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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


			☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025


			☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File Number: 1-8944

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Ohio

34-1464672

(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

200 Public Square,

Cleveland,

Ohio

44114-2315

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (216) 694-5700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common shares, par value $0.125 per share

CLF

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common shares, par value $0.125 per share, was 494,707,468 as of October 22, 2025.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

DEFINITIONS

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND DECEMBER 31, 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

ITEM 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5.

OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 6.

EXHIBITS

SIGNATURES

Table of Contents

DEFINITIONS

The following abbreviations or acronyms are used in the text. References in this report to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” "Cleveland-Cliffs" and “Cliffs” are to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. and subsidiaries, collectively. References to “$” is to United States currency, unless otherwise stated.


Abbreviation or acronym						Term
ABL Facility						Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2020, which matures the earlier of June 9, 2028, or 91 days prior to the maturity of certain other material debt, among Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., the lenders party thereto from time to time and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, as amended as of March 27, 2020, December 9, 2020, December 17, 2021, June 9, 2023, July 31, 2024, and September 13, 2024, and as may be further amended from time to time
Adjusted EBITDA						EBITDA, excluding certain items such as EBITDA from noncontrolling interests, idled facilities charges, acquisition-related costs, changes in fair value of derivatives, net, currency exchange, loss on extinguishment of debt, arbitration decision, severance, and other, net.
AOCI						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Arrangement Agreement						Arrangement Agreement, by and between Stelco Holdings Inc., 13421422 Canada Inc. and Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., dated July 14, 2024, in respect of the Stelco Acquisition
ASU						Accounting Standards Update
BOF						Basic oxygen furnace
CERCLA						Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980
CODM						Chief Operating Decision Maker
CO2e						Carbon dioxide equivalent
Dodd-Frank Act						Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
EAF						Electric arc furnace
EBITDA						Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
EPA						U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPS						Earnings per share
Exchange Act						Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB						Financial Accounting Standards Board
GAAP						Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
GHG						Greenhouse gas
GOES						Grain oriented electrical steel
HBI						Hot briquetted iron
HRC						Hot-rolled coil steel
IAM						International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
Long ton (lt)						2,240 pounds
Metric ton (mt)						2,205 pounds
MMBtu						Million British Thermal Units
Net ton (nt)						2,000 pounds
NOES						Non-oriented electrical steel
OPEB						Other postretirement benefits
RCRA						Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SEC						U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Section 232						Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (as amended by the Trade Act of 1974)
Securities Act						Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Stelco						Stelco Holdings Inc., a Canadian corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, collectively, unless stated otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, which continues as Stelco Inc. following the amalgamation of Stelco Holdings Inc., Stelco Inc. and 13421422 Canada Inc. effective November 8, 2024
Stelco Acquisition						The acquisition of all of the outstanding common shares of Stelco Holdings Inc. by the Company, as provided for in the Arrangement Agreement
SunCoke Middletown						Middletown Coke Company, LLC, a subsidiary of SunCoke Energy, Inc.
UAW						United Auto Workers
USW						United Steelworkers
VIE						Variable interest entity

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PART I



ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


(In millions, except share information)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	66	$	54
Accounts receivable, net	1,797		1,576
Inventories	4,683		5,094
Other current assets	143		183
Total current assets	6,689		6,907
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net	9,508		9,942
Goodwill	1,796		1,768
Intangible assets	1,142		1,170
Pension and OPEB assets	469		427
Other non-current assets	686		733
TOTAL ASSETS	$	20,290	$	20,947
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,914	$	2,008
Accrued employment costs	565		486
Accrued expenses	339		375
Other current liabilities	462		492
Total current liabilities	3,280		3,361
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt	8,039		7,065
Pension and OPEB liabilities	645		751
Deferred income taxes	506		849
Asset retirement and environmental obligations	614		601
Other non-current liabilities	1,499		1,453
TOTAL LIABILITIES	14,583		14,080
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 18)
Equity:
Common shares - par value $0.125 per share
Authorized - 1,200,000,000 shares (2024 - 1,200,000,000 shares);
Issued - 531,051,530 shares (2024 - 531,051,530 shares);
Outstanding - 494,699,774 shares (2024 - 493,948,905 shares)	66		66
Capital in excess of par value of shares	4,783		4,758
Retained earnings (deficit)	(286)		949
Cost of 36,351,756 common shares in treasury (2024 - 37,102,625 shares)	(660)		(676)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,563		1,537
Total Cliffs shareholders' equity	5,466		6,634
Noncontrolling interests	241		233
TOTAL EQUITY	5,707		6,867
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	20,290	$	20,947

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenues	$	4,734	$	4,569	$	14,297	$	14,860
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	(4,780)		(4,675)		(14,951)		(14,524)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(130)		(112)		(399)		(347)
Acquisition-related costs	—		(14)		(1)		(14)
Restructuring and other charges	(3)		(2)		(92)		(131)
Asset impairment	—		—		(39)		(79)
Miscellaneous – net	(25)		(27)		(63)		(63)
Total operating costs	(4,938)		(4,830)		(15,545)		(15,158)
Operating loss	(204)		(261)		(1,248)		(298)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net	(153)		(102)		(442)		(235)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		(27)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	57		62		157		184
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net	(10)		(7)		(34)		(7)
Other non-operating income	1		—		2		3
Total other expense	(105)		(47)		(317)		(82)
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	(309)		(308)		(1,565)		(380)
Income tax benefit	78		76		375		100
Loss from continuing operations	(231)		(232)		(1,190)		(280)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(3)		—		(3)		—
Net loss	(234)		(232)		(1,193)		(280)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(17)		(12)		(42)		(33)
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(251)	$	(244)	$	(1,235)	$	(313)

Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - basic
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)

Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net loss	$	(234)	$	(232)	$	(1,193)	$	(280)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Changes in pension and OPEB, net of tax	(26)		(29)		(78)		(86)
Changes in derivative financial instruments, net of tax	(19)		2		37		69
Changes in foreign currency translation, net of tax	(36)		1		67		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(81)		(26)		26		(17)
Comprehensive loss	(315)		(258)		(1,167)		(297)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(17)		(12)		(42)		(33)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(332)	$	(270)	$	(1,209)	$	(330)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(1,193)	$	(280)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	963		693
Pension and OPEB credits	(130)		(157)
Deferred income taxes	(381)		(67)
Restructuring and other charges	92		131
Asset impairments	39		79
Other	126		159
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(215)		258
Inventories	399		190
Income taxes	15		(46)
Pension and OPEB payments and contributions	(121)		(162)
Payables, accrued employment and accrued expenses	(31)		(210)
Other, net	(12)		(11)
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	(449)		577
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	(421)		(490)
Other investing activities	27		13
Net cash used by investing activities	(394)		(477)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes	1,700		1,421
Repayments of senior notes	—		(845)
Repurchase of common shares	—		(733)
Borrowings (repayments) under credit facilities, net	(713)		47
Debt issuance costs	(26)		(73)
Other financing activities	(108)		(76)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	853		(259)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	10		(159)

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	60		198
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3		—
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	73		39

Restricted cash	(7)		—

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	66	$	39

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STATEMENTS OF UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN EQUITY

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


(In millions)	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Par Value of Common Shares Issued		Capital in Excess of Par Value of Shares		Retained Earnings (Deficit)		Common Shares in Treasury		AOCI		Non-Controlling Interest		Total
December 31, 2024	493.9	$	66	$	4,758	$	949	$	(676)	$	1,537	$	233	$	6,867
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(498)		—		75		12		(411)
Stock and other incentive plans	0.6	—		(2)		—		12		—		—		10
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(15)		(15)
March 31, 2025	494.5	$	66	$	4,756	$	451	$	(664)	$	1,612	$	230	$	6,451
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(486)		—		32		13		(441)
Stock and other incentive plans	0.2	—		12		—		4		—		—		16
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(20)		(20)
June 30, 2025	494.7	$	66	$	4,768	$	(35)	$	(660)	$	1,644	$	223	$	6,006
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(251)		—		(81)		17		(315)
Stock and other incentive plans	—	—		15		—		—		—		—		15
Net contributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		1		1
September 30, 2025	494.7	$	66	$	4,783	$	(286)	$	(660)	$	1,563	$	241	$	5,707


(In millions)	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Par Value of Common Shares Issued		Capital in Excess of Par Value of Shares		Retained Earnings		Common Shares in Treasury		AOCI		Non-Controlling Interest		Total
December 31, 2023	504.9	$	66	$	4,861	$	1,709	$	(430)	$	1,657	$	235	$	8,098
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(70)		—		(9)		14		(65)
Common stock repurchases, net of excise tax	(30.4)	—		—		—		(615)		—		—		(615)
Stock and other incentive plans	1.0	—		(10)		—		15		—		—		5
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(8)		(8)
March 31, 2024	475.5	$	66	$	4,851	$	1,639	$	(1,030)	$	1,648	$	241	$	7,415
Comprehensive income	—	—		—		1		—		18		7		26
Common stock repurchases, net of excise tax	(7.5)	—		—		—		(125)		—		—		(125)
Stock and other incentive plans	—	—		13		—		1		—		—		14
Net contributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		14		14
June 30, 2024	468.0	$	66	$	4,864	$	1,640	$	(1,154)	$	1,666	$	262	$	7,344
Comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		(244)		—		(26)		12		(258)

Stock and other incentive plans	0.1	—		11		—		1		—		—		12
Net distributions to noncontrolling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—		(33)		(33)
September 30, 2024	468.1	$	66	$	4,875	$	1,396	$	(1,153)	$	1,640	$	241	$	7,065

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BUSINESS, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with SEC rules and regulations and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and changes in equity for the periods presented. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on various assumptions and historical experience, which are believed to be reasonable; however, due to the inherent nature of estimates, actual results may differ significantly due to changed conditions or assumptions. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or any other future period. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

NATURE OF BUSINESS

We are a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, particularly for the automotive industry. We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling and tubing. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, we employ approximately 30,000 people across our operations in the United States and Canada. More than 90% of our hourly workforce is represented by three prominent unions – USW, UAW and IAM.

ACQUISITION OF STELCO

On November 1, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the Arrangement Agreement announced on July 15, 2024, we completed the Stelco Acquisition. In connection with closing, Stelco shareholders received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per share of Stelco common stock. Refer to NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS for further information.

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

We are organized into four operating segments based on differentiated products – Steelmaking, Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations. We primarily operate through one reportable segment – the Steelmaking segment.

BASIS OF CONSOLIDATION

The consolidated financial statements consolidate our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries, all subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest and VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES

We have investments in several businesses accounted for using the equity method of accounting. These investments are included within our Steelmaking segment. We review an investment for impairment when circumstances indicate that a loss in value below its carrying amount is other than temporary.

Our investment in affiliates of $132 million and $131 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, was classified in Other non-current assets.

CORRECTION OF AN IMMATERIAL ERROR

During the third quarter of 2025, we identified an immaterial error related to our accrual for certain employment costs, resulting in an understatement of Costs of goods sold in prior periods. Prior periods affected include the interim periods ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and the interim and annual periods during the years 2022, 2023 and 2024.

For the three months and nine months ended September, 30, 2024, Costs of goods sold was increased by $2 million and $7 million, respectively, to adjust for the error. These adjustments were partially offset by related income tax effects that resulted in an increase to Income tax benefit of $1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Included within operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is an increase to Cost of goods sold and Income tax benefit of $8 million and $2 million, respectively, related to the current-year effect of the error.

As of December 31, 2024, Accrued employment costs, Deferred income taxes, and Retained earnings (deficit) were adjusted by $39 million, $9 million and $30 million, respectively. Any related impact to cash flows was limited to captions within operating activities. Related changes to financial statement subtotals and related disclosures within the notes accompanying these financial statements reflect the correction of the error. Management has evaluated the quantitative and qualitative considerations of the error and determined that the related impact was not material to the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows for any historical annual or interim period.

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A detailed description of our significant accounting policies can be found in the audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies and estimates from those disclosed therein.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS AND LEGISLATION

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS - ISSUED AND NOT EFFECTIVE

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This guidance requires additional annual disclosures for income taxes. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. However, this guidance does require additional annual and interim disclosures related to the disaggregation of various income statement expense captions. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.

LEGISLATION

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act was enacted in the U.S. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through future years. The legislation does not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the interim period ended September 30, 2025, and we do not expect it to materially change our effective income tax rate for 2025.

NOTE 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION

INVENTORIES

The following table presents the detail of our Inventories on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Product inventories
Finished and semi-finished goods	$	2,312	$	2,393
Raw materials	1,857		2,208
Total product inventories	4,169		4,601
Manufacturing supplies and critical spares	514		493
Inventories	$	4,683	$	5,094

SUPPLY CHAIN FINANCE PROGRAMS

We negotiate payment terms directly with our suppliers for the purchase of goods and services. We currently offer voluntary supply chain finance programs that enable our suppliers to sell their Cliffs receivables to financial intermediaries, at the sole discretion of both the suppliers and financial intermediaries. No guarantees are provided by us or our subsidiaries under the supply chain finance programs. The supply chain finance programs allow our suppliers to be paid by the financial intermediaries earlier than the due date on the applicable invoice. Supply chain finance programs that extend terms or provide us an economic benefit are classified as short-term financings. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $22 million and $29 million, respectively, deemed as short-term financings that are classified in Other current liabilities. Additionally, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $75 million and $76 million, respectively, classified as Accounts payable.

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INDEFINITELY IDLED FACILITIES CHARGES

The following table represents a reconciliation of our accrued liabilities related to the discontinuation of certain product lines resulting from the indefinite idling of our Steelton rail production facility and Weirton tinplate production facility:


(In millions)	Employee-Related Costs		Exit Costs		Asset Impairment		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	56	$	15	$	—	$	71
Costs incurred1	—		3		—		3
Cash payments	(8)		(9)		—		(17)

Balance as of March 31, 2025	$	48	$	9	$	—	$	57
Costs incurred2	70		26		39		135
Cash payments	(7)		(22)		—		(29)
Non-cash	—		—		(39)		(39)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	111	$	13	$	—	$	124
Costs incurred3	$	—	$	3	$	—	$	3
Cash payments	(15)		(6)		—		(21)

Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	96	$	10	$	—	$	106

1 All $3 million of cost incurred was recorded in Restructuring and other charges.
2 Of the $135 million of cost incurred, $86 million was recorded in Restructuring and other charges, $39 million was recorded in Asset impairments, and $10 million was recorded in Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component.
3 All $3 million of cost incurred was recorded in Restructuring and other charges.

CASH FLOW INFORMATION

A reconciliation of capital additions to cash paid for capital expenditures is as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Capital additions	$	488	$	557
Less:
Non-cash accruals	(72)		(58)
Equipment financed with seller	60		50
Right-of-use assets - finance leases	79		75
Cash paid for capital expenditures including deposits	$	421	$	490

Cash payments (receipts) for income taxes and interest are as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Income taxes paid	$	5	$	13
Income tax refunds	(18)		(5)
Interest paid on debt obligations net of capitalized interest1	341		193

1 Capitalized interest was $11 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS

STELCO ACQUISITION OVERVIEW

On November 1, 2024, pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement, we completed the Stelco Acquisition, in which we were the acquirer. The Stelco Acquisition expands our existing presence in Canada and diversifies our customer base across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets in Canada with higher volumes of spot sales.

The Stelco Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations.

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The fair value of the total purchase consideration was determined as follows:


(In millions)
Total cash consideration	$	2,450
Total share exchange consideration	343
Total debt consideration	415
Total purchase consideration	$	3,208

Total consideration shares are calculated as follows:


Number of outstanding Stelco shares			54,448,388
Number of outstanding share-based compensation awards			2,516,415
Total consideration shares			56,964,803

Total estimated cash consideration is calculated as follows:


Number of consideration shares	56,964,803
Consideration share price per share (CAD)	$	60.00
Total cash consideration (CAD) (in millions)	$	3,418
Exchange rate (November 1, 2024)	0.7168
Total cash consideration (USD)	$	2,450

The fair value of share exchange consideration is as follows:


Number of consideration shares	56,964,803
Fixed share exchange factor	0.454
Total Cliffs exchange shares	25,862,021
Cliffs share price at closing date (November 1, 2024)	$	13.27
Total share exchange consideration (in millions)	$	343

The fair value of debt consideration includes outstanding obligations with preexisting change-in-control provisions requiring repayment at the time of closing. The debt consideration includes amounts repaid in connection with retiring Stelco's asset-based lending facility and inventory monetization arrangement.

VALUATION ASSUMPTION AND PURCHASE PRICE ALLOCATION

We estimated fair values at November 1, 2024 for the preliminary allocation of consideration to the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the Stelco Acquisition. During the measurement period, we will continue to obtain information to assist in finalizing the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which may differ materially from these preliminary estimates. If we determine any measurement period adjustments are material, we will apply those adjustments, including any related impacts to net income, in the reporting period in which the adjustments are determined. We are in the process of conducting a valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed related to the Stelco Acquisition, most notably, personal and real property, deferred taxes, environmental obligations, asset retirement obligations and intangible assets, and the final allocation will be made when completed, including the result of any identified goodwill. Accordingly, the provisional measurements noted below are preliminary and subject to modification in the future.

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The preliminary purchase price allocation to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Stelco Acquisition was:


(In millions)	Initial Allocation of Consideration		Measurement Period Adjustments		Updated Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents	$	341	$	—	$	341
Accounts receivable	104		—		104
Inventories	726		(11)		715
Other current assets	107		(1)		106
Property, plant and equipment	1,286		(4)		1,282
Intangible assets	1,025		—		1,025
Other non-current assets	250		(1)		249
Accounts payable	(212)		—		(212)
Accrued employment costs	(29)		—		(29)
Accrued expenses	(6)		(1)		(7)
Other current liabilities	(71)		—		(71)
Pension and OPEB liability, non-current	(14)		—		(14)
Deferred income taxes	(449)		10		(439)
Asset retirement and environmental obligations	(20)		—		(20)
Other non-current liabilities	(616)		5		(611)
Net identifiable assets acquired	2,422		(3)		2,419
Goodwill	786		3		789
Total net assets acquired	$	3,208	$	—	$	3,208

The goodwill resulting from the Stelco Acquisition primarily represents the growth opportunities through diversification within our customer base across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets with higher volumes of spot sales, as well as any synergistic benefits to be realized from the Stelco Acquisition within our Steelmaking segment. Goodwill is not expected to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

The purchase price allocated to identifiable intangible assets acquired was:


	(In millions)		Weighted Average Life (In years)
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships	$	953	15
Trade names and trademarks	72		15
Total identifiable intangible assets	$	1,025	15

PRO FORMA RESULTS

The following table provides unaudited pro forma financial information, prepared in accordance with Topic 805, Business Combinations, as if Stelco had been acquired as of January 1, 2023:


(In millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Revenues	$	5,049	$	16,416
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(323)		(390)

The unaudited pro forma financial information has been calculated after applying our accounting policies and adjusting the historical results with pro forma adjustments, net of tax, that assume the Stelco Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2023. There were no significant non-recurring pro forma adjustments included in the pro forma results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the potential realization of synergies or cost savings, nor does it reflect other costs relating to the integration of the acquired company. This unaudited pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have actually occurred if the Stelco Acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2023, nor are they indicative of future results.

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NOTE 4 - REVENUES

We generate our revenue through product sales, in which shipping terms indicate when we have fulfilled our performance obligations and transferred control of products to our customer. Our revenue transactions consist of a single performance obligation to transfer promised goods. Our contracts with customers define the mechanism for determining the sales price, which is generally fixed upon transfer of control, but the contracts generally do not impose a specific quantity on either party. Quantities to be delivered to the customer are determined at a point near the date of delivery through purchase orders or other written instructions we receive from the customer. Spot market sales are made through purchase orders or other written instructions. We consider our performance obligation to be complete and recognize revenue when control transfers in accordance with shipping terms.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring product. We reduce the amount of revenue recognized for estimated returns and other customer credits, such as discounts and volume rebates, based on the expected value to be realized. Payment terms are consistent with terms standard to the markets we serve. Sales taxes collected from customers are excluded from revenues. Revenue by market and product are presented net of intersegment revenues, which are entirely related to the Steelmaking segment.

The following table represents our Revenues by market:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Steelmaking
Automotive	$	1,356	$	1,334	$	3,902	$	4,411
Infrastructure and manufacturing	1,326		1,160		4,169		3,973
Distributors and converters	1,288		1,317		3,949		4,131
Other	591		608		1,779		1,846
Total Steelmaking	4,561		4,419		13,799		14,361
Other Businesses
Automotive	144		123		403		411
Infrastructure and manufacturing	11		9		35		29
Distributors and converters	18		18		60		59
Total Other Businesses	173		150		498		499
Total revenues	$	4,734	$	4,569	$	14,297	$	14,860

The following tables represent our Revenues by product line:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Steelmaking
Hot-rolled steel	$	1,122	$	1,003	$	3,620	$	3,246
Cold-rolled steel	636		671		1,872		2,131
Coated steel	1,442		1,377		4,195		4,546
Stainless and electrical steel	466		449		1,344		1,390
Plate steel	286		237		808		887
Other steel products	204		276		727		929
Other	405		406		1,233		1,232
Total Steelmaking	4,561		4,419		13,799		14,361
Other Businesses
Other	173		150		498		499
Total revenues	$	4,734	$	4,569	$	14,297	$	14,860

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NOTE 5 - SEGMENT REPORTING

We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling, and tubing. We are organized into four operating segments based on our differentiated products – Steelmaking, Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations. We have one reportable segment – Steelmaking. The operating segment results of our Tubular, Tooling and Stamping, and European Operations that do not constitute reportable segments are combined and disclosed in the Other Businesses category. Our Steelmaking segment operates as a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, primarily serving the automotive, infrastructure and manufacturing, and distributors and converters markets. Our Other Businesses primarily include the operating segments that provide customer solutions with carbon and stainless steel tubing products, advanced-engineered solutions, tool design and build, hot- and cold-stamped steel components, and complex assemblies. All intersegment transactions were eliminated in consolidation. Corporate assets and capital additions are primarily related to and support the operations of the Steelmaking segment and therefore have been incorporated within the Steelmaking segment total assets and capital additions below. We allocate Corporate Selling, general and administrative expenses to our operating segments.

Our CODM, Lourenco Goncalves, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, evaluates performance on an operating segment basis, as well as a consolidated basis, based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure. This measure is used by our CODM, management, investors, lenders and other external users of our financial statements to assess our operating performance and to compare operating performance to other companies in the steel industry. In addition, our CODM believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure to assess the earnings power of the business without the impact of capital structure and can be used to assess our ability to service debt and fund future capital expenditures in the business.

The following tables provide our results by segment as well as a reconciliation from consolidated Adjusted EBITDA to our consolidated Net loss:


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	4,585	$	173	$	(24)	$	4,734
Cost of goods sold	(4,643)		(163)		26		(4,780)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(123)		(7)		—		(130)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	57		—		—		57
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	279		9		—		288
Other segment items1	(26)		—		—		(26)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	129	$	12	$	2	$	143

Interest expense, net							(153)
Income tax benefit							78
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(288)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							23
Idled facilities charges							3

Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(10)
Currency exchange							(20)

Severance							(5)
Other, net							(5)
Net loss							$	(234)

Capital Additions	$	205	$	2	$	—	$	207

1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $17 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $6 million.

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	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	4,439	$	150	$	(20)	$	4,569
Cost of goods sold	(4,558)		(140)		23		(4,675)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(105)		(7)		—		(112)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	62		—		—		62
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	228		7		—		235
Other segment items1	45		(2)		—		43
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	111	$	8	$	3	$	122

Interest expense, net							(102)
Income tax benefit							76
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(235)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							20
Idled facilities charges							(2)
Acquisition-related costs							(14)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(7)


Arbitration decision							(71)
Severance							(10)
Other, net							(9)
Net loss							$	(232)

Capital Additions	$	211	$	—	$	—	$	211

1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests and the Arbitration decision from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $12 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $8 million.

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	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	13,888	$	498	$	(89)	$	14,297
Cost of goods sold	(14,577)		(463)		89		(14,951)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(378)		(21)		—		(399)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	157		—		—		157
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	939		24		—		963
Other segment items1	(9)		—		—		(9)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	20	$	38	$	—	$	58

Interest expense, net							(442)
Income tax benefit							375
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(963)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							61
Idled facilities charges							(245)
Acquisition-related costs							(1)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(34)
Currency exchange							26

Severance							(25)
Other, net							(3)
Net loss							$	(1,193)

Capital Additions	$	478	$	10	$	—	$	488

1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests from Adjusted EBITDA and certain idled facilities charges and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $42 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $19 million.

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	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In millions)	Steelmaking		Other Businesses		Eliminations		Total
Revenues	$	14,429	$	499	$	(68)	$	14,860
Cost of goods sold	(14,139)		(457)		72		(14,524)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(326)		(21)		—		(347)
Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component	184		—		—		184
Excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization	669		24		—		693
Other segment items1	(10)		(2)		—		(12)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	807	$	43	$	4	$	854

Interest expense, net							(235)
Income tax benefit							100
Depreciation, depletion and amortization							(693)
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests2							56
Idled facilities charges							(219)
Acquisition-related costs							(14)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net							(7)

Loss on extinguishment of debt							(27)
Arbitration decision							(71)
Severance							(13)
Other, net							(11)
Net loss							$	(280)

Capital Additions	$	554	$	3	$	—	$	557

1 Other segment items primarily consists of the exclusion of EBITDA from noncontrolling interests and the Arbitration decision from Adjusted EBITDA and the inclusion of items within Miscellaneous – net and Other non-operating income.
2 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $33 million and the exclusion of depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $23 million.

The following summarizes our assets by segment:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Assets:
Steelmaking	$	19,663	$	20,327
Other Businesses	627		620
Total segment assets	$	20,290	$	20,947

NOTE 6 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The following table indicates the carrying value of each of the major classes of our depreciable assets:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Land, land improvements and mineral rights	$	1,458	$	1,451
Buildings	1,172		1,104
Equipment	11,539		11,119
Other	358		349
Construction in progress	604		728
Total property, plant and equipment1	15,131		14,751
Allowance for depreciation and depletion	(5,623)		(4,809)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	9,508	$	9,942

1 Includes right-of-use assets related to finance leases of $581 million and $505 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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We recorded depreciation and depletion expense of $268 million and $906 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $233 million and $687 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

During the second quarter of 2025, the decision to indefinitely idle our Steelton, Conshohocken, and Riverdale facilities occurred. This resulted in a $39 million Asset impairment to Property, plant and equipment, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and accelerated depreciation of $12 million and $131 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, included within depreciation and depletion expense.

NOTE 7 - GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

GOODWILL

The following is a summary of Goodwill by segment:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Steelmaking	$	1,747	$	1,719
Other Businesses	49		49
Total	$	1,796	$	1,768

The increase of $28 million in the balance of Goodwill in our Steelmaking segment as of September 30, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024, is primarily due to fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, to a lesser extent, the change is attributable to an increase in estimated identified goodwill as a result of measurement period adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation for the Stelco Acquisition. Refer to NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS for further details.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following is a summary of our intangible assets and liabilities:


	September 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
(In millions)	Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Amount
Intangible assets1:
Customer relationships	$	1,045	$	(86)	$	959	$	1,015	$	(34)	$	981
Developed technology	60		(20)		40		60		(17)		43
Trade names and trademarks	90		(12)		78		87		(8)		79
Mining permits	72		(30)		42		72		(29)		43
Supplier relationships	29		(6)		23		29		(5)		24
Total intangible assets	$	1,296	$	(154)	$	1,142	$	1,263	$	(93)	$	1,170
Intangible liabilities2:
Above-market supply contracts	$	(71)	$	34	$	(37)	$	(71)	$	30	$	(41)

1 Amortization related to mining permits and supplier relationships is recognized in Cost of goods sold. Amortization of all other intangible assets is recognized in Selling, general and administrative expenses.
2 Intangible liabilities are classified as Other non-current liabilities. Amortization of all intangible liabilities is recognized in Cost of goods sold.

Amortization expense related to Intangible assets was $21 million and $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense related to Intangible assets was $61 million and $10 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense is $20 million for the remainder of 2025 and $81 million annually for the years 2026 through 2030. Additionally, customer relationships and trade names and trademarks intangibles are impacted by period over period fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Income from amortization related to the intangible liabilities was $1 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Income from amortization related to the intangible liabilities was $4 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Estimated future income from amortization is $1 million for the remainder of 2025 and $5 million annually for the years 2026 through 2030.

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NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES

The following represents a summary of our long-term debt:


(In millions)
Debt Instrument	Issuer1	Annual Effective Interest Rate	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Senior Unsecured Notes:
7.000% 2027 Senior Notes4	Cliffs	9.240%	$	73	$	73
7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes4	AK Steel	9.240%	56		56
5.875% 2027 Senior Notes4	Cliffs	6.490%	556		556
4.625% 2029 Senior Notes	Cliffs	4.625%	368		368
6.875% 2029 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.875%	900		900
6.750% 2030 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.750%	750		750
4.875% 2031 Senior Notes	Cliffs	4.875%	325		325
7.500% 2031 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.500%	850		—
7.000% 2032 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.054%	1,425		1,425
7.375% 2033 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.375%	900		900
7.625% 2034 Senior Notes	Cliffs	7.625%	850		—
6.250% 2040 Senior Notes	Cliffs	6.340%	235		235
ABL Facility	Cliffs2	Variable3	847		1,560
Total principal amount			8,135		7,148
Unamortized discounts and issuance costs			(96)		(83)
Total long-term debt			$	8,039	$	7,065

1 Unless otherwise noted, references in this column and throughout this NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES to "Cliffs" are to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., and references to "AK Steel" are to AK Steel Corporation (n/k/a Cleveland-Cliffs Steel Corporation).
2 Refers to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. as borrower under our ABL Facility.
3 Our ABL Facility annual effective interest rate was 5.87% as of September 30, 2025.
4 On September 3, 2025, we issued (a) a conditional notice to redeem, in full, all $73 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, (b) a notice to redeem, in full, all $56 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes, and (c) a conditional notice to redeem, in full, all $556 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, in each case on October 3, 2025 at a redemption price of 100.000% plus accrued and unpaid interest. Refer to NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS for further details.

7.625% 2034 SENIOR NOTES OFFERING

On September 8, 2025, we entered into an indenture among Cliffs, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the issuance of $850 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes, which were issued at par. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes were issued in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.625% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, commencing on January 15, 2026. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2034.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by our material direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes.

The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time at our option not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after prior notice is sent to the holders of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are redeemable prior to January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a "make-whole" premium set forth in the indenture. We may also redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes prior to January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 107.625% of the principal amount thereof with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings. The 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes are redeemable beginning on January 15, 2029, at a redemption price equal to 103.813% of the principal amount thereof, decreasing to 101.906% on January 15, 2030, and are redeemable at par beginning on January 15, 2031. In each case, we pay the applicable redemption or "make-whole" premiums plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption.

In addition, if a change in control triggering event, as defined in the indenture, occurs with respect to the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes, we will be required to offer to repurchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The terms of the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes contain certain customary covenants; however, there are no financial covenants.

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On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes at 102.750% of their principal amount. Refer to NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS for further details.

7.500% 2031 SENIOR NOTES OFFERING

On February 6, 2025, we entered into an indenture among Cliffs, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, relating to the issuance of $850 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, which were issued at par. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes were issued in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.500% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2025. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes mature on September 15, 2031.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by our material direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes.

The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time at our option not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after prior notice is sent to the holders of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are redeemable prior to March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a "make-whole" premium set forth in the indenture. We may also redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes prior to March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 107.500% of the principal amount thereof with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings. The 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes are redeemable beginning on March 15, 2028, at a redemption price equal to 103.750% of the principal amount thereof, decreasing to 101.875% on March 15, 2029, and are redeemable at par beginning on March 15, 2030. In each case, we pay the applicable redemption or "make-whole" premiums plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption.

In addition, if a change in control triggering event, as defined in the indenture, occurs with respect to the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes, we will be required to offer to repurchase the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The terms of the 7.500% 2031 Senior Notes contain certain customary covenants; however, there are no financial covenants.

ABL FACILITY

As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with the ABL Facility liquidity requirements and, therefore, the springing financial covenant requiring a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 was not applicable.

The following represents a summary of our borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025
Available borrowing base on ABL Facility1	$	3,972
Borrowings	(847)
Letter of credit obligations2	(63)
Borrowing capacity available	$	3,062

1 As of September 30, 2025, the ABL Facility has a maximum available borrowing base of $4.75 billion. The borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment.
2 We issued standby letters of credit with certain financial institutions in order to support business obligations, including, but not limited to, operating agreements, employee severance, environmental obligations, workers' compensation and insurance obligations.

DEBT MATURITIES

The following represents a summary of our maturities of debt instruments based on the principal amounts outstanding at September 30, 2025 (in millions):


2025		2026		2027		2028		2029		Thereafter		Total
$	—	$	—	$	685	$	847	$	1,268	$	5,335	$	8,135

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NOTE 9 - PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

We offer defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution pension plans and OPEB plans to a significant portion of our employees and retirees. Benefits are also provided through multiemployer plans for certain union members.

The following are the components of defined benefit pension and OPEB costs (credits):

DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION COSTS (CREDITS)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$	7	$	7	$	21	$	21
Interest cost	53		54		158		163
Expected return on plan assets	(79)		(80)		(238)		(240)
Amortization:
Prior service costs	4		5		13		13
Net actuarial gain	(2)		—		(6)		—
Net periodic benefit credits	$	(17)	$	(14)	$	(52)	$	(43)

OPEB COSTS (CREDITS)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$	2	$	2	$	6	$	6
Interest cost	14		13		43		38
Expected return on plan assets	(11)		(11)		(32)		(32)
Termination benefits1	—		—		15		2
Amortization:
Prior service credits	(3)		(4)		(10)		(12)
Net actuarial gain	(33)		(39)		(100)		(116)
Net periodic benefit credits	$	(31)	$	(39)	$	(78)	$	(114)

1 The termination benefits relate to the decision to indefinitely idle our Conshohocken, Riverdale and Steelton facilities in the second quarter of 2025 and the indefinite idle of our Weirton tinplate production facility in the first quarter of 2024.

Based on funding requirements, we made $22 million and $51 million of defined benefit pension contributions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Based on funding requirements, we made $75 million and $91 million of defined benefit pension contributions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Based on funding requirements, we made no contributions to our voluntary employee benefit association trust plans for any of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 10 - INCOME TAXES

Our income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 is $78 million and $375 million, respectively, compared to income tax benefit of $76 million and $100 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase is primarily due to an increase in Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and the impact of immaterial discrete items relative to those losses.

NOTE 11 - ASSET RETIREMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBLIGATIONS

ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

The accrued closure obligation provides for contractual and legal obligations related to our indefinitely idled and closed operations and for the eventual closure of our active operations. The closure date for each of our active mine sites was determined based on the exhaustion date of the remaining mineral reserves, and the amortization of the related asset and accretion of the liability is recognized over the estimated mine lives. The closure date and expected timing of the capital requirements to meet our obligations for our indefinitely idled or closed mines is determined based on the unique circumstances of each property. For indefinitely idled or closed mines, the accretion of the liability is recognized over the anticipated timing of remediation. Asset retirement obligations at our steelmaking operations primarily include the closure and post-closure care for on-site landfills and other waste containment facilities. Asset retirement obligations have been recorded at present values using settlement dates based on when we expect these facilities to reach capacity and close.

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The following is a summary of our asset retirement obligations:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Asset retirement obligations1	$	535	$	526
Less: current portion	18		25
Long-term asset retirement obligations	$	517	$	501

1 Includes $310 million and $302 million related to our active operations as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following is a roll-forward of our asset retirement obligations:


(In millions)	2025		2024
Asset retirement obligations as of January 1	$	526	$	459
Accretion expense	21		17
Revision in estimated cash flows	4		49
Remediation payments	(16)		(24)
Asset retirement obligations as of September 30	$	535	$	501

During the first quarter of 2024, we announced the indefinite idle of our Weirton tinplate production plant, resulting in an increase to our asset retirement obligations as a result of acceleration of the timing and refinement in the cost required.

ENVIRONMENTAL OBLIGATIONS

Our operations currently use, and have in the past used, hazardous materials and substances, and we have generated, and expect to continue to generate, solid and hazardous waste. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to claims under laws and regulations for toxic torts, natural resource damages and other damages, as well as for the investigation and clean-up of soil, surface water, sediments, groundwater, and other natural resources and reclamation of properties. If we reasonably can, we estimate potential remediation expenditures for those sites where future remediation efforts are probable based on identified conditions, regulatory requirements, or contractual obligations arising from the sale of a business or facility. For sites involving government required investigations, including pursuant to RCRA and CERCLA, we typically make an estimate of potential remediation expenditures only after the investigation is complete and when we better understand the nature and scope of the remediation. In general, the material factors in these estimates include the costs associated with investigations, delineations, risk assessments, remedial work, governmental response and oversight, site monitoring and preparation of reports to the appropriate environmental agencies.

The following is a summary of our environmental obligations:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Environmental obligations	$	112	$	114
Less: current portion	15		14
Long-term environmental obligations	$	97	$	100

NOTE 12 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The carrying values of certain financial instruments (e.g., Accounts receivable, net, Accounts payable and Other current liabilities) approximate fair value and, therefore, have been excluded from the table below. See NOTE 13 - DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING for information on our derivative instruments, which are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis.

A summary of the carrying value and fair value of other financial instruments were as follows:


		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(In millions)	Valuation Hierarchy Classification	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Senior notes	Level 1	$	7,192	$	7,328	$	5,505	$	5,496
ABL Facility - outstanding balance	Level 2	847		847		1,560		1,560
Total		$	8,039	$	8,175	$	7,065	$	7,056

The valuation of the financial asset classified in Level 2 was determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or other inputs that were observable.

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT COMMITMENT

In connection with the Stelco Acquisition, we have acquired funding commitments to employee life and health trusts. These obligations pertain to plans previously sponsored by Stelco prior to its bankruptcy. The commitments primarily involve fixed scheduled payments that will continue until 2042, with an additional variable component tied to Stelco's standalone operating

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performance. The financial liability is recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using a discounted cash flow model, which incorporates observable and unobservable inputs for risk-free interest rates and future operating estimates. The liability is classified as a Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The current and non-current portions of the employee benefit commitment are classified within Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position, respectively.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the employee benefit commitment:


(In millions)	2025
Beginning balance as of January 1	$	(188)
Change in fair value	(8)
Payments	19
Foreign currency translation	(6)
Ending balance as of September 30	$	(183)

MINNTAC OPTION

Stelco is party to an option to purchase a 25% ownership interest in the MinnTac iron ore mine and related infrastructure located in Mt. Iron, Minnesota from U. S. Steel for $500 million. This option is exercisable by Stelco at any time until January 31, 2027. This option is recorded as a derivative instrument at fair value on a recurring basis and included within Other non-current assets on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position. Any gain or loss recorded in relation to the fair value of this option is presented within Other non-operating income. The fair value of the derivative asset is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which incorporates observable or unobservable inputs for risk-free interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, discount rates, corresponding market volatility levels and other market-based pricing factors. This option is classified as a Level 3 derivative asset within the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the MinnTac option:


(In millions)	2025
Beginning balance as of January 1	$	95
Change in fair value	(34)
Foreign currency translation	4
Ending balance as of September 30	$	65

NOTE 13 - DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING

We are exposed to price risk associated with fluctuations in the market prices of purchased raw materials and energy sources and the sales price of certain steel products. We may use cash-settled commodity purchase swaps to hedge the market risk associated with the purchase of certain of our raw materials and energy requirements and cash-settled sales swaps to hedge the sales price risk of certain steel products. Our hedging strategy is to reduce the effect on earnings from the price volatility of these various exposures.

Our commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes, and we record the gains and losses for the derivatives in Accumulated other comprehensive income until we reclassify them into Cost of goods sold when we recognize the associated underlying operating costs or Revenues when we recognize the associated underlying sale. Impacts of our designated commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are reflected within Other, net in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows. Refer to NOTE 15 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME for further information.

Our commodity purchase swaps and sales swaps are classified as Level 2 as values were determined using a market approach based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or other inputs that were observable.

The following table presents the notional amount of our outstanding hedge contracts:

Notional Amount

Hedge Contract Type

Classification

Unit of Measure

Maturity Dates

September 30,
2025

December 31,
2024

Natural Gas

Commodity purchase swaps

MMBtu

October 2025 -
August 2028

125,450,000

143,250,000

Electricity

Commodity purchase swaps

Megawatt hours

October 2025 -
July 2028

2,276,561

3,224,227

At September 30, 2025, we estimate $33 million of net losses related to our commodity purchase swaps will be reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income into Cost of goods sold during the next 12 months. This estimate is based on September 30, 2025 fair values, some of which will change before their actual reclassification into Cost of goods sold.

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The following table presents the fair value of our outstanding cash flow hedges and the classification in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position:


Balance Sheet Location (In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Other current assets	$	9	$	5
Other non-current assets	11		9
Other current liabilities	(19)		(41)
Other non-current liabilities	—		(6)

NOTE 14 - CAPITAL STOCK

SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM

During the first quarter of 2024, we fully utilized the remaining portion of our prior $1 billion share repurchase program, which was approved by our Board of Directors on February 10, 2022. During the second quarter of 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a new program to repurchase our outstanding common shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include purchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plans or accelerated share repurchases, up to a maximum of $1.5 billion. We are not obligated to make any repurchases, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The share repurchase program does not have a specific expiration date.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the three months ended September 30, 2024, we did not repurchase any common shares. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repurchased 37.9 million common shares at an aggregate cost of $733 million, excluding any excise tax due under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. As of September 30, 2025, there was $1.4 billion remaining authorization under our active share repurchase program.

PREFERRED STOCK

We have 3 million shares of Serial Preferred Stock, Class A, without par value, authorized and 4 million shares of Serial Preferred Stock, Class B, without par value, authorized. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.

STELCO ACQUISITION

As more fully described in NOTE 3 - ACQUISITIONS, we completed the Stelco Acquisition on November 1, 2024. At closing, each Stelco shareholder received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per share of Stelco common stock. Additionally, Stelco equity award holders received CAD $60.00 in cash and 0.454 shares of Cliffs common stock per outstanding restricted share unit and deferred share unit. As a result of the Stelco Acquisition, we issued a total of 25.9 million Cliffs treasury shares at a fair value of $343 million.

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NOTE 15 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income within Cliffs shareholders’ equity and related tax effects allocated to each are shown below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Foreign Currency Translation
Beginning balance	$	33	$	(1)	$	(70)	$	—
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(42)		1		67		—
Income tax	6		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax	(36)		1		67		—
Ending balance	$	(3)	$	—	$	(3)	$	—

Derivative Instruments
Beginning balance	$	3	$	(103)	$	(53)	$	(170)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(41)		(36)		(33)		(67)
Income tax	10		9		8		17
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax	(31)		(27)		(25)		(50)
Losses reclassified from AOCI to net loss1	16		38		82		158
Income tax benefit2	(4)		(9)		(20)		(39)
Net losses reclassified from AOCI to net loss	12		29		62		119
Ending balance	$	(16)	$	(101)	$	(16)	$	(101)

Pension and OPEB
Beginning balance	$	1,608	$	1,770	$	1,660	$	1,827
Gains reclassified from AOCI to net loss3	(34)		(37)		(103)		(114)
Income tax expense2	8		8		25		28
Net gains reclassified from AOCI to net loss	(26)		(29)		(78)		(86)
Ending balance	$	1,582	$	1,741	$	1,582	$	1,741

Total AOCI Ending Balance	$	1,563	$	1,640	$	1,563	$	1,640

1 Amounts recognized in Revenues and Cost of goods sold for sales swaps and commodity purchase swaps, respectively, within the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.
2 Amounts recognized in Income tax benefit in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.
3 Amounts recognized in Net periodic benefit credits other than service cost component in the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Operations.

NOTE 16 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

SUNCOKE MIDDLETOWN

We purchase all the coke and electrical power generated from SunCoke Middletown’s plant under long-term supply agreements and have committed to purchase all the expected production from the facility through 2032. We consolidate SunCoke Middletown as a VIE because we are the primary beneficiary despite having no ownership interest in SunCoke Middletown. SunCoke Middletown had income before income taxes of $18 million and $47 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $14 million and $38 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, that was included in our consolidated Loss from continuing operations before income taxes. Additionally, SunCoke Middletown had cash used for capital expenditures of $3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $20 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, that are included in our consolidated Purchase of property, plant and equipment on the Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows.

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The assets of the consolidated VIE can only be used to settle the obligations of the consolidated VIE and not obligations of the Company. The creditors of SunCoke Middletown do not have recourse to the assets or general credit of the Company to satisfy liabilities of the VIE. The Statements of Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Position includes the following amounts for SunCoke Middletown:


(In millions)	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024

Inventories	$	32	$	27
Property, plant and equipment, net	275		288
Accounts payable	(17)		(19)
Other assets (liabilities), net	(33)		(47)
Noncontrolling interests	(257)		(249)

NOTE 17 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted EPS:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Loss from continuing operations	$	(231)	$	(232)	$	(1,190)	$	(280)
Net income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interest	(17)		(12)		(42)		(33)
Net loss from continuing operations attributable to Cliffs shareholders	(248)		(244)		(1,232)		(313)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(3)		—		(3)		—
Net loss attributable to Cliffs shareholders	$	(251)	$	(244)	$	(1,235)	$	(313)

Weighted average number of shares:
Basic	495		468		495		478
Employee stock plans1	—		—		—		—
Diluted	495		468		495		478

Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - basic:
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)

Loss per common share attributable to Cliffs shareholders - diluted:
Continuing operations	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)
Discontinued operations	—		—		—		—
	$	(0.51)	$	(0.52)	$	(2.49)	$	(0.66)


1 Excluded from the diluted EPS calculation are anti-dilutive shares related to employee stock plans. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, 3 million shares were excluded. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 2 million shares were excluded.

NOTE 18 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

PURCHASE COMMITMENTS

We purchase portions of the principal raw materials required for our steel manufacturing operations under annual and multi-year agreements, some of which have minimum quantity requirements. We also use large volumes of natural gas, electricity and industrial gases in our operations. We negotiate most of our purchases of chrome, industrial gases and a portion of our electricity under multi-year agreements. Our purchases of coke and iron ore are made under annual or multi-year agreements with periodic price adjustments. We typically purchase coal under annual fixed price agreements. We also purchase certain transportation services under multi-year contracts with minimum quantity requirements.

OTHER COMMERCIAL COMMITMENTS

We use surety bonds and letters of credit to provide financial assurance for certain obligations and statutory requirements. As of September 30, 2025, we had $270 million of surety-backed letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding. Additionally, as of September 30, 2025, we had $63 million of outstanding letters of credit issued under our ABL Facility.

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CONTINGENCIES

We are currently the subject of, or party to, various claims and legal proceedings incidental to our current and historical operations. These claims and legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable rulings could occur. An unfavorable ruling could include monetary damages, additional funding requirements or an injunction. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations for the period in which the ruling occurs or future periods. However, based on currently available information, we do not believe that any pending claims or legal proceedings will result in a material adverse effect in relation to our consolidated financial statements.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTINGENCIES

Our environmental remediation obligations for known environmental matters at active and closed operations have been recognized based on estimates of the cost of investigation and remediation at each facility. We cannot predict the ultimate costs for each site with certainty because of the evolving nature of the investigation and remediation process. Rather, to estimate the probable costs, we must make certain assumptions. The most significant of these assumptions is for the nature and scope of the work that will be necessary to investigate and remediate a particular site and the cost of that work. Other significant assumptions include the cleanup technology that will be used, whether and to what extent any other parties will participate in paying the investigation and remediation costs, reimbursement of past response costs and future oversight costs by governmental agencies, and the reaction of the governing environmental agencies to the proposed work plans. Costs for future investigation and remediation are not discounted to their present value, unless the amount and timing of the cash disbursements are readily known. To the extent that we have been able to reasonably estimate future liabilities, we do not believe that there is a reasonable possibility that we will incur a loss or losses that exceed the amounts we accrued that would, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, since we recognize amounts in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP that exclude potential losses that are not probable or that may not be currently estimable, the ultimate costs of these environmental matters may be higher than the liabilities we currently have recorded in our consolidated financial statements.

Pursuant to RCRA, which governs the treatment, handling and disposal of hazardous waste, the EPA and authorized state environmental agencies may conduct inspections of RCRA-regulated facilities to identify areas where there have been releases of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents into the environment and may order the facilities to take corrective action to remediate such releases. Likewise, the EPA or the states may require closure or post-closure care of residual, industrial and hazardous waste management units. Environmental regulators have the authority to inspect all of our facilities. While we cannot predict the future actions of these regulators, it is possible that they may identify conditions in future inspections of these facilities that they believe require corrective action.

Pursuant to CERCLA, the EPA and state environmental authorities have conducted site investigations at some of our facilities and other third-party facilities, portions of which previously may have been used for disposal of materials that are currently regulated. The results of certain of these investigations remain pending, and we could be directed to spend funds for remedial activities at the former disposal areas. Because of the uncertain status of these investigations, however, we cannot reasonably predict whether or when such spending might be required or its magnitude.

In addition to the foregoing matters, we are or may be involved in proceedings with various regulatory authorities that may require us to pay fines, comply with more rigorous standards or other requirements, or incur capital and operating expenses for environmental compliance. We believe that the ultimate disposition of any such proceedings will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

TAX MATTERS

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our liabilities, our effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash and result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction in our effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Refer to NOTE 10 - INCOME TAXES for further information.

OTHER CONTINGENCIES

In addition to the matters discussed above, there are various pending and potential claims against us and our subsidiaries involving antitrust, product liability, personal injury, commercial, mining royalties, employee benefits and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Because of the considerable uncertainties that exist for any claim, it is difficult to reliably or accurately estimate what the amount of a loss would be if a claimant prevails. If material assumptions or factual understandings we rely on to evaluate exposure for these contingencies prove to be inaccurate or otherwise change, we may be required to record a liability for an adverse outcome. If, however, we have reasonably evaluated potential future liabilities for all of these contingencies, including those described more specifically above, it is our opinion, unless we otherwise noted, that the ultimate liability from these contingencies, individually or in the aggregate, should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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NOTE 19 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 3, 2025, we redeemed all $685 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes, and 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes with a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issued in September 2025.

On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes at 102.750% of their principal amount. The net proceeds were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is designed to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and other factors that may affect our future results. We believe it is important to read our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as other publicly available information. During the third quarter of 2025, we identified an immaterial error related to our accrual for certain employment costs, resulting in an understatement of Costs of goods sold in prior periods. Prior periods affected include the interim periods ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and the interim and annual periods during the years 2022, 2023 and 2024. Refer to NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES for further information.

OVERVIEW

We are a leading North America-based steel producer with focus on value-added sheet products, particularly for the automotive industry. We are vertically integrated from the mining of iron ore, production of pellets and direct reduced iron, and processing of ferrous scrap through primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling, and tubing. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, we employ approximately 30,000 people across our operations in the United States and Canada.

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

The following is a summary of our consolidated results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in millions, except for diluted EPS):

Total Revenue

Net Income (loss)

Adjusted EBITDA

Diluted EPS

See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for a reconciliation of our Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA.

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

STEEL MARKET OVERVIEW

We continued to navigate volatile but improving market conditions throughout the third quarter of 2025. Steel market conditions in the third quarter of 2025 benefited from higher than historical HRC pricing and lower import levels, but demand remained impacted by inconsistent buying behavior from weaker non-automotive demand. The price for domestic HRC, the most significant index impacting our revenues and profitability, averaged $843 per net ton during the third quarter of 2025, 24% higher than the third quarter of 2024. Finished steel import levels continued to decline in the third quarter of 2025 after being elevated in early 2025 in anticipation of the recently implemented steel tariffs, which helped support domestic steel pricing. Looking forward, we expect domestic steel demand to grow, as recently implemented steel and automotive tariffs support demand for domestically produced steel, other end-user demand improves, interest rates continue to decline, and incremental steel demand stimulated by recent government legislation and manufacturing on-shoring is realized. Steel and light vehicles remain at the top of the Trump administration's trade agenda, and we are at the intersection of both of these industries.

We believe that steel tariffs play a crucial role in protecting the U.S. economy, national security and industrial base from violators of fair trade. The steel industry has long faced significant challenges due to overcapacity and overproduction of steel beyond certain countries' domestic needs, along with other unfair trade practices. The overproduction by certain countries results in dumping of steel in the U.S. at below market value. The U.S. remains the only major steel-producing country that produces less steel than it consumes. Additionally, foreign steel producers often take advantage of government subsidies, currency manipulation and weak environmental regulations. Furthermore, there is an overall lack of foreign countries holding their own steel producers accountable for unfair trade practices. We believe that the steel tariffs recently implemented by President Trump are critical to addressing global overproduction issues, confronting unfair trade practices and supporting a healthy domestic steel market. As a leading domestic steel producer, we expect to benefit for years to come from the recently implemented tariffs, not only for steel but also for the automotive industry.

The Canadian steel industry is also an important market for us. Similar to the U.S. steel market, the Canadian steel market is impacted by global overcapacity and other unfair trade practices, resulting in the dumping of steel in Canada at below market

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value. This has weakened our results for our Canadian operations. We believe it is crucial for Canada to put measures in place to protect its domestic steel industry in order to preserve the Canadian economy and national security.

During 2025, to appropriately respond to market conditions and to optimize our footprint, we made the decision to fully or partially idle or permanently close six of our operations. As a consequence of weak automotive production, we made the decision to idle our blast furnace, BOF steel shop, and continuous casting facilities at our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to permanently close Steelton, Conshohocken and Riverdale due to financial underperformance at these operations. Additionally, we made the decision to idle the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine in order to consume excess pellet inventory produced in 2024. These operational changes allow us to streamline our operations and enhance efficiency, with minimal expected impact to our flat-rolled steel output.

OTHER KEY DRIVERS

The largest market for our steel products is the automotive industry in North America, which makes light vehicle production a key driver of demand. North American light vehicle production in the third quarter of 2025 was approximately 3.9 million units, up from approximately 3.8 million units in the third quarter of 2024. During the third quarter of 2025, light vehicle sales in the U.S. saw an average seasonally adjusted annualized rate of 16.3 million units sold, representing a 5% increase compared to the third quarter of 2024. The seasonally adjusted annualized rate has averaged 16.3 million units sold during the first nine months of 2025, 5% higher compared to the same period of 2024, indicating healthy consumer demand. Additionally, the average age of light vehicles on the road in the U.S. is at an all-time high of 12.8 years, surpassing the previous record set in 2024, which should support demand as older vehicles need to be replaced. Furthermore, we expect the recently implemented 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and certain automobile parts to lead to increased demand for domestically produced vehicles that consume domestically made steel. As a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel in the U.S., we expect to benefit from healthier domestic vehicle production over the coming years as we continue to be an established and reliable supplier.

Since 2021, the price for busheling scrap, a necessary input for flat-rolled steel production in EAFs in the U.S., has continued to average well above the prior annual ten-year average of approximately $400 per long ton. The busheling price averaged $461 per long ton during the third quarter of 2025, representing a 13% increase compared to the third quarter of 2024. We expect the supply of busheling scrap to further tighten due to decreasing prime scrap generation from original equipment manufacturers as they improve their production efficiency, the growth of EAF capacity in the U.S., potential for higher prices as a result of tariffs, and a push for expanded scrap use globally. As we are fully integrated and have primarily a blast furnace footprint, increased prices for busheling scrap in the U.S. bolster our competitive advantage, as we source the majority of our iron feedstock from our stable-cost mining and pelletizing operations in Minnesota and Michigan.

COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS

As a leading North America-based steel producer, we benefit from having the size and scale necessary in a competitive, capital intensive business. We have a unique vertically integrated profile from mined raw materials, direct reduced iron, and ferrous scrap to primary steelmaking and downstream finishing, stamping, tooling and tubing. This positioning gives us more predictable costs throughout our supply chain and more control over both our manufacturing inputs and our end-product destination.

One of our most critical strengths that differentiates us from others in our industry is a unique and powerful partnership with our unionized workforce, particularly the USW. With over 20,000 employees subject to collective bargaining agreements, our strong and productive labor relationships are key to our long-term success and allow us to work together in achieving our goals. A clear example of the strength of our relationship is how we partner together to fight against dumped and illegally subsidized imported steel products. Our deep alignment with our represented employees is also recognized by our political leaders, who often publicly support us as a significant employer of a unionized workforce with a track record of working to maintain and increase middle class jobs.

Our primary competitive strength lies within our automotive steel business. We are a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel in the U.S. Compared to other steel end markets, automotive steel is generally higher quality, more operationally and technologically intensive to produce, and requires significantly more devotion to customer service than other steel end markets. This dedication to service and the infrastructure in place to meet our automotive customers’ demanding needs took decades to develop. We have continued to invest capital and resources to meet the requirements needed to serve the automotive industry. We continue to be an established and reliable supplier of automotive-grade steel and intend to bolster our position as an industry leader going forward.

Due to its demanding nature, the automotive steel business typically generates higher through-the-cycle margins, making it a desirable end market. Demand for our automotive-grade steel is expected to be healthier in the coming years as a result of government support for domestically produced vehicles, low unemployment rate, declining interest rates and the replacement of older vehicles. As an established and reliable supplier of domestically produced automotive-grade steel, we expect customers to continue to look to us to serve increased demand in the coming years.

Since becoming a steel company in 2020, we have dedicated significant resources to maintain and upgrade our facilities and equipment. The quality of our assets gives us a unique advantage in product offerings and operational efficiencies. After elevated spend in 2022 to perform overdue maintenance work at the facilities acquired as part of our 2020 acquisitions, we resumed normalized levels of maintenance capital and operating expenses in 2023, which continued throughout 2024 and into 2025. The necessary resources that we have invested in our footprint are expected to keep our assets at an automotive-grade level of quality and reliability for years to come.

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Our utilization of annual or multi-year fixed price contracts provides us a competitive advantage, as the steel industry is often viewed as volatile and subject to the market price of steel. Our fixed price contracts mitigate pricing volatility through the cycle. Approximately 30-35% of our volumes are sold under these contracts.

Our ability to source our primary feedstock domestically, and primarily internally, is a competitive strength. This model reduces our exposure to volatile pricing and unreliable global sourcing. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the Trump administration's focus on U.S. manufactured products have displayed the importance of our North American-centric footprint, as our competitors primarily operating EAF facilities rely on imported pig iron to produce flat-rolled steel, the supply of which is expected to be disrupted. Additionally, the outcome of ongoing trade discussions could result in additional tariffs on other raw materials that could further elevate the cost structure for our competitors who import raw materials. The best example is our legacy business of producing iron ore pellets. By internally sourcing the vast majority of our iron ore pellet requirements, our primary steelmaking raw material feedstock can be secured at a stable and predictable cost and not be subject to as many factors outside of our control.

We believe we offer the most comprehensive flat-rolled steel product selection in the industry, along with several complementary products and services. A sampling of our offering includes advanced high-strength steel, hot-dipped galvanized, aluminized, galvalume, electrogalvanized, galvanneal, HRC, cold-rolled coil, plate, GOES, NOES, stainless steels, tool and die, stamped components, slab and cast ingot. Across the quality spectrum and the supply chain, our customers can frequently find the solutions they need from our product selection.

We are a leading producer of electrical steels referred to as GOES and NOES in the U.S., which we believe will be critical for the modernization of the electrical grid and the infrastructure needed to allow for increased electric vehicle adoption, both of which require electrical steels. Distribution transformers are critical to the maintenance and expansion of America’s electric grid. Transformers are in short supply, and that shortage stifles economic growth across the country. The shortage will continue to be exacerbated by the widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence in virtually all sectors of the economy, which will exponentially increase the consumption of electricity in the U.S. and worldwide. Because of these industry dynamics and our current customer base, our electrical steel business is expected to continue to achieve strong profitability in the coming years.

We are the first and the only producer of HBI in the Great Lakes region. From our Toledo, Ohio facility, we produce a high-quality, low-cost and low-carbon intensive HBI product that can be used in our blast furnaces as a productivity enhancer, or in our BOFs and EAFs as a premium scrap alternative. We use HBI to stretch our hot metal production, lowering carbon intensity and reliance on coke. With increasing tightness in the scrap and metallics markets combined with our own internal needs, we expect our Toledo direct reduction plant to continue to support our operational efficiency going forward. The unique value of our HBI facility is even more evident as recent trade discussions could result in tariffs on pig iron or other imported raw materials for competitors who rely on international suppliers.

STRATEGY

MAXIMIZE OUR COMMERCIAL STRENGTHS

We offer a full suite of flat steel products encompassing effectively all of our customers' needs. We are a leading supplier to the automotive sector, where our portfolio of high-end products delivers a broad range of differentiated solutions for this highly sought after customer base. As an established and reliable supplier of domestically produced automotive-grade steel, we expect to bolster our position as an industry leader going forward.

Our unique capabilities, driven by our portfolio of assets and technical expertise, give us an advantage in our flat-rolled product offering. We offer products that have superior formability, surface quality, strength and corrosion resistance for the automotive industry. In addition, our state-of-the-art Research and Innovation Center in Middletown, Ohio gives us the ability to collaborate with our customers and create new products and develop new and efficient steel manufacturing processes.

Our five-year contract to supply semi-finished steel slabs that was initiated in connection with the closing of the acquisition of ArcelorMittal USA concludes in December 2025. This contract has historically represented approximately 10 percent of our sales volume and has recently become unprofitable as a result of current market conditions. The conclusion of this contract provides a significant opportunity to shift sales and product mix to higher margin business and improve efficiency within our operations.

SUPPORT DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED AUTOMOTIVE SALES

On March 7, 2025, we announced a "Buy American" incentive program for all of our employees in an effort to support President Trump's long-term vision of bringing manufacturing back to the U.S. Under this program, any Cliffs employee who purchases or leases a new American-built vehicle in 2025 with substantial Cliffs steel content will receive a $1,000 cash bonus in connection with the purchase or lease. As the domestic automotive market has long been undermined by excessive imports, we are proud to play a role in encouraging the purchase of domestically produced vehicles. Since the program's inception, feedback has been extremely positive, and employees have been very enthusiastic about the opportunity to support the sale of domestically produced vehicles.

We continue to work with our automotive partners to ensure the availability of domestically produced, automotive-grade steel. With the recently announced automotive tariffs, we expect to see an increase in demand for domestically produced vehicles, which

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should result in an increase in production of vehicles in the U.S. As a leading supplier of automotive-grade steel, we expect to benefit from increased production of vehicles in the U.S. over the coming years.

OPTIMIZE OUR FULLY-INTEGRATED STEELMAKING FOOTPRINT

We are a fully-integrated steel enterprise with an expansive footprint providing the opportunity to achieve healthy margins for flat-rolled steel throughout the business cycle. Our focus remains on realizing our inherent cost advantage in flat-rolled steel while continuing to optimize our footprint. The combination of our ferrous raw materials, including iron ore, scrap and HBI, allows us to do so relative to peers who must rely on more unpredictable and unreliable raw material sourcing strategies.

We have ample access to scrap, along with internally sourced iron ore pellets and HBI. Our ability to optimize use of these raw materials in our blast furnaces and BOFs ultimately boosts liquid steel output, reduces coke needs and lowers carbon emissions from our operations.

During 2025, we made the decision to fully or partially idle or permanently close six of our operations. We made the decision to idle our blast furnace, BOF steel shop, and continuous casting facilities at our Dearborn Works facility. We also made the decision to permanently close Steelton, Conshohocken and Riverdale due to underperformance at these operations. Additionally, we made the decision to idle the Minorca mine and partially idle the Hibbing Taconite mine in order to consume excess pellet inventory produced in 2024. Our recent changes allow us to streamline our operations and enhance efficiency, with minimal impact to our flat-rolled steel output.

CAPTURE SYNERGIES FROM RECENT ACQUISITIONS

On November 1, 2024, we completed the Stelco Acquisition. The Stelco Acquisition confirms our commitment and leadership in integrated steel production in North America and strengthens our cost position by incorporating one of the lowest cost flat-rolled steelmaking assets in North America within our footprint. The Stelco Acquisition expands our existing presence in Canada and diversifies our customer base in Canada across service centers, construction and other industrial end markets with higher volumes of spot sales. As a result of the Stelco Acquisition, our exposure to the North American spot market has doubled, giving us further insight into spot market dynamics and diversifying our customer base toward spot customers.

We have demonstrated a consistent track record of exceeding our initial synergy estimates associated with value-enhancing transactions through mergers and acquisitions. Significant synergy opportunities from the Stelco Acquisition have been identified, including asset and capital expenditure optimization, procurement savings, selling, general and administrative expenses, duplicative public company costs and other opportunities. With our proven ability to integrate acquired assets and capture synergies, along with our powerful partnership with our union and non-union employees, we are confident in our ability to achieve identified synergies related to the Stelco Acquisition.

EXPLORE STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES

During the third quarter of 2025, we announced that we engaged J.P.Morgan as our advisor and launched sell-side processes to explore the potential sale of certain non-core operating assets. As an American-based company with desirable assets, we are favorably positioned to potentially benefit from asset sales. In addition to non-core operating assets, we have received inbound inquiries for us to sell recently idled facilities and certain other inactive sites. We expect the net proceeds of any potential transaction would be used to pay down debt.

Also, during the third quarter of 2025, we signed a Memorandum of Understanding (the "Memorandum of Understanding") with a major global steel producer who seeks to leverage our unmatched U.S. footprint and trade-compliant operations. The Memorandum of Understanding reflects rising interest in Cliffs amid the resurgence of U.S. manufacturing and should enable smooth onboarding for downstream industrial customers moving production from the party’s home country to the United States. The potential transaction with this party is expected to be highly accretive to Cliffs shareholders. UBS is acting as financial advisor to Cliffs for the potential transaction.

Beyond steelmaking, the renewed importance of rare earths in the United States has driven us to re-focus on this potential opportunity at our upstream mining assets. We have begun to explore rare earths at our ore bodies and tailings basins and have identified two sites with key geological indicators for rare earth extraction potential. If successful, it would align Cleveland-Cliffs with the broader national strategy for critical material independence. Before we can determine the economic potential for rare-earth extraction at our properties, we will need to conduct additional technical and economic studies. There can be no assurance that rare-earth extraction at our properties will be economical.

ENHANCE OUR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

We remain committed to operating our business in a more sustainable manner. In May 2024, we announced our commitment to achieve new GHG emissions reduction targets after we successfully achieved our prior commitment set in 2021 to reduce Scope 1 (direct emissions) and Scope 2 (indirect emissions from purchased electricity or other forms of energy) GHG emissions by 25% by 2030, relative to 2017 levels, well ahead of our 2030 target year. Our new goals set forth below, relative to 2023 levels, include:

•A target to reduce Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel by 30% by 2035;

•A target to reduce material upstream Scope 3 GHG emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel by 20% by 2035; and

•A long-term target aligned with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 degrees Celsius scenario to reduce Scope 1, 2 and material upstream 3 emissions intensity per metric ton of crude steel to near net zero by 2050.

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We have made significant progress in reducing our emissions on a per ton basis. Since 2020, we have reduced our average Scope 1 and 2 emissions of integrated mills from 1.82 to 1.58 metric tons of CO2e per metric ton of crude steel produced in 2024, which is 27% lower than the global industry average.

MAINTAIN FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY

Given the cyclicality of our business, it is important to us to be in the financial position to easily withstand economic cycles and be opportunistic when attractive strategic opportunities arise. Since becoming a steel company in 2020, we have demonstrated our ability to generate healthy free cash flow and use it to reduce substantial amounts of debt, return capital to shareholders through share repurchases and make investments to both improve and grow our business.

We have a track record of demonstrating that we can quickly deleverage our balance sheet and have also historically shown our ability to take advantage of volatility in the debt markets and repurchase notes at a discount. We expect to generate healthy free cash flow in the coming years and intend to utilize it to deleverage our balance sheet. We also maintain a long maturity runway with our outstanding debt, with our nearest senior notes maturities coming in 2029 (after redeeming in October 2025 all senior notes that had a maturity date in 2027), have healthy liquidity, and have approximately $3.2 billion of secured debt capacity, which supports our flexibility to navigate varied economic environments for extended periods of time.

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STEELMAKING RESULTS

The following is a summary of our Steelmaking segment operating results, net of intersegment eliminations, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions, except for average selling price, and shipments in thousands of net tons):

Total Revenue

Gross Margin

Adjusted EBITDA

Steel Shipments (nt)


Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024	Q3 2025	Q3 2024	YTD 2025	YTD 2024

STEEL PRODUCT REVENUE:				GROSS MARGIN %:				ADJUSTED EBITDA %:				AVERAGE SELLING PRICE PER TON OF STEEL PRODUCTS:
$4,156	$4,013	$12,566	$13,129	(1)%	(3)%	(5)%	2%	3%	3%	—%	6%	$1,032	$1,045	$1,009	$1,116

REVENUES

The following tables represent our steel shipments by product and total revenues by market:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands of net tons)	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Steel shipments by product:
Hot-rolled steel	1,484		1,400		6	%	4,904		4,059		21	%
Cold-rolled steel	611		635		(4)	%	1,846		1,930		(4)	%
Coated steel	1,178		1,078		9	%	3,443		3,465		(1)	%
Stainless and electrical steel	149		140		6	%	426		436		(2)	%
Plate	232		173		34	%	652		581		12	%
Slab and other steel products	375		414		(9)	%	1,188		1,298		(8)	%
Total steel shipments by product	4,029		3,840		5	%	12,459		11,769		6	%

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Steelmaking revenues by market:
Direct automotive	$	1,356	$	1,334	2	%	$	3,902	$	4,411	(12)	%
Infrastructure and manufacturing	1,326		1,160		14	%	4,169		3,973		5	%
Distributors and converters	1,288		1,317		(2)	%	3,949		4,131		(4)	%
Steel producers	591		608		(3)	%	1,779		1,846		(4)	%
Total Steelmaking revenues by market	$	4,561	$	4,419	3	%	$	13,799	$	14,361	(4)	%

Revenues increased by $142 million, or 3%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•An increase in revenues related to incremental tons sold attributed to the addition of Stelco (approximately $400 million); which is partially offset by

•A decrease in revenue driven by inconsistent buying behavior from service centers and other customers resulting in lower tons sold, excluding Stelco (approximately $150 million); and

•A decrease in revenue driven by the decision to indefinitely idle the Riverdale and Steelton operations due to financial underperformance at these operations (approximately $150 million).

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Revenues decreased by $562 million, or 4%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•A decrease in revenues driven by lower realized revenue rates (approximately $550 million); and

•A decrease in revenue driven by inconsistent buying behavior from automotive, service centers and other customers resulting in lower tons sold (approximately $900 million); and

•A decrease in revenue driven by the decision to indefinitely idle the Weirton, Riverdale and Steelton operations due to financial underperformance at these operations (approximately $250 million); which was partially offset by

•An increase in revenues related to incremental tons sold related to the addition of Stelco (approximately $1.2 billion).

GROSS MARGIN

Gross margin increased by $60 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•Higher steel margins driven by product mix and lower maintenance spend, partially offset by lower realized revenue rates and higher energy costs (approximately $20 million); and

•The unfavorable arbitration decision related to iron ore mining royalties that was realized in the third quarter of 2024 (approximately $70 million), which was partially offset by

•An increase in depreciation, depletion, and amortization (approximately $30 million).

Gross margin decreased by $983 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior-year period, primarily due to:

•Lower realized revenue rates (approximately $670 million);

•An increase in depreciation and amortization expense as a result of the indefinite idling of our Conshohocken and Riverdale facilities and acquisition of Stelco (approximately $220 million); and

•An increase in idled facilities charges as a result of the operational adjustments related to our Hibbing, Minorca and Dearborn facilities (approximately $60 million).

ADJUSTED EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA from our Steelmaking segment for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased by $20 million, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to the increased gross margin from our Steelmaking operations. Additionally, our Steelmaking Adjusted EBITDA included $123 million and $105 million of Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA from our Steelmaking segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, decreased by $787 million, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to the decreased gross margin from our Steelmaking operations. Additionally, our Steelmaking Adjusted EBITDA included $378 million and $326 million of Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

REVENUES & GROSS MARGIN

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our consolidated Revenues increased by $165 million and decreased by $563 million, respectively, and our consolidated gross margin increased by $60 million and decreased by $990 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year periods. See "— Steelmaking Results" above for further detail on our operating results.

RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES AND ASSET IMPAIRMENT

As a result of the announcements to indefinitely idle two of our non-core Steelmaking operations, we recorded both Restructuring and other charges and Asset impairment. The indefinite idling of our Steelton rail production facility occurred in the second quarter of 2025, while the idling of our Weirton tinplate production facility was announced in the first quarter of 2024.

In connection with these decisions, we recorded $3 million and $92 million of Restructuring and other charges during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $2 million and $131 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Additionally, Asset impairment of $39 million was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $79 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

MISCELLANEOUS - NET

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, Miscellaneous – net remained relatively consistent as compared to the prior-year periods. Included within Miscellaneous – net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is an increase of approximately $40 million of charges related to the idled facilities and severance charges, as compared to the prior-year period. This was largely offset by a decrease in currency exchange expense and various other items not individually significant.

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LOSS ON EXTINGUISHMENT OF DEBT

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 7.000% 2032 Senior Notes to repurchase $829 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.750% 2026 Secured Senior Notes, resulting in a $27 million of Loss on extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we did not repurchase any outstanding senior notes. Refer to NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for further information.

INTEREST EXPENSE, NET

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our consolidated Interest expense, net increased by $51 million and $207 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year periods. This increase is primarily due to an increase in our outstanding borrowings.

INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rate is impacted by state and foreign income taxes as well as permanent items, such as depletion. It also is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our consolidated Income tax benefit increased by $2 million and $275 million, respectively, as compared to the prior-year periods. This increase is primarily due to an increase in Loss from continuing operations before income taxes and the impact of immaterial discrete items relative to those losses.

LIQUIDITY, CASH FLOWS AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

OVERVIEW

Our capital allocation decision-making process is focused on preserving healthy liquidity levels, strengthening our balance sheet, and creating financial flexibility to manage through the cyclical demand for our products and volatility in commodity prices. We are focused on maximizing the cash generation of our operations, reducing debt, and aligning capital investments with our strategic priorities and the requirements of our business plan, including regulatory and permission-to-operate related projects.

The following table provides a summary of our cash flow:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024
Cash flows provided (used) by:
Operating activities	$	(449)	$	577
Investing activities	(394)		(477)
Financing activities	853		(259)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	10	$	(159)

Free cash flow1	$	(870)	$	87

1See "— Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of our free cash flow.

CASH FLOWS

OPERATING ACTIVITIES


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		Variance
Net loss	$	(1,193)	$	(280)	$	(913)
Non-cash adjustments to net loss	709		838		(129)
Working capital:
Accounts receivable, net	(215)		258		(473)
Inventories	399		190		209
Income taxes	15		(46)		61
Pension and OPEB payments and contributions	(121)		(162)		41
Payables, accrued employment and accrued expenses	(31)		(210)		179
Other, net	(12)		(11)		(1)
Total working capital	35		19		16
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	$	(449)	$	577	$	(1,026)

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The variance was primarily driven by:

•A $1.0 billion decrease in net loss after adjustments for non-cash items primarily due to lower gross margins resulting from a decrease in selling prices for our steel products as compared to the prior-year period. See "— Steelmaking Results" above for further detail on our operating results; and

•A $473 million decrease in cash primarily as a result of volatility in average selling price. Lower average selling prices at the end of 2024, which increased throughout the first three quarters of 2025, led to higher outstanding accounts receivable balances at September 30, 2025. In contrast, higher average selling prices at the end of 2023, which decreased throughout the first three quarters of 2024, led to lower outstanding accounts receivable balances at September 30, 2024. Such decrease in cash was partially offset by

•A $209 million increase in cash primarily related to a reduction in raw material inventories, including iron ore pellets and coke, during the first three quarters of 2025; and

•A $179 million increase in cash primarily as a result of lower incentive-based compensation paid in the first three quarters of 2025, as compared to the prior-year period.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		Variance
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	$	(421)	$	(490)	$	69
Other investing activities	27		13		14
Net cash used by investing activities	$	(394)	$	(477)	$	83

Our cash used for capital expenditures during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $69 million less as compared to the prior-year period. Our cash used for capital expenditures primarily relates to sustaining capital spend, which includes infrastructure, mobile equipment, fixed equipment, product quality, environmental, and health and safety spend. Included within cash used for capital expenditures was $3 million related to our non-owned SunCoke Middletown VIE for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $20 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

We anticipate total cash used for capital expenditures during the next 12 months to be approximately $700 million, which primarily consists of sustaining capital spend.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		Variance
Net proceeds of senior notes	$	1,700	$	576	$	1,124
Net borrowings (repayments) under credit facilities	(713)		47		(760)
Repurchase of common shares	—		(733)		733
Other financing activities	(134)		(149)		15
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	$	853	$	(259)	$	1,112

The variance was primarily driven by:

•An increase in proceeds from senior notes offerings of $1.1 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 related to the issuance of an aggregate principal amount of $1.7 billion of our 7.500% Senior Notes due 2031 and 7.625% Senior Notes due 2034; and

•The repurchase of 37.9 million common shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, while no shares were repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2025; which was partially offset by

•An increase in repayments under our credit facilities primarily as a result of temporarily paying down our ABL Facility with a portion of the net proceeds from the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issuance in September 2025, prior to redeeming in October 2025 all $685 million aggregate principal amount of our senior notes that had maturity dates in 2027 with the remaining net proceeds from the 7.625% 2034 Senior Notes issuance in September 2025.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are Cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from our operations, availability under the ABL Facility and access to capital markets. Cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $66 million as of September 30, 2025, include cash on hand and on deposit, as well as short-term securities held for the primary purpose of general liquidity. The combination of cash and availability under our ABL Facility equated to $3.1 billion in liquidity as of September 30, 2025.

On February 6, 2025, we issued $850 million aggregate principal amount of 7.500% Senior Notes due 2031 at par. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including repayment of borrowings under our ABL Facility.

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On September 8, 2025, we issued $850 million aggregate principal amount of 7.625% Senior Notes due 2034 at par. On October 3, 2025, a portion of the net proceeds from this offering, which were initially utilized to pay down our ABL Facility, was used to redeem all $685 million in aggregate principal amount of our 5.875% 2027 Senior Notes, 7.000% 2027 Senior Notes and 7.000% 2027 AK Senior Notes. The remaining net proceeds from this offering were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

On October 10, 2025, we issued an additional $275 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.625% Senior Notes due 2034 at 102.750% of their principal amount. The net proceeds of this offering were used to repay borrowings under our ABL Facility.

Our ABL Facility, which matures in June 2028, has a maximum borrowing base of $4.75 billion, including a $500 million multicurrency sub-facility, a $555 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $200 million sublimit for swingline loans. The available borrowing base is determined by applying customary advance rates to eligible accounts receivable, inventory and certain mobile equipment. As of September 30, 2025, outstanding letters of credit totaled $63 million, which reduced availability. We issue standby letters of credit with certain financial institutions in order to support business obligations, including, but not limited to, workers' compensation, operating agreements, employee severance, environmental obligations and insurance. Our ABL Facility agreement contains various financial and other covenants. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all of our ABL Facility covenants.

We have the capability to issue additional unsecured notes and, subject to the limitations set forth in our existing senior notes indentures and ABL Facility, additional secured debt, if we elect to access the debt capital markets. We currently have approximately $3.2 billion of secured debt capacity. We believe our liquidity and access to capital markets will be adequate to fund our cash requirements for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. However, our ability in the future to issue additional debt could be limited by market conditions. We intend from time to time to seek to redeem or repurchase our outstanding senior notes with cash on hand, borrowings from existing credit sources or new debt financings and/or exchanges for debt or equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such redemptions or repurchases, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors, and the amounts involved may be material. We also have the potential to generate liquidity from the sale of non-core assets. In addition to non-core operating assets, we have received inbound inquiries for us to sell recently idled facilities and certain other inactive sites.

Refer to NOTE 8 - DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES for more information on our ABL Facility and debt.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The following provides a description and reconciliation of each of our non-GAAP financial measures to its most directly comparable respective GAAP measure. The presentation of these measures is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. The presentation of these measures may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

ADJUSTED EBITDA

We evaluate performance on an operating segment basis, as well as a consolidated basis, based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure. This measure is used by management, investors, lenders and other external users of our financial statements to assess our operating performance and to compare operating performance to other companies in the steel industry. In addition, management believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure to assess the earnings power of the business without the impact of capital structure and can be used to assess our ability to service debt and fund future capital expenditures in the business.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of our Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net loss	$	(234)	$	(232)	$	(1,193)	$	(280)
Less:
Interest expense, net	(153)		(102)		(442)		(235)
Income tax benefit	78		76		375		100
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(288)		(235)		(963)		(693)
Total EBITDA	129		29		(163)		548
Less:
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests1	23		20		61		56
Idled facilities charges	3		(2)		(245)		(219)
Acquisition-related costs	—		(14)		(1)		(14)
Changes in fair value of derivatives, net	(10)		(7)		(34)		(7)
Currency exchange	(20)		—		26		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		(27)
Arbitration decision	—		(71)		—		(71)
Severance	(5)		(10)		(25)		(13)
Other, net	(5)		(9)		(3)		(11)
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	143	$	122	$	58	$	854

1 EBITDA from noncontrolling interests includes the following:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	$	17	$	12	42		33
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	6		8		19		23
EBITDA from noncontrolling interests	$	23	$	20	$	61	$	56

2 Refer to NOTE 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATION for further information.

The following table provides a summary of our Adjusted EBITDA by segment:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Adjusted EBITDA:
Steelmaking	$	129	$	111	$	20	$	807
Other Businesses	12		8		38		43
Intersegment Eliminations	2		3		—

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. 10-Q