-specific financial ratios: (1) a minimum current ratio of 1.2, (2) tangible net worth of no less than $4.0 million, and (3) a maximum ratio of total liabilities to total net worth of less than 5.0:1. As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, Company borrowings, all from the TS segment, under the inventory line of credit were $0.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, and the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There is no unused commitment fee. As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, this line of credit also included availability of a limited cash withdrawal option of up to $1.0 million. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no cash withdrawals outstanding.


	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
	(Amounts in thousands)
Current	$	—	$	449
Less: note discount		—		—
Note payable - current portion	$	—	$	449

13. Pension and Retirement Plans

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is frozen to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2025. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

14. Pension and Retirement Plans

We have defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the U.K. and in the U.S. In the U.K., the Company provides defined benefit pension plans for certain employees and former employees and defined contribution plans for the majority of the employees. The defined benefit plan in the U.K. is frozen to newly hired employees and has been for the two years ended September 30, 2024. In the U.S., the Company provides defined contribution plans that cover most employees and supplementary retirement plans to certain employees and former employees who are now retired. These supplementary retirement plans are also closed to newly hired employees and have been for the two years ended September 30, 2024. These supplementary plans are funded through whole life insurance policies. The Company expects to recover all insurance premiums paid under these policies in the future, through the cash surrender value of the policies and any death benefits or portions thereof to be paid upon the death of the participant. These whole life insurance policies are carried on the balance sheet at their cash surrender values as they are owned by the Company and not assets of the defined benefit plans. In the U.S., the Company also provides for officer death benefits and post-retirement health insurance benefits through supplemental post-retirement plans to certain officers. The Company also funds these supplemental plans’ obligations through whole life insurance policies on the officers.

Defined Benefit Plans

The domestic supplemental retirement plans have life insurance policies which are not considered plan assets but were purchased by the Company as a vehicle to fund the costs of the plan. These insurance policies are included in the balance sheet in the financial statement line item “Cash surrender value of life insurance” at their cash surrender value, net of policy loans aggregating $34.80 million and $3.78 million as of September 30, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively. The loans against the policies have been taken out by the Company to pay the premiums. The costs and benefit payments for these plans are paid through operating cash flows of the Company to the extent that they cannot be funded through the use of the cash values in the insurance policies. The Company expects that the recorded value of the insurance policies will be sufficient to fund all of the Company’s obligations under these plans.

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Assumptions:

The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations at:


	Domestic				International
	September 30,				September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024		~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
Discount rate:	45.8632	%	54.6286	%	5.06	%	5.40	%
Expected return on plan assets:					45.76	%	54.17	%

The following table provides the weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended:


	Domestic				International
	September 30,				September 30,
	~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024		~~2024~~2025		~~2023~~2024
Discount rate:	54.6286	%	5.1462	%	5.06	%	5.40	%
Expected return on plan assets:					45.76	%	54.17	%

~~For~~ domestic plans, the discount rate was determined by comparison against the FTSE pension liability index for AA rated corporate instruments. The Company monitors other indices to assure that the pension obligations are fairly reported on a consistent basis. The international discount rates were determined by comparison against country specific AA corporate indices, adjusted for duration of the obligation.

The periodic benefit cost and the actuarial present value of projected benefit obligations are based on actuarial assumptions that are reviewed on an annual basis. The Company revises these assumptions based on an annual evaluation of long-term trends, as well as market conditions, ~~that~~which may have an impact on the cost of providing retirement benefits.

For ~~the~~domestic ~~supplementary~~plans, ~~domestic~~in ~~plan~~making the cost assessments, ~~medical~~a discount rate of 5.32% was used to reflect prevailing interest rates. Medical benefits are assumed to be increasing based on the Long -Term Healthcare Cost Trends Getzen Model commencing with 78.50% per year with such increase decreasing by 0.5% per year over the next several years and decreasing in accordance with the model ~~pre~~to 4.54% in 2090. For ages 65 and beyond, the increase is 5.00% for 2025, 4.5475% ~~post~~for 652026 and 4.54% thereafter. Life expectancy for medical benefits is based on the PRI-2012 White Collar for Males and Females Pre and Post retirement, Adjusted to 2006 projected using scale MP-2021.

72For the international plan, the discount rate based on a yield curve, constructed from the iBoxx Sterling AA Corporate Index as of September 30, 2025. An assumption of a rate of increase in the Retail Price Index (RPI) is derived from the difference in the yields on fixed and index-linked UK government bonds (gilts) at the effective date published by the Bank of England. Demographic assumptions are those agreed for the funding valuation as of January 1, 2022, but using more recent mortality projections (CMI2024). The plan’s main asset is now a buy-in contract. As the value of this contract is set equal to the value of the liabilities, the expected return on assets is set equal to the assumed discount rate.

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The components of net periodic benefit costs related to the U.S. and international plans are as follows:


	Year ended September 30,
	~~2024~~2025						~~2023~~2024
	U.K.		U.S.		Total		U.K.		U.S.		Total
	(Amounts in thousands)
Pension:
Interest cost	$	~~440~~431	$	118	$	~~451~~439	$	~~429~~440	$	1311	$	~~442~~451
Expected return on plan assets		(~~515~~519)		—		(~~515~~519)		(~~575~~515)		—		(~~575~~515)
Amortization of past service costs		8		—		8		78		—		78
Amortization of net gain		—		(52)		(52)		—		(45)		(45)
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(6780)	$	6	$	(6174)	$	(~~139~~67)	$	96	$	(~~130~~61)

Post Retirement:
Service cost	$	—	$	2326	$	2326	$	—	$	2423	$	2423
Interest cost		—		6458		6458		—		6264		6264
Amortization of net gain		—		(~~172~~119)		(~~172~~119)		—		(~~196~~172)		(~~196~~172)
Net periodic benefit	$	—	$	(8535)	$	(8535)	$	—	$	(~~110~~85)	$	(~~110~~85)

Pension:
(Decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income	$	(106)	$	6	$	(100)	$	(313)	$	(1)	$	(314)
Increase (decrease) in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income	$	2,736		—	$	2,736	$	(106)	$	6	$	(100)
Post Retirement:
Increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income		—		160		160		—		70		70
(Decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income		—		(22)		(22)		—		160		160
Total:
(Decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income	$	(106)	$	166	$	60	$	(313)	$	69	$	(244)
Increase (decrease) increase in minimum liability included in other comprehensive income	$	2,736	$	(22)	$	2,714	$	(106)	$	166	$	60

7367

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The following table presents an analysis of the changes in ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 ofin the benefit obligation, the plan assets and the funded status of the plans:

Years Ended September 30

~~2024~~2025

~~2023~~2024

Foreign

U.S.

Total

Foreign

U.S.

Total

(Amounts in thousands)

Pension:

Change in projected benefit obligation (“PBO”)

Balance beginning of year

89,~~076~~165

~~202~~160

89,~~278~~325

78,~~726~~076

Filing Compare · CSP INC /MA/