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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024


	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _______________

Commission File Number: 001-41597

First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Maryland		92-0334805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)


633 Central Avenue, Dover, New Hampshire		03820
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

(603) 742-4680

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	FSEA	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No 

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

As of June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $41.0 million.

As of March 17, 2025, there were 4,730,753 outstanding shares of the Registrant's common stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, scheduled to be held on May 29, 2025, are incorporated by reference into Part II and Part III of this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		PAGE
PART I		1
ITEM 1.	Business	2
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	27
ITEM 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	27
ITEM 1C.	Cybersecurity	27
ITEM 2.	Properties	29
ITEM 3.	Legal Proceedings	29
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	29
PART II		30
ITEM 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
ITEM 6.	[Reserved]	30
ITEM 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
ITEM 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
ITEM 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	44
ITEM 9.	Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	94
ITEM 9A.	Controls and Procedures	94
ITEM 9B.	Other Information	94
ITEM 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	94
PART III		95
ITEM 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	95
ITEM 11.	Executive Compensation	95
ITEM 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	95
ITEM 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	96
ITEM 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services (PCAOB ID: 231)	96
PART IV		97
ITEM 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	97
ITEM 16.	Form 10-K Summary	99
SIGNATURES		100

PART I

Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. together with its bank subsidiary, First Seacoast Bank.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements about the Company and its industry involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Statements other than statements of current or historical fact, including statements regarding the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations, business plans, liquidity, cash flows, projected costs and the impact of any laws or regulations applicable to the Company, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “potential,” “target” and other similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from anticipated results. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

statements of our goals, intentions and expectations;

•

statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

•

statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and

•

estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. We are under no duty to and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

•

general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected;

•

changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses;

•

our ability to access cost-effective funding;

•

fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions;

•

demand for loans and deposits in our market area;

•

our ability to implement and change our business strategies;

•

competition among depository and other financial institutions;

•

inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins and yields, our mortgage banking revenues, the fair value of financial instruments or our level of loan originations or prepayments on loans we have made and make;

•

adverse changes in the securities or secondary mortgage markets;

•

changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements and insurance premiums;

•

changes in the quality or composition of our loan or investment portfolios;

•

technological changes that may be more difficult or expensive than expected;

•

the inability of third-party providers to perform as expected;

•

our ability to manage market risk, credit risk, and operational risk, including cybersecurity risks;

•

our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

•

our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we may acquire, and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames and any goodwill charges related thereto;

•

changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

•

changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

•

our ability to retain key employees;

•

our compensation expense associated with equity allocated or awarded to our employees; and

•

changes in the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of issuers of securities that we own.

Because of these and a wide variety of other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

ITEM 1. Business

First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc.

First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. (together with its bank subsidiary, unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company”) is the savings and loan holding company for First Seacoast Bank (the “Bank”). The Company conducts its operations primarily through its wholly-owned subsidiary, First Seacoast Bank.

The Company is the successor to First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation). Effective January 19, 2023, the Company succeeded First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation) as the holding company for First Seacoast Bank in connection with the conversion of First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC, the former federal mutual holding company for First Seacoast Bank, from mutual to stock form. At December 31, 2024, the Company had total consolidated assets of $580.8 million, loans of $439.0 million, deposits of $454.2 million and stockholders’ equity of $62.1 million.

The Company’s executive offices are located at 633 Central Avenue, Dover, New Hampshire 03820, and the telephone number is (603) 742-4680. Our website address is www.firstseacoastbank.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this annual report. The Company is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”).

First Seacoast Bank

First Seacoast Bank, a federally-chartered savings bank headquartered in Dover, New Hampshire, has served residents of the Seacoast area of New Hampshire since 1890. Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, in one- to four-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans, acquisition, development and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans. In recent years, we have increased our focus, consistent with what we believe to be conservative underwriting standards, on originating higher yielding commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans.

Our results of operations are largely dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on loans and securities and interest paid on deposits and borrowings, and non-interest income largely from customer service fees. The results of operations are also affected by the level of operating expenses, the provision for credit losses, the impact of federal and state income taxes, the relative levels of interest rates and local and national economic activity.

Investment management services are offered through FSB Wealth Management. FSB Wealth Management is a division of First Seacoast Bank. The division currently consists of two financial advisors who are located at 629 Central Avenue, Dover, New Hampshire, adjacent to our main office. FSB Wealth Management provides access to non-FDIC insured products that include retirement planning, portfolio management, investment and insurance strategies, business retirement plans and college planning to individuals throughout our primary market area. These investments and services are offered through a third-party registered broker-dealer and investment advisor. FSB Wealth Management receives fees from advisory services and commissions on individual investment and insurance products purchased by clients.

The assets held for wealth management customers are not assets of the Company and, accordingly, are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Assets under management totaled approximately $141.5 million and $123.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On August 17, 2021, the Bank entered into a definitive agreement with an investment advisory and wealth management firm (the “seller”) to purchase certain of its client accounts and client relationships for a final adjusted purchase price of $324,000 (included in other assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, net of amortization), of which $172,000 was paid at closing. Each client account was assigned a value, and as each client transferred to the Bank, 85% of this value was paid to the seller. During June 2023, the transition of client accounts was completed and the balance of the purchase price was paid to the seller. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $28.7 million and $25.7 million of purchased client accounts are included in total assets under management, respectively. The client accounts purchased are recorded as a customer list intangible asset. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization will be reviewed for impairment, at least annually, based on their fair value. Any impairment will be recognized as a charge to earnings and the adjusted carrying amount of the intangible asset will become its new accounting basis. The remaining useful life of the intangible asset will also be evaluated each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company is amortizing the customer list intangible on a straight-line basis over a ten-year period. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, $32,000 and $30,000 of amortization expense was recorded, respectively.

First Seacoast Bank is active in the communities we serve. The Bank makes investments in community development lending and investments in low-income housing, all of which strive to improve the communities we serve. In 2019, First Seacoast Bancorp (a federal corporation) established First Seacoast Community Foundation, Inc., a charitable foundation dedicated to supporting charitable organizations operating in the Bank’s local community.

First Seacoast Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by its primary federal regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

Available Information

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an Internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Our Internet website is www.firstseacoastbank.com. You can obtain on our website, free of charge, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports or amendments with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Market Area

We conduct our operations from four full-service banking offices in Strafford County, New Hampshire and one full-service banking office in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, located in the southeastern part of the state along the New Hampshire Seacoast. We consider our primary lending market area to be Strafford and Rockingham Counties in New Hampshire and York County in southern Maine.

The New Hampshire and southern Maine Seacoast region’s economy is fairly diversified, with employment in education, healthcare, government, services, retail and manufacturing sectors. Our Strafford County branches are located in the cities of Dover, Durham, Barrington and Rochester, New Hampshire. Top employment sectors in Strafford County include healthcare, government, education, insurance, retail and textile manufacturing. Our Rockingham County branch is located in the city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Top employment sectors in Rockingham County include healthcare, government, insurance, pharmaceuticals and biotech. Additionally, although we do not have a branch office in York County, Maine, many of our customers work and reside in York County, which is contiguous to Strafford County. Our Dover headquarters is conveniently located approximately 65 miles from Boston and less than 50 miles from each of Manchester, New Hampshire and Portland, Maine.

We view the greater Seacoast region as a primary area for growth, in light of its favorable demographic characteristics, such as a growing population in some relatively affluent markets. At the same time, the attractive features of the region have fostered a highly competitive environment for financial service providers.

Competition

The financial services industry is highly competitive. The Company experiences substantial competition with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market funds, credit unions and other non-bank financial service providers in attracting deposits, making loans and attracting wealth management customers. The competing major commercial banks have greater resources that may provide them a competitive advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous branch offices and mount extensive advertising campaigns. The increasingly competitive environment is the result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems, additional financial service providers and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial services providers.

The financial services industry has become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant banking. Also, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems.

Some of the Company’s non-banking competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. In addition, some of the Company’s competitors have assets, capital and lending limits greater than that of the Company, greater access to capital markets and offer a broader range of products and services than the Company. These institutions may have the ability to finance wide-ranging advertising campaigns and may also be able to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than the Company can offer.

Various in-state market competitors and out-of-state banks continue to enter or have announced plans to enter or expand their presence in the market areas in which the Company currently operates. With the addition of new banking presences within our market, the Company expects increased competition for loans, deposits and other financial products and services. Our competition for loans comes primarily from financial institutions in our market area. Our experience in recent years is that many financial institutions in our market area, especially community banks that are seeking to significantly expand their commercial loan portfolios and banks located in lower growth regions in New Hampshire and Maine, have been willing to price commercial loans aggressively in order to gain market share.

The Company will continue to rely upon local promotional activities, personal relationships established by officers, directors and employees with their customers and specialized services tailored to meet the needs of the communities served. Management believes that it can compete effectively as a result of local market knowledge, local decision making and awareness of customer needs.

Lending Activities

Historically, our lending activities have emphasized one- to four-family residential real estate loans, and such loans continue to comprise the largest portion of our loan portfolio. Other areas of lending include commercial real estate loans and multi-family real estate loans, acquisition, development and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans. Subject to market conditions and our asset-liability analysis, we expect to continue to increase our focus on commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans, in an effort to diversify our overall loan portfolio and increase the overall yield earned on our loans. We compete for loans by offering high quality personalized service, providing convenience and flexibility, providing timely responses on loan applications and by offering competitive pricing of loan products.

As a financial services provider, we routinely are a party to various financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risks, such as commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit. While these contractual obligations represent our potential future cash requirements, a significant portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans we make. For additional information, see Note 15 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements of this annual report.

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated.


	At December 31,
	2024						2023
	Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent
	(Dollars in thousands)
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	275,235			62.7	%	$	268,943			62.5	%
Commercial real estate		86,020			19.6	%		86,566			20.1	%
Acquisition, development and land		14,946			3.4	%		17,520			4.1	%
Commercial and industrial		23,711			5.4	%		25,511			5.9	%
Home equity loans and lines of credit		20,908			4.8	%		14,093			3.3	%
Multi-family		5,752			1.3	%		7,582			1.8	%
Consumer		12,395			2.8	%		9,816			2.3	%
Total loans	$	438,967			100.0	%	$	430,031			100.0	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans		(3,486	)					(3,390	)
Net loans	$	435,481					$	426,641

Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following tables set forth the contractual maturities of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2024. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. The table presents contractual maturities and does not reflect repricing or the effect of prepayments. Actual maturities may differ.


December 31, 2024	One- to Four- Family Residential Real Estate		Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition, Development and Land		Commercial and Industrial
	(In thousands)
Amounts due in:
One year or less	$	82	$	2,959	$	5,808	$	3,287
More than one to five years		254		17,965		1,655		13,638
More than five years to fifteen years		38,281		36,969		2,204		5,756
More than fifteen years		236,618		28,127		5,279		1,030
Total	$	275,235	$	86,020	$	14,946	$	23,711

December 31, 2024	HELOC		Multi-family		Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Amounts due in:
One year or less	$	8	$	1,142	$	219	$	13,505
More than one to five years		4		—		1,383		34,899
More than five years to fifteen years		1,139		2,685		1,077		88,111
More than fifteen years		19,757		1,925		9,716		302,452
Total	$	20,908	$	5,752	$	12,395	$	438,967

Fixed vs. Adjustable Rate Loans. The following table sets forth our fixed- and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2024 that are contractually due after December 31, 2025.


	December 31, 2024
	Fixed		Adjustable		Total
	(In thousands)
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	254,487	$	20,666	$	275,153
Commercial real estate		29,376		53,685		83,061
Acquisition, development and land		3,316		5,822		9,138
Commercial and industrial		17,753		2,671		20,424
Home equity loans and lines of credit		18		20,882		20,900
Multi-family		190		4,420		4,610
Consumer		12,176		—		12,176
Total	$	317,316	$	108,146	$	425,462

One- to Four-Family Residential Real Estate Loans. Our one- to four-family residential loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, substantially all of which are collateralized by the primary residence of the borrower. At December 31, 2024, we had $275.2 million of loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate, representing 62.7% of our total loan portfolio. Generally, all of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans are secured by properties located in the New Hampshire and southern Maine Seacoast region. Purchased loans are secured by properties located in the greater Boston market in a contiguous state.

Our one- to four-family residential real estate loans have terms of up to 30 years and are generally underwritten according to Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC” or “Freddie Mac”) guidelines in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by Freddie Mac. We refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We also originate loans above the conforming limits, which are referred to as “jumbo loans.” We generally underwrite jumbo loans in a manner similar to conforming loans.

At December 31, 2024, 92.5% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans. We sell a portion of fixed-rate conforming loans that we originate on a servicing-retained basis. Secondary market investors that purchase our loans may include Freddie Mac, the New Hampshire Housing Finance Authority and other investors.

At December 31, 2024, 7.5% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were adjustable-rate loans. The majority of our adjustable-rate mortgage loans have initial repricing terms of one, three, five or seven years. Following the initial repricing term, such loans adjust annually for the balance of the loan term. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans are indexed to the One-Year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rate, plus a margin. The majority of such loans have an annual interest rate adjustment cap of 2.0% and a lifetime adjustment cap ranging from 4.0% to 6.0%. We typically hold our adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in our portfolio.

Loan-to-value ratios are determined by collateral type and occupancy level. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80%. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made in excess of this limit, pursuant to requirements set by the insurance provider.

We do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on permanent one- to four-family residential real estate loans (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan). We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not have a “subprime lending” program for one- to four-family residential real estate loans (i.e., loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories).

Generally, residential mortgage loans that we originate include “due-on-sale” clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable if, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. All borrowers are required to obtain title insurance for the benefit of First Seacoast Bank. We also require appropriate insurance coverage on properties securing real estate loans.

Commercial Real Estate and Multi-Family Real Estate Loans. Consistent with our strategy to diversify our loan portfolio and increase our yield, we have focused on the origination of commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans. At December 31, 2024, we had $91.8 million in commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans, representing 20.9% of our total loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $57.0 million in owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, $29.0 million in non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and $5.8 million in multi-family real estate loans.

Our commercial real estate loans are secured by a variety of properties in our primary market area, including retail spaces, distribution centers, office buildings, manufacturing and warehouse properties, convenience stores and other local businesses, without any material concentrations in property type. Our multi-family real estate loans are secured by properties consisting of five or more rental units in our market area, including apartment buildings and student housing.

Commercial and multi-family real estate loans generally have higher balances and entail greater credit risks compared to one- to four-family residential real estate loans. The repayment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the property, as repayment of the loan generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. Changes in economic conditions that are not in the control of the borrower or lender could affect the value of the collateral for the loan or the future cash flow of the property. Additionally, any decline in real estate values may be more pronounced for commercial and multi-family real estate than residential properties. If we foreclose on a commercial or multi-family real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial and multi-family real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

Our commercial and multi-family real estate loans are generally originated as 10-year balloon loans, which reprice after five years and are amortized over 20 years. Interest rates on such loans are generally indexed to the Federal Home Loan Bank Five-Year Regular Classic Rate, plus a margin. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial and multi-family real estate loans is generally 80% of the lower of purchase price or appraised value of the properties securing the loan and generally requires a minimum debt-service coverage ratio of 1.2x.

We consider a number of factors in originating commercial and multi-family real estate loans. In addition to the debt-service coverage ratio, we evaluate the loan purpose, the quality of collateral and the borrower’s qualifications, experience, credit history, cash flows and financial statements and sources of repayment. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of closely-held companies. We gather information on environmental risks associated with commercial properties and also require appropriate insurance coverage on properties securing real estate loans. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. We also purchase and participate in commercial and multi-family real estate loans from other financial institutions. Such loans are subject to the same underwriting criteria and loan approval requirements applied to loans originated by First Seacoast Bank.

At December 31, 2024, the average loan balance outstanding in the commercial real estate loans portfolio was $461,000, and the largest individual commercial real estate loan outstanding was a $4.6 million loan secured by two commercial properties. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024, the average loan balance outstanding in the multi-family real estate loans portfolio was $523,000, and the largest individual multi-family real estate loan outstanding was a $1.9 million participation loan secured by a multi-unit property. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2024.

Acquisition, Development and Land Loans. At December 31, 2024, acquisition, development and land loans were $14.9 million, or 3.4%, of our total loan portfolio. These loans consist of residential construction loans, commercial and multi-family real estate construction loans and land loans. At December 31, 2024, the average loan balance outstanding in the acquisition, development and land loan portfolio was $482,000.

We originate loans to finance the construction or rehabilitation of owner-occupied one- to four-family residential properties to the prospective homeowners primarily located in our market area. Upon completion of construction, such loans convert to permanent mortgage loans. At December 31, 2024, residential construction loan balances were $2.3 million, or 0.5% of our total loan portfolio, with an additional $2.1 million available for advance to borrowers. Residential construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for nine months, with a loan-to-value ratio generally not exceeding 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the loan-to-cost of completion, whichever is less. However, if private mortgage insurance is obtained, we will consider a loan-to-value ratio up to 97%. We work with a third-party construction management firm that reviews each project before we approve the loan and continues to monitor and inspect the project during the construction phase, as disbursements are made. Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within nine months, the loan will convert to a permanent, amortizing mortgage loan for the remaining term of the loan, generally up to a maximum of 30 years total or 15 years for manufactured homes. The interest rate may be fixed or adjustable. At December 31, 2024, our largest individual residential construction loan outstanding was $651,000 and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

We also originate loans to finance the construction of commercial properties, primarily owner-occupied properties located in our market area. Upon completion of construction, such loans generally convert to permanent commercial mortgage loans. At December 31, 2024, fully advanced commercial construction loan balances totaled $11.2 million, or 2.5% of our total loan portfolio. Commercial real estate construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for up to 18 months, with a loan-to-value of 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or a loan-to-cost of completion ratio of up to 85%. We may also originate commercial constructions loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio of 90% when coupled with the U.S. Small Business Administration 504 Loan program. We work with a third-party construction management firm that reviews each project before we approve the loan and continues to monitor and inspect the project during the construction phase, as disbursements are made. Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within 18 months, the loan will convert to a permanent, amortizing mortgage loan for the remaining term of the loan, generally up to a maximum of 20 years total (including the construction phase). The interest rate may be fixed or adjustable. At December 31, 2024, our largest commercial real estate construction loan had an outstanding balance of $5.7 million, and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

Construction loans generally involve greater credit risk than financing improved real estate, because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value before its completion. Risk of loss on a construction loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project and the

related loan-to-value ratio. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Construction loans also carry the risk that construction will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs.

We also originate loans to finance the acquisition and development of land. Land development loans are generally secured by vacant land located in our primary market and in process of improvement. At December 31, 2024, land development loan balances were $1.5 million, or 0.3%, of our total loan portfolio. We generally originate commercial land development loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 70% where all approvals and permits for improvements are already in place and up to 50% where approvals and permits are not yet in place. The maximum construction term is generally 9 months for residential development properties and 18 months for commercial development properties. At December 31, 2024, our largest land loan had an outstanding balance of $538,000, and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

Land development loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on developed real estate. If a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a land development loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of development costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Land development loans also carry the risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. At December 31, 2024, we had $23.7 million of commercial and industrial loans representing 5.4% of our total loan portfolio. At December 31, 2024, the average loan balance outstanding in the commercial and industrial loans portfolio was $232,000, and the largest individual commercial and industrial loan outstanding was $2.2 million secured by marketable securities. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2024.

We originate commercial and industrial loans, including equipment loans and business acquisition loans, and lines of credit to businesses operating in our local market area. Our commercial and industrial loans are generally used by the borrowers for working capital purposes or for acquiring equipment, inventory or furniture. Borrowers include professional organizations, family-owned businesses and not-for-profit businesses. These loans are generally secured by non-real estate business and personal assets, including equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and marketable securities, although we may support this collateral with liens on real property such as buildings and equipment. We generally require our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, which improves our overall interest rate spread and profitability.

Our commercial and industrial loans include term loans and revolving lines of credit and are made with either variable or fixed rates of interest. Variable interest rates are indexed to the Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal, plus a margin. Commercial and industrial loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than commercial real estate loans.

When originating commercial and industrial loans, we consider the financial history of the borrower, the debt service capabilities and cash flows of the borrower and other guarantors and the value of the underlying collateral. We generally require personal guarantees by the principals, as well as other appropriate guarantors, when personal assets are in joint names or a principal’s net worth is not sufficient to support the loan. Commercial and industrial loans can have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 80% of the value of the collateral securing the loan.

To assist small businesses with their credit needs for working capital, equipment and new real estate construction or acquisition, we originate commercial and industrial loans under the Small Business Administration 7(a) and Express Guarantee programs. Typically, a 7(a) loan includes a 75% guarantee and an Express loan includes a 50% guarantee from the U.S. Government. At December 31, 2024, we had six loans outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $2.8 million with Small Business Administration 7(a) guarantees totaling $2.1 million and three Small Business Administration Express loans with an aggregate principal balance of $69,000 with guarantees totaling $34,000.

During 2024 and 2023, we purchased $2.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of participation interests in three and two commercial and industrial loans, respectively, through our membership in a national community bank loan program. Loans are typically provided to middle market businesses with approximately $10-$75 million in EBITDA. Senior credit

facilities typically range in size from $25-$250 million, primarily secured by substantially all of the assets of the business. These loans generally have five to seven-year terms and variable interest rates. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had outstanding participation interests in these commercial and industrial loans totaling $4.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $472,000 and $-0- of unfunded commitments related to these participation interests, respectively.

We continue to expand our commercial and industrial lending activities in order to diversify our loan portfolio, increase our yield and offer a full range of products to our commercial customers. However, these loans have greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. Our commercial and industrial loans are made based primarily on historical and projected cash flows of the borrower, the borrower’s experience and stability and the value and marketability of the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not materialize as forecasted, and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value because of economic or individual performance factors. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial and industrial loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself and the general economic environment in our market area. In addition, commercial and industrial loans often result in larger outstanding balances to single borrowers, or related groups of borrowers, and also generally require substantially greater evaluation and oversight efforts. Accordingly, financial information is obtained from the borrowers to evaluate cash flow sufficiency and is periodically updated during the life of the loan.

Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. We offer home equity loans and lines of credit, which are multi-purpose loans used to finance various home or personal needs, where a one- to four-family primary or secondary residence serves as collateral, generally within our primary market area. At December 31, 2024, outstanding balances on home equity loans and lines of credit totaled $20.9 million, or 4.8% of our total loan portfolio, and the lines of credit had an additional $28.3 million available to draw.

Home equity loans are originated as fixed-rate term loans. Home equity lines of credit are tied to the Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal and are offered for terms of up to 25 years, with a 10-year draw period and 15-year repayment period. Generally, our home equity loans and lines of credit are originated with loan-to-value ratios of up to 80%, inclusive of existing liens on the property.

Consumer Loans. We offer consumer loans to individuals who reside or work in our market area. Consumer lending has historically been a minor area of lending diversification for us. Consumer loans, other than consumer loans secured by manufactured housing properties, generally consist of installment loans extended directly to the borrower. These loans generally have shorter terms to maturity, which reduces our exposure to changes in interest rates. In addition, management believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities. It is expected that growth for this segment of our consumer loan portfolio will be limited, with such loans extended primarily to pre-existing First Seacoast Bank customers.

Additionally, we purchase consumer loans secured by manufactured housing properties to supplement our consumer loan origination efforts. We purchased $1.8 million and $1.5 million of these loans during 2024 and 2023, respectively. These loans are secured by properties located in the greater Seacoast region. As of December 31, 2024, the portfolio of these loans had aggregate outstanding principal balances of $7.5 million and were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. We expect that growth in this segment of our consumer loan portfolio will continue to increase in the future. At December 31, 2024, consumer loans totaled $12.4 million, or 2.8% of our total loan portfolio, of which $656,000 was unsecured.

Originations, Sales and Purchases of Loans

Our loan originations are generated by our loan personnel operating at our banking office locations. Residential real estate loans are generated by our mortgage loan officers through referrals from real estate brokers, builders, walk-in customers, online applications, participation in local home shows, events with local realtors, contacts in the local community and referrals. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are originated through our commercial lenders, through previous lending relationships, referrals, direct solicitation and participation in industry-specific associations. Additionally, small business lending relationships are generated through our business development officers. Consumer loans are generated largely to existing customers and walk-ins. Loan generation is supported by our advertising campaigns.

While we originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans, our ability to generate each type of loan depends upon relative borrower demand and the pricing levels as set in the local marketplace by competing banks, thrifts, credit unions and mortgage banking companies. Our volume of real estate loan originations is influenced significantly by market interest rates, and, accordingly, the volume of our real estate loan originations can vary from period to period.

We consider our balance sheet, as well as market conditions, on an ongoing basis in making decisions as to whether to hold one- to four-family residential real estate loans we originate in our portfolio for investment or to sell such loans to

investors, based on profitability and risk management considerations. We sell selected conforming, 15-year and 30-year fixed-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, on a servicing-retained basis, when we are able to, and strategically retain non-eligible fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in order to manage the duration and time to repricing of our one- to four-family residential loan portfolio. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we sold $893,000 and $417,000, respectively, of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans.

In addition to purchasing consumer loans secured by manufactured housing properties, as discussed above under “Consumer Loans,” we purchase one- to four-family jumbo residential real estate loans to supplement our own origination efforts. During 2024 and 2023, we purchased $-0- and $780,000, respectively, of one- to four-family jumbo residential real estate loans secured by properties located in the greater Boston market. As of December 31, 2024, the portfolio of purchased residential real estate loans had outstanding principal balances of $22.8 million and were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. We also purchase participation interests in commercial and multi-family real estate loans in which we are not the lead originating lender. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had outstanding participation interests totaling $17.4 million and $15.3 million, respectively. All loan purchases and participations interests are subject to the same underwriting criteria and loan approvals that apply to loans that we originate for our portfolio. The properties are independently appraised and subject to field inspections by our loan officers. As noted above, during 2024 and 2023, we also purchased $2.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of participation interests in commercial and industrial loans through our membership in a national community bank loan program. Loans are typically provided to middle market businesses with approximately $10-$75 million in EBITDA. Senior credit facilities typically range in size from $25-$250 million, primarily secured by substantially all of the assets of the business. These loans generally have five to seven-year terms and variable interest rates.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by our board of directors and management. Decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of detailed information submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain and property valuations. Our board of directors has established a Loan Officers Review Committee to oversee loan approvals. The voting members of the Loan Officers Review Committee consist of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President – Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President – Senior Commercial Loan Officer, Senior Vice President – Senior Retail Loan Officer, Senior Vice President – Chief Operating Officer and Vice President – Retail Loan Production Officer.

The board of directors has granted loan approval authority to certain officers up to prescribed limits, depending on the seniority of the officer, the type of loan and underlying security. Our President and Chief Executive Officer has aggregate approval authority of up to $800,000 per relationship. Individual loan officers generally can approve secured commercial loans of up to $100,000 and residential real estate loans of up to $650,000. Loans in excess of individual officers’ lending limits generally can be approved by a second loan officer who is a voting member of our Loan Officers Review Committee, up to additional prescribed limits of $500,000 for secured commercial loans and $1.0 million for residential real estate loans. Loans in excess of such additional limits require approval of the full Loan Officers Review Committee. The Loan Officers Review Committee generally may approve secured commercial loans of up to $1.5 million regardless of existing non-commercial loan exposure. Any relationships in excess of $1.5 million must be approved by the board of directors.

From time to time, a loan applicant may not meet one or more of the loan policy or loan program requirements, which would ordinarily result in a denial of the loan application. A loan officer may seek an exception on behalf of the applicant. Any loan made with an exception to policy requires one additional level of approval, except that loans requiring the approval of the Loan Officers Review Committee or the board of directors are exempt from the requirement of additional approval.

Loans-to-One Borrower

Pursuant to federal law, the aggregate amount of loans that we are permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of our unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by “readily marketable collateral” or 30% for certain residential development loans). At December 31, 2024, based on the 15% limitation, our loans-to-one-borrower limit was approximately $8.3 million. At December 31, 2024, our largest loan relationship with one borrower was for $7.6 million. These loans are secured primarily by commercial real estate which were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms.

Delinquent Loans and Non-Performing Assets

Our collection procedures for residential mortgage loans typically follow Freddie Mac collection guidelines, particularly the guidelines for residential mortgage loans serviced for others. When a residential real estate or consumer loan payment becomes more than 15 days past due, a notice is automatically sent to the customer. Once the letter is sent, we begin contacting the customer either by telephone or additional letters as appropriate. Alternating telephone attempts and additional

letters continue until a loan becomes 90 days past due, at which point we would place the loan on non-accrual status and generally refer the loan for foreclosure proceedings, unless management determines that it is in the best interest of First Seacoast Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a workout plan. The foreclosure process generally would begin when a loan becomes 120 days delinquent. We do not pursue multiple collections processes, such as considering modifications or workouts, while proceeding with foreclosure.

When a commercial loan or commercial real estate loan becomes 10 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. The loan officer assigned to the account may also contact the borrower. If the loan continues to be past due, the loan officer will continue to contact the borrower to determine the cause of the past due payment(s) and arrange for payments. If a loan payment becomes 30 days past due, it will be reviewed by the Loan Officers Review Committee to develop a plan to bring the past due payment(s) current and determine if the likelihood of repayment is in question. The loan will also be evaluated for a change to the risk rating. If necessary, we will engage an attorney to pursue further collection efforts.

Delinquent Loans. The following table sets forth our loan delinquencies at the dates indicated.


	At December 31,
	2024						2023
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due
	(In thousands)
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	131	$	—
Commercial real estate		—		—		—		—		—		—
Acquisition, development and land		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—		—
Home equity loans and lines of credit		—		—		—		—		—		14
Multi-family		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	131	$	14

Non-performing Assets. Non-performing assets include loans that are 90 or more days past due or on non-accrual status, and real estate and other loan collateral acquired through foreclosure and repossession.

The following table sets forth information regarding our non-performing assets at the dates indicated.



	At December 31,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans:
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	—		$	127
Commercial real estate		—			—
Acquisition, development and land		—			—
Commercial and industrial		—			—
Home equity loans and lines of credit		—			14
Multi-family		—			—
Consumer		—			—
Total non-accrual loans	$	—		$	141

Accruing loans past due 90 days or more		—			—

Total non-performing loans	$	—		$	141

Total real estate owned		—			—

Total non-performing assets	$	—		$	141

Total non-performing loans as a percent of total loans		0.00	%		0.03	%

Total non-performing assets as a percent of total assets		0.00	%		0.02	%

Non-performing Loans. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is non-performing when it is probable that at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. When a loan is determined to be non-performing, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is based on present value of expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for non-performance based on the fair value of the collateral. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis.

We generally cease accruing interest on our loans when contractual payments of principal or interest have become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is applied against principal or applied to interest on a cash basis. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

Non-performing loans were $-0- at December 31, 2024, compared to $141,000, or 0.03% of total loans, at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, non-performing loans consisted of a residential mortgage loan and an associated home equity loan with outstanding balances totaling $141,000 and an estimated market value of $216,000. The property was sold in July 2024 and all outstanding balances were repaid.

Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-2,“Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,”(“ASU 2022-2” or "Topic 326") which eliminated the troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) accounting model for creditors that have adopted Topic 326. Due to the removal of the TDR accounting model, all loan modifications are accounted for under the general loan modification guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Subtopic 310-20. In addition, on a prospective basis, entities are subject to new disclosure requirements covering modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Public business entities within the scope of the Topic 326 vintage disclosure requirements also are required to prospectively disclose current-period gross write-off information by vintage (that is, year of origination). ASU 2022-2 became effective on January 1, 2023. There were no loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Foreclosed Assets. Foreclosed assets consist of property acquired through formal foreclosure, in-substance foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded at the lower of recorded investment or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs from recorded investment to fair value, which are required at the time of foreclosure, are charged to the allowance for loan losses. We order a new appraisal before commencing foreclosure to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan satisfied over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for loan losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense, in either case during the applicable period of such determination. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no foreclosed assets.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to be of lesser quality, as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as “special mention” by our management.

When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses in the loan portfolio. General allowances represent loss allowances, which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as “loss,” it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

In accordance with our loan policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Loans are listed on the “watch list” initially because of emerging financial weaknesses even though the loan is currently performing as agreed or if the loan possesses weaknesses although currently performing. If a loan deteriorates in asset quality, the classification is changed to “special mention,” “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” depending on the circumstances and the evaluation. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status and classified “substandard.” Management reviews the status of each individually evaluated loan on our watch list on a quarterly basis.

On the basis of this review of our assets, our classified assets (including commercial, residential and consumer loans) at the dates indicated were as follows:


	At December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Substandard assets	$	—	$	141
Doubtful assets		—		—
Loss assets		—		—
Total classified assets	$	—	$	141
Special mention assets	$	174	$	241

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

The Company estimates its allowance for credit losses as outlined in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended ("ASU 2016-13" or “ASC 326”). This accounting standard, commonly referred to as "CECL," significantly changed the methodology for accounting for reserves on loans and unfunded off-balance sheet credit exposures, including certain unfunded loan commitments and standby guarantees. Under CECL, the ACL at each reporting period serves as a best estimate of projected credit losses over the contractual life of certain assets and off balance sheet exposures, adjusted for expected prepayments, given an expectation of economic conditions and forecasts as of the valuation date. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (i) present accrued interest receivable balances separately on the balance sheet on the consolidated statements of condition; (ii) exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans; and (iii) continue to write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. The Company has a policy in place to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. Accrued interest is written-off by reversing previously recorded interest income. For loans, write-off typically occurs when a loan has been in default for 90 days or more. An immaterial amount of accrued interest on non-accrual loans was written off during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, by reversing interest income. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on its securities available-for-sale.

The ACL is the sum of various components including the following: (a) historical loss experience, (b) a reasonable and supportable forecast, (c) loans evaluated individually, and (d) changes in relevant environmental factors. The historical loss component is segmented by loan type and serves as the core of the ACL adequacy methodology. The Company has selected the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity Model (“WARM”), for the loss calculation of each of the Bank’s loan pools utilizing a third-party software application. The WARM uses a quarterly loss rate and future expectations of loan balances to calculate an ACL. A loss rate is applied to pool balances over time.

ASC 326 may create more volatility in the ACL, specifically the ACL on loans and ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures. Under ASC 326, the ACL may increase or decrease period to period based on many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) macroeconomic forecasts and conditions; (ii) forecast period and reversion speed; (iii) prepayment speed assumption; (iv) loan portfolio volumes and changes in mix; (v) credit quality; and (vi) various qualitative factors outlined in ASU 2016-13.

The significant key assumptions used with the ACL calculation at December 31, 2024 and 2023 using the ASC 326 methodology, included:

•Macroeconomic factors (loss drivers): Monitoring and assessing local and national unemployment, changes in national GDP and other macroeconomic factors which may be the most predictive indicator of losses within the loan portfolio. The macroeconomic factors considered in determining the ACL may change from time to time.

•Forecast Period and Reversion speed: ASU 2016-13 requires a company to use a reasonable and supportable forecast period in developing the ACL, which represents the time period that management believes it can reasonably forecast the identified loss drivers. Generally, the forecast period management believes to be reasonable and supportable will be set annually and validated through an assessment of economic leading indicators. In periods of greater volatility and uncertainty, such as the current interest rate environment, management will likely use a shorter forecast period, whereas when markets, economies, interest rate environment, political matters, and other factors are considered to be more stable and certain, a longer forecast period may be used. Also, in times of greater uncertainty, management may consider a range of possible forecasts and evaluate the probability of each scenario. Generally, the forecasted period is expected to range from one to three years. Once the reasonable and supportable forecast period is determined, ASU 2016-13 requires a company to revert its loss expectations to the long-run historical mean for the remainder of the contract life of the asset, adjusted for prepayments. In determining the length of time over which the reversion will take place (i.e., "reversion speed"), factors such as, historical credit loss experience over previous economic cycles, as well as where the Company believes it is within the current economic cycle, will be considered. The Company has chosen a forecast period of one year with a loss history similar to historical losses occurring during January 2014 and December 2016 and then reverting to the long-term average over the following two quarters using the straight-line reversion method. The Company believes this historical forecast period to be representative of potential economic conditions over the next eighteen months.

•Prepayment speeds: Prepayment speeds are determined for each loan segment utilizing the Company's historical loan data, as well as consideration of current environmental factors. The prepayment speed assumption is utilized with the WARM method to forecast expected cash flows over the contractual life of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments. A higher prepayment speed assumption will drive a lower ACL, and vice versa.

•Qualitative factors: As within previous accounting guidance used for the "incurred loss" model, ASU 2016-13 requires companies to consider various qualitative factors that may impact expected credit losses. The Company continues to consider qualitative factors in determining and arriving at an ACL at each reporting period such as: (i) actual or expected

changes in economic trends and conditions, (ii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans, (iii) changes to lending policies, underwriting standards and/or management personnel performing such functions, (iv) delinquency and other credit quality trends, (v) credit risk concentrations, if any, (vi) changes to the nature of the Company's business impacting the loan portfolio, (vii) and other external factors, that may include, but are not limited to, results of internal loan reviews and examinations by bank regulatory agencies.

Certain loans which may not share similar risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio may be tested individually for estimated credit losses, including (i) loans classified as special mention, substandard or doubtful and are on non-accrual, (ii) a loan modified for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty or (iii) loans that have other unique characteristics. Factors considered in measuring the extent of the expected credit loss for these loans may include payment status, collateral value, borrower's financial condition, guarantor support and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due.

As an integral part of their examination process, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will periodically review our ACL, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our ACL. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process of establishing the ACL as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the ACL is the responsibility of management.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. The following table sets forth activity in our ACL for the years 2024 and 2023, respectively.


	At or for the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Allowance at beginning of year	$	3,390		$	3,581
Provision for credit losses on loans		120			105
Impact of ASC 326 Adoption		—			(295	)
Charge-offs:
One- to four-family residential real estate		—			—
Commercial real estate		—			—
Acquisition, development and land		—			—
Commercial and industrial		—			—
Home equity loans and lines of credit		—			—
Multi-family		—			—
Consumer		(27	)		(4	)
Total charge-offs	$	(27	)	$	(4	)
Recoveries:
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	—		$	—
Commercial real estate		—			—
Acquisition, development and land		—			—
Commercial and industrial		—			—
Home equity loans and lines of credit		—			—
Multi-family		—			—
Consumer		3			3
Total recoveries	$	3		$	3
Net charge-offs	$	(24	)	$	(1	)

Allowance at end of year	$	3,486		$	3,390


Allowance as a percent of total loans outstanding at year end		0.79	%		0.79	%

Total non-accrual loans as a percent of total loans at year end		—			0.03	%

Allowance as a percent of total non-accrual loans at year end		—			2,404.26	%

Net charge-offs as a percent of average consumer loans outstanding during the year		-0.09	%		—

Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. The following table sets forth the ACL allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The ACL allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.


	At December 31,
	2024								2023
	Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans		Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance			Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans			Allowance for Loan Losses		Percent of Allowance in Category to Total Allocated Allowance			Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
	(Dollars in thousands)
One- to four-family residential real estate	$	1,612		48.06	%		62.71	%	$	1,601		47.64	%		62.55	%
Commercial real estate		710		21.17	%		19.60	%		830		24.70	%		20.13	%
Acquisition, development and land		87		2.59	%		3.40	%		105		3.12	%		4.07	%
Commercial and industrial		233		6.95	%		5.40	%		236		7.02	%		5.93	%
Home equity loans and lines of credit		214		6.38	%		4.76	%		156		4.64	%		3.28	%
Multi-family		59		1.76	%		1.31	%		76		2.26	%		1.76	%
Consumer		439		13.09	%		2.82	%		357		10.62	%		2.28	%
Total allocated allowance	$	3,354		100.00	%		100.00	%	$	3,361		100.00	%		100.00	%
Unallocated		132								29
Total	$	3,486							$	3,390

The Company measures and records its ACL based upon an expected loss model. Under this approach, the ACL at each reporting period serves as a best estimate of projected credit losses over the contractual life of certain assets, adjusted for expected prepayments, given an expectation of economic conditions and forecasts as of the valuation date. As noted above and within previous accounting guidance used for the "incurred loss" model, ASU 2016-13 requires companies to consider various qualitative factors that may impact expected credit losses. The Company made relevant adjustments to its qualitative factors in the measurement of its ACL at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Although we believe that we use the best information available to establish the ACL, future adjustments to the ACL may be necessary and results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. Because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, the existing ACL may not be adequate and management may determine that increases in the allowance are necessary if the quality of any portion of our loan portfolio deteriorates as a result. Furthermore, our regulators, in reviewing our loan portfolio, may require us to increase our ACL. Any material increase in the ACL may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. See Note 5 to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for a complete discussion of our ACL.

Investment Activities

The goals of our investment policy are to provide and maintain liquidity to meet deposit withdrawal and loan funding needs, to help mitigate interest rate and market risk, to diversify our assets and to generate a reasonable rate of return on funds within the context of our interest rate and credit risk objectives. Our board of directors is responsible for adopting and reviewing annually our investment policy. Our Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) is responsible for implementing our investment policy. Authority to make investments under the approved investment policy guidelines is delegated to our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. All investment transactions are reviewed at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the board of directors. All of our investment securities are classified as available-for-sale.

We have legal authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored enterprises and municipal governments, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank, time deposits of federally insured institutions, investment grade corporate bonds, corporate subordinated debt and investment grade marketable equity securities. We are also required to maintain an investment in Federal Home Loan Bank stock. While we have the authority under applicable law to invest in derivative securities, we have no investments in derivative securities.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss and Available-for-Sale Securities. Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States require that unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities be reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Our available-for-sale securities consist of debt securities that we intend to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity, and are carried at fair value. Generally, when market interest rates rise, the fair value of available-for-sale securities decreases, resulting in unrealized losses, net of tax, and when market interest rates decrease, the fair value of those securities increases, resulting in unrealized gains, net of tax.

On December 11, 2024, we executed a balance sheet repositioning strategy related to our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. We sold $23.5 million in book value of lower-yielding investment securities for an after-tax realized gain of $5,000 and purchased $16.6 million of higher-yielding investment securities which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. On November 28, 2023, we executed a balance sheet repositioning strategy related to our available-for-sale

investment securities portfolio. We sold $40.6 million in book value of lower-yielding investment securities for an after-tax realized loss of $3.1 million and purchased $40.6 million of higher-yielding investment securities which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase. Since 2022, market interest rates have increased significantly, resulting in unrealized losses, net of tax, from the decrease in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities. Future increases in market interest rates are likely to result in additional unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, which would reduce our stockholders’ equity. However, because the Bank made a permitted election to opt-out from the inclusion of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the calculation of its regulatory capital, accumulated other comprehensive loss does not affect our regulatory capital levels.

Each quarter, or more often if a potential loss triggering event occurs, we assess our available-for-sale securities. We consider the extent of any unrealized losses and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuers. At December 31, 2024, we do not intend to sell our available-for-sale securities and it was unlikely that we would have had to sell them before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be at maturity, and we believed that the unrealized losses were primarily due to market interest rate fluctuations and not changes in credit quality.

U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises Obligations. At December 31, 2024, we had government-sponsored enterprise obligations issued by various U.S. Government agencies totaling $1.4 million, which constituted 1.2% of our securities portfolio. The Company invests primarily in Federal Farm Credit Bank and Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA" or "Fannie Mae").

U.S. Government Agency Small Business Administration Pools. At December 31, 2024, we had government-sponsored small business investment company (“SBIC”) pools issued and guaranteed by the SBA totaling $13.1 million, which constituted 10.9% of our securities portfolio. An SBIC is a privately owned and managed investment fund licensed and regulated by the SBA. An SBIC uses its own capital, plus funds borrowed with an SBA guarantee, to make equity and debt investments in qualifying small businesses.

Municipal Bonds. At December 31, 2024, we had municipal bonds totaling $29.5 million, which constituted 24.6% of our securities portfolio, with an average maturity of 20 years. These securities often provide slightly higher after-tax yields than U.S. Government and agency securities and residential mortgage-backed securities, but are not as liquid as other investments, so we typically maintain investments in municipal securities, to the extent appropriate, for generating returns in our investment portfolio. We invest primarily in bank- and nonbank-qualified tax-advantaged municipal securities of a satisfactory investment quality rating.

U.S. Government-Sponsored Mortgage-Backed Securities. At December 31, 2024, we had government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the FHLMC, FNMA and Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) totaling $67.8 million, which constituted 56.4% of our securities portfolio. Mortgage-backed securities are securities issued in the secondary market that are collateralized by pools of mortgages. Certain types of mortgage-backed securities are commonly referred to as “pass-through” certificates because the principal and interest of the underlying loans is “passed through” to investors, net of certain costs, including servicing and guarantee fees. We invest primarily in mortgage-backed securities backed by one- to four-family residential mortgages.

Corporate Debt. At December 31, 2024, we had corporate debt totaling $0.5 million, which constituted 0.4% of our securities portfolio. This fixed-to-floating corporate note was issued by a minority-led Community Development Financial Institution.

Corporate Subordinated Debt. At December 31, 2024, we had corporate subordinated debt totaling $7.9 million, which constituted 6.5% of our securities portfolio. These fixed-to-floating subordinated notes were issued by banks located in our market area.

Sources of Funds

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also use borrowings, primarily Federal Home Loan Bank and repurchase agreements, to supplement cash flow needs, lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk purposes and to manage the cost of funds. In addition, we receive funds from scheduled loan payments, loan and mortgage-backed securities prepayments, maturities and calls of available-for-sale securities, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

Deposits. Our deposits are generated primarily from residents within our primary market area. We offer a selection of deposit accounts, including non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and time deposits, for both individuals and businesses.

At December 31, 2024, our core deposits, which are deposits other than time deposits, were $318.5 million, representing 70.1% of total deposits. As part of our business strategy, we intend to continue efforts to increase our core deposits while allowing higher-cost customer time deposits to run off upon maturity. We generally require commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were $63.1

million and $23.6 million of brokered deposits included in time deposits, respectively. The purchase of brokered deposits offered a lower cost alternative to advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of a similar duration. Additionally, there were $22.1 million and $20.9 of brokered deposits included in savings deposits at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our deposits totaled $454.2 million and $404.8 million, respectively.

For customers requiring full FDIC insurance on certificates of deposit in excess of $250,000, we offer the CDARS® program, which allows the Bank to place the certificates of deposit with other participating banks to maximize the customers’ FDIC insurance. We receive a like amount of deposits from other participating financial institutions. In addition, we offer the ICS™ program, an insured deposit “sweep” program for demand deposits which is a product offered by IntraFi Network, LLC, which is also the provider of the CDARS® program. Similarly to the certificates of deposit’s discussed above, the Bank receives a like amount of deposits from other financial institutions and all customer deposits are insured by the FDIC. These “reciprocal” CDARS® and ICS deposits are classified as “brokered” deposits in regulatory reports. The Bank considers these deposits to be “core” in nature. At December 31, 2024, our “reciprocal” CDARS® and ICS deposits were $-0- and $6.0 million, respectively.

Deposit account terms vary according to the minimum balance required, the time period that funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate, among other factors. In determining the terms of our deposit accounts, we consider the rates offered by our competition, our liquidity needs, profitability and customer preferences and concerns. We generally review our deposit pricing on a monthly basis and continually review our deposit mix. Our deposit pricing strategy has generally been to offer competitive rates, while generally not providing the highest rates in the market. We find it more profitable to concentrate on specific special rate and term accounts, which allows us to add accounts without impacting our overall liability costs for existing accounts.

We also rely on customer service, convenience of our branch office locations, advertising and pre-existing relationships to gather and develop deposit relationships. Developing comprehensive banking relationships is a top priority for us and is a focus of our commercial lending team and business development officers. In recent years, we have introduced new business deposit products to appeal to our commercial borrowers. At December 31, 2024, our ratio of commercial deposits to commercial loans (including commercial real estate loans, acquisition, development and land loans and commercial and industrial loans) was 94.35%.

The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in interest rates and competition. Our liquidity position is monitored daily and we believe we have a strong contingency liquidity plan should deposit balances fluctuate. The variety of deposit accounts that we offer allows us to be competitive in generating deposits and to respond with flexibility to changes in our customers’ demands. Our ability to gather deposits is impacted by the competitive market in which we operate, which includes numerous financial institutions of varying sizes offering a wide range of products. We believe that deposits are a stable source of funds, but our ability to attract and maintain deposits at favorable rates will be affected by market conditions, including competition and prevailing interest rates.

The following tables set forth the distribution of total average deposit accounts, by account type, at the dates indicated.


	At December 31,
	2024								2023
	Amount		Percent			Average Rate			Amount		Percent			Average Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-interest bearing accounts	$	65,200		15.28	%		—		$	76,533		19.34	%		—
NOW and demand deposits		95,786		22.44	%		0.75	%		101,947		25.76	%		1.58	%
Money market deposits		78,147		18.31	%		1.51	%		74,045		18.71	%		1.57	%
Savings deposits		73,411		17.20	%		0.03	%		65,802		16.63	%		0.05	%
Time deposits		114,277		26.77	%		3.15	%		77,406		19.56	%		2.97	%
Total	$	426,821		100.00	%		0.94	%	$	395,733		100.00	%		1.20	%

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate amount of uninsured total deposit balances, which is the portion exceeding the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit, had an estimated value not exceeding $112.2 million, or 24.7% of total deposits, and $102.5 million, or 25.3% of total deposits, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, uninsured time deposits totaled $7.6 million and $7.4 million, respectively. The following table sets forth the maturity of uninsured time deposits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.


(In thousands)	2024		2023
Maturity Period:
Three months or less	$	5,913	$	374
Over three through six months		1,019		1,449
Over six through twelve months		424		4,329
Over twelve months		216		1,205
Total	$	7,572	$	7,357

Borrowed Funds. We may obtain advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) upon the security of our capital stock in the FHLB and certain of our mortgage loans. Such advances may be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. We use such advances to provide short-term funding as a supplement to our deposits. At December 31, 2024, we had $52.3 million in advances from the FHLB and $94.0 million of additional borrowing capacity. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had an overnight line of credit with the FHLB that may be drawn up to $3.0 million. Additionally, at December 31, 2024, the Bank had $2.0 million of an unsecured Fed Funds borrowing line of credit with a correspondent bank. The entire balance of these credit facilities was available at December 31, 2024.

We may obtain advances from a secured credit facility with the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (“FRB”) – Borrower-In-Custody of Collateral Program (“BIC”). Advances under the BIC would be collateralized by eligible collateral. During December 2024, the Bank unpledged the collateral previously pledged to the BIC - principally general obligation municipal bonds – with the intention of pledging commercial real estate loans. On January 7, 2025, the Bank completed the eligibility process whereby the FHLB subordinated their interest in commercial real estate loans up to a maximum of $65 million allowing these loans to be pledged to the BIC. The Bank pledged $65.0 million of commercial real estate loans to the BIC resulting in $38.5 million of borrowing capacity under this credit facility as of January 16, 2025.

Personnel and Human Capital

We believe that the success of a business is largely due to the quality of its employees, the development of each employee's full potential, and the Company's ability to provide the appropriate recognition and fulfilling rewards. We encourage and support the development of our employees and, whenever possible, strive to fill vacancies from within. As of December 31, 2024, we had 75 total/full-time equivalent employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management believes that we have a good working relationship with our employees.

Employee retention helps us operate efficiently and achieve our business objectives. We believe our commitment to prioritizing concern for our employees’ well-being, supporting their career goals, offering competitive wages and providing valuable fringe benefits contributes to the retention of our top-performing employees. In addition, all eligible employees are stockholders of the Company through participation in our Employee Stock Ownership Plan, which aligns employee and stockholder interests by providing stock ownership on a tax-deferred basis at no investment cost to our employees.

Subsidiaries

First Seacoast Bank is the sole and wholly-owned subsidiary of First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. FSB Service Corporation, Inc., which is inactive, is the sole and wholly-owned subsidiary of First Seacoast Bank.

Regulation and Supervision

General

As a federal savings bank, First Seacoast Bank is subject to examination, supervision and regulation, primarily by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and, secondarily, by the FDIC as deposits insurer. The federal system of regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which First Seacoast Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including the classification of assets and the establishment of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes.

First Seacoast Bank is also regulated to a lesser extent by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the “Federal Reserve Board,” which governs the reserves to be maintained against deposits and other matters. In addition, First Seacoast Bank is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System. First Seacoast Bank’s relationship with its depositors and borrowers is also regulated to a

great extent by federal law and, to a lesser extent, state law, including in matters concerning the ownership of deposit accounts and the form and content of First Seacoast Bank’s loan documents.

As a savings and loan holding company, First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. is subject to examination and supervision by, and is required to file certain reports with, the Federal Reserve Board. First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. is also subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws.

Set forth below are certain material regulatory requirements that are applicable to First Seacoast Bank and First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. This description of statutes and regulations is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on First Seacoast Bank and First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. Any change in these laws or regulations, whether by Congress or the applicable regulatory agencies, could have a material adverse impact on First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc., First Seacoast Bank and their operations.

Federal Banking Regulation

Business Activities. A federal savings association derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners’ Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, First Seacoast Bank may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to applicable limits. The Dodd-Frank Act authorized, for the first time, the payment of interest on commercial checking accounts. First Seacoast Bank may also establish, subject to specified investment limits, service corporation subsidiaries that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for First Seacoast Bank, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.

Examinations and Assessments. First Seacoast Bank is primarily supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. First Seacoast Bank is required to file reports with and is subject to periodic examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. First Seacoast Bank is required to pay assessments to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to fund the agency’s operations.

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require FDIC-insured depository institutions, including federal savings associations, to meet several minimum regulatory capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio; a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio; a total capital to risk-based assets and a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

The capital standards require the maintenance of common equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, 6% and 8%, respectively. The regulations also establish a minimum required leverage ratio of at least 4% of Tier 1 capital. Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders’ equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital generally includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus Additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus meeting specified requirements and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for credit losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised a one-time opt-out election regarding the treatment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”). Institutions that have not exercised the AOCI opt-out have AOCI incorporated into common equity Tier 1 capital (including unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale-securities). First Seacoast Bank did exercise the opt-out election. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.

In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, an institution’s assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests), are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risk deemed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one- to four-family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to certain past due loans and a risk weight of between 0% to 600% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors.

Federal legislation required federal banking agencies, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, to establish for institutions with consolidated total assets of less than $10 billion a "community bank leverage ratio" (“CBLR”). The CBLR is an alternative framework that can be used to calculate a bank’s capital ratio. Qualifying banking organizations may opt in or opt out quarterly of using the community bank leverage framework which significantly simplifies the calculation of the capital ratio by relying on total average assets and therefore eliminating the need to calculate risk-based assets. Institutions with consolidated total assets of less than $10 billion and total off-balance sheet exposures of 25% or less of consolidated total assets may opt into the CBLR. The agencies finalized a rule, effective January 1, 2020, that set the CBLR at 9% tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets. Pursuant to 2020 federal legislation, the CBLR was temporarily lowered to 8%, transitioning back to 9% by year-ended 2021. Throughout 2024, the Bank did not make an

election to use the CBLR. At December 31, 2024, First Seacoast Bank’s capital exceeded all applicable requirements including the applicable capital conservation buffer.

Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a federal savings bank may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be lent, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if secured by “readily marketable collateral,” which generally includes certain financial instruments (but not real estate). As of December 31, 2024, First Seacoast Bank complied with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

Prompt Corrective Action. Under the federal Prompt Corrective Action statute, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is required to take supervisory actions against undercapitalized institutions under its jurisdiction, the severity of which depends upon the institution’s level of capital. An institution that has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5% or a leverage ratio of less than 4% is considered to be “undercapitalized.” A savings institution that has total risk-based capital of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0% or a leverage ratio that is less than 3.0% is considered to be “significantly undercapitalized.” A savings institution that has a tangible capital to assets ratio equal to or less than 2.0% is deemed to be “critically undercapitalized.”

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. As fully implemented on January 1, 2019, the capital conservation buffer requirement is 2.5% of risk-weighted assets.

Generally, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for a federal savings association that becomes “critically undercapitalized” within specific time frames. The regulations also provide that a capital restoration plan must be filed with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency within 45 days of the date that a federal savings association is deemed to have received notice that it is “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized.” Any holding company of a federal savings association that is required to submit a capital restoration plan must guarantee performance under the plan in an amount of up to the lesser of 5.0% of the savings association’s assets at the time it was deemed to be undercapitalized by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency or the amount necessary to restore the savings association to adequately capitalized status. This guarantee remains in place until the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency notifies the savings association that it has maintained adequately capitalized status for each of four consecutive calendar quarters. Institutions that are undercapitalized become subject to certain mandatory measures such as restrictions on capital distributions and asset growth. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency may also take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions against undercapitalized federal savings associations, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.

At December 31, 2024, First Seacoast Bank met the criteria for being considered “well capitalized,” which means that its total risk-based capital ratio exceeded 10%, its Tier 1 risk-based ratio exceeded 8.0%, its common equity Tier 1 ratio exceeded 6.5%, its leverage ratio exceeded 5.0% and its capital conservation buffer exceeded 2.5%.

Qualified Thrift Lender Test. As a federal savings association, First Seacoast Bank must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or “QTL,” test. Under the QTL test, First Seacoast Bank must maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” in “qualified thrift investments” (primarily residential mortgages and related investments, including mortgage-backed securities) in at least nine months of every 12-month period. “Portfolio assets” generally means total assets of a savings association, less the sum of specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill and other intangible assets and the value of property used in the conduct of the savings association’s business. Alternatively, First Seacoast Bank may satisfy the QTL test by qualifying as a “domestic building and loan association” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

A savings association that fails the QTL test must operate under specified restrictions set forth in the Home Owners’ Loan Act. The Dodd-Frank Act made noncompliance with the QTL test subject to agency enforcement action for a violation of law. At December 31, 2024, First Seacoast Bank satisfied the QTL test.

Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings association, which include cash dividends, stock repurchases and other transactions charged to the savings association’s capital account. A federal savings association must file an application with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for approval of a capital distribution if:

•

the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceed the sum of the savings association’s net income for that year to date plus the savings association’s retained net income for the preceding two years;

•

the savings association would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;

•

the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, agreement or regulatory condition; or

•

the savings association is not eligible for expedited treatment of its filings.

Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings association that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as First Seacoast Bank, must file a notice with the Federal Reserve Board at least 30 days before the board of directors declares a dividend.

An application or notice related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:

•

the federal savings association would be undercapitalized following the distribution;

•

the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or

•

the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that an insured depository institution shall not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All federal savings associations have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income borrowers. In connection with its examination of a federal savings association, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is required to assess the federal savings association’s record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings association’s failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications, such as branches or mergers or in restrictions on its activities. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.

The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the FDIC to publicly disclose their rating. First Seacoast Bank received an “Outstanding” rating in its most recent Community Reinvestment Act federal evaluation.

Transactions with Related Parties. A federal savings association’s authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and federal regulation. An affiliate is generally a company that controls or is under common control with an insured depository institution such as First Seacoast Bank. First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. is an affiliate of First Seacoast Bank because of its control of First Seacoast Bank. In general, certain transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates are subject to quantitative limits and collateral requirements. In addition, federal regulations prohibit a savings association from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary. Finally, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, not involve the purchase of low-quality assets from an affiliate and be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates.

First Seacoast Bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders:

•

be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and

•

not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of First Seacoast Bank’s capital.

In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by First Seacoast Bank’s board of directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

Enforcement. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings associations and has authority to bring enforcement action against all “institution-affiliated parties,” including directors, officers, stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on a federal savings association. Formal enforcement action by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution to the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions and range up to $25,000 per day, unless a finding of reckless disregard is made, in which case penalties may be as high as $1.0 million per day. The FDIC also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings association. If such action is not taken, the FDIC has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured financial institutions such as First Seacoast Bank. Deposit accounts in First Seacoast Bank are insured by the FDIC generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor and up to a maximum of $250,000 for self-directed retirement accounts. For customers requiring full FDIC insurance on certificates of deposit in excess of $250,000, we began offering in late 2023 the CDARS® program, which allows the Bank to place the certificates of deposit with other participating banks to maximize the customers’ FDIC insurance. We receive a like amount of deposits from other participating financial institutions. In addition, we offer the ICS™ program, an insured deposit “sweep” program for demand deposits which is a product offered by IntraFi Network, LLC, which is also the provider of the CDARS® program. Similarly to the certificates of deposit’s discussed above, the Bank receives a like amount of deposits from other financial institutions and all customer deposits are insured by the FDIC. These “reciprocal” CDARS® and ICS deposits are classified as “brokered” deposits in regulatory reports. The Bank considers these deposits to be “core” in nature. At December 31, 2024, our “reciprocal” CDARS® and ICS deposits were $-0- and $6.0 million, respectively.

The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. Assessments for most institutions are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of failure within three years. The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of First Seacoast Bank. First Seacoast Bank cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not currently know of any practice, condition or violation that may lead to termination of our deposit insurance.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. First Seacoast Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank System provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions as well as other entities involved in home mortgage lending. As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank, First Seacoast Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank. As of December 31, 2024, First Seacoast Bank complied with this requirement.

Dodd-Frank Act

The Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which has broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions such as First Seacoast Bank, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. Banks and savings institutions with $10 billion or less in assets continue to be examined for compliance by their applicable bank regulators. The new legislation also weakened the federal preemption available for national banks and federal savings associations and gave state attorneys general the ability to enforce applicable federal consumer protection laws.

In addition to creating the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, directed changes in the way that institutions are assessed for deposit insurance, mandated the imposition of tougher consolidated capital requirements on holding companies, required the issuance of regulations requiring originators of securitized loans to retain a percentage of the risk for the transferred loans, imposed regulatory rate-setting for certain debit card interchange fees, repealed restrictions on the payment of interest on commercial demand deposits and contained a number of reforms related to mortgage originations.

Many provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act involve delayed effective dates and/or require implementation of regulations. The implementation of the legislation is an ongoing process. The Dodd-Frank Act has resulted in, and may continue to result in, an increased regulatory burden and increased compliance, operating and interest expense for First Seacoast Bank.

Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by First Seacoast Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. First Seacoast Bank’s operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

•

Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

•

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

•

Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin and other prohibited factors in extending credit;

•

Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies;

•

Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies;

•

Truth in Savings Act, governing disclosures with respect to deposit accounts; and

•

rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

The operations of First Seacoast Bank also are subject to the:

•

Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;

•

Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services;

•

Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check;

•

The USA PATRIOT Act, which requires savings associations to, among other things, establish broadened anti-money laundering compliance programs and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such required compliance programs are intended to supplement existing compliance requirements that also apply to financial institutions under the Bank Secrecy Act and the Office of Foreign Assets Control regulations; and

•

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which places limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information by financial institutions with unaffiliated third parties. Specifically, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires all financial institutions offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution’s privacy policy and provide such customers the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties.

Holding Company Regulation

General. The Company is a savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the Home Owners’ Loan Act. As such, it is registered with the Federal Reserve Board and subject to the regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements applicable to savings and loan holding companies. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution.

Permissible Activities. Under present law, the business activities of the Company are generally limited to those activities permissible for financial holding companies under Section 4(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, provided certain conditions are met and financial holding company status is elected, and for multiple savings and loan holding companies. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, including underwriting equity securities and insurance as well as activities that are incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. A multiple savings and loan holding company is generally limited to activities permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act, subject to regulatory approval, and certain

additional activities authorized by federal regulations. First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. has not elected financial holding company status.

Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, including the Company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings association or savings and loan holding company, without prior Federal Reserve Board approval. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the Federal Reserve Board considers factors such as the financial and managerial resources, future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the federal deposit insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.

The Federal Reserve Board is prohibited from approving any acquisition that would result in a savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, subject to two exceptions:

•

the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies; and

•

the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the state of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisition.

Capital. Savings and loan holding companies have historically not been subjected to consolidated regulatory capital requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act required the Federal Reserve Board to establish for all bank and savings and loan holding companies minimum consolidated capital requirements that are as stringent as those required for the insured depository subsidiaries. Savings and loan holding companies with less than $3.0 billion in consolidated assets, like the Company, are generally not subject to the minimum consolidated capital requirements unless otherwise advised by the Federal Reserve Board.

Source of Strength. The Dodd-Frank Act extended the “source of strength” doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. By law, all savings and loan holding companies must serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary depository institutions.

Dividends and Stock Repurchases. The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and other capital distributions by holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall supervisory financial condition. Separate regulatory guidance provides for prior consultation with Federal Reserve Bank staff concerning dividends in certain circumstances such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate or earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a savings and loan holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary savings association becomes undercapitalized. The regulatory guidance also states that a savings and loan holding company should inform Federal Reserve Bank supervisory staff before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the savings and loan holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction, at the end of a quarter, in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions. For the stock repurchase program authorized by the board of directors on April 11, 2024 and the authorization of additional stock repurchases by the board of directors on December 12, 2024, as described in Item 5 below, notices were filed with the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston did not object to our stock repurchase plans.

Acquisition. Under the Federal Change in Bank Control Act, a notice must be submitted to the Federal Reserve Board if any person (including a company), or group acting in concert, seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of a savings and loan holding company. Under certain circumstances, a change of control may occur, and prior notice is required, upon the acquisition of 10% or more of the company’s outstanding voting stock, unless the Federal Reserve Board has found that the acquisition will not result in control of the company. A change in control definitively occurs upon the acquisition of 25% or more of the company’s outstanding voting stock. Under the Change in Bank Control Act, the Federal Reserve Board generally has 60 days from the filing of a complete notice to act, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition.

Federal Securities Laws

The Company's class of common stock is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Accordingly, the Company is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Taxation

The Company and First Seacoast Bank are subject to federal and state income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal and state taxation is intended only to summarize material income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company and First Seacoast Bank. Our federal and state tax returns have not been audited for the past five years.

Federal Taxation

General. The Company and First Seacoast Bank are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize material federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company and First Seacoast Bank.

Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, First Seacoast Bank currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal income tax returns. The Company and First Seacoast Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. A financial institution may carry net operating losses forward indefinitely but is limited to 80% of each subsequent year's taxable income. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $8.8 million of net operating loss carryovers.

Charitable Contribution Carryovers. A financial institution’s deduction for charitable contributions is limited to 10% of its federal taxable income with the excess carried forward to the succeeding five taxable years. Any contributions remaining after the five-year carryover period that has not been deducted is no longer deductible. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $208,000 of charitable contribution carryovers.

Capital Loss Carryovers. Generally, a financial institution may carry back capital losses to the preceding three taxable years and forward to the succeeding five taxable years. Any capital loss carryback or carryover is treated as a short-term capital loss for the year to which it is carried. As such, it is grouped with any other capital losses for the year to which it is carried and is used to offset any capital gains. Any loss remaining after the five-year carryover period that has not been deducted is no longer deductible. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no capital loss carryovers.

Corporate Dividends. The Company may generally exclude from its income 100% of dividends received from First Seacoast Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations.

State Taxation

General. First Seacoast Bank is subject to New Hampshire income tax at the rate of 7.5% on its taxable income, before net operating loss deductions and special deductions for federal income tax purposes. For this purpose, “taxable income” generally means federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. A financial institution may carry New Hampshire net operating losses forward for ten years but is limited to 80% of each subsequent year's taxable income. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had $9.4 million of New Hampshire net operating loss carryovers.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Not applicable, as the Company is a “smaller reporting company.”

ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Our risk management program is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risk across various aspects of our company, including financial, operational, regulatory, reputational, and legal. Cybersecurity is a critical component of this program, given the increasing reliance on technology and potential of cyber threats. Our Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer is primarily responsible for this cybersecurity component and is a key member of the Company's Information Technology Governance, along with our Chief Finance/Information Security Officer, including the Enterprise Risk Management Committee ("ERM"), the Information Technology Steering Committee ("ITSC") and the Information Technology Advisory Committee ("ITAC"), reporting directly to the Chief Information Officer. Our Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer has substantial relevant expertise and formal training in the areas of information security and cybersecurity risk management,

including 31 years of cybersecurity experience, 6 of which was spent at the Company. The ITAC and ERM are board level committees with the ITSC consisting of members of management.

Our objective for managing cybersecurity risk is to avoid or minimize the impacts of external threat events or other efforts to penetrate, disrupt or misuse our systems or information. The structure of our information security program is designed around the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework, regulatory guidance, and other industry standards. In addition, we leverage certain industry and government associations, third-party benchmarking, audits, and threat intelligence feeds to facilitate and promote program effectiveness. Our Chief Finance/Information Security Officer and our Chief Information Officer, report directly to our Chief Executive Officer, and along with key members of their teams, regularly collaborate with peer banks, industry groups, and policymakers to discuss
cybersecurity trends and issues and identify best practices. The information security program is periodically reviewed by such personnel with the goal of addressing changing threats and conditions.

The Company employs an in-depth, layered, defensive strategy that embraces a “secure by design” philosophy when designing new products, services, and technology. We leverage people, processes, and technology as part of our efforts to manage and maintain cybersecurity controls. We also employ a variety of preventative and detective tools designed to monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on suspected advanced persistent threats. We have established processes and systems designed to mitigate cyber risk, including regular and on-going education and training for employees, preparedness simulations and tabletop exercises, and recovery and resilience tests. We engage in regular assessments of our infrastructure, software systems, and network architecture, using internal cybersecurity experts and third-party specialists. We also maintain a third-party risk management program designed to identify, assess, and manage risks, including cybersecurity risks, associated with external service providers and our supply chain. We also actively monitor our email gateways for malicious phishing email campaigns and monitor remote connections as a portion of our workforce has the option to work remotely. We leverage internal auditors to periodically review our processes, systems, and controls, including with respect to our information security program, to assess their design and operating effectiveness and make recommendations to strengthen our risk management program.

We maintain an Incident Response Plan ("IRP") that provides a documented framework for responding to actual or potential cybersecurity incidents, including timely notification of and escalation to the appropriate Board-approved management committees, as discussed further below. The IRP is coordinated through the Chief Finance/Information Security Officer, Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer and key members of management are embedded into the IRP by its design. The IRP facilitates coordination across multiple parts of our organization and is evaluated at least annually.

Notwithstanding our defensive measures and processes, the threat posed by cyber-attacks is severe. Our internal systems, processes, and controls are designed to mitigate loss from cyber-attacks and, while we have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, to date, risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected our company.

Governance

Our Chief Finance/Information Security Officer has oversight of information security across the organization, with the Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer independently accountable for managing our enterprise information security department and delivering our information security program. The responsibility of this role includes cybersecurity risk assessment, defense operations, incident response, vulnerability assessment, threat intelligence, identity access governance, third-party risk management, and business resilience. The foregoing responsibilities are covered on a day-to-day basis by a first and second line of defense functions. The second line of defense function is separated from the first line of defense function through organizational structure and ultimately reports directly to the Chief Information Officer. The department consists of information security professionals with varying degrees of education and experience. Individuals within the department are generally subject to professional education and certification requirements. Our Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer has substantial relevant expertise and formal training in the areas of information security and cybersecurity risk management.

Our board of directors has approved management committees including the ITAC, which focuses on technology impact, and ERM, which focuses on business impact while the ITSC is an internal management committee providing direction and priorities to information technology strategies. These committees provide oversight and governance of the technology program and the information security program. The ITAC and ERM are chaired by certain members of the board of directors with senior management participation including the Chief Finance/Information Security Officer, Chief Information Officer, Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer as well as other key departmental managers from throughout the organization. These committees meet periodically to provide oversight of the risk management strategy, standards, policies, practices, controls, and mitigation and prevention efforts employed to manage security risks. More frequent meetings occur from time to time in accordance with the IRP in order to facilitate timely informing and monitoring efforts. The Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer reports summaries of key issues, including significant cybersecurity and/or

privacy incidents, discussed at committee meetings and the actions taken to the ITAC on a quarterly basis (or more frequently as may be required by the IRP).

The ITAC is responsible for overseeing our information security and technology programs, including management’s actions to identify, assess, mitigate, and remediate or prevent material cybersecurity issues and risks. Our Chief Finance/Information Security Officer, Senior Technology/Cybersecurity Officer and our Chief Information Officer provide quarterly reports to the ITAC and ERM regarding the information security program and the technology program, key enterprise cybersecurity initiatives, and other matters relating to cybersecurity processes. The ITAC reviews and approves our information security and technology budgets and strategies annually. Additionally, the ERM reviews our cyber security risk profile on a quarterly basis. The ITAC and ERM provide a report of their activities to the board of directors regularly.

ITEM 2. Properties

As of December 31, 2024, the net book value of our land, building and equipment was $754,000. On June 11, 2024, the Bank entered into and closed on an agreement with a single purchaser for the purchase and sale of four properties formerly owned and operated by the Bank, which included four branches (with an adjacent drive thru) and a parking lot, each adjacent to a sold branch, for an aggregate cash purchase price of $7.5 million. Concurrently with the sale-leaseback transaction, the Bank entered into an absolute net lease agreement with the purchaser under which the Bank will lease the properties for an initial term of 15 years with one renewal option of 15 years.

The following table sets forth information regarding our offices as of December 31, 2024:


Location	Leased or Owned	Year Acquired or Leased	Net Book Value of Real Property
			(In thousands)
Main Office:	Leased	2024	$	402
633 Central Avenue
Dover, NH 03820
Annex:	Owned	1890	$	185
629 Central Avenue
Dover, NH 03820
Branch Offices:
6 Eastern Avenue	Leased	2024	$	48
Barrington, NH 03825
7A Mill Road	Leased	2024	$	40
Durham, NH 03824
1650 Woodbury Avenue	Leased	2024	$	31
Portsmouth, NH 03801
17 Wakefield Street	Leased	2024	$	48
Rochester, NH 03867

We believe that current facilities are adequate to meet our present and foreseeable needs, subject to possible future expansion.

ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings

Periodically, we are involved in claims and lawsuits, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business. At December 31, 2024, we were not a party to any pending legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The Company's common stock has been listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “FSEA” since January 20, 2023. As of March 17, 2025, we had 307 stockholders of record (excluding the number of persons or entities holding stock in street name through various brokerage firms), and 4,730,753 shares of common stock outstanding.

The payment of dividends by the Company and amount of any dividend payments is subject to statutory and regulatory limitations, and depends upon a number of factors, including the following: regulatory capital requirements; our financial condition and results of operations; our other uses of funds for the long-term value of stockholders; tax considerations; and general economic conditions.

The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement providing that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if our prospective rate of earnings retention is consistent with our capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance also provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the holding company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the holding company’s overall rate or earnings retention is inconsistent with its capital needs and overall financial condition. In addition, First Seacoast Bank's ability to pay dividends will be limited if it does not have the capital conservation buffer required by the new capital rules, which may limit our ability to pay dividends to stockholders. No assurances can be given that any dividends will be paid or that, if paid, will not be reduced or eliminated in the future. Special cash dividends, stock dividends or returns of capital, to the extent permitted by regulations and policies of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, may be paid in addition to, or in lieu of, regular cash dividends.

On April 11, 2024, the board of directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of up to 507,707 shares of common stock, representing approximately 10% of shares then outstanding, which became effective on May 14, 2024. On December 12, 2024, the board of directors of the Company authorized additional stock repurchases, up to 228,858 shares of common stock, under this stock repurchase program. The additional repurchase authorization represents approximately 5% of pro forma outstanding shares assuming the repurchase of the remaining shares subject to the original authorization. The Company conducts repurchases through open market purchases, including by means of a trading plan adopted under SEC Rule 10b5-1, or in privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions and other factors. There is no guarantee as to the number of shares that the Company may ultimately repurchase. The program will expire 12 months after the effective date, regardless of whether all shares will have been repurchased. On February 7, 2025, the expiration date of the program was extended to December 3, 2025. The Company may suspend or discontinue the program at any time. The Company holds repurchased shares in its treasury. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has repurchased 403,211 shares under this stock repurchase program.

The following table summarizes the Company’s repurchases of its outstanding shares of common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2024:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs

October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024		23,383	$	9.05		23,383		125,622
November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024		11,006		9.15		11,006		114,616
December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024		10,120		9.77		10,120		333,354
Total		44,509				44,509

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 6. [Reserved]

ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This discussion and analysis reflects our consolidated financial statements and other relevant statistical data and is intended to enhance your understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The information in this section has been derived from the consolidated financial statements which appear elsewhere in this annual report. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. You should read the information in this section in conjunction with the other business and financial information provided in this annual report.

Overview

Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, in one- to four-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans, acquisition, development and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans. In recent years, we have increased our focus, consistent with what we believe to be conservative underwriting standards, on originating higher yielding commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans.

We conduct our operations from four full-service banking offices in Strafford County, New Hampshire and one full-service banking office in Rockingham County, New Hampshire. We consider our primary lending market area to be Strafford and Rockingham Counties in New Hampshire and York County in southern Maine.

Selected Financial Data

The following tables set forth selected historical financial and other data for the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated. The following information is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto of this annual report. The information at and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is derived in part from the audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The information at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 is derived in part from audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this annual report.


	At or For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Selected Financial Condition Data:
Total assets	$	580,780		$	571,035		$	537,424
Total loans		438,967			430,031			402,505
Total deposits		454,208			404,798			382,363
Total borrowings		52,268			93,007			99,397
Total stockholders' equity		62,050			66,618			49,337
Book value per share(1)	$	12.97		$	13.12		$	9.73
Selected Operating Data:
Interest and dividend income	$	25,431		$	20,590		$	16,610
Interest expense		13,533			9,080			1,747
Net interest and dividend income		11,898			11,510			14,863
(Release) provision for credit losses		(72	)		188			—
Net interest and dividend income after provision for credit losses		11,970			11,322			14,863
Non-interest income (loss)		3,904			(2,007	)		888
Non-interest expense		15,860			16,027			16,767
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)		14			(6,712	)		(1,016	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		527			3,944			(451	)
Net loss	$	(513	)	$	(10,656	)	$	(565	)

Share Data(1):
Average shares outstanding, basic		4,335,154			4,650,916			4,820,330
Average shares outstanding, diluted		4,335,154			4,650,916			4,820,330
Total shares outstanding		4,785,569			5,077,164			5,068,637
Basic loss per share	$	(0.12	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(0.12	)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.12	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(0.12	)
(1)Adjusted for conversion of the former First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC.


	At or For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Performance Ratios:
Return on average assets (1)		(0.09	)%		(1.93	)%		(0.11	)%
Return on average equity (2)		(0.79	)%		(15.10	)%		(1.05	)%
Interest rate spread (3)		1.42	%		1.59	%		2.86	%
Net interest margin (4)		2.09	%		2.16	%		2.99	%
Non-interest expenses as a percent of average assets		2.72	%		2.91	%		3.27	%
Efficiency ratio (5)		100.37	%		168.65	%		106.45	%
Average interest-earning assets as a percent of average interest-bearing liabilities		127.98	%		133.23	%		136.99	%
Average equity as a percent of average assets (6)		11.12	%		12.81	%		10.47	%

Capital Ratios (First Seacoast Bank Only):
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		15.55	%		15.32	%		15.53	%
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		14.52	%		14.27	%		14.45	%
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)		14.52	%		14.27	%		14.45	%
Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)		8.69	%		9.19	%		9.20	%

Asset Quality Ratios:
Allowance for credit losses on loans as a percent of total loans		0.79	%		0.79	%		0.89	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans as a percent of non-performing loans		—			2,404.26	%		4,023.60	%
Net charge-offs as a percent of average outstanding loans during the year	0.01%				—			—
Non-performing loans as a percent of total loans		—			0.03	%		0.02	%
Non-performing loans as a percent of total assets		—			0.02	%		0.02	%
Non-performing assets as a percent of total assets		—			0.02	%		0.02	%

Other Data:
Number of offices		5			5			5
Number of full-time equivalent employees		75			76			80

(1)

Represents net loss divided by average total assets.

(2)

Represents net loss divided by average equity.

(3)

Represents the difference between the weighted average yield on average interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of average interest-bearing liabilities.

(4)

Represents net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

(5)

Represents non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest and dividend income and non-interest income.

(6)

Represents average equity divided by average total assets.

Business Strategy

We believe we enjoy a strong, positive reputation among our customers and in our market area. We believe our name change to “First Seacoast Bank” in 2019 enhanced our brand and market visibility and associates us by name with the market area and communities we serve. As a community-oriented financial institution, we focus on serving the financial needs of local individuals and businesses by executing a safe and sound, service-oriented business strategy that seeks to produce earnings that increase over time and can be reinvested in our business and communities.

Our current business strategy consists of the following:

•

Grow our balance sheet, leverage existing infrastructure and improve profitability and operating efficiency. Given our existing infrastructure and capabilities, we believe we are well-positioned to grow without a proportional increase in overhead expense or operating risk. In recent years, we have assembled an experienced management team and selectively hired lending, business development and support staff. Our operations benefit from established marketing, information technology and audit and compliance departments. Additionally, we have invested in Internet banking capabilities and a mobile banking application.

•

Grow our loan portfolio and increase commercial real estate and commercial and industrial lending. Historically, our principal business activity has been the origination of one- to four-family residential mortgage

loans. In recent years, we have sought to supplement these originations by focusing on originating higher yielding commercial real estate loans (including owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans), construction loans, commercial and industrial loans and home equity loans and lines of credit. We intend to remain as a residential mortgage lender in our market area while continuing to increase our focus on originating commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Our increased legal lending limit has enabled us to originate larger loans for our portfolio to new and existing customers and reduced our need to participate with other lenders to originate larger loans.

•

Maintain strong asset quality and manage credit risk. Strong asset quality is key to the long-term financial success of any financial institution. We have been successful in maintaining strong asset quality in recent years. Our ratio of non-performing assets as a percent of total assets was 0.00%, 0.02% and 0.02%, at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We attribute this historical credit quality to a conservative credit culture and an effective credit risk management environment. We have an experienced team of credit professionals, well-defined and implemented credit policies and procedures, what we believe to be conservative loan underwriting criteria and active credit monitoring policies and procedures.

•

Increase core deposits and reduce reliance on higher cost borrowings. Deposits are our primary source of funds for lending and investment. Core deposits (which we define as all deposits except for time deposits), particularly non-interest-bearing demand deposits, represent a low-cost, stable source of funds. Core deposits were 70.1% of our total deposits at December 31, 2024. We also rely on higher cost Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank borrowings as supplemental funding sources. At December 31, 2024, our ratio of net loans to deposits was 95.9% and our borrowings from these supplemental funding sources totaled $52.3 million. We continue to focus on expanding core deposits by leveraging our business development officers and commercial lending and retail relationships.

•

Grow organically and through opportunistic acquisitions or de novo branching. Our primary intention is to grow our balance sheet organically and use our capital to increase our lending and investment capacity. As a local independent bank, we believe we will have opportunities to gain market share from customer fallout resulting from the consolidation of competing financial institutions in our market area into larger, out-of-market acquirers. In addition to organic growth, we may also consider expansion opportunities in our market area or in contiguous markets that we believe would enhance both our franchise value and stockholder returns. These opportunities include establishing loan production offices, establishing new, or de novo, branch offices and/or acquiring branch offices. We have no current plans or intentions regarding any such expansion plans.

These strategies are unchanged from disclosed business strategies in previous annual reports. We intend to continue to pursue these business strategies, subject to changes necessitated by future market conditions, regulatory restrictions and other factors. While we are committed to the business strategies noted above, we recognize the challenges and uncertainties of the current environment and plan to execute these strategies as market conditions allow.

Critical Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates

The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles used in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. We believe the calculation of the ACL and the measurement of the fair value of financial instruments are both important to the presentation of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations and require subjective or complex judgments and, therefore, we consider the accounting policies and estimates discussed below to be critical. The estimates and assumptions that we use are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.

The estimation of the ACL is in accordance with the ASC 326 methodology utilizing the WARM modeling approach as performed in a third-party software application. The adequacy of the ACL is evaluated on a quarterly basis by management. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the ACL and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the ACL is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay a loan (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the ACL maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The ACL is increased through provision for credit losses on loans and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

The ACL is measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Management has identified the following pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:

•Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans - Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans are secured by commercial office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses or retail buildings where the owner of the building occupies the property. For such loans, repayment is largely dependent upon the operation of the borrower's business.

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans - These loans represent investment real estate loans secured by office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, retail buildings, and multi-family residential housing. Repayment is primarily dependent on lease income generated from the underlying collateral.

•Consumer real estate mortgage loans - Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties, including home equity loans and lines of credit. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

•Acquisition, Development and land loans – Acquisition, development and land loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful completion and eventual sale, refinance or operation of the related real estate project. Acquisition, development and land loans include one- to four-family construction projects and commercial construction or rehabilitation endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.

•Commercial and industrial loans - Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes. These loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable of the borrower and repayment is primarily dependent on business cash flows.

•Consumer and other loans - Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals, primarily pre-existing First Seacoast Bank customers, not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification and purchased loans secured by manufactured housing properties. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans and other installment loans extended directly to the borrower. Consumer loans may be unsecured. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

The WARM method uses an approach that begins with a quarterly loss rate and applies that rate to the loan pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics noted above on a periodic basis over time for the remaining life expectation of each loan pool. Due to the Company’s limited loss experience, management has chosen to use peer group loss data in the calculation of the quarterly loss rate. A peer group was selected within the third-party software application which includes all banks between $300 million and $1 billion in asset size located in the northeastern United States. The historical loss component segmented by loan pool serves as the core of the ACL adequacy methodology. The remaining life calculation for each pool is calculated by the third-party software application using an attrition calculator that performs quarterly cohort-based attrition measurements using the actual historical experience of each loan pool.

The estimated credit losses for all loan pools are adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. The qualitative categories and the measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these categories are subjectively selected by management but measured by objective measurements period over period. The data for each measurement may be obtained from internal or external sources. The current period measurements are evaluated and assigned a factor commensurate with the current level of risk relative to past measurements over time. The resulting qualitative adjustments are applied to the relevant collectively evaluated loan portfolios. These adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in portfolio concentrations, policy exceptions, associate retention, independent loan review results, competition and peer group credit quality trends. The qualitative allowance allocation, as determined by the processes noted above, is increased or decreased for each loan segment based on the assessment of these various qualitative factors. Additional qualitative considerations are made for any identified risk which did not exist within our portfolio historically and therefore may not be adequately addressed through evaluation of such risk factor based on historical portfolio trends as previously discussed.

Our ACL as a percent of total loans was 0.79% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, which primarily reflects the impact of calculated loss rates based upon remaining life measurements and our consideration of the current economic conditions that affect the qualitative adjustments used in the determination of the ACL as they have evolved over the year from the impact of inflationary pressures and geopolitical concerns, among other considerations. While we consider a number of variables in our evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL, one of the more significant variables is the use of a reasonable and supportable forecast period in the calculation of a historical loss rate. As noted above, the Company has chosen a forecast period of one year which will be similar to the historical loss period between January 2014 and December 2016 and then reverting to the long-term average over the following two quarters using the straight-line reversion method. This time period was one of relatively stagnant expansion in the U.S. with GDP growth rates in the 1.6% - 2.6% range. Economic indicators during this period were mixed and appear similar to the current economy. Additionally, because historical loss experience may not fully

reflect our expectations about the future, management has adjusted the historical loss rate through a qualitative adjustment to reflect current economic conditions not already reflected in the historical loss information. If a pre-recessionary period such as the period between March 2007 and September 2009 was chosen as the reasonable and supportable forecast period with a similar qualitative adjustment consideration, the ACL would increase by $99,000 to $3.6 million. Alternatively, if the qualitative adjustment to reflect current economic conditions not already reflected in the historical loss information were removed from the chosen forecast period used in the calculation of the ACL, the ACL would decrease by $1.1 million to $2.4 million.

While policies and procedures used to estimate the ACL, as well as the resultant provision for credit losses charged to (loss) income, are considered adequate by management and are reviewed periodically by regulators, model validators and internal auditors, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond our control, such as changes in projected economic conditions, real estate markets or particular industry conditions which may materially impact asset quality and the adequacy of the ACL and thus the resulting provision for credit losses. Therefore, management considers the calculation of the ACL a critical accounting estimate.

The Company's measurement of the fair value of its financial instruments is subject to uncertainty primarily due to the lack of quoted market prices for a portion of its various assets and liabilities. Fair values, where quoted market prices are not available, are based on estimates using the present value of cash flows or other valuation techniques. These techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

Certain of the Company's financial assets are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. The Company's primary financial asset measured at fair value on a recurring basis is its securities available-for-sale. For these securities, we obtain fair value measurements from independent pricing services which consider observable data that may include reported trades, dealer quotes, the instrument’s terms and conditions, as well as other market data. These fair value measurements are significantly impacted by changes in market interest rates and current economic conditions as compared to the coupon rates for the financial assets. We obtain a monthly market rate volatility report to confirm that the overall price volatility of the portfolio is within prescribed policy limits.

Fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights is also measured on a recurring basis based upon a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. We rely on an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of our mortgage servicing rights. The valuation model utilizes interest rate, prepayment speed and default rate assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future income and that can be validated against available market data. These assumptions are inherently sensitive to change as these unobservable inputs are not based upon quoted prices in active markets or otherwise observable. We periodically review the assumptions underlying the valuation of our mortgage servicing rights. While we believe the values produced by the discounted cash flow model are indicative of the fair value of our mortgage servicing rights portfolio, these values can change significantly depending upon factors such as the then current interest rate environment, estimated prepayments speeds of the underlying mortgage loans being serviced, and other economic conditions.

Fair value of the Company’s derivatives is measured on a recurring basis using the discounted cash flow method on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. These fair value measurements are significantly impacted by changes in market interest rates and current economic conditions as compared to the coupon rates for the derivatives. We obtain a monthly interest rate volatility report to monitor the volatility of our derivatives portfolio.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances. This may include certain individually evaluated loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral. The Company has no non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis.

ASC 820 - "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)" also requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. ASC 820 requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The exit price notion is a market-based measurement of fair value that is represented by the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) on the measurement date. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, fair values of loans are estimated on an exit price basis incorporating discounts for credit, liquidity and marketability factors. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, these factors have not materially impacted the estimated fair values of loans as compared to their carrying amounts.

Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

Total Assets. Total assets were $580.8 million as of December 31, 2024, an increase of $9.7 million, or 1.7%, when compared to total assets of $571.0 million at December 31, 2023. The increase was due primarily to increases in net loans and other assets offset by decreases in securities available-for-sale and in land, building and equipment, net. The increase in other assets and decrease in land, building and equipment, net, was due primarily to accounting for the sale-leaseback transaction involving the Bank's main office and branches which was completed on June 11, 2024.

Cash and Due From Banks. Cash and due from banks increased $1.0 million, or 17.0%, to $7.1 million at December 31, 2024 from $6.1 million at December 31, 2023. The increase was due primarily to a $49.4 million increase in total deposits and $7.4 million of proceeds from the sale of land, building and equipment, offset by an $8.8 million increase in net loans, a $40.7 million decrease in borrowings and $3.7 million of common stock repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Available-for-Sale Securities. Available-for-sale securities decreased by $1.6 million, or 1.3%, to $120.2 million at December 31, 2024 from $121.9 million at December 31, 2023. This decrease was due to $36.2 million of proceeds from sales, maturities and principal payments received on securities available-for-sale and $547,000 of net amortization of bond premiums, offset by investment purchases totaling $36.7 million and a $1.5 million increase in net unrealized losses within the portfolio. On December 11, 2024, we executed a balance sheet repositioning strategy related to our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. We sold $23.5 million in book value of lower-yielding investment securities for an after-tax realized gain of $5,000 and purchased $16.6 million of higher-yielding investment securities which were classified as available-for-sale upon purchase.

The following table sets forth the amortized cost and average yield of our debt securities, by type and contractual maturity:


	Maturity as of December 31, 2024
	One Year or Less				After One Year but within Five Years				After Five Years but within Ten Years					After Ten Years				Total
	Amortized Cost		Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Average Yield			Amortized Cost		Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Average Yield
(Dollars in thousands)
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises obligations	$	—		—		—		—	$	1,642		1.21	%	$	—		—	$	1,642		1.21	%
U.S. Government agency small business administration pools guaranteed by SBA

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

First Seacoast Bancorp, Inc. 10-K