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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

____________________________________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2026

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number 001-41170

____________________________________________________________

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

____________________________________________________________


Montana			81-0519541
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(IRS Employer Identification No.)

49 Commons Loop	Kalispell,	Montana	59901
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

(406)			756-4200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

____________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	GBCI	The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding on April 14, 2026 was 130,142,654. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1 – Financial Statements
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition – March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025			4
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations – Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025			5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025			6
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity – Three Months ended March, 2026 and 2025			7
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025			8
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements			10
Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			47
Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk			77
Item 4 – Controls and Procedures			77
Part II. Other Information			77
Item 1 – Legal Proceedings			77
Item 1A – Risk Factors			77
Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			78
Item 3 – Defaults upon Senior Securities			78
Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures			78
Item 5 – Other Information			78
Item 6 – Exhibits			79
Signatures			80

ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS


ACL or allowance – allowance for credit losses
AFS - available-for-sale
ALCO – Asset Liability Committee
ASC – Accounting Standards Codification
ASU – Accounting Standards Update
ATM – automated teller machine
Bank – Glacier Bank
BOID - Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho
CDE – Certified Development Entity
CDFI Fund – Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
CEO – Chief Executive Officer
CFO – Chief Financial Officer
CRE - Commercial real estate
Company – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
DDA – demand deposit account
Fannie Mae – Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank
Final Rules – final rules implemented by the federal banking agencies that established a new comprehensive regulatory capital framework
FRB – Federal Reserve Bank
Freddie Mac – Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
GAAP – accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
Ginnie Mae – Government National Mortgage Association
Guaranty - Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust
HTM - Held-to-maturity
Interest rate locks - residential real estate derivatives for commitments
LIHTC – Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
MBFD - Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty
NMTC – New Markets Tax Credit
NOW – negotiable order of withdrawal
NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations
OCI – other comprehensive income
OREO – other real estate owned
PCD – purchased credit-deteriorated
Repurchase agreements – securities sold under agreements to repurchase
ROU – right-of-use
S&P – Standard and Poor’s
SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate
TBA – to-be-announced
VIE – variable interest entity

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION


(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
Assets
Cash on hand and in banks	$	350,801	321,526

Interest bearing cash deposits	1,034,436		913,735
Cash and cash equivalents	1,385,237		1,235,261
Debt securities, available-for-sale	3,585,531		4,007,512
Debt securities, held-to-maturity	3,058,662		3,110,216
Total debt securities	6,644,193		7,117,728
Loans held for sale, at fair value	41,652		39,186
Loans receivable	21,033,663		20,927,796
Allowance for credit losses	(255,771)		(255,319)
Loans receivable, net	20,777,892		20,672,477
Premises and equipment, net	492,031		486,184
Right-of-use assets, net	76,344		75,574
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets	1,610		411
Accrued interest receivable	122,795		120,092
Deferred tax asset, net	103,863		101,337
Intangibles, net	100,470		105,269
Goodwill	1,378,283		1,378,283
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost	21,524		42,764
Bank-owned life insurance	236,540		235,090
Other assets	351,648		368,407
Total assets	$	31,734,082	31,978,063
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits	$	7,427,280	7,314,779
Interest bearing deposits	17,314,591		17,276,317
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	2,085,623		2,084,113
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	—		440,000
Other borrowed funds	51,564		51,473
Finance lease liabilities	31,209		28,808
Subordinated debentures	188,032		187,492
Accrued interest payable	30,512		32,786

Operating lease liabilities	51,457		52,869
Other liabilities	305,315		295,605
Total liabilities	27,485,583		27,764,242
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities	—		—
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 234,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively	1,301		1,300
Paid-in capital	3,224,619		3,220,064
Retained earnings	1,198,628		1,159,567
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(176,049)		(167,110)
Total stockholders’ equity	4,248,499		4,213,821
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	31,734,082	31,978,063
Number of common stock shares issued and outstanding	130,124,378		129,971,712

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Interest Income
Investment securities	$	45,126	45,646
Residential real estate loans	33,708		24,275
Commercial loans	258,616		197,388
Consumer and other loans	24,887		22,616
Total interest income	362,337		289,925
Interest Expense
Deposits	72,251		62,865
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	13,619		13,733
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	4,226		20,719

Other borrowed funds	443		402
Subordinated debentures	3,121		2,227
Total interest expense	93,660		99,946
Net Interest Income	268,677		189,979
Provision for credit losses	6,064		7,814
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	262,613		182,165
Non-Interest Income
Deposit service charges and other fees	15,265		13,215
Payment services	11,368		9,328
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges	2,279		1,691
Gain on sale of loans	5,108		4,311
Gain (loss) on sale of securities	—		—
Other income	4,062		4,097
Total non-interest income	38,082		32,642
Non-Interest Expense
Compensation and employee benefits	115,770		91,443
Occupancy and equipment	15,682		12,294
Advertising and promotions	5,256		4,144
Data processing	13,273		9,138
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets	206		63
Regulatory assessments and insurance	6,403		5,534
Intangibles amortization	4,799		3,270
Other expenses	39,140		25,432
Total non-interest expense	200,529		151,318
Income Before Income Taxes	100,166		63,489
Federal and state income tax expense	18,022		8,921
Net Income	$	82,144	54,568
Basic earnings per share	$	0.63	0.48
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.63	0.48
Dividends declared per share	$	0.33	0.33
Average outstanding shares - basic	130,052,858		113,451,199
Average outstanding shares - diluted	130,242,765		113,546,365

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Net Income	$	82,144	54,568
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax
Available-For-Sale and Transferred Securities:
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities	(13,313)		60,765

Reclassification adjustment for securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	1,199		1,469
Tax effect	3,003		(15,509)
Net of tax amount	(9,111)		46,725
Fair Value Hedge:
Unrealized gain on derivatives used for fair value hedges	229		—

Tax effect	(57)		—

Net of tax amount	172		—
Cash Flow Hedge:
Unrealized losses on derivatives used for cash flow hedges	—		(657)
Amount of losses reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income	—		(63)
Tax effect	—		180
Net of tax amount	—		(540)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(8,939)		46,185
Total Comprehensive Income	$	73,205	100,753

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES

IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025


(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)	Common Stock			Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Compre- hensive Loss
	Shares	Amount					Total
Balance at January 1, 2025	113,401,955	$	1,134	2,448,758	1,083,258	(309,296)	3,223,854
Net income	—	—		—	54,568	—	54,568
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—	46,185	46,185
Cash dividends declared ($0.33 per share)	—	—		—	(37,553)	—	(37,553)

Stock issuances under stock incentive plans	115,989	1		(1)	—	—	—
Stock-based compensation and related taxes	—	—		554	—	—	554

Balance at March 31, 2025	113,517,944	$	1,135	2,449,311	1,100,273	(263,111)	3,287,608
Balance at January 1, 2026	129,971,712	$	1,300	3,220,064	1,159,567	(167,110)	4,213,821
Net income	—	—		—	82,144	—	82,144
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—	—	(8,939)	(8,939)
Cash dividends declared ($0.33 per share)	—	—		—	(43,083)	—	(43,083)

Stock issuances under stock incentive plans	152,666	1		(1)	—	—	—
Stock-based compensation and related taxes	—	—		4,556	—	—	4,556

Balance at March 31, 2026	130,124,378	$	1,301	3,224,619	1,198,628	(176,049)	4,248,499

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Operating Activities
Net income	$	82,144	54,568
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	6,064		7,814
Net amortization of debt securities	2,027		2,939
Net amortization of purchase accounting adjustments and deferred loan fees and costs	(5,660)		(3,250)

Origination of loans held for sale	(194,651)		(160,307)
Proceeds from loans held for sale	197,292		157,156
Gain on sale of loans	(5,108)		(4,311)


Bank-owned life insurance income, net	(2,260)		(1,182)
Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits	4,452		2,541
Depreciation and amortization	9,082		7,494
Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment	445		(1,010)
(Gain) loss on sale and write-downs of other real estate owned, net	(17)		18
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles	4,799		3,270

Amortization of investments in variable interest entities	9,674		8,662
Net increase in accrued interest receivable	(2,703)		(4,729)
Net decrease (increase) in other assets	2,361		(1,784)
Net decrease in accrued interest payable	(2,274)		(3,394)
Net decrease in operating lease liabilities	(1,934)		(921)
Net decrease in other liabilities	(15,853)		(11,128)
Net cash provided by operating activities	87,880		52,446
Investing Activities

Maturities, prepayments and calls of available-for-sale debt securities	1,405,802		148,759
Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities	(999,904)		(13,791)
Maturities, prepayments and calls of held-to-maturity debt securities	51,648		46,904
Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities	—		(13,723)
Net (increase) decrease in loans	(103,981)		44,684
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment	1,457		2,051
Net additions to premises and equipment	(13,530)		(5,663)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned	192		22
Proceeds from redemption of equity securities	21,606		12,931
Purchases of equity securities	(365)		(1,214)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance	987		—
Investments in variable interest entities	(11,826)		(15,453)

Net cash provided by investing activities	352,086		205,507

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Financing Activities
Net increase in deposits	$	150,654	87,169
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,510		71,596




Repayments of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances	(440,000)		(280,000)
Net increase in other borrowed funds	90		154
Principal payments on finance lease liabilities	(1,150)		(976)
Cash dividends paid	(337)		(363)
Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation	(2,195)		(2,456)
Proceeds from stock option exercises	1,438		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(289,990)		(124,876)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	149,976		133,077
Cash, cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,235,261		848,408
Cash, cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,385,237	981,485
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid during the period for interest	$	95,934	103,340
Cash (received) paid during the period for income taxes	(805)		2,427
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Sale and refinancing of other real estate owned	$	—	1
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned	1,374		30
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities	4,169		176
Equity investments obtained in exchange for delayed equity contributions	—		5,268
Dividends declared during the period but not paid	43,082		37,553

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General

Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (“Company”) is a Montana corporation headquartered in Kalispell, Montana. The Company provides a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank (“Bank”). The Company offers a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. The Company serves individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These interim consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements and they should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results anticipated for the year ending December 31, 2026. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2025 has been derived from the audited consolidated statements of the Company as of that date.

The Company is a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the disposition of pending litigation will not have a material affect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include: 1) the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL” or “allowance”) on loans; 2) the valuation of debt securities; and 3) the evaluation of goodwill impairment. For the determination of the ACL on certain loans and real estate valuation estimates, management obtains independent appraisals (new or updated) for significant items. Estimates relating to the investment valuations are obtained from independent third parties. Estimates relating to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment are determined based on internal calculations using market-based inputs.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the parent holding company and the Bank, which consists of eighteen bank divisions and a corporate division. The corporate division includes the Bank’s investment portfolio, wholesale borrowings and other centralized functions. The Bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors. The Bank also has non-bank subsidiaries which hold certain Bank investments. These non-bank subsidiaries are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method depending on whether the Bank has a controlling interest or significant influence over the entity.

The Bank has interests in variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These interests are consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These interests are accounted for under the equity method in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the Bank’s interest in VIEs, see Note 7.

The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities. The trust subsidiaries are not consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company's investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and its liabilities to the trust subsidiaries are included in subordinated debentures.

Segment Reporting

The Company has determined that its current operating model is structured whereby banking locations and divisions serve a similar base of commercial and retail customers for which the Company provides similar products and services managed

through similar processes and technology platforms. The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) serves as the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM allocates resources and assesses performance of the Company based on the consolidated performance, excluding all significant intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and the Bank, its wholly owned subsidiary, and does not significantly utilize disaggregated segment financial information for decision making and resource allocation. The CODM assesses performance for the banking segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income as reported on the consolidated statements of operations as consolidated net income. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment, the banking segment. All categories of interest expense and non-interest expense as disclosed on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations are considered significant to the banking segment.

The Company has determined that no additional segment disclosures are required, specifically as a result of the following;

▪the Company does not use the tracked performance on the disaggregated segment level for decision-making or resource allocation purposes,

▪no significant segment-specific expenses or performance metrics are used internally for decision-making or resource allocation purposes other than those reported on the consolidated statements of operations, and

▪the level of financial consolidation presented in these financial statements aligns with the CODM’s internal reporting and decision-making process

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Interest Bearing Cash Deposits

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), interest bearing deposits, federal funds sold, and liquid investments with original or acquired maturities of three months or less. Interest bearing deposits are maintained at other financial institutions as collateral for certain derivative contracts and are considered restricted cash. Interest earned on interest bearing cash deposits was $8,127,000 and $6,143,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and was included in interest income on investment securities on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company had no restricted cash held as collateral for derivative contracts as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Bank is required to maintain an average reserve balance either with the FRB or in the form of cash on hand at a reserve rate determined by the FRB. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB Board reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent. The required reserve balance at March 31, 2026 was $0.

Debt Securities

Debt securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”) and are carried at amortized cost. Debt securities held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in income. Debt securities not classified as HTM or trading are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into income using a method that approximates the interest method. The objective of the interest method is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The Company does not have any debt securities classified as trading securities. When the Company acquires another entity, it records the debt securities at fair value.

The Company reviews and analyzes the various risks that may be present within the investment portfolio on an ongoing basis, including market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk to an entity’s financial condition resulting from adverse changes in the value of its holdings arising from movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. The Company assesses the market risk of individual debt securities as well as the investment portfolio as a whole. Credit risk, broadly defined, is the risk that an issuer or counterparty will fail to perform on an obligation. The credit rating of a security is considered the primary credit quality indicator for debt securities. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that a security will not have an active and efficient market in which the security can be sold.

A debt security is investment grade if the issuer has adequate capacity to meet its commitment over the expected life of the investment, i.e., the risk of default is low and full and timely repayment of interest and principal is expected. To determine investment grade status for debt securities, the Company conducts due diligence of the creditworthiness of the issuer or counterparty prior to acquisition and ongoing thereafter consistent with the risk characteristics of the security and the overall risk of the investment portfolio. Credit quality due diligence takes into account the extent to which a security is guaranteed by the U.S. government and other agencies of the U.S. government. The depth of the due diligence is based on the complexity of the structure, the size of the security, and takes into account material positions and specific groups of securities or stratifications for analysis and review of similar risk positions. The due diligence includes consideration of payment performance, collateral adequacy, internal analyses, third party research and analytics, external credit ratings and default statistics.

For additional information relating to debt securities, see Note 2.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through loss on sale of securities. For the AFS securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In such assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, if there are any changes to the investment grade of the security by a rating agency, and if there are any adverse conditions that impact the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a potential credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any estimated credit losses that have not been recorded through an ACL are recognized in OCI.

The Company has acquired debt securities through acquisitions and if the securities have more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, they are designated as purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) securities. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as with other debt securities. The sum of a PCD security’s fair value and associated ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the debt security is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the security. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for AFS debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges-off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

Allowance for Credit Losses - HTM Debt Securities

For estimating the allowance for HTM debt securities that share similar risk characteristics with other securities, such securities are pooled based on major security type. For pools of such securities with similar risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the securities on those historical credit losses. Expected credit losses on securities in the HTM portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with any of the pools of debt securities are individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the securities.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for HTM debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale generally consist of long-term, fixed rate, conforming, single-family residential real estate loans intended to be sold on the secondary market. Fair value elections are made at the time of origination based on the Company’s fair value election policy. Loans held for sale are currently recorded at fair value and may be sold with or without servicing rights. Changes in fair value are recognized in gain on sale of loans included in non-interest income.

Loans Receivable

The Company’s loan segments or classes are based on the purpose of the loan and consist of residential real estate, commercial real estate (“CRE”), other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. Loans that are intended at origination to be held for investment are reported at the unpaid principal balance less net charge-offs and adjusted for deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are deferred and subsequently amortized or accreted as a yield adjustment over the expected life of the loan utilizing the interest or straight-line methods. The interest method is utilized for loans with scheduled payment terms and the objective is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The straight-line method is utilized for revolving lines of credit or loans with no scheduled payment terms. When a loan is paid off prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans are immediately recognized as interest income.

Loans that are 30 days or more past due based on payments received and applied to the loan are considered delinquent. Loans are designated non-accrual and the accrual of interest is discontinued when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual when principal or interest is due and has remained unpaid for 90 days or more. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance if doubt remains as to the ultimate collectability of the loan. Interest accruals are not resumed on partially charged-off impaired loans. For other loans on non-accrual, interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

The Company has acquired loans through acquisitions, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company considers all acquired non-accrual loans to be PCD loans. In addition, the Company considers loans accruing 90 days or more past due or substandard loans to be PCD loans. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of a loan’s fair value and ACL becomes the initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

For additional information relating to loans, see Note 3.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable

The ACL for loans receivable represents management’s estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. The estimate is determined based on the amortized cost of the loan portfolio including the loan balance adjusted for charge-offs, recoveries, deferred fees and costs, and loan discount and premiums. Recoveries are included only to the extent that such amounts were previously charged-off. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for loans. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future periods.

The allowance is adjusted for estimated credit losses which is recorded in the provision for credit losses. The portion of loans and overdraft balances determined by management to be uncollectable are charged-off as a reduction to the allowance and recoveries of amounts previously charged-off increase the allowance. The Company’s charge-off policy is consistent with bank regulatory standards. Consumer loans generally are charged-off when the loan becomes over 120 days delinquent. Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until such time as it is sold.

The expected credit loss estimate process involves procedures to consider the unique characteristics of each of the Company’s loan portfolio segments, which consist of residential real estate, CRE, other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. When computing the allowance levels, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools and that considers loss history, credit and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The Company has determined a four consecutive quarter forecasting period is a reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit loss for periods beyond reasonable and supportable forecast periods are determined based on a reversion method which reverts back to historical loss estimates over a four consecutive quarter period on a straight-line basis.

Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and the process for estimating the expected credit losses. The following paragraphs describe the risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment.

Residential Real Estate. Residential real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment include a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for relatively smaller amounts.

Commercial Real Estate. CRE loans typically involve larger principal amounts, and repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan and/or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, valuation of the property securing the loan and conditions within the local economies in the Company’s diverse geographic market areas.

Other Commercial. Other commercial loans consist of loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and business expansions. The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower’s principal business operation. Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations across the Company’s diverse geographic market areas.

Home Equity. Home equity loans consist of junior lien mortgages and first and junior lien lines of credit (revolving open-end and amortizing closed-end) secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment are a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for terms that range from 10 to 15 years.

Other Consumer. The other consumer loan portfolio consists of various short-term loans such as automobile loans and loans for other personal purposes. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers. Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment and general economic conditions in the Company’s diverse geographic market areas) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.

The allowance is impacted by loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance has two basic components: 1) individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and 2) the expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

Loans that do not Share Similar Risk Characteristics with Other Loans. For a loan that does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, expected credit loss is measured based on the net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For these loans, the expected credit loss is equal to the amount by which the net realizable value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan (which is net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except when the loan is collateral-dependent, that is, when foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In these cases, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral. The Company has determined that non-accrual loans do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and these loans are individually evaluated for estimated allowance for credit losses. The Company, through its credit monitoring process, may also identify other loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and individually evaluate such loans. The starting point for determining the fair value of collateral is to obtain external appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisals or evaluations are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. Adjustments may be made to the fair value of the collateral after review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation.

Loans that Share Similar Risk Characteristics with other Loans. For estimating the allowance for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans, such loans are segregated into loan segments. Loans are designated into loan segments based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. In determining the ACL, the Company derives an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type. This model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan segment by considering the non-discounted simple annual average historical loss rate of each loan segment (calculated through an “open pool” method), multiplying the loss rate by the amortized loan balance and incorporating that segment’s internally generated prepayment speed assumption and contractually scheduled remaining principal pay downs on a loan level basis. The annual historical loss rates are adjusted over a reasonable economic

forecast period by a multiplier that is calculated based upon current national economic forecasts as a proportion of each segment’s historical average loss levels. The Company will then revert from the economic forecast period back to the historical average loss rate on a straight-line basis. After the reversion period, the loans will be assumed to experience their historical loss rate for the remainder of their contractual lives. The model applies the expected loss rate over the projected cash flows at the individual loan level and then aggregates the losses by loan segment in determining their quantitative allowance. The Company will also include qualitative adjustments to adjust the ACL on loan segments to the extent the current or future market conditions are believed to vary substantially from historical conditions in regards to:

•lending policies and procedures;

•international, national, regional and local economic business conditions, developments, or environmental conditions that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various markets;

•the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans;

•the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff;

•the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified or graded loans and the volume of non-accrual loans;

•the quality of our loan review system;

•the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans;

•the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of concentrations; and

•the effect of external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.

The Company regularly reviews loans in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine the appropriate loan classification and grading in accordance with applicable bank regulations. The primary credit quality indicator for residential, home equity and other consumer loans is the days past due status, which consists of the following categories: 1) performing loans; 2) 30 to 89 days past due loans; and 3) non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans. The primary credit quality indicator for CRE and commercial loans is the Company’s internal risk rating system, which includes the following categories: 1) pass loans; 2) special mention loans; 3) substandard loans; and 4) doubtful or loss loans. Such credit quality indicators are regularly monitored and incorporated into the Company’s allowance estimate. The following paragraphs further define the internal risk ratings for CRE and commercial loans.

Pass Loans. These ratings represent loans that are of acceptable, good or excellent quality with very limited to no risk. Loans that do not have one of the following ratings are considered pass loans.

Special Mention Loans. These ratings represent loans that are designated as special mention per the regulatory definition. Special mention loans are currently protected but are potentially weak. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an undue and unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan. The rating may be used to identify credit with potential weaknesses that if not corrected may weaken the loan to the point of inadequately protecting the Company’s credit position. Examples include a lack of supervision, inadequate loan agreement, condition, or control of collateral, incomplete, or improper documentation, deviations from lending policy, and adverse trends in operations or economic conditions.

Substandard Loans. This rating represents loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. A loan so classified must have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregated amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in an individual loan classified substandard.

Doubtful/Loss Loans. A loan classified as doubtful has the characteristics that make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. Loans are classified as loss when they are deemed to be not collectible and of such little value that continuance as an active asset of the Company is not warranted. Loans classified as loss must be charged-off. Assignment of this classification does not mean that an asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be attained in the future.

Modifications

The Company identifies and monitors loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”). The Company considers some of the indicators that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty to be: currently in payment default on any of their debt, declaring bankruptcy, going concern, borrower’s securities have been delisted, and other indicators of inability to meet obligations. This list does not include all potential indicators of a borrower’s financial difficulties. Each debt modification is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The ACL on loans that are considered MBFD’s are measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company maintains a separate ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments. Such ACL is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures and applying the loss factors used in the ACL methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan segment. No credit loss estimate is recorded for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had an ACL of $32,523,000 and $29,973,000, respectively, for off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company recognizes provision for credit losses on the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures (e.g., unfunded loan commitments) together with provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio in the consolidated statement of operations line item provision for credit losses.

The following table presents the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet exposures:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Provision for credit loss - loans	$	3,514	6,154
Provision for credit loss - unfunded	2,550		1,660
Total provision for credit losses	$	6,064	7,814

There was no provision for credit losses on debt securities for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are accounted for at cost less depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. The estimated useful life for office buildings is 15 to 40 years and the estimated useful life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment is 3 to 10 years. Interest is capitalized for any significant building projects.

Leases

The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. A lessee lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria (e.g., lease contains option to purchase that Company is reasonably certain to exercise), in which case it is classified as a finance lease. These leases are included in net premises and equipment as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets on the Company’s consolidated statement of financial condition. The operating leases have an ROU liability in operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The finance leases have liabilities that are included in finance lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The interest expense incurred on the finance lease liability is included in interest expense on other borrowed funds on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. An ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and also includes any direct costs and payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives. When an implicit rate is not available, an incremental borrowing rate for the Company based on the information available at commencement date is used in determining the present value of the lease payments. A lease term will include an option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance) together as a single combined lease component for all asset classes. The Company has elected to recognize payments for short-term leases of 12 months or less on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and exclude such leases from the Company’s

consolidated statements of financial condition. Renewal and termination options are considered when determining short-term leases. Leases are accounted for on an individual lease level.

Lease improvements incurred at the inception of the lease are recorded as an asset and depreciated over the initial term of the lease and lease improvements incurred subsequently are depreciated over the remaining term of the lease.

The Company also leases certain premises and equipment to third parties. A lessor lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria that would classify it as either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. For additional information relating to leases, see Note 4.

Other Real Estate Owned

Property acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated selling cost, at acquisition date (i.e., cost of the property). The Company is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan upon the occurrence of either the Company obtaining legal title to the property or the borrower conveying all interest in the property through a deed-in-lieu or similar agreement. Fair value is determined as the amount that could be reasonably expected in a current sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent to the initial acquisition, if the fair value of the asset, less estimated selling cost, is less than the cost of the property, a loss is recognized in other expense and the asset carrying value is reduced. Gain or loss on disposition of OREO is recorded in non-interest income or non-interest expense, respectively. In determining the fair value of the properties on the date of transfer and any subsequent estimated losses of net realizable value, the fair value of OREO acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is determined primarily based upon appraisal or evaluation of the underlying property value.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets

Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets. Goodwill is recorded if the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and a bargain purchase gain is recorded in other income if the net fair value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase price.

Adjustment of the allocated purchase price may be related to fair value estimates for which all information has not been obtained for the acquired entity and becomes known or discovered during the allocation period, the period of time required to identify and measure the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combination. The allocation period is generally limited to one year following consummation of a business combination.

Core deposit intangible represents the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in acquisitions and is amortized using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of the related deposits. The core deposit intangible is evaluated for impairment and recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter. The Company has identified the aggregated Bank divisions as a single reporting unit (i.e., a component of the Bank operating segment) given that each division has similar economic characteristics, products, services, and are all subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) oversight under one regulatory call report.

The goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Examples of events and circumstances that could trigger the need for interim impairment testing include:

•a significant change in legal factors or in the business climate;

•an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;

•unanticipated competition;

•a loss of key personnel;

•a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of; and

•the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit.

For the goodwill impairment assessment, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company elected to bypass the qualitative assessment for its 2025 annual goodwill impairment testing and proceed directly to the goodwill impairment assessment. The goodwill impairment process requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments regarding fair value. The Company calculates an implied fair value for the reporting unit and if the implied fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. For additional information relating to goodwill, see Note 5.

Loan Servicing Rights

For residential real estate loans that are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value in other assets and gain on sale of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. The servicing asset is subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires the servicing rights to be amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Loan servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the servicing rights compared to the carrying value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying value. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction in the valuation allowance may be recorded. Changes in the valuation allowance are recorded in other income. The fair value of the servicing assets are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

Servicing fee income is recognized in other income for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on contractual percentage of the outstanding principal; or a fixed amount per loan and is recorded when earned. The amortization of loan servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. For additional information relating to loan servicing rights, see Note 6.

Equity Securities

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock is restricted because such stock may only be sold to FHLB at its par value. Due to restrictive terms, and the lack of a readily determinable fair value, FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment. The investments in FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company’s borrowings from FHLB. FHLB obtains its funding primarily through issuance of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. The U.S. government does not guarantee these obligations, and each of the regional FHLBs is jointly and severally liable for repayment of each other’s debt.

The Company also has other equity securities that are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in other income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. For equity securities that qualify for the practical expedient method using the net asset value, the equity security is measured at the net asset value and changes in the fair value are recognized in other income.

Other Borrowings

Borrowings of the Company’s consolidated VIEs and finance lease arrangements are included in other borrowings. For additional information relating to VIE’s, see Note 7.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company maintains bank-owned life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors, which are recorded at their cash surrender values as determined by the insurance carriers. The appreciation in the cash surrender value of the policies is recognized as a component of other income in non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is interest rate risk. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivatives as one of three types based on the intention of the hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“non-designated derivative”).

Hedging Derivatives

The derivatives designated in fair value hedges and cash flow hedges are recognized as other assets or other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and are measured at fair value. Earnings effect of fair value hedges and cash flow hedge derivatives are recognized in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item. Cash flows resulting from the fair value hedge and cash flow hedge derivatives are classified in the Company’s cash flow statement in the same category as the cash flows of the items being hedged. For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative included in the effectiveness testing, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in earnings as fair value changes. For a fair value hedge, the Company has elected that the amounts excluded from the initial assessment of effectiveness will be amortized in earnings using a systematic and rational method and any difference in the fair value of the excluded component and amounts recognized in earnings to be recognized in OCI. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in OCI and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company then formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are designated are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of the hedged items. The Company has elected not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments and the fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral arising from derivative instruments recognized at fair value executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in OCI are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

Non-Designated Derivatives

Commitments to fund mortgage loans (“interest rate locks”) to be sold on the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as non-designated derivatives. The fair value of the interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund the mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of the commitment before the loan is funded. In order to economically hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitment to fund the majority of these loans, the Company enters into forward commitments to sell to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with such loans and unfunded commitments.. For all other residential real estate loans to be sold, the Company enters into “best efforts” forward sales commitments for the future delivery of loans to third party investors when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of changes in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Forward sales commitments on a “best efforts” basis are not derivatives until the loan is funded. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on the loan is locked. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.

For additional information relating to the derivatives and hedging activity, see Note 9.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when services or products are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Revenue from contracts with customers was $26,634,000 and $22,543,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and largely consisted of revenue from service charges and other fees from deposits (e.g., overdraft fees, automated teller machine (“ATM”) fees, debit card fees). Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, an insignificant amount of receivables related to such revenue was recorded at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and there were no impairment losses recognized. Policies specific to revenue from contracts with customers include the following:

Service Charges. Revenue from service charges consists of service charges and fees on deposit accounts under depository agreements with customers to provide access to deposited funds and, when applicable, pay interest on deposits. Service charges on deposit accounts may be transactional or non-transactional in nature. Transactional service charges occur in the form of a service or penalty and are charged upon the occurrence of an event (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, wire transfer fees). Transactional service charges are recognized as services are delivered to and consumed by the customer, or as penalty fees are

charged. Non-transactional service charges are charges that are based on a broader service, such as account maintenance fees and dormancy fees, and are recognized on a monthly basis.

Debit Card Fees. Revenue from debit card fees includes interchange fee income from debit cards processed through card association networks. Interchange fees represent a portion of a transaction amount that the Company and other involved parties retain to compensate themselves for giving the cardholder immediate access to funds. Interchange rates are generally set by the card association networks and are based on purchase volumes and other factors. The Company records interchange fees as services are provided.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2025 financial statements to conform to the 2026 presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings.

Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption

The ASC is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) officially recognized source of authoritative GAAP applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the authority of the federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for the Company as an SEC registrant. All other accounting literature is non-authoritative. The following provides a description of recently issued but not yet effective ASUs that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2024-03 - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, FASB amended ASC subtopic 220-40 which requires certain disaggregated disclosures of the income statement. The amendments require new financial statement disclosures in tabular format, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The prescribed categories include, among other things, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible amortization. The amendments are effective for public business entities in the first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update may be applied on a prospective basis or retrospective to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update, but does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements, including related disclosures, or significant impact on its current processes.

ASU 2025-08 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In November 2025, FASB amended ASC Topic 326 related to purchased loans (the “Update”). The amendments in the Update expand the population of acquired financial assets subject to the gross-up approach in Topic 326. Loans acquired without credit deterioration and deemed seasoned are considered purchased seasoned loans and accounted for using the gross-up approach at acquisition. All non-PCD loans that are acquired in a business combination are deemed seasoned. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied prospectively to loans that are acquired on or after the initial application date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update.

Note 2. Debt Securities

The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of the Company’s debt securities:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Fair Value
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	$	242,269	22	(1,398)	240,893
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	125,596		43	(2,405)	123,234
State and local governments	154,719		369	(2,805)	152,283
Corporate bonds	13,323		262	(24)	13,561
Residential mortgage-backed securities	2,271,505		111	(190,022)	2,081,594
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,017,295		197	(43,526)	973,966
Total available-for-sale	$	3,824,707	1,004	(240,180)	3,585,531
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency	867,249		—	(25,174)	842,075
State and local governments	1,575,040		836	(189,597)	1,386,279
Residential mortgage-backed securities	616,373		62	(33,848)	582,587
Total held-to-maturity	3,058,662		898	(248,619)	2,810,941
Total debt securities	$	6,883,369	1,902	(488,799)	6,396,472


	December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Fair Value
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	$	257,650	264	(1,984)	255,930
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	315,675		86	(3,273)	312,488
State and local governments	165,305		1,035	(2,256)	164,084
Corporate bonds	33,691		279	(21)	33,949
Residential mortgage-backed securities	2,391,698		1,417	(177,996)	2,215,119
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,069,355		998	(44,411)	1,025,942
Total available-for-sale	$	4,233,374	4,079	(229,941)	4,007,512
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency	865,696		—	(24,129)	841,567
State and local governments	1,587,673		1,341	(175,623)	1,413,391
Residential mortgage-backed securities	656,847		224	(31,913)	625,158
Total held-to-maturity	3,110,216		1,565	(231,665)	2,880,116
Total debt securities	$	7,343,590	5,644	(461,606)	6,887,628

Maturity Analysis

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity at March 31, 2026. Actual maturities may differ from expected or contractual maturities since some issuers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.


	March 31, 2026
	Available-for-Sale			Held-to-Maturity
(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value	Amortized Cost	Fair Value
Due within one year	$	311,130	308,079	386,161	380,380
Due after one year through five years	101,232		100,720	602,305	580,801
Due after five years through ten years	69,788		68,609	264,743	252,138
Due after ten years	53,757		52,563	1,189,080	1,015,035
	535,907		529,971	2,442,289	2,228,354
Mortgage-backed securities 1	3,288,800		3,055,560	616,373	582,587
Total	$	3,824,707	3,585,531	3,058,662	2,810,941

______________________________

1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

Sales and Calls of Debt Securities

Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities and the associated gains and losses that have been included in earnings in gain (loss) on sale of securities are listed below:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Available-for-sale
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities	$	17,755	435
Gross realized gains 1	—		—
Gross realized losses 1	—		—
Held-to-maturity
Proceeds from calls of debt securities	9,530		4,130
Gross realized gains 1	—		—
Gross realized losses 1	—		—

______________________________

1 The gain or loss on the sale or call of each debt security is determined by the specific identification method.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

The following tables summarize AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position based on the length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, and for which an ACL has not been recorded. The number of AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position is also disclosed.


	March 31, 2026
	Number of Securities	Less than 12 Months			12 Months or More		Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss	Fair Value	Unrealized Loss	Fair Value	Unrealized Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	38	$	58,564	(414)	179,719	(984)	238,283	(1,398)
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	5	—		—	113,750	(2,405)	113,750	(2,405)
State and local governments	117	64,057		(569)	45,302	(2,236)	109,359	(2,805)
Corporate bonds	2	1,485		(5)	3,982	(19)	5,467	(24)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	434	197,897		(2,092)	1,859,962	(187,930)	2,057,859	(190,022)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	150	151,548		(10,948)	782,702	(32,578)	934,250	(43,526)
Total available-for-sale	746	$	473,551	(14,028)	2,985,417	(226,152)	3,458,968	(240,180)


	December 31, 2025
	Number of Securities	Less than 12 Months			12 Months or More		Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss	Fair Value	Unrealized Loss	Fair Value	Unrealized Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	39	$	55,231	(82)	179,092	(1,902)	234,323	(1,984)
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	12	—		—	302,962	(3,273)	302,962	(3,273)
State and local governments	88	36,534		(83)	46,762	(2,173)	83,296	(2,256)
Corporate bonds	2	—		—	13,980	(21)	13,980	(21)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	376	28,843		(42)	1,983,182	(177,954)	2,012,025	(177,996)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	142	62,427		(215)	864,907	(44,196)	927,334	(44,411)
Total available-for-sale	659	$	183,035	(422)	3,390,885	(229,519)	3,573,920	(229,941)

The majority of AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at March 31, 2026 were issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and other agencies of the U.S. government or have credit ratings issued by one or more of the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO” entities, such as Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) and Moody’s) in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at March 31, 2026 have been determined to be investment grade.

The Company did not have any past due AFS debt securities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $8,715,000 and $9,619,000 at March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2026, the Company determined the decline in value was unrelated to credit losses and was primarily the result of changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, as of March 31, 2026, management determined it did not intend to sell AFS debt securities with unrealized losses, and there was no expected requirement to sell such securities before recovery of their

amortized cost. As a result, no ACL was recorded on AFS debt securities at March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively. As part of this determination, the Company considered contractual obligations, regulatory constraints, liquidity, capital, asset/liability management and securities portfolio objectives and whether or not any of the Company’s investment securities were managed by third-party investment funds.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-To-Maturity Debt Securities

The Company measured expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type and NRSRO credit ratings, which is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator for state and local government securities. The estimate of expected credit losses considered historical credit loss information that was adjusted for current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of HTM state and local government securities aggregated by NRSRO credit rating:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa	$	389,781	397,328
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3	1,150,426		1,155,450
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3	29,033		29,093

Not rated by either entity	5,800		5,802

Total	$	1,575,040	1,587,673

The Company’s state and local government securities in the HTM debt securities portfolio is primarily comprised of general obligation and revenue bonds with NRSRO ratings in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s state and local securities that are classified as HTM debt securities at March 31, 2026 have been determined to be investment grade. HTM debt securities included in the Company’s U.S. government and federal agency and residential mortgage-backed security categories are issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other agencies of the U.S. government and are considered to be zero-loss securities. This determination is in consideration of the explicit and implicit guarantees by the U.S. Government, the U.S. Government’s ability to print its own currency, a history of no credit losses by the U.S. Government and noted agencies and the current economic and financial condition of the United States and U.S. Government providing no indication the zero-loss determination is unjustified.

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any HTM debt securities past due. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $18,578,000 and $16,175,000 at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and were excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Based on the Company’s evaluation, an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL was recorded at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

Note 3. Loans Receivable, Net

The following table presents loans receivable for each portfolio segment of loans:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
Residential real estate	$	2,167,860	2,457,907
Commercial real estate	13,918,178		13,565,512
Other commercial	3,466,863		3,497,829
Home equity	1,048,971		977,206
Other consumer	431,791		429,342
Loans receivable 1	21,033,663		20,927,796
Allowance for credit losses	(255,771)		(255,319)
Loans receivable, net	$	20,777,892	20,672,477
Net deferred origination fees included in loans receivable	$	(32,180)	(32,715)
Net purchase accounting discounts included in loans receivable	$	(71,228)	(76,963)
Accrued interest receivable on loans	$	95,458	94,251

______________________________

1 In connection with the current quarter Guaranty core system conversion, Guaranty loans were reclassified to conform to the Company’s classifications. There were approximately $236 million of loans reclassified from residential loans into other categories, the majority of which were reclassified to commercial real estate loans.

Substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with borrowers in the Company’s geographic market areas. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of borrowers’ ability to service their obligations is dependent upon their economic performance in the Company’s markets.

The Company had no significant purchases or sales of portfolio loans or reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The following tables summarize the activity in the ACL:


	Three Months ended March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Balance at beginning of period	$	255,319	31,875	166,803	37,954	11,645	7,042

Provision for credit losses	3,514		(5,940)	5,024	2,165	413	1,852
Charge-offs	(4,186)		(5)	(116)	(1,428)	(301)	(2,336)
Recoveries	1,124		19	22	334	6	743
Balance at end of period	$	255,771	25,949	171,733	39,025	11,763	7,301


	Three Months ended March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Balance at beginning of period	$	206,041	25,181	138,545	24,400	11,402	6,513

Provision for credit losses	6,154		1,352	1,468	1,722	(77)	1,689
Charge-offs	(3,897)		—	—	(1,536)	—	(2,361)
Recoveries	2,102		62	356	1,056	23	605
Balance at end of period	$	210,400	26,595	140,369	25,642	11,348	6,446

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the ACL increased primarily due to portfolio composition changes, various economic factors and credit quality considerations. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the ACL increased primarily due to the combined increase in qualitative factors and the impact from economic forecasts.

The sizable charge-offs in the other consumer loan segment was driven by deposit overdraft charge-offs which typically experience high charge-off rates and the amounts were comparable to historical trends. The other segments generally experience routine charge-offs and recoveries, with occasional large credit relationships charge-offs and recoveries that cause fluctuations from prior periods. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, there have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing collateral dependent loans.

Aging Analysis

The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due	$	79,576	14,462	37,621	16,140	6,261	5,092
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due	12,184		220	8,939	1,380	842	803
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due	13,470		3,664	3,032	6,283	171	320
Non-accrual loans with no ACL	60,595		9,373	25,160	21,856	3,786	420
Non-accrual loans with ACL	3,820		74	1,298	2,119	—	329
Total past due and non-accrual loans	169,645		27,793	76,050	47,778	11,060	6,964
Current loans receivable	20,864,018		2,140,067	13,842,128	3,419,085	1,037,911	424,827
Total loans receivable	$	21,033,663	2,167,860	13,918,178	3,466,863	1,048,971	431,791


	December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due	$	60,719	14,310	30,212	7,382	4,525	4,290
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due	18,107		6,505	4,366	4,980	991	1,265
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due	5,997		1,857	967	2,882	120	171
Non-accrual loans with no ACL	59,775		13,611	15,783	25,916	3,611	854
Non-accrual loans with ACL	2,712		581	—	1,974	—	157
Total past due and non-accrual loans	147,310		36,864	51,328	43,134	9,247	6,737
Current loans receivable	20,780,486		2,421,043	13,514,184	3,454,695	967,959	422,605
Total loans receivable	$	20,927,796	2,457,907	13,565,512	3,497,829	977,206	429,342

The Company had $1,113,000 and $322,000 of interest reversed on non-accrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, respectively.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The collateral on the loans is a significant portion of what secures the collateral-dependent loans and significant changes to the fair value of the collateral can impact the ACL. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, there were no significant changes to collateral which secures the collateral-dependent loans, whether due to general deterioration or other reasons. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Business assets	$	21,152	—	—	21,107	—	45
Residential real estate	16,061		9,447	1,487	1,351	3,776	—
Other real estate	33,000		—	32,137	469	9	385
Other	1,083		—	—	512	—	571
Total	$	71,296	9,447	33,624	23,439	3,785	1,001


	December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Residential Real Estate	Commercial Real Estate	Other Commercial	Home Equity	Other Consumer
Business assets	$	21,741	—	—	21,741	—	—
Residential real estate	20,196		13,638	1,749	1,236	3,512	61
Other real estate	23,227		—	22,328	476	41	382
Other	4,311		—	—	3,535	—	776
Total	$	69,475	13,638	24,077	26,988	3,553	1,219

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The following disclosures for loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”) are presented in the following tables and show the amortized cost basis at the end of the periods of the MBFDs by segment:


		At or for the Three Months ended March 31, 2026
	Term Extension and Payment Deferral					Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class			Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class		Total
Residential real estate		$	263	—	%		$	446	—	%	$	709
Commercial real estate		1,337		—	%		—		—	%	1,337
Other commercial		239		—	%		—		—	%	239


Total		$	1,839				$	446			$	2,285


		At or for the Three Months ended March 31, 2025
	Term Extension and Payment Deferral					Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction
(Dollars in thousands)		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class			Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class		Total

Commercial real estate		$	6,224	0.1	%		$	—	—	%	$	6,224
Other commercial		—		—	%		53		—	%	53


Total		$	6,224				$	53			$	6,277

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:

At or for the Three Months ended

March 31, 2026

Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction

Weighted Average Term Extension

Residential real estate

0.15%

2 months

Commercial real estate

—%

1 month

Other commercial

—%

3 years, 9 months

At or for the Three Months ended

March 31, 2025

Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction

Weighted Average Term Extension

Commercial real estate

—%

11 months

Other commercial

1.38%

6 years, 5 months

Loans that were modified within the preceding twelve months that had a payment default during the period ended March 31, 2026 had an ending balances of $216,000 and $301,000, and were included in other commercial loans, and residential real estate loans, respectively. During the period ending March 31, 2025, there were loans with period ending balances of $319,000 and $917,000, that were modified during the preceding twelve months that had a payment default, and were included in other commercial loans, and commercial real estate loans, respectively. There were no additional unfunded commitments on MBFD loans outstanding at each of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had $993,000 and $2,935,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. The Company had $270,000 and $155,000 of OREO secured by residential real estate properties at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months by segment:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Current	30-89 Days Past Due	90 Days or More Past Due	Non-Accrual
Residential real estate	$	1,719	—	—	—	1,719
Commercial real estate	2,074		1,986	—	—	88
Other commercial	10,341		10,124	—	—	217


Total	$	14,134	12,110	—	—	2,024


	March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Total		Current	30-89 Days Past Due	90 Days or More Past Due	Non-Accrual

Commercial real estate	$	18,494	15,587	—	—	2,907
Other commercial	3,312		2,563	430	—	319


Total	$	21,806	18,150	430	—	3,226

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes CRE and other commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their obligations. The following tables present the amortized cost in CRE and other commercial loans based on the Company’s internal risk rating. The date of a modification, renewal or extension of a loan is considered for the year of origination if the terms of the loan are as favorable to the Company as the terms are for a comparable loan to other borrowers with similar credit risk.


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Charge-Offs		Total	Pass	Special Mention	Substandard	Doubtful/ Loss
Commercial real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)	$	—	518,683	514,858	684	3,141	—
2025	—		2,350,862	2,343,749	4,852	2,261	—
2024	—		1,607,592	1,596,763	9,622	1,207	—
2023	—		1,291,211	1,262,365	7,816	21,030	—
2022	55		2,470,109	2,407,335	47,872	14,902	—
Prior	61		5,268,686	5,069,851	56,520	142,315	—
Revolving loans	—		411,035	405,634	2,364	3,037	—

Total	$	116	13,918,178	13,600,555	129,730	187,893	—
Other commercial loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)	$	1,210	191,413	189,211	898	947	357
2025	—		407,617	399,706	6,493	1,418	—
2024	111		279,859	271,844	5,423	2,592	—
2023	9		207,694	197,012	3,603	6,702	377
2022	12		457,575	446,022	3,131	8,421	1
Prior	86		968,132	941,280	9,393	17,428	31
Revolving loans	—		954,573	908,549	24,816	21,198	10

Total	$	1,428	3,466,863	3,353,624	53,757	58,706	776


	December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Charge-Offs		Total		Pass	Special Mention	Substandard	Doubtful/ Loss
Commercial real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2025	$	—	$	2,114,996	2,109,129	4,397	1,470	—
2024	51		1,622,518		1,609,785	8,433	4,300	—
2023	—		1,349,042		1,318,470	22,639	7,933	—
2022	2,243		2,537,806		2,461,577	58,488	17,741	—
2021	—		2,087,103		1,987,311	35,463	64,329	—
Prior	—		3,399,784		3,283,767	46,443	69,574	—
Revolving loans	—		454,263		440,697	11,055	2,511	—

Total	$	2,294	$	13,565,512	13,210,736	186,918	167,858	—
Other commercial loans
Term loans by origination year
2025	$	3,569	$	512,778	503,334	6,920	2,304	220
2024	306		333,688		329,068	1,554	3,066	—
2023	913		233,025		223,699	4,153	4,797	376
2022	86		477,443		466,556	2,366	8,519	2
2021	1,069		402,519		392,403	3,337	6,774	5
Prior	315		595,651		574,367	9,913	11,343	28
Revolving loans	—		942,725		889,147	29,827	23,741	10

Total	$	6,258	$	3,497,829	3,378,574	58,070	60,544	641

For residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loan segments, the Company evaluates credit quality primarily on the aging status of the loan. The following tables present the amortized cost in residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans based on payment performance:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Charge-Offs		Total	Performing	30-89 Days Past Due	Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due
Residential real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)	$	—	35,801	35,801	—	—
2025	—		285,457	285,080	377	—
2024	—		199,607	196,667	768	2,172
2023	—		252,602	247,995	1,647	2,960
2022	—		655,668	647,851	4,926	2,891
Prior	5		738,677	726,625	6,964	5,088
Revolving loans	—		48	48	—	—

Total	$	5	2,167,860	2,140,067	14,682	13,111
Home equity loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)	$	—	591	591	—	—
2025	—		13,674	13,493	181	—
2024	76		8,471	8,375	96	—
2023	—		6,140	6,014	—	126
2022	225		13,429	13,335	94	—
Prior	—		18,605	18,088	221	296
Revolving loans	—		988,061	978,015	6,511	3,535

Total	$	301	1,048,971	1,037,911	7,103	3,957
Other consumer loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)	$	2,025	40,852	37,557	3,255	40
2025	75		122,713	122,484	172	57
2024	100		77,468	76,403	904	161
2023	71		59,685	58,728	644	313
2022	31		37,063	36,574	334	155
Prior	34		55,298	54,640	369	289
Revolving loans	—		38,712	38,441	217	54

Total	$	2,336	431,791	424,827	5,895	1,069


	December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Gross Charge-Offs		Total		Performing	30-89 Days Past Due	Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due
Residential real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2025	$	—	$	283,293	283,293	—	—
2024	1		283,422		278,922	2,232	2,268
2023	—		297,393		293,384	1,184	2,825
2022	—		727,941		718,191	6,831	2,919
2021	—		502,487		499,821	1,366	1,300
Prior	—		312,772		297,067	8,968	6,737
Revolving loans	—		50,599		50,365	234	—

Total	$	1	$	2,457,907	2,421,043	20,815	16,049
Home equity loans
Term loans by origination year
2025	$	—	$	474	474	—	—
2024	—		2,397		2,397	—	—
2023	—		1,457		1,033	400	24
2022	31		2,113		2,054	—	59
2021	65		3,792		3,792	—	—
Prior	10		3,381		3,321	19	41
Revolving loans	—		963,592		954,888	5,097	3,607

Total	$	106	$	977,206	967,959	5,516	3,731
Other consumer loans
Term loans by origination year
2025	$	8,238	$	143,910	140,869	3,025	16
2024	240		83,178		82,551	470	157
2023	413		68,406		67,016	1,027	363
2022	751		39,801		39,126	441	234
2021	146		25,329		25,018	166	145
Prior	235		29,233		28,982	67	184
Revolving loans	—		39,485		39,043	359	83

Total	$	10,023	$	429,342	422,605	5,555	1,182

Note 4. Leases

The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. The following table summarizes the Company’s leases:


	March 31, 2026					December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Finance Leases			Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Operating Leases
Right-of-use assets	$	45,839				42,353
Accumulated depreciation	(16,605)					(15,332)
Net right-of-use assets	$	29,234		47,110		27,021		48,553
Lease liabilities	$	31,209		51,457		28,808		52,869
Weighted-average remaining lease term	9 years			13 years		9 years		13 years
Weighted-average discount rate	3.9		%	3.9	%	3.9	%	3.9	%

Maturities of lease liabilities consist of the following:


	March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)	Finance Leases		Operating Leases
Maturing within one year	$	6,481	7,704
Maturing one year through two years	6,350		7,337
Maturing two years through three years	6,361		6,442
Maturing three years through four years	5,966		5,440
Maturing four years through five years	1,616		4,787
Thereafter	9,804		35,857
Total lease payments	36,578		67,567
Present value of lease payments
Short-term	5,381		5,837
Long-term	25,828		45,620
Total present value of lease payments	31,209		51,457
Difference between lease payments and present value of lease payments	$	5,369	16,110

The components of lease expense included in other expense on the consolidated statements of operations consist of the following:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	1,343	1,075
Interest on lease liabilities	295		182
Operating lease cost	2,090		1,281
Short-term lease cost	256		126
Variable lease cost	759		473
Sublease income	(27)		(10)
Total lease expense	$	4,716	3,127

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

Three Months ended

March 31, 2026

March 31, 2025

(Dollars in thousands)

Finance
Leases

Operating
Leases

Finance
Leases

Operating
Leases

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities

Operating cash flows

295

1,934

182

921

Financing cash flows

1,150

N/A

976

N/A

______________________________

N/A - Not applicable

The Company also leases office space to third parties through operating leases. Rent income from these leases for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was $866,000 and $421,000, respectively, and is recorded in other income within non-interest income.

Note 5. Goodwill

The following schedule discloses the changes in the carrying value of goodwill:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Net carrying value at beginning of period	$	1,378,283	1,051,318
Acquisitions and adjustments	—		—

Net carrying value at end of period	$	1,378,283	1,051,318

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2025 and determined the fair value of the aggregated reporting units exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. In recognition, there were no events or circumstances that occurred since the impairment test that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company did not perform interim testing at March 31, 2026. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future.

Note 6. Loan Servicing

Mortgage loans that are serviced for others are not reported as assets, as only the servicing rights are recorded and included in other assets. The following schedules disclose the change in the carrying value of mortgage servicing rights that are included in other assets, principal balances of loans serviced and the fair value of mortgage servicing rights:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
Carrying value at beginning of period	$	11,779	11,958

Additions	404		1,268
Amortization	(312)		(1,447)
Carrying value at end of period	$	11,871	11,779
Principal balances of loans serviced for others	$	1,473,238	1,470,673
Fair value of servicing rights	$	16,922	16,489

Note 7. Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is a partnership, limited liability company, trust or other legal entity that meets one of the following criteria: 1) the entity’s equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; 2) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and 3) the voting rights of some holders of the equity investment at risk are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses or receive returns, and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the holder of equity investment at risk with disproportionately few voting rights. A VIE must be consolidated by the Company if it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party involved with the VIE that has both: 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance; and 2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company’s VIEs are regularly monitored to determine if any reconsideration events have occurred that could cause the primary beneficiary status to change. A previously unconsolidated VIE is consolidated when the Company becomes the primary beneficiary. A previously consolidated VIE is deconsolidated when the Company ceases to be the primary beneficiary or the entity is no longer a VIE.

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). The NMTC program provides federal tax incentives to investors to make investments in distressed communities and promotes economic improvements through the development of successful businesses in these communities. The NMTC is available to investors over seven years and is subject to recapture if certain events occur during such period. The maximum exposure to loss in the CDEs is the amount of equity invested, tax credit recapture, and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each CDE (NMTC) investment and determined the Company does not individually meet the characteristics of a primary beneficiary; however, the related-party group does meet the criteria as a group and substantially all of the activities of the CDEs either involve or are conducted on behalf of the Company. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the CDEs and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The primary activities of the CDEs are recognized in commercial loans interest income and other borrowed funds interest expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and the federal income tax credit allocations from the investments are recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of income tax expense. Such related cash flows are recognized in loans originated, principal collected on loans and change in other borrowed funds.

The Bank is also the sole member of certain tax credit funds that make direct investments in qualified affordable housing projects (e.g., Low-Income Housing Tax Credit [“LIHTC”] partnerships). As such, the Company is the primary beneficiary of these tax credit funds and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the consolidated VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and are adjusted for intercompany eliminations. All assets presented can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIEs and all liabilities presented consist of liabilities for which creditors and other beneficial interest holders therein have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
Assets
Loans receivable	$	96,096	95,701
Accrued interest receivable	166		—
Other assets	88,286		91,461
Total assets	$	184,548	187,162
Liabilities
Other borrowed funds	$	51,564	51,473
Accrued interest payable	311		418
Other liabilities	28,280		31,852
Total liabilities	$	80,155	83,743

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities

The Company has equity investments in LIHTC partnerships, both directly and through tax credit funds, with carrying values of $209,461,000 and $216,650,000 as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The LIHTCs are indirect federal subsidies to finance low-income housing and are used in connection with both newly constructed and renovated residential rental buildings. Once a project is placed in service, it is generally eligible for the tax credit for ten years. To continue generating the tax credit and to avoid tax credit recapture, a LIHTC building must satisfy specific low-income housing compliance rules for a full fifteen years. The maximum exposure to loss in the VIEs is the amount of equity invested, tax credit recapture, and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each LIHTC investment and determined that the Company does not have controlling financial interests in such investments, and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company reports the investments in the unconsolidated LIHTCs as other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and any unfunded equity commitments in other liabilities. There were no impairment losses on the Company’s LIHTC investments during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. Future unfunded contingent equity commitments related to the Company’s LIHTC investments at March 31, 2026 are as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	Amount
Years ending December 31,
2026	$	41,662
2027	22,204
2028	1,288
2029	652
2030	559
Thereafter	2,118
Total	$	68,483

The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method, and more specifically the practical expedient method, for the amortization of all eligible LIHTC investments and amortization expense is recognized as a component of income tax expense. The following table summarizes the amortization expense and the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits recognized for qualified affordable housing project investments during the periods presented.


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Amortization expense	$	7,314	6,302
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	9,102		7,769

The Company also owns trust preferred subsidiaries, each of which has issued securities as capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries have no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the sole asset of each trust subsidiary is a receivable from the Company, even though the Company owns all of the voting equity shares of the trust subsidiaries, has fully guaranteed the obligations of the trust subsidiaries and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. The Company reports the trust preferred securities issued to the trust subsidiaries as subordinated debentures on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Note 8. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) by remaining contractual maturity of the agreements and category of collateral:


	Overnight and Continuous
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025
U.S. government and federal agency	$	246,118		$	308,437



Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,695,493			1,775,676
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	144,012			—
Total	$	2,085,623		$	2,084,113

The repurchase agreements are secured by debt securities with carrying values of $2,419,476,000 and $2,432,683,000 at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Securities are pledged to customers at the time of the transaction in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance and are held in custody accounts by third parties. The fair value of collateral is continually monitored and additional collateral is provided as deemed appropriate.

Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The following table presents the derivatives that are recorded at fair value in other assets or other liabilities.


	March 31, 2026				December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Maturity	Notional Amount		Fair Value Asset (Liability)	Notional Amount	Fair Value Asset (Liability)
Fair value hedge designation
Interest rate swap agreements	0.17 years	$	925,500	336	1,395,500	244
Interest rate cap agreements	4.37 years	100,000		2,811	100,000	2,128




Non-designated derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments		85,589		1,268	44,089	700
TBA commitments		34,000		284	55,250	(241)

The Company has established objectives and strategies that include ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk. The Company monitors interest rate risk through simulation modeling to quantify the estimated exposure to net interest income to sustained interest rate changes. The goal of the asset/liability management is to maintain profitability within established risk parameters. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with customers, which exposes the Company to interest rate risk. To mitigate such risk, the Company enters into TBA commitments to reduce the price fluctuations of the interest rate lock commitments. As part of the overall asset/liability strategy, the Company enters into certain fair value hedges and cash flow hedges to manage a portion of the interest rate risk. The following provides additional information related to the Company’s hedging transactions. The fair value hedges and cash flow hedges were highly effective when initiated and on an on-going basis.

Cash Flow Hedges

Interest Rate Cap Agreements.

The Company had interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges on its variable rate subordinated debt, all of which matured prior to March 31, 2025. The interest rate caps required receipt of variable rate amounts from the counterparty when the interest rate rose above the strike price in the agreement. The amount of loss recognized in OCI was $657,000 and the amount of gain reclassified from OCI to interest expense was $63,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Fair Value Hedges

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company entered into interest rate swap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for a closed pool of fixed rate debt securities. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges, as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are expected to offset changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to changes in the compounded overnight SOFR rate, the designated benchmark interest rate. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the contract, without the exchange of the underlying notional value.

Interest Rate Cap Agreements

During 2025, the Company entered into forward start interest rate cap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for specific fixed rate AFS debt securities. The forward start interest rate cap agreements begin to settle in the second quarter of 2026. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges, as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate cap are expected to offset a portion of the changes in the fair value of the hedged item when the variable rate is above the strike price. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty if the variable rate of the benchmark rate (SOFR) exceeds the strike price after the forward start date. The weighted-average strike rate for the interest rate caps was 3.26% at March 31, 2026.

The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges for the respective periods:


(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized cost of the Hedged Assets			Amortized Cost of Fair Value Hedging Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
Line item on the balance sheet	March 31, 2026		December 31, 2025	March 31, 2026	December 31, 2025
Investment securities available-for-sale - swap	$	2,515,118	2,692,319	(336)	(244)
Investment securities available-for-sale - cap	99,554		99,528	(873)	(315)

The effects of the fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the periods presented below were as follows:


		Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	Location of Gain (Loss)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Interest rate swap	Interest income on investment securities	$	347	$	(1,459)
Interest rate caps	Interest income on investment securities	(102)		—
Available-for-sale debt securities	Interest income on investment securities	(92)		4,157

The effect of fair value hedge accounting on OCI for the interest rate cap agreements for the periods presented below were as follows:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI	$	229	$	—

Note 10. Other Expenses

Other expenses consists of the following:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Mergers and acquisition expenses	$	8,907	587
Consulting and outside services	5,227		5,142
Debit card expenses	5,041		3,831
Variable interest entities amortization and other expenses	3,021		3,087
Loan expenses	2,127		1,909
Employee expenses	2,014		1,525
Postage	1,685		1,364
Business development	1,665		1,435
Telephone	1,658		1,422
Printing and supplies	1,201		686
Checking and operating expenses	820		839
Legal fees	646		481
Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment	445		(1,010)
Accounting and audit fees	441		840
Other	4,242		3,294
Total other expenses	$	39,140	25,432

Note 11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Losses) Gains

The following table illustrates the activity within accumulated other comprehensive (losses) gains by component, net of tax:


(Dollars in thousands)	(Losses) Gains on Available-For-Sale and Transferred Debt Securities		(Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Cash Flow Hedges	(Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Fair Value Hedges	Total
Balance at January 1, 2025	$	(309,836)	540	—	(309,296)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	45,624		(493)	—	45,131
Reclassification adjustments for losses and transfers included in net income	—		(47)	—	(47)
Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities	1,101		—	—	1,101
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	46,725		(540)	—	46,185
Balance at March 31, 2025	$	(263,111)	—	—	(263,111)
Balance at January 1, 2026	$	(166,846)	—	(264)	(167,110)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(10,013)		—	172	(9,841)

Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities	902		—	—	902
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	(9,111)		—	172	(8,939)
Balance at March 31, 2026	$	(175,957)	—	(92)	(176,049)

Note 12. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding restricted stock units were vested and stock options were exercised, using the treasury stock method.

Basic and diluted earnings per share has been computed based on the following:


	Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	March 31, 2026		March 31, 2025
Net income available to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	82,144	54,568
Average outstanding shares - basic	130,052,858		113,451,199
Add: dilutive restricted stock units and stock options	189,907		95,166
Average outstanding shares - diluted	130,242,765		113,546,365
Basic earnings per share	$	0.63	0.48
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.63	0.48
Restricted stock units and stock options excluded from the diluted average outstanding share calculation 1	185,334		73,900

______________________________

1 Anti-dilution occurs when the unrecognized compensation cost per share of a restricted stock unit or the exercise price of a stock option exceeds the market price of the Company’s stock.

Note 13. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities

Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets), Level 2 (significant other observable inputs) and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Recurring Measurements

The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended March 31, 2026.

Debt securities, available-for-sale. The fair value for AFS debt securities is estimated by obtaining quoted market prices for identical assets, where available. If such prices are not available, fair value is based on independent asset pricing services and models, the inputs of which are market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, market spreads, prepayments, defaults, recoveries, cumulative loss projections, and cash flows. Such securities are classified in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Where Level 1 or Level 2 significant inputs are not available, such securities are classified as Level 3 within the hierarchy.

Fair value determinations of AFS debt securities are the responsibility of the Company’s corporate accounting and treasury departments. The Company obtains fair value estimates from independent third party vendors on a monthly basis. The vendors’ pricing system methodologies, procedures and system controls are reviewed to ensure they are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The Company reviews the vendors’ inputs for fair value estimates and the recommended assignments of levels within the fair value hierarchy. The review includes the extent to which markets for debt securities are determined to have limited or no activity, or are judged to be active markets. The Company reviews the extent to which observable and unobservable inputs are used as well as the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions about risk that a market participant would use in active markets, with adjustments for limited or inactive markets. In considering the inputs to the fair value estimates, the Company places less reliance on quotes that are judged to not reflect orderly transactions, or are non-binding indications. In assessing credit risk, the Company reviews payment performance, collateral adequacy, third party research and analyses, credit rating histories and issuers’ financial statements. For those markets determined to be inactive or limited, the valuation techniques used are models for which management has verified that discount rates are appropriately adjusted to reflect illiquidity and credit risk.

Loans held for sale, at fair value. Loans held for sale measured at fair value, for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist, are initially valued at the transaction price and are subsequently valued by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors. Loans held for sale measured at fair value are classified within Level 2. Included in gain on sale of loans were net losses of $260,000 and net gains of $374,000 for the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, from the changes in fair value of loans held for sale measured at fair value. Electing to measure loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in fair value of these assets with changes in the value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting.

Loan interest rate lock commitments. Fair value estimates for loan interest rate lock commitments are based upon the estimated sales price, origination fees, direct costs, interest rate changes, etc. and are obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Forward commitments to sell TBA securities. Forward commitments to sell TBA securities are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain loan commitments. The fair value estimates for the TBA commitments are based upon the estimated sale of the TBA hedge obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Interest rate cap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate cap derivative financial instruments are based upon the discounted cash flows of known payments plus the option value of each cap which incorporates market rate forecasts and implied market volatilities. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

Interest rate swap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate swap derivative financial instruments are based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and are calculated using discounted cash flows. The inputs used to determine fair value include the compounded overnight SOFR rate to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the overnight SOFR swap rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows are compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference was discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


			Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value March 31, 2026		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	$	240,893	—	240,893	—
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	123,234		—	123,234	—
State and local governments	152,283		—	152,283	—
Corporate bonds	13,561		—	13,561	—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	2,081,594		—	2,081,594	—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	973,966		—	973,966	—
Loans held for sale, at fair value	41,652		—	41,652	—
Interest rate caps	2,811		—	2,811	—
Interest rate locks	1,268		—	1,268	—
TBA hedge	284		—	284	—
Interest rate swaps	336		—	336	—
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	3,631,882	—	3,631,882	—


			Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value December 31, 2025		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency	$	255,930	—	255,930	—
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	312,488		—	312,488	—
State and local governments	164,084		—	164,084	—
Corporate bonds	33,949		—	33,949	—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	2,215,119		—	2,215,119	—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,025,942		—	1,025,942	—
Loans held for sale, at fair value	39,186		—	39,186	—
Interest rate caps	2,128		—	2,128	—
Interest rate locks	700		—	700	—

Interest rate swaps	244		—	244	—
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	4,049,770	—	4,049,770	—

Non-recurring Measurements

The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended March 31, 2026.

Other real estate owned. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell, establishing a new cost basis. OREO is subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral-dependent loans, net of ACL. Fair value estimates of collateral-dependent loans that are individually reviewed are based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent individually reviewed loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals for OREO and collateral-dependent loans, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisal or evaluation (new or updated) is considered the starting point for determining fair value. The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The key inputs used to determine the fair value of the collateral-dependent loans and OREO include selling costs, discounted cash flow rate or capitalization rate, and adjustment to comparables. Valuations and significant inputs obtained by independent sources are reviewed by the Company for accuracy and reasonableness. The Company also considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. After review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated), adjustments to the impaired loan or OREO may occur. The Company generally obtains appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) annually.

The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets with a recorded change during the period resulting from re-measuring the assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using

(Dollars in thousands)

Fair Value

March 31, 2026

Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

GLACIER BANCORP, INC. 10-Q