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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☑	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025
	or
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 000-26966

ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	84-0846841
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1595 Wynkoop Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado	80202
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (970) 407-6626

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	AEIS	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act: Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☑

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to section 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $4,950,205,433 as of June 30, 2025, based upon the price at which such common stock was last sold on such date.

As of February 4, 2026, there were 37,750,990 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K incorporates information by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2026 annual meeting of stockholders (to be filed with the Commission under Regulation 14A no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2025).

Table of Contents

ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8

	PART I	4

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	4

ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	12

ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	27

ITEM 1C.	CYBERSECURITY	28

ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	29

ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	30

ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	30

	PART II	31

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	31

ITEM 6.	[RESERVED]	32

ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	33

ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	47

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	48

ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	93

ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	93

ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	94

ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	94

	PART III	95

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	95

ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	95

ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	95

ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	96

ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	96

	PART IV	96

ITEM 15.	EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	96

ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	99

	SIGNATURES	100

Table of Contents

Special Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Statements in this report that are not historical information are forward-looking statements. For example, statements relating to our beliefs, expectations and plans are forward-looking statements, as are statements that certain actions, conditions, events, or circumstances will continue. The inclusion of words such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “can,” “may,” “might,” “continue,” “enable,” “plan,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “will,” “likely,” “potential,” “believe,” and similar expressions and the negative versions thereof indicate forward-looking statements; however, not all forward-looking statements may contain such words or expressions. These forward-looking statements are based upon information available as of the date of this report and management’s current estimates, forecasts, and assumptions. Although we believe that our expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we may not achieve the results, performance, plans, or objectives expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control.

Risks and uncertainties to which our forward-looking statements are subject include:

●

volatility and cyclicality, economic conditions, and business fluctuations in the industries in which we compete;

●

our ability to achieve design wins with new and existing customers;

●

our ability to accurately forecast and meet customer demand;

●

risks related to global economic conditions, such as the impact of tariffs and export regulations, escalating global conflicts on macroeconomic conditions, economic uncertainty, market volatility, rising interest rates, inflation, lack of growth in our markets, or recession;

●

risks associated with scaling our manufacturing capacity and securing sufficient critical components to meet customer demand;

●

pricing pressure from customers and competitors;

●

concentration of our customer base;

●

risks associated with potential breach of our information security measures— either external breach or internal data theft;

●

difficulties with the implementation of our enterprise resource planning and other enterprise-wide information technology system applications;

●

our loss of or inability to attract and retain key personnel;

●

risks associated with our manufacturing footprint optimization and movement of manufacturing locations for certain products;

●

disruptions to our manufacturing operations or those of our customers or suppliers;

●

our ability to successfully identify, close, integrate and realize anticipated benefits from our acquisitions or divestitures;

●

quality issues, unanticipated costs in fulfilling our warranty obligations or adequacy of our warranty reserves, claims outside of warranty, or product liability claims;

●

risks inherent in our international operations, including the effect of export controls, the impact of tariffs on our supply chain or products we sell, political and geographical risks, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

●

our ability to enforce, protect and maintain our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, and avoid claims alleging infringement of the intellectual property rights of others;

Table of Contents

●

regulatory risk related to our supply chain;

●

legal matters, claims, investigations, and proceedings;

●

changes to tax laws and regulations or our tax rates;

●

changes to and maintaining compliance with U.S. federal, state, local and foreign regulations, including with respect to trade compliance, privacy and data protection, supply chain, and environmental regulation;

●

effect of our debt obligations and restrictive covenants on our ability to operate our business;

●

risks related to our unfunded pension obligations;

●

our estimates of the fair value of intangible assets;

●

the potential impact of dilution related to our convertible debt, hedge, and warrant transactions;

●

risks relating to ownership of our common stock; and

●

the risks and uncertainties described in Part I, Item 1A in this Form 10-K.

Actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Factors that could contribute to these differences or prove our forward-looking statements, by hindsight, to be overly optimistic or unachievable include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties listed above and described in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or provide the reasons why our actual results might differ.

Market and Industry Data

The market and industry information used in this annual report on Form 10-K is based on management’s good faith estimates, which we derive from our review of internal information and independent sources. Although we believe these independent sources to be reliable, we have not verified the accuracy or completeness of the information.

PART I

Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this Form 10-K, references to “Advanced Energy,” “the Company,” “our Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview

Advanced Energy provides highly engineered, critical, precision power conversion, measurement, and control solutions to our global customers. We design, manufacture, sell and service precision power products that transform, refine, and modify the raw electrical power coming from either the utility or the building facility and convert it into various types of highly controllable, usable power that is predictable, repeatable, and customizable to meet the necessary requirements for powering a wide range of complex equipment. Our products enable customers to reduce or optimize their energy consumption through increased power conversion efficiency, power density, power coupling, and process control across a wide range of applications.

We are organized on a global, functional basis and operate as a single segment of power electronics conversion products. Within this segment, our products are sold in the Semiconductor Equipment, Data Center Computing, Industrial and Medical, and Telecom and Networking markets.

We incorporated in Colorado in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1995. Our executive offices are located at 1595 Wynkoop Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado 80202, and our telephone number is 970-407-6555.

Table of Contents

Recent Events

Credit Agreement

On May 8, 2025, we terminated our prior credit agreement, dated as of September 10, 2019 (and subsequently amended) and entered into a new credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) consisting of a senior unsecured term loan facility (“Term Loan Facility”) and a senior unsecured revolving facility (“Revolving Facility”) both maturing on May 8, 2030. The maturity date may be accelerated to the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of our 2.50% convertible senior notes due September 15, 2028 (the “Convertible Notes”), if the sum of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents plus the undrawn balance on the Revolving Facility is less than 120% of the redemption amount of the Convertible Notes. The financing terms of the new Credit Agreement are substantially the same as the terms of the prior credit agreement. As part of the new credit facility, HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (“HSBC”) was appointed as the administrative agent for the lender group. See Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Restructuring Activity

We continue to execute our previously announced manufacturing consolidation plan. In 2024, we approved further manufacturing consolidation initiatives, including the closure of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing facility (the “2024 Plan”). Manufacturing operations in Zhongshan ceased during the second quarter of 2025. Final site closure activities are in progress and are expected to conclude in 2026. Further, we expect to continue to consolidate several of our smaller manufacturing sites through 2026.

In 2025, further actions were approved related to consolidating our research and development, sales, and administrative functions in connection with our manufacturing and footprint consolidation. See Note 11. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Products and Services

Our precision power products and solutions are designed to enable process technologies, improve productivity, lower the cost of ownership, and/or provide critical power capabilities for our customers. These products are designed to meet our customers’ demanding requirements in efficiency, flexibility, performance, and reliability. We also provide repair and maintenance services for our products.

Our plasma power products enable innovation in complex semiconductor and thin film plasma processes such as dry etch and deposition. Our broad portfolio of high and low voltage power products is used in a wide range of applications, such as semiconductor equipment, data center computing, industrial production, medical and life science equipment, aerospace and defense, networking, and telecommunications. We also supply related sensing, controls, and instrumentation products primarily for advanced measurement and calibration of power and temperature for multiple industrial markets.

Our network of global service support centers provides repair services, calibration, conversions, upgrades, refurbishments, and used equipment to companies that use our products.

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End Markets

Advanced Energy generates revenue from the sale of a broad range of advanced and system power products and services to global original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), distributors, and end customers. Our customers select our products based on various performance metrics such as high power conversion efficiency, high power density, low noise emission, and lower power consumption as well as our ability to tailor our solutions to meet the unique requirements of their critical applications. The future growth and demand for our products is driven by a combination of factors within each of the end markets we serve, as follows:

Semiconductor Equipment Market

The Semiconductor Equipment market supports and enables the long-term need for production capacity and new process technologies to meet demand for semiconductor devices across many applications driven by megatrends such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), energy efficiency, automobile electrification, and Internet of things.

Our portfolio of power conversion and related products sold into this market includes plasma power, high-voltage power, system power, and adjacent sensing solutions. Our plasma power solutions are used to create plasma-based etch and deposition processes. Our semiconductor market products are incorporated into a wide range of applications, including dry etch and strip, deposition, ion implant, inspection and metrology, thermal, epitaxy, and back-end test and packaging.

Our strategy is to outgrow the wafer fabrication equipment (“WFE”) market by developing plasma power products for advanced processing applications and through market share gains in both plasma power and adjacent semiconductor applications. We believe the plasma power market will grow faster than WFE due to increasing number of plasma process steps and growing demand for more complex power content. In addition, we are targeting to win customer adoptions of our new plasma power products to strengthen our positions in core applications with leading market share, such as conductor etch and deposition, and to grow our market position in targeted applications with lower market share, such as dielectric etch. Finally, we are targeting to leverage our broad portfolio of system power, thermal and sensing, remote plasma source, and high voltage products to gain share in adjacent semiconductor applications.

Data Center Computing Market

The Data Center Computing market is being driven by the rapid growth of AI and related investments. The accelerated power rating of next-generation AI processors and increased density of AI processors in each IT rack have significantly increased the power requirements for AI-based servers and racks which, in turn, increased the importance of high power efficiency, density, and reliability for server rack power solutions.

Our products are designed into data center server and storage systems, and are also used by cloud service providers and their partners in their custom designed server racks and power shelves.

Our strategy in the market is to target high-end, high power, differentiated applications based on our competitive strengths in power density, efficiency, reliability, and speed in delivering next-generation, production-ready products. Due to higher power requirements for AI-based server racks, the demand for high-end AI power solutions has been growing faster than the traditional server power market. We believe our capabilities in advancing new power solutions for next-generation AI-based server racks position us to participate in the continued growth in this market.

Industrial and Medical Market

The Industrial and Medical market is fueled by continued investment in complex manufacturing processes, increased adoption of new industrial technologies such as automation and clean energy, and increased breadth and precision requirements of medical devices and life science equipment.

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complement our power solutions. Our products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as advanced material fabrication, medical devices, life science, test and measurement equipment, robotics, industrial production, defense, aerospace, and large-scale lighting applications.

Our strategy in the market is to penetrate a broader set of applications by expanding our product offerings, leveraging common platforms, providing platform derivatives, and offering customizations. In addition, our strategy is to expand our customer reach in this large, fragmented market through a focused direct sales team on larger and strategic accounts, optimize and leverage our distribution channel, and expand visibility and access to our products through our digital footprint and website.

Telecom and Networking Market

Demand in the Telecommunication and Networking market is driven by adoption of more advanced mobile standards, such as 5G technologies, networking investments by telecommunication service providers, enterprises upgrading their communication networks, and data centers investing in their networks for AI-driven increased bandwidth.

We serve this market by providing application-specific power conversion products to many leading OEMs of wireless infrastructure equipment and computer networking equipment.

Our strategy in the market is to optimize our power conversion products to more differentiated applications and leverage investments across our power portfolio to maintain a position in the most attractive customers and applications.

For more information related to our expectations for the markets we serve, see Business Environment and Trends in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Customers

Our products are sold worldwide to OEMs, distributors, and directly to end users.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, three customers accounted for 23%, 19%, and 12% of our total revenue, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 26% and 11% of our total revenue, respectively. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of total revenues. We expect that the sale of products to our largest customers will continue to account for a significant percentage of our revenue for the foreseeable future. The loss of a large customer could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

For more information related to our significant customers, see Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.”

Marketing, Sales, and Distribution

We sell our products through direct and indirect sales channels. Our primary direct sales operations are located in the United States (“U.S.”), Asia, and Europe.

In addition to a direct sales force, we have distributors that support our selling efforts.

We maintain customer service centers globally, as we believe that customer service and technical support are important competitive factors and are essential to building and maintaining close, long-term relationships with our customers.

Refer to Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding our revenue by geographic area. See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our sales and marketing operations.

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Manufacturing

We manufacture our products primarily in our large factories in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Mexico. We also perform limited specialty manufacturing for some of our products in the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Europe. During 2025, we continued to execute our previously announced manufacturing consolidation plan, which included the shutdown of our Zhongshan, China manufacturing site. Manufacturing operations in Zhongshan ceased during the second quarter of 2025. Final site closure activities are in progress and expected to conclude in 2026. We expanded capacity in our Philippines and Mexicali factories, and we continued progress on a new factory in Thailand. We expect to continue to consolidate several of our smaller factory sites during 2026.

Our manufacturing requires a wide variety of mechanical and electrical components, which are often made to our specifications. We use numerous companies, including contract manufacturers, to supply parts for the manufacture and support of our products. Although we make reasonable efforts to ensure that parts are available from multiple qualified suppliers and at the lowest possible cost, some key parts may only be obtained from a sole supplier or a limited group of suppliers. We address supply challenges and reduce the associated risks to production by endeavoring to select and qualify alternate suppliers for key parts, maintain appropriate inventories of critical components, and competitively source parts through electronic bidding tools to find the lowest possible total cost.

See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our manufacturing operations.

Intellectual Property

Protection of our technology assets through intellectual property rights is important for our competitive position. We believe that continued research and development of technologically advanced solutions and applications, as well as enhancements to existing products and related software to support customer requirements, are critical for us to compete in the markets we serve. Accordingly, we devote significant personnel and financial resources to the development of new products and technology, and to the enhancement of existing products, and we expect these investments to continue. Our investments in research and development enable us to create intellectual property, including patents and trade secrets. We hold numerous U.S. and foreign patents and have multiple patent applications pending in the U.S., Europe, and Asia.

See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain risks related to our reliance on our intellectual property.

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Competition

The markets we serve are highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological development and changing customer requirements. We face a wide variety of competitors, and no single company dominates any of our markets. Significant competitive factors in our markets include product performance, compatibility with adjacent products, price, quality, reliability, meeting customer demand, and level of customer service and support.

We encounter substantial competition from foreign and domestic companies for each of our markets. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do. Other competitors are smaller than we are but may be well established in specific product niches. Competitors in each of our market verticals include, but are not limited to, the following:

Semiconductor Equipment

Data Center Computing

Industrial and Medical

Telecom and Networking

COMET Holding AG.

Daihen Corp.

MKS Instruments, Inc.

TRUMPF Hüttinger GmbH + Co. KG

Delta Electronics, Inc.

Flex Ltd.

Lite-On Technology Corp.

Cosel Co., Ltd.

Delta Electronics, Inc.

MEAN WELL Enterprises

TDK-Lambda Corp.

TRUMPF Hüttinger GmbH + Co. KG

XP Power Ltd.

Delta Electronics, Inc.

Kexin Communication Technologies Co. Ltd.

Lite-On Technology Corp.

Research and Development

We perform research and development to develop products to address new or emerging applications, make technological advances to provide higher performance, lower cost, or create other attributes that we may expect to appeal to current or potential customers. We believe that continued research and development of technologically advanced solutions and applications, as well as enhancements to existing products and related software to support customer requirements, are critical for us to compete in the markets we serve. Accordingly, we devote significant personnel and financial resources to the development of new products and technology, and to the enhancement of existing products, and we expect these investments to continue. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 our research and development expenses were $232.4 million, $211.8 million, and $202.4 million, respectively and have ranged from 12.2% to 14.3% of our total revenue.

Human Capital

Our people are our strength. We have a globally diverse workforce with approximately 13,000 employees. Our employees are located in the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and North America, and are comprised of approximately 53% male and 47% female employees. Our employees are not represented by unions, except for statutory organization rights applicable to our employees in China, Germany, and Mexico.

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Culture

As an industry leading technology company, we work together collaboratively to solve complex, high-value problems and achieve common goals. Our global talent, winning technology and operational excellence are our competitive advantage. We are committed to nurturing a culture grounded in our core values: Innovation, Integrity, Empowerment, Partnership, Accountability, and Execution. These core values are the foundation of how we operate. We recognize that an inclusive work environment, diverse perspectives and collaboration enable us to drive innovation and future growth for our global customers, and we remain committed to ensuring a work environment where employees can grow and share in the Company’s success.

Health and Safety

We are committed to providing a safe work environment for our employees and have a global team that is responsible for health and safety related activities including hazard and risk identification. We provide regular health and safety trainings both on-site and through our virtual tool that assigns training based on job profiles and site-specific requirements. We have established policies and practices to ensure that working conditions are safe, workers are treated with respect and dignity, and manufacturing processes are environmentally responsible. We also reference the Responsible Business Alliance Code of Conduct at selected manufacturing sites as a guide to promote labor, health, safety, environmental, and ethics best practices.

Employee Engagement

We are committed to providing a collaborative and productive work environment for our employees. In 2025, we conducted our confidential employee survey on topics relating to confidence in company leadership, ethical conduct, career growth opportunities, and suggestions on how we can make our company a great place to work and also communicated the results of the employee survey with our employees, leaders, executive team, and Board of Directors. In 2024, we launched Powering Technology Together, our employee value proposition, to highlight our commitment to providing a best-in-class employee experience for our people across the globe and to differentiate ourselves as an employer of choice. We believe our employee value proposition will help us build our employer brand and attract and retain the best talent.

Total Rewards

We provide market-competitive compensation and benefits to our employees to attract, motivate and retain a highly talented and engaged workforce who are committed to the Company’s core values and objectives. Our compensation programs are focused on equitable and fair pay practices that reward for high performance, continuous improvement, and drive increased shareholder value.

Learning and Development

We provide learning and development opportunities to employees at all levels to support growth within their current role and help prepare them for potential future roles. Our internal learning solutions are provided online and in person, with training on topics such as technical skills, supervisor effectiveness, and leadership development. Where training is not available internally, we support external training for skill development in current or future roles. We have internship and graduate development programs, as well as annual talent reviews and succession planning to develop a talent pipeline across various levels of the Company.

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Community Involvement

Advanced Energy strives to make a positive impact in its communities through volunteerism, charitable giving and partnerships with local communities. We have an active Community Investment Steering Committee and offer employees paid time off to participate in Company organized initiatives and volunteer with non-profit organizations of their choice. Our Child of Employee Scholarship Program, available to children of Advanced Energy employees, celebrates education accomplishments and provides financial support for them to pursue their career and learning goals. We also offer an annual Advanced Energy STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Scholarship in the U.S. to support and develop emerging talent in STEM.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations, as well as the environmental laws and regulations of the foreign federal and local jurisdictions in which we have manufacturing and service facilities. We believe we are in material compliance with all such laws and regulations.

Available Information

Our website address is www.advancedenergy.com. We make available, free of charge on our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such reports with, or furnishing them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Such reports are also available at www.sec.gov. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in, or otherwise part of, this annual report on Form 10-K nor any of our other filings with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows can be impacted by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth below, any of which could adversely impact our results and result in a decline in the value or loss of an investment in our common stock. Other factors may also exist that we cannot anticipate or that we currently do not consider to be material based on information that is currently available. These risks and uncertainties have the potential to materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future results. Such risks and uncertainties may also impact the accuracy of forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K and other reports we file with the SEC.

Business and Industry Risks

The industries in which we compete are subject to unpredictable fluctuation or cycles, which may be volatile.

As a supplier to the global semiconductor equipment, data center computing, industrial, medical, telecommunication, and networking industries, we are subject to business fluctuations, the timing, length, and volatility of which can be difficult to predict. We are impacted by sudden changes in customers’ manufacturing capacity requirements and spending, which depend in part on technology transitions, capacity utilization, demand for customers’ products, inventory levels relative to demand, access to affordable capital, and changes in geopolitical factors, including tariffs. These changes have affected the timing and amount of customers’ purchases and investments in technology, and continue to affect our orders, net revenue, operating expenses, and net income. In addition, several of the markets in which we compete are highly cyclical and experience downturns characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels, and price erosion, which has caused, and in the future could cause, our revenue and gross margin to decline, adversely impacting our results of operations. It is difficult to predict the timing, length, and severity of such fluctuations and downturns, and we may not be able to respond adequately or quickly to the changes in demand.

To meet rapidly changing demand in each of the industries we serve, we must effectively manage our resources and production capacity. During periods of decreasing demand for our products, we must be able to appropriately align our cost structure with prevailing market conditions, effectively manage our supply chain, and motivate and retain key employees. During periods of increasing demand, we must have enough manufacturing capacity and inventory to fulfill customer orders, effectively manage our supply chain, and attract, retain, and motivate enough qualified individuals. If we are not able to timely and appropriately adapt to changes in our business environment or to accurately assess where we are positioned within a business cycle, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

For example, infrastructure investments in artificial intelligence (“AI”) have increased substantially, which is driving significant demand increases in the Data Center Computing market. We accelerated investments to increase capacity and make upgrades to support higher demand and new product requirements in the market, but if we are unable to timely or efficiently scale to meet growing demand or if we have not accurately assessed the magnitude or sustainability of such demand, our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We must achieve design wins to retain our existing customers and to obtain new customers, although design wins achieved may not necessarily result in substantial revenue or gross profit.

The markets we serve are constantly changing in terms of advancement in applications, core technology, and competitive pressures driven by continuing technology migration and changing customer demand. New products designed for capital equipment manufacturers typically have a lifespan of many years. Increasingly, we are required to accelerate our investment in research and development to meet the time-to-market, performance, and technology adoption cycle needs of our customers simply to compete for design wins. Given such up-front investments we make to develop, evaluate, and qualify products in the design win process, our success and future growth depend on our products being designed into our customers’ new generations of equipment as they develop new technologies and applications. We must work with these manufacturers early in their design cycles to modify, enhance, and upgrade our products or design new products that meet the requirements of their new systems. The design win process is highly competitive, the

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design windows may be narrow, and there is no assurance we will succeed with new design wins for our existing customers or new customers’ next generations of equipment. Our competitors may also be more successful in implementing an AI strategy and develop more successful products with the aid of AI technology. In the last few years, we have made significant investments to launch new technology platforms and products into the Semiconductor and Industrial and Medical markets and upgrade our capabilities in the Data Center Computing market. If existing or new customers do not choose our designs, we are unable to maintain single source status, or we cannot agree to pricing, volumes, and other key commercial terms with these customers, our market share may decline, potential revenues related to the lifespan of our products may not be realized, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. Further, our ability to generate revenue or gross profit from design wins is in part or wholly dependent upon the success of our customers’ solutions.

Failure to accurately forecast customer demand, supply chain disruptions, or manufacturing interruptions or delays could affect our ability to meet customer demand, lead to higher costs, or result in excess or obsolete inventory.

We place orders with many of our suppliers based on our expectations as to demand for our products and our customers’ forecasts. As the quarter and the year progress, such demand and product mix can change rapidly or we may realize that our customers’ expectations were overly optimistic or pessimistic, especially when industry or general economic conditions change.

Our sales are primarily made on a purchase order basis or are pulled from “just in time” bins or hubs by our customers, and we generally do not have long-term purchase commitments from our customers. As a result, we are limited in our ability to predict the level of future revenue or commitments from our current customers, which may diminish our ability to allocate labor, materials, and equipment in the manufacturing process effectively. In addition, we may purchase inventory in anticipation of sales that do not materialize, resulting in excess and obsolete inventory write-offs. Customers may delay delivery of products or cancel orders prior to shipment and may not be subject to cancellation penalties. Delays in delivery schedules and/or customer changes to backlog orders during any particular period could cause a decrease in revenue and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Orders with our suppliers cannot always be amended in response to changing demand conditions.

In addition, to assure availability of certain components or obtain priority pricing, we have entered into contracts with some of our suppliers that require us to purchase a specified number of components and subassemblies each quarter, even if we are not able to use such components or subassemblies. Moreover, we have obligations to some of our customers to hold a minimum amount of finished goods in inventory to fulfill just in time orders, regardless of whether the customers expect to place such orders. We currently have firm purchase commitments and agreements with various suppliers to ensure the availability of components. If demand for our products does not meet expected levels, we might not be able to use all of the components that we are required to purchase under these commitments and agreements, and our cost of revenue may increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. If demand for our products exceeds our customers’ and our forecasts, we may not be able to timely obtain enough raw materials, parts, components, or subassemblies, on favorable terms or at all, to fulfill the excess demand. Furthermore, some of our products have lengthy lifecycles and are subject to supplier parts obsolescence, and sole-sourced parts can create challenges in terms of purchasing parts on reasonable terms and lead-times.

Finally, if shortages of critical components or supply constraints were to reoccur, we could again experience the longer lead times in procuring materials and subcomponents and, in some cases, meaningfully higher costs for the subcomponents that we faced in the wake of the pandemic. Our revenues, earnings, and cash flow may be adversely impacted if these conditions reoccur.

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We are exposed to risks associated with worldwide financial markets and the global economy.

Uncertain or adverse economic and business conditions, including uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets, rising inflation and interest rates, economic recession, national debt, and fiscal or monetary concerns, could materially adversely impact our operating results and financial condition. Disruptions in the global economy or financial markets, higher interest rates and market volatility could have an adverse impact on our access to and cost of capital. Additionally, tightening of credit markets, turmoil in the financial markets, and a weakening global economy have contributed in the past and could again contribute to slowdowns in the industries in which we operate and adversely impact the global demand for our products. Some of our key markets ultimately depend on a combination of consumer and business spending. Economic uncertainty exacerbates negative trends in consumer and business spending and may cause our customers to delay, cancel, or refrain from placing orders. Difficulties or increased costs in obtaining capital and uncertain market conditions may also lead to customer liquidity constraints, a reduction of revenue, and greater instances of nonpayment or other failures to perform their obligations. Adverse or uncertain economic conditions may similarly affect our key suppliers, which could affect their ability to deliver parts and result in delays for our products. Further, these conditions and uncertainty about future economic conditions could also make it challenging for us to forecast our operating results and evaluate the risks that may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We must scale our manufacturing capacity and secure sufficient critical components to meet customer demand.

Our manufacturing facilities are located globally, and the majority of our products are manufactured in a select few key facilities. Most facilities are under operating leases, and interruptions in operations could be caused by early termination of existing leases by landlords or failure by landlords to renew existing leases upon expiration, including the possibility that suitable operating locations may not be available in proximity to existing facilities, which could result in labor or supply chain risks, including risks related to our ability to secure critical components to meet customer demand. Additionally, we are executing a restructuring plan to optimize and consolidate our manufacturing operations and improve operating efficiencies, which we expect to be substantially complete during 2027. We continue to expand output in and evaluate our existing manufacturing facilities, and we may decide to conduct additional optimization and consolidation initiatives. We also recently constructed a new factory in Thailand in connection with our consolidation plans. These plans and any future initiatives, however, may or may not be ultimately successful in achieving our intended results. If the actual costs and charges are greater than anticipated, the actual cost savings or operating efficiencies are lower than anticipated, market conditions deviate from our expectations, we encounter delays or other challenges, or we experience a loss of continuity or inefficiency during transitional periods, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to maintain our pricing strategy or adjust our business strategy successfully for some of our product lines to reflect our customers’ price sensitivity, our business and financial condition could be harmed.

Our customers continually exert pressure on us to reduce our prices and extend payment terms and we have been and may be required to enter into long-term pricing agreements, extended payment terms, exclusivity arrangements, and other less favorable contract terms. In addition, we compete in markets in which customers may dual or multi-source their power supply products. We believe some of our Asia-based competitors benefit from local governmental funding incentives and purchasing preferences from end-user customers in their respective countries. If competition against any of our product lines should come to focus solely on price rather than on product performance and technology innovation, we would need to adjust our business strategy, product offerings, and product costs accordingly, and if we are unable to do so, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We continue to execute our pricing strategies and practices; however, we have in the past had to implement price increases and surcharges to reflect higher supply chain costs and any future price increases outside of our normal pricing strategy could make our products less competitive in the market over time and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

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A significant portion of our revenue and accounts receivable are concentrated among a few customers.

Consistent with prior years, a limited number of customers accounted for a significant portion of our business, revenue and accounts receivable in 2025. A significant decline in revenue from these or our other large customers, the loss of these or other large customers, or any inability to collect from large customers could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. The mix of products sold to our customers, particularly our large customers, may also impact our financial performance. For example, our Data Center Computing market generally has lower margins than our other markets. As Data Center Computing grows to comprise a larger proportion of our revenue, gross margin has been and could continue to be negatively impacted.

We expect that revenue from a few large customers will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue in future periods; however, we generally do not have long-term purchase commitments. If our largest customers do not place orders, or if they substantially reduce, delay, or cancel orders, we may not be able to replace their business on a timely basis or at all. As a result, our future success depends on our ability to maintain and strengthen our existing customer relationships, build new customer relationships, and diversify our customer base. For more information about our significant customers, see Note 3. Revenue in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

If our information security measures are breached, disrupted, or fail, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.

As part of our day-to-day business, we process, transmit and store our own confidential data and certain data about our customers and employees in our global information technology system. We are subject to ongoing data security threats, including phishing attempts, denial of service attacks, ransomware, viruses, and other malware, employee error or malfeasance, theft, natural disasters, and hardware or software malfunctions, any one of which could compromise our data security, cause the loss of critical data, or disrupt operations, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or other information to gain access to our customers’ data or our data or our information technology systems. We and our third party providers have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cybersecurity events from external actors and confidential information theft from internal actors, some of which could be devastating. We continue to devote significant resources to cybersecurity, IP protection, data encryption, and other measures to protect our systems and data from unauthorized external access or internal misuse, and we may be required to expend greater resources in the future for cybersecurity protection, compliance, and remediation, especially in the face of continuously evolving and increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity threats and privacy and data protection laws.

Despite our implementation of cybersecurity measures, there is no assurance that our actions will be sufficient to prevent future threats and incidents. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. A cybersecurity event or other breach, disruption, or failure of our information and operational systems, could:

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result in the disclosure, misuse, corruption, or loss of our confidential business information, intellectual property including trade secrets, or our customers’ data;

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damage our reputation;

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lead to a loss of confidence by our current and potential customers;

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adversely impact our future revenue;

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disrupt our business;

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divert management attention; and

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expose us to significant remediation costs, legal liability, and litigation risk.

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Difficulties with the implementation or transition to our next generation enterprise resource planning and other new enterprise-wide information technology system applications could harm our business and impact our results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected to the extent we fail to appropriately manage, expand, and update our information technology infrastructure. In particular, we are in the process of implementing a global enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system and other enterprise-wide applications that will upgrade and standardize our information systems. These implementations are expected to occur in phases over the next several years. In 2025, we shifted our deployment strategy for the new ERP system to a more staggered approach and delayed widespread implementation to better align with our business needs and risk tolerance. Delays, unexpected challenges, or a failure to achieve our implementation goals may lead to cost overrun, diversion of management attention and resources, or otherwise adversely impact our operations. In addition, the failure to anticipate the necessary readiness and training needs, manage the transition to systems, or appropriately convert historical and concurrent data could lead to business disruption and potential loss of business. Failure or abandonment of any part of the ERP system could result in a write-off of part or all of the costs that have been capitalized on the project.

The loss of and inability to attract and retain key personnel could significantly harm our results of operations and competitive position.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continuing contributions of our management, technical, marketing, and sales employees. If we are unable to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees and leaders as required, we may be unable to fully capitalize on current and new market opportunities, which could adversely impact our business and results of operations. Our success in hiring and retaining employees depends on a variety of factors, including market competitive compensation and benefits programs, global economic or political and industry conditions, our organizational structure, our reputation, culture and working environment, competition for talent and the availability of qualified employees, the readiness for and availability of career development opportunities, and our ability to offer a challenging, safe, and rewarding work environment. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, increasing costs to attract and retain qualified talent, driven by macroeconomic conditions and a highly competitive labor market.

In addition, the loss or retirement of key employees presents challenges to the extent the departing employee had valuable institutional knowledge or experience. This requires us to identify and train existing or new employees to perform necessary functions, therefore causing unforeseen delays, which could result in unexpected costs, reduced productivity, or an impact to internal processes and controls. If we fail to have succession plans in place for key roles, we may not be able to maintain continuity and our business could be adversely affected.

Disruptions to our manufacturing or other operations or the operations of our customers or suppliers, due to natural or other disasters, uncontrollable events or other issues could affect our results of operations.

Certain of our manufacturing and other operations are in locations subject to natural disasters that could disrupt operations, such as severe weather and geological events, including earthquakes or tsunamis. Natural disasters, uncontrollable occurrences (including the emergence of pandemics, epidemics, or widespread outbreaks of infectious disease), or other operational issues at any of our manufacturing or other facilities could significantly reduce or disrupt our productivity and could prevent us from meeting our customers’ requirements in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, our suppliers and customers are also subject to natural and other disaster risk exposure. A natural disaster, fire, explosion, pandemic, or other event that results in a prolonged disruption to our operations or the operations of our customers or suppliers, may materially adversely affect our business, workforce, supply chain, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

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Our long-term success and results of operations depend on our ability to successfully identify, close, integrate, and realize the anticipated benefits from our acquisitions, strategic investments or divestitures.

As part of our business strategy, we have and will likely continue to acquire companies or businesses and make investments or divestitures to further our business. Risks associated with these transactions are many, including the following which could adversely affect our financial results:

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the inability to source or complete transactions timely or at all;

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any obligation to pay a termination fee or undergo litigation resulting from failed deals;

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the failure to perform adequate due diligence on target companies;

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the failure to realize expected revenues, gross and operating margins, net income, and other returns from acquired businesses;

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the inability to successfully integrate product and/or service offerings to realize anticipated benefits from business combinations;

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the inability to integrate acquired business into our existing ERP and other global information technology systems to realize productivity improvement and cost efficiencies;

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we have incurred and will incur additional depreciation and amortization expense over the useful lives of certain assets acquired in connection with business combination and, to the extent that the value of goodwill or intangible assets acquired in connection with a business combination becomes impaired, we may incur additional material charges related to impairment of those assets;

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deterioration in our effective tax rate;

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a failure to retain and motivate key employees of acquired businesses;

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our ability to maintain appropriate business processes, procedures, and internal controls at the acquired business;

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litigation or claims associated with a proposed or completed transaction; and

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unknown, underestimated, undisclosed or undetected commitments or liabilities or non-compliance by acquired business with laws, regulations, or policies.

Our products may suffer from defects or errors leading to increased costs, damages, warranty claims, claims outside of warranty or product liability claims.

Our products use complex system designs and components that may contain errors or defects in designs, manufacturing, firmware, software, component parts, or other materials. The manufacture of these products often involves a highly complex and precise process and the utilization of specially qualified components. The production of many of our products also requires highly skilled labor. As a result of the technical complexity of these products, design defects, skilled labor turnover, changes in our or our suppliers’ manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or nonconforming materials or components by us or our suppliers could adversely affect our manufacturing quality and product reliability. Our products could also be, and have in the past been, counterfeited, misbranded or sold without authorization on the “gray market.” To the extent our products are defective or fail, we might be required to repair, redesign, replace, or recall those products, pay damages (including liquidated damages) in connection with claims outside of warranty and/or product liability claims, or fulfill warranty claims, and we could suffer significant expenses as well as harm to our reputation. Furthermore, some of our products are used in medical device applications where malfunction of the device could result in serious injury or in critical infrastructure where malfunction could result in significant damages. We accrue a warranty reserve for estimated costs to provide warranty services, including the cost of technical support, product repairs, and product replacement for units that cannot be repaired. Our estimate of costs to fulfill our warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectation of future conditions. To the extent we experience increased warranty claim activity or increased costs associated with servicing those claims, our warranty accrual will increase, resulting in decreased gross profit.

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Our legacy inverter products may suffer higher than anticipated litigation, damage, or warranty claims.

Our legacy inverter products (of which we discontinued the manufacture, engineering, and sale in December 2015 and which are reflected as discontinued operations in this filing) contain components that may contain errors or defects and were sold with product warranties ranging from one to 20 years. If any of our products are defective or fail because of their design, we might be required to repair, redesign, or recall those products or to pay damages (including liquidated damages) or warranty claims, and we could suffer significant harm to our reputation. We have experienced claims from customers and suppliers and are involved in litigation related to the legacy inverter product line. We review such claims and vigorously defend against such lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot assure that any such claims or litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial statements. Our involvement in such litigation could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel. We also accrue a warranty reserve for estimated costs to provide warranty services including the cost of technical support, product repairs, and product replacement for units that cannot be repaired. Our estimate of costs to fulfill our warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectation of future conditions. To the extent we experience increased warranty claim activity or increased costs associated with servicing those claims, our warranty accrual will increase, resulting in additional expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in future periods. We plan to continue supporting inverter customers with service maintenance and repair operations. This includes performing service to fulfill obligations under existing service maintenance contracts. There is no certainty that these contracts can be performed profitably, and our business could be adversely affected by higher than anticipated product failure rates, loss of critical service technician skills, an inability to obtain service parts, customer demands and disputes, and the cost of repair parts, among other factors.

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International Operations Risks

We are subject to risks inherent in international operations.

We are a global organization. We have employees in the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and North America. Our manufacturing facilities are located across the globe (mainly in the Asia-Pacific region), and revenue from customers outside the United States represented 70% of our total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Given the global nature of our business, we have both domestic and international concentrations of cash and investments. The value of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities can be adversely affected by liquidity, credit deterioration, inflation, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, financial results, economic risk, political risk, sovereign risk, or other factors.

Additionally, our success producing goods internationally and competing in international markets is subject to our ability to manage various operational risks and difficulties, including, but not limited to:

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our ability to effectively hire, manage, and retain our employees at locations operating in different business environments from the United States;

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our ability to develop and maintain relationships with suppliers and other local businesses;

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interruptions to our and/or our suppliers’ supply chain;

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global trade issues and changes in and uncertainties with respect to trade and export regulations, trade policies and sanctions, tariffs, and international trade disputes, including export regulations for certain exports to China and any retaliatory measures;

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compliance with product safety requirements and standards that are different from those of the United States;

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variations and changes in laws applicable to our operations in different jurisdictions, including enforceability of contract rights;

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ineffective or inadequate legal and physical protection of intellectual property rights in certain countries;

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delays or restrictions on personnel travel and in shipping materials or finished products between and within countries;

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political instability, international hostilities, natural disasters, health epidemics, disruptions in financial markets, and deterioration of economic conditions;

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our ability to maintain appropriate business processes, procedures, and internal controls, and comply with environmental, health and safety, anti-corruption, and other regulatory requirements;

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customs regulations including customs audits in various countries that occur from time to time;

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the ability to provide enough levels of technical support in different locations;

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our ability to obtain business licenses that may be needed in international locations to support expanded operations;

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changes in tariffs, income tax, value added tax, and foreign currency exchange rates; and

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laws and regulations regarding privacy, data use and processing, data privacy and protection, cybersecurity, and network security.

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Our operations in the Asia Pacific region are subject to significant political and economic uncertainties over which we have little or no control and we may be unable to alter our business practice in time to avoid reductions in revenues.

A significant portion of our operations and supply chain outside the United States are located in the Asia Pacific region, which exposes us to risks, such as exchange controls and currency restrictions, changes in local economic conditions, customs regulations and tariffs, tax policies, and local laws and regulations, possible retaliatory government actions, potential inability to enforce intellectual property protection or contracts terms, and changes in U.S. policy regarding overseas manufacturing and export controls. In particular, the U.S. and China regularly have significant disagreements over geopolitical, trade, and economic issues, and there are currently considerable trade tensions between the two countries. Any escalating political controversies between the U.S. and China or other countries in the Asia Pacific region in which we operate, whether or not directly related to our business, could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, the Chinese government exercises substantial control over the Chinese economy, and may exercise preferential treatment of local companies. Our supply chain in China may be subject to various U.S. or China government and regulatory actions. Policy changes or the imposition of new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations could increase our costs or limit our ability to sell products in the Asia Pacific region.

Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations may lead to lower operating margins, or may cause us to raise prices, which could result in reduced revenue.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations, and we could experience losses with respect to forward exchange contracts into which we may enter. Unfavorable currency fluctuations could significantly increase the labor and other costs incurred in the operation of our international facilities and the cost of raw materials, parts, components, and subassemblies that we source there, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. These increased costs could require us to increase prices to foreign customers, which could result in lower net revenue from such customers. Alternatively, if we do not adjust the prices for our products in response to unfavorable currency fluctuations, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we have large, long-term liabilities, such as local lease and pension liabilities in Asia and Europe creating more significant exposure to fluctuations in numerous currencies. We do not attempt to hedge these exposures given the long-term nature of the underlying liabilities and the non-cash nature of the foreign exchange gain or loss.

Legal, Tax, and Compliance Related Risks

Continued restrictive global trade regulatory environment coupled with increasingly complex rules have adversely impacted our business, could further impact our business, and could erode the competitiveness of our products compared to local and global competitors.

As a global company, we are subject to the trade policies, export/import controls, and other rules and regulations, including tariffs, trade sanctions, and license requirements of the U.S. and other government authorities. We expect continued exposure to risk arising from both the further promulgation of global trade regulations and enforcement of existing regulations. The implementation and interpretation of some of these complex rules and other regulatory actions is uncertain and evolving, which can make it challenging for us to manage our operations and forecast our operating results.

Since October 2022, we have been particularly affected by U.S. government-imposed export regulations on U.S. semiconductor and supercomputing technology and related parts and services sold in China. As a result, Chinese customers replaced us at least in part with competitors operate outside the scope of U.S. export rules. Additionally, our ability to maintain business in China may be dependent at least in part on obtaining export licenses. Obtaining export licenses may be difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and there is no assurance we will be issued licenses in time to meet customer requirements or at all.

In 2025, the U.S. government imposed significant tariffs on imports from a wide range of countries, with further tariffs threatened. The tariffs were imposed under various rules including Section 301 (punitive duties imposed

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by on imported goods, primarily from China, to counter unfair trade practices like intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer), Section 232 (tariffs that aim to protect U.S. national security), and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. We are also subject to anti-dumping and countervailing duty rates. In 2025, higher costs from tariffs partially offset benefits from cost optimization across our operations, and we expect this negative dynamic to continue. If we are unable to mitigate the impact of these and any additional tariffs or other import restrictions in future periods, we can expect our results of operations to be adversely affected.

The current political landscape has introduced greater uncertainty with respect to trade regulation, and we cannot predict the extent to which unfavorable international trade policies may be implemented in the future or to what extent our business may be impacted. Future regulatory changes that could materially and adversely affect our business include but are not limited to additional or increased tariffs, additions or updates to various restricted party lists, further restrictions on selling products to entities in certain countries whose actions or functions are intended to support policies contrary to U.S. national security, new customs rules or requirements, and retaliatory trade actions or trade wars. Additionally, governments of our customers may promote their own domestic businesses and competitors. Any or all of the foregoing could decrease demand for our products, increase costs and decrease margins, reduce the competitiveness of our products, or restrict our ability to sell products, provide services or purchase necessary equipment and supplies, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We are highly dependent on our intellectual property.

Our success depends significantly on our proprietary technology. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights through a variety of methods including trade secrets, patents, and non-disclosure agreements; however, we might not be able to protect our technology, and customers or competitors might be able to develop similar technology. Infringement, misappropriation, and unlawful use of our intellectual property rights, and resulting unauthorized manufacture or sale of equipment using our IP rights, or loss of IP from employee turnover, could result in lost revenue. Monitoring and detecting any unauthorized use of intellectual property is difficult and costly and we cannot be certain that the protective measures we have implemented will completely prevent theft or misuse. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property successfully, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Patents, trademarks, and trade secret protection may not be adequate to deter infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights. For example, patents issued to us may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. The loss or expiration of any of our key patents could lead to a significant loss of sales of certain of our products and could materially affect our future operating results. The process of seeking patent protection can be time consuming and expensive and patents may not be issued for currently pending or future applications. Moreover, our existing patents or any new patents that may be issued may not be sufficient in scope or strength to provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to us. We may initiate claims, enforcement actions or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights, which claims could result in costly litigation, the diversion of our technical and management personnel, and the assertion of counterclaims by defendants.

In addition, the laws of some foreign countries might not afford our intellectual property the same protections as do the laws of the United States. Our intellectual property is not protected by patents in several countries in which we do business, and we have limited or no patent protection in other countries, including China. Consequently, manufacturing our products in these countries may subject us to an increased risk that unauthorized parties may attempt to copy our products or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property.

Third parties may also assert claims against us and our products or business practices. Claims that our products or business practices infringe the rights of others, whether or not meritorious, can be expensive and time-consuming to defend and resolve, and may divert the efforts and attention of management and personnel. The inability to obtain rights to use third party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms could also have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, we may face claims based on the theft or unauthorized use or disclosure of third party trade secrets and other confidential business information. Any such incidents and claims could severely harm our business and reputation, result in significant expenses, harm our competitive position, and prevent us from selling certain products, all of which could have a material and adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

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Our supply chain is subject to regulatory risk.

Requirements applicable to our supply chain include rules aimed at promoting transparency as well as rules that restrict sourcing from certain locations or suppliers. For example, rules aimed at extinguishing forced labor require extensive efforts to map supply chains effectively and efficiently beyond tier 1 suppliers for any involvement in human rights abuses. Goods suspected of being manufactured with forced labor could be blocked from importation into the U.S., which could impact revenue. Another possible risk is U.S. or foreign governments that restrict our access to supply; for example, China has restricted exports of rare earth minerals, and the U.S. government’s export controls have resulted in restricted supply chains. Given such restrictions, we may be unable to obtain supply in a timely manner, in sufficient quantities, or at a commercially reasonable cost.

We are, and expect to continue to be, involved in litigation. Legal proceedings are costly and could have a material adverse effect on our commercial relationships, business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may be involved in legal proceedings, litigation, enforcement actions, or claims arising from our business, including, but not limited to, those regarding product performance, product warranty, product certification, product liability, patent infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, other intellectual property rights, antitrust, various regulations such as environmental or privacy, securities, contracts, unfair competition, employment, workplace safety, business practices, and other matters. Legal proceedings, enforcement actions and claims, whether with or without merit, and associated internal investigations, may be time-consuming and expensive to prosecute, defend or conduct; divert management’s attention and other resources; inhibit our ability to sell our products or services; prevent us from using our technology; result in adverse judgments for damages, injunctive relief, penalties, and fines; and adversely affect our business. We can provide no assurance of the outcome of these legal proceedings, enforcement actions, or claims or that the insurance we maintain will provide coverage or be adequate to cover them.

Changes in tax laws, tax rates, or mix of earnings in tax jurisdictions in which we do business could impact our future tax liabilities and related corporate profitability.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions by their nature are complex and may be subject to significant change due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. As both domestic and foreign governments contemplate or make changes in tax law, our results could be adversely affected. Further, there are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and earnings higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies and changes to our existing businesses, acquisitions (including integrations) and investments, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations, including fundamental changes to the tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals.

Furthermore, due to shifting economic and political conditions, tax policies, laws, or rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant changes in ways that could harm our financial condition and operating results. For example, various jurisdictions around the world have enacted or are considering revenue-based taxes such as digital services taxes and other targeted taxes, which could lead to inconsistent and potentially overlapping international tax regimes. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) is coordinating negotiations with the goal of achieving consensus around substantial changes to international tax policies, including the implementation of a minimum global effective tax rate of 15%. These changes could increase our effective tax rate and cash tax payments could increase in future years, create additional compliance burdens, and/or require changes to our tax compliance processes.

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Increased governmental action on income tax regulations could adversely impact our business.

International governments have heightened their review and scrutiny of multinational businesses like ours, which could increase our compliance costs and future tax liability to those governments. As governments continue to look for ways to increase their revenue streams, they could increase audits of companies to accelerate the recovery of monies perceived as owed to them under current or past regulations. As we are subject to examination by tax authorities in every jurisdiction where we do business, an unfavorable audit outcome could adversely affect us.

Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns could adversely affect our results.

Our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in countries that have lower tax rates and higher than anticipated in countries that have higher tax rates; by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; by changes, regulations, and interpretations of research and development capitalization and tax credit regulations, foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”), global intangible low-tax income (“GILTI”) and base erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) laws; by expiration of or lapses in tax incentives; by transfer pricing adjustments, including the effect of acquisitions on our legal structure; by tax effects of nondeductible compensation; by tax costs and related tax effects from intercompany realignments; by changes in accounting principles; or by changes in tax laws and regulations, treaties, or interpretations thereof, including changes to the taxation of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, the deductibility of expenses attributable to foreign income, the foreign tax credit rules, and the impacts of the One Big Beautiful Bill (“OBBB”) Act. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attribute prescribed in the accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes. The OECD has made changes to numerous long-standing tax principles. There can be no assurance that these changes, as adopted by countries in which we operate, will not have an adverse impact on our provision for income taxes. Further, because of certain of our ongoing employment and capital investment actions and commitments, our income in certain countries is subject to reduced tax rates. Our failure to meet these commitments could adversely impact our provision for income taxes. In addition, we are the subject of regular examination of our income tax returns by tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from these continuous examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving U.S. and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in customer growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business.

Regulatory authorities around the world have implemented or are considering several legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the U.S., Europe, China and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Violation of any of these rules could result in fines or orders requiring that we change our data practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.

We are subject to numerous governmental regulations.

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign regulations, including environmental regulations and regulations relating to the design and operation of our products and control systems and regulations governing the import, export and customs duties related to our products. We might incur significant costs as we seek to ensure that our products meet safety and emissions standards, many of which vary across the states and countries in which our products are used. In the past, we have invested significant resources to redesign our products to comply with these directives. In addition, through previous acquisitions, we expanded our presence in the medical market to include more highly regulated applications and added a medical-certified manufacturing center to our operating footprint. We may encounter increased costs to maintain compliance with the quality systems and other regulations and requirements that apply to the

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acquired business. Compliance with future regulations, directives, and standards could require us to modify or redesign some products, make capital expenditures, or incur substantial costs. Also, we may incur significant costs in complying with the numerous imports, exports, and customs regulations as we seek to sell our products internationally. If we do not comply with current or future regulations, directives, and standards, we could be subject to fines and penalties, our production or shipments could be suspended, and we could be prohibited from offering particular products in specified markets. If we were unable to comply with current or future regulations, directives and standards, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to risks associated with environmental, health, and safety regulations.

We are subject to environmental, health, and safety regulations in connection with our global business operations, such as regulations related to the development, manufacture, sale, shipping, and use of our products; handling, discharge, recycling and disposal of hazardous materials used in our products or in producing our products; the operation of our facilities; and the use of our real property. The failure or inability to comply with existing or future environmental, health and safety regulations could result in significant remediation or other legal liabilities; the imposition of penalties and fines; restrictions on the development, manufacture, sale, shipping, or use of certain of our products; limitations on the operation of our facilities or ability to use our real property; and a decrease in the value of our real property. We could also be required to alter our manufacturing, operations, and product design, and incur substantial expenses to comply with environmental, health and safety regulations. Any failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to significant costs and liabilities that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure to maintain appropriate environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosures could result in reputational harm, a loss of customer and investor confidence, and adverse business and financial results.

Failure to adequately maintain appropriate ESG practices that meet diverse stakeholder expectations may result in an inability to attract customers, the loss of business, diluted market valuation, and an inability to attract and retain top talent. Maintaining possibly unlawful ESG programs could expose us to litigation threat. In addition, standards and processes for measuring and reporting carbon emissions and other sustainability metrics change over time, which may result in inconsistent data, or significant revisions to our sustainability commitments or our ability to achieve them. Any scrutiny of our carbon emissions or other sustainability disclosures or our failure to achieve related goals could adversely impact our reputation or performance. As governments impose greenhouse gas emission reporting requirements and other ESG-related laws, or customers make ESG-related demands, we are subject to at least some of these rules and concomitant regulatory risk exposure, and the potential for regulatory scrutiny, enforcement actions, and reputational harm.

ESG compliance and reporting is costly, and we could be at a disadvantage compared to companies that do not have similar regulatory requirements, customer pressures, or that have more resources to devote to ESG efforts.

Commercial and Financial Related Risks

Our debt obligations and the restrictive covenants in certain of the agreements governing our debt could limit our ability to operate our business or pursue our business strategies, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and could significantly reduce stockholder benefits from a change of control event.

Our debt obligations could make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and could limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate, thereby placing us at a disadvantage to our competitors that have less debt. We may enter into additional debt obligations at any time.

Our Credit Agreement, including the associated revolving line of credit, imposes financial covenants on us and our subsidiaries that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio. The financial covenants place certain restrictions on

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our business that may affect our ability to execute our business strategy successfully or take other actions that we believe would be in the best interests of our Company. These include limitations or restrictions, among other things, on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to:

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incur additional indebtedness;

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pay dividends or make distributions on our capital stock or certain other restricted payments or investments;

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conduct stock buybacks;

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make domestic and foreign investments and extend credit;

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engage in transactions with affiliates;

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transfer and sell assets;

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effect a consolidation or merger or sell, transfer, lease, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all our assets; and

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create liens on our assets to secure debt.

Any breach of the covenants or other event of default could cause a default on our Credit Agreement, which could result in the entire outstanding balance at that time being immediately due and payable. Such breach or default may also constitute a default of our Convertible Notes, which could also result in the entire outstanding balance being immediately due and payable. Our assets and cash flow may not be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments if accelerated upon an event of default. If we are unable to repay, refinance, or restructure our indebtedness as required, or amend the covenants contained in these agreements, the lenders can exercise all rights and remedies available under our debt obligations or applicable laws or equity. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial resources or be able to arrange financing to repay any borrowings at such time.

Return on investments or interest rate declines on plan investments could result in additional unfunded pension obligations for our pension plan.

We currently have unfunded obligations to our pension plans. The extent of future contributions to the pension plan depends heavily on market factors such as the discount rate used to calculate our future obligations and the actual return on plan assets which enable future payments. We estimate future contributions to the plan using assumptions with respect to these and other items. Changes to those assumptions could have a significant effect on future contributions. Additionally, a material deterioration in the funded status of the plan could increase pension expenses and reduce our profitability. See Note 12. Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained herein.

Our intangible assets and goodwill may become impaired.

We periodically review the carrying value of our intangible assets and goodwill. We consider any events or circumstances that might result in either a diminished fair value, and for intangible assets, a revised useful life. The events and circumstances include significant changes in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, and competition. Any impairment or revised useful life could have a material and adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and could harm the trading price of our common stock.

The conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

One of the conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes was triggered as of December 31, 2025 due to the trading price of our common stock exceeding 130% of the Convertible Notes conversion price on at least 20 out of the 30 consecutive trading days prior to such date. As a result, the Convertible Notes are currently convertible at the option of the holders, in whole or in part, until March 31, 2026, and may in the future continue to be convertible at the option of the holders during specified periods in the event the current conversion features or any additional conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes are triggered. If one or more holders elect to convert, we would be required

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to settle any converted principal amount of such Convertible Notes through payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. For example, during 2025 our stock price exceeded the conversion price of our Convertible Notes, resulting in the reclassification of the outstanding principal of our Convertible Notes to current.

Conversion of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and the existence of the Convertible Notes may depress the price of our common stock.

The Convertible Notes currently are convertible through March 31, 2026, and may in the future continue to be, convertible at the option of their holders. The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders. Upon conversion, we have the option to pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock with respect to the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted. If we elect to settle the remainder, if any, of our conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes being converted in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, that action will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders. Additionally, any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion could be used to satisfy short positions, and the anticipated conversion into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

The hedges and warrants in our own common stock may adversely affect the common stock’s trading price.

In September 2023, we entered into hedge and warrant transactions on our own common stock. These contracts are expected to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount. Because the market value per share of our common stock currently exceeds the exercise price of the warrants, we expect the warrants to separately have a dilutive effect on our common stock as we will owe the warrant counterparties additional shares of common stock based on the excess of such market price per share of the common stock over the exercise price.

In addition, the counterparties or their affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and sell our common stock prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so in connection with any conversion or redemption). This activity could cause a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

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We are subject to counterparty default risk with respect to the Convertible Note Hedges.

The counterparties for our hedge transactions are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that any or all of them might default. Our exposure is not secured by any collateral. If a counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will correlate to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, counterparties may not be financially stable or viable. Upon a default by a counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate for reasons over which we have no control.

The stock market has from time to time experienced, and is likely to continue to experience, extreme price and volume fluctuations. Prices of securities of technology companies are especially volatile and have often fluctuated for reasons that are unrelated to their operating performance. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we were the subject of securities class action litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

We may not pay dividends on our common stock.

Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive dividends when and if they are declared by our Board of Directors. Our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to pay dividends on our capital stock under certain circumstances. Although we have declared cash dividends on our common stock since 2021, we are not required to do so, and we may reduce or eliminate our cash dividend in the future. This could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. For information on our Credit Agreement, see Note 7. Long-Term Debt and Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Our operating results are subject to fluctuations, and if we fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, our share price may decrease significantly.

Our annual and quarterly results may vary significantly depending on various factors, many of which are beyond our control. Because our operating expenses are based on anticipated revenue levels, our revenue cycle for development work is relatively long, and a high percentage of our expenses are fixed for the short term, a small variation in the timing of recognition of revenue can cause significant variations in operating results from period to period. If our earnings do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our stock could decline.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

Advanced Energy maintains a comprehensive cybersecurity program developed with reference to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) cybersecurity framework. Our cybersecurity program includes administrative, organizational, technical, and physical safeguards reasonably designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data. We devote significant resources to network, operations, and product security, data encryption, business continuity/disaster recovery, vulnerability management, event monitoring and incident response, and other measures to protect our systems and data from unauthorized external access or internal misuse, including, but not limited to, the following:

●

Operational Security. Access to our systems is restricted to those who require access in accordance with the principle of least privilege.

●

Employee Training. We provide all employees with annual training on information security, data protection, and relevant Company policies so that they are empowered to identify cybersecurity risks and take action.

●

Third Party Assessment. We engage independent third party consultants to review the effectiveness and maturity of our cybersecurity program.

●

Incident Response Plan. We maintain an incident response plan to respond to and mitigate the effects of an information security incident. The plan provides for the formation of a multi-functional incident response team led by the VP, Information Security and comprised of IT, legal, corporate communications, internal audit, operational personnel, and members of the Board of Directors.

●

Global Recovery. We have developed global cyber and disaster recovery processes for our information technology systems and critical information assets to preserve business continuity in the event of a cybersecurity incident.

●

Third Parties. We have an assessment and audit process for third party vendors. Prior to granting key vendor access to our systems or data, we conduct pre-engagement diligence to ensure that each of our third party vendors involved in processing sensitive data have reasonable cybersecurity processes and procedures in place. We also have contractual provisions with certain key vendors for prompt notification of material cybersecurity incidents.

●

Insurance. We maintain cyber insurance coverage to mitigate the risk of losses from a cybersecurity incident.

●

Risk Monitoring. Management and our Board monitor cybersecurity and data protection developments, including new or forthcoming changes to the legislative and regulatory landscape as well as Advanced Energy’s cybersecurity processes, investments, and actions as described below.

Cybersecurity risk is a component of Advanced Energy’s broader risk management program and managed at the highest levels of the Company, starting with Advanced Energy’s Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and VP, Information Security, who meet with the Chief Executive Officer and other members of executive management regularly to discuss issues, assess risks, and coordinate Company-wide cybersecurity initiatives. Our VP, Information Security leads dedicated teams focused on cybersecurity, information protection and compliance. Each team manages, monitors, and enforces compliance within their respective areas.

Although we have experienced non-material external cybersecurity security incidents from time to time in the past, in the last three years, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents, nor has any incident had a material impact on our operations or financial condition. For a discussion of how risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, please see “If our information security measures are breached, disrupted, or fail, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities” under the heading Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors”.

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Governance

Pursuant to its charter, the Audit and Finance Committee of our Board of Directors is principally responsible for oversight of managements’ actions to monitor and control cybersecurity risk exposure. The CIO and VP, Information Security routinely report to the Audit and Finance Committee on enterprise cybersecurity matters, including, as appropriate, information security strategy, policies, and procedures, status of cybersecurity initiatives, results of third party assessments, emerging cybersecurity threats and risks, steps taken to mitigate such threats and risks, and cybersecurity developments and trends. The Audit and Finance Committee reports to the full Board and, if warranted, coordinates with the Board to address material risks. In addition, two members of the Board have been delegated authority to serve as initial points of contact for the Board in the event of a severe information security incident. The full Board receives a cybersecurity briefing from the CIO and VP, Information Security annually.

As discussed above, our cybersecurity risk management and strategy are led by our CIO and VP, Information Security, both of whom have extensive leadership experience with enterprise information technology. Both have held various executive roles related to and including IT strategy, including cybersecurity programs, information protection programs, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, and ISO certification, among other things.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Information concerning our principal properties is set forth below:


Location		Principal Activity		Ownership
Denver, Colorado		Corporate headquarters, general and administrative		Leased
Bangkok, Thailand		Planned manufacturing (expected to be operational in 2026)		Leased
Fort Collins, Colorado		Research and development, distribution, sales, and service		Leased
Hong Kong, China		Distribution, engineering, and administrative		Leased
Littlehampton, United Kingdom		Manufacturing, distribution, sales, service, and research and development		Leased
Lockport, New York		Manufacturing, distribution, service, and research and development		Leased
Mexicali, Mexico		Manufacturing		Leased
Milpitas, California		Sales, marketing, research and development		Leased
Penang, Malaysia		Manufacturing and distribution		Leased
Quezon, Philippines		Engineering, research and development, administration, and support		Leased
Rosario, Philippines		Manufacturing		Owned
Santa Rosa, Philippines		Manufacturing		Leased
Singapore, Singapore		Global operations headquarters (sales, service, and research and development)		Leased
Sungnam City, South Korea		Sales, distribution, and service		Leased
Taipei, Taiwan		Sales, distribution, engineering, and service		Leased
Vancouver, Washington		Manufacturing, research and development		Leased
Wilmington, Massachusetts		Research and development		Leased
Zhongshan, China		Manufacturing (operations ceased in 2025)		Leased

In addition to the above principal properties, we have several other facilities throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. We consider the properties that we own or lease as adequate to meet our current and future requirements. We regularly assess the size, capability, and location of our global infrastructure and periodically make adjustments based on these assessments.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in disputes and legal actions arising in the normal course of our business. Although it is not possible to predict the outcome of these matters, we believe that the results of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. For further information see Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Dividends

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “AEIS.” On January 30, 2026, the number of common stockholders of record was 178. This does not include stockholders whose shares are held in “street name” through brokers or other nominees.

In each of the four quarters in 2025, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.10 per share, totaling $15.6 million for the full year. We currently anticipate that a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share will continue to be paid on a quarterly basis, although the declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of the Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, and other factors.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

To repurchase shares of our common stock, we periodically enter into share repurchase agreements, open-market transactions, and/or other transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. Before repurchasing our shares, we consider the market price of our common stock, the nature of other investment opportunities, available liquidity, cash flows from operations, general business and economic conditions, and other relevant factors.

We repurchased 32,758 shares during the fourth quarter of 2025, which are summarized in the following table. At December 31, 2025, the remaining amount authorized by our Board for future share repurchases was $166.9 million with no time limitation. All purchases were made pursuant to a previously announced plan.


Month		Total Number of Shares Purchased			Average Price Paid Per Share			Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs			Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs⁽¹⁾

		(in millions, except share and price per share data)
October			—		$	—			—
November			19,552		$	200.92			19,552
December			13,206		$	211.97			13,206
Total			32,758		$	205.38			32,758		$	166.9

(1)On August 3, 2022, we announced that our Board approved an increase to the authorized amount under the existing share repurchase program by $97.6 million to $200.0 million, with no time limitation.

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Performance Graph

The performance graph below shows the five-year cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock in comparison to certain other indices during the period from December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2025. The comparison assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2020 in Advanced Energy common stock and in each of the indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends, if any. Dollar amounts in the graph are rounded to the nearest whole dollar. The performance shown in the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future performance.


	December 31,
	2020			2021			2022			2023			2024			2025
Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. (NASDAQ: AEIS)	$	100.00		$	94.31		$	89.25		$	113.79		$	121.24		$	220.15
Dow Jones US Electrical Components & Equipment	$	100.00		$	125.35		$	103.42		$	132.15		$	176.57		$	236.57
NASDAQ Composite	$	100.00		$	122.22		$	82.48		$	119.35		$	154.67		$	187.42
S&P 1000	$	100.00		$	125.31		$	107.72		$	125.26		$	140.66		$	150.54
Russell 2000	$	100.00		$	114.78		$	91.30		$	106.71		$	119.00		$	134.23

Information relating to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance is set forth in Part III, Item 12 “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” of this annual report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Certain statements set forth below under this caption constitute forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this annual report on Form 10-K for additional factors relating to such statements and see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A for a discussion of certain risks applicable to our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The following section discusses our results of operations for 2025 and 2024 and year-to-year comparisons between those periods.

Company Overview

Advanced Energy provides highly engineered, critical, precision power conversion, measurement, and control solutions to our global customers. We design, manufacture, sell and service precision power products that transform, refine, and modify the raw electrical power coming from either the utility or the building facility and convert it into various types of highly controllable, usable power that is predictable, repeatable, and customizable to meet the necessary requirements for powering a wide range of complex equipment. Many of our products enable customers to reduce or optimize their energy consumption through increased power conversion efficiency, power density, power coupling, and process control across a wide range of applications.

Business Environment and Trends

2025 Summary Results and Key Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our revenue was $1,798.8 million, representing an increase of 21.4% as compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to more than doubling of revenue from the Data Center Computing market. For more details on the trends in our end markets, see “End Markets Summary and Trends” below.

In 2025, we increased gross margin and gross profit largely as a result of executing our manufacturing cost improvement program and higher revenue. We reported higher operating expenses of $509.4 million, an increase of $16.7 million from 2024 primarily attributable to higher research and development program costs, higher compensation costs related to stock-based compensation and annual merit increases, partially offset by lower restructuring charges driven by the timing of our restructuring plan decisions.

Throughout 2025 we managed tariffs affecting AE announced by the U.S. government and continue to evaluate the impact of any additional tariffs or other trade policy measures on our supply chain or on our customers. While the tariff impact was not material to our results in 2025, the effects could be material in future periods as any further tariff, export control, trade restrictions, policy measures, and retaliatory responses to the U.S. trade policy announcements, or any related macroeconomic effects could adversely impact our product demand, production costs, or ability to sell our products and provide services.

During 2025, we continued to execute the 2024 Plan. Manufacturing operations in Zhongshan ceased during the second quarter of 2025. Final site closure activities are in progress and are expected to conclude in 2026. During the second quarter of 2025, we also approved actions related to consolidating our research and development, sales, and administrative functions in connection with our manufacturing and footprint consolidation. We expect these actions to be substantially complete during 2027 and do not expect to incur significant additional charges. See Note 11. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” We also continued progress on a new factory in Thailand.

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During the second quarter of 2025, we terminated our prior credit agreement, dated as of September 10, 2019 (and subsequently amended) and entered into a new credit agreement consisting of a senior unsecured term loan and a senior unsecured revolving facility, both maturing on May 8, 2030. See Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Liquidity and Capital Resources below.

End Markets Summary and Trends

Advanced Energy generates revenue from the sale of a broad range of advanced and system power products and services to global original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), distributors, and end customers. Our customers select our products based on various performance metrics such as high power conversion efficiency, high power density, and low noise emission, and lower power consumption, as well as our ability to tailor our solutions to meet the unique requirements of their critical applications. The future growth and demand for our products is driven by a combination of factors within each of the end markets we serve, as follows:

Semiconductor Equipment Market

In 2025, the Semiconductor Equipment market continued to be driven by demand for leading-edge devices in logic and memory used in AI applications, partially offset by lower trailing-edge logic demand due to capacity underutilization, particularly in China, U.S. export restrictions to China, and the impact of tariffs. However, end market conditions started to improve in the fourth quarter of 2025. We expect these improving conditions to continue into 2026 and to accelerate demand for our products in the second half of the year.

Data Center Computing Market

Our products are designed into data center server and storage systems and are also used by cloud service providers and their partners in their custom designed server racks and power shelves.

Due to increased investments in AI applications by leading hyperscale customers, along with adoption of our next- generation high-power solutions, our revenue in the Data Center Computing market more than doubled in 2025.

We expect continued investments and adoption of newer, higher power solutions for AI-related applications will continue to support robust demand in 2026.

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Industrial and Medical Market

We supply this market with critical, precision power conversion products that deliver precise and highly reliable, low noise and/or differentiated power. In addition, our sensing, control, and instrumentation products complement our power solutions. Our products are used in a wide variety of applications, such as advanced material fabrication, medical devices, life science, test and measurement equipment, robotics, industrial production, defense, aerospace, and large-scale lighting applications.

We believe that the Industrial and Medical market began to recover starting in the second quarter of 2025 following a major industry downturn as a result of macroeconomic conditions and supply chain disruptions from prior years. The positive trend continued in the second half of 2025 as customer inventories approached normalized levels. We expect this trend to continue in 2026, paced by overall economic conditions.

Telecom and Networking Market

We serve this market by providing application-specific power conversion products to many leading OEMs of wireless infrastructure equipment and computer networking equipment.

End demand in the Telecom and Networking market remained stable in 2025, and we expect current market conditions to continue in 2026, with some potential for improvement driven by AI-related demand.

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Results of Continuing Operations

The analysis presented below is organized to provide the information we believe will be helpful for understanding of our historical performance and relevant trends going forward and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this annual report on Form 10-K. Also included in the following analysis are measures that are not in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). A reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures to U.S. GAAP is provided below.

The following table summarizes our Consolidated Statements of Operations and as a percentage of revenue:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025				2024

	(in millions)
Revenue	$	1,798.8	100.0	%	$	1,482.0	100.0	%
Gross profit		677.4	37.7			529.3	35.7
Operating expenses		509.4	28.3			492.7	33.2
Operating income from continuing operations		168.0	9.3			36.6	2.5
Interest income		26.6	1.5			42.9	2.9
Interest expense		(16.7)	(0.9)			(25.1)	(1.7)
Other expense, net		(9.2)	(0.5)			(2.0)	(0.1)
Income from continuing operations, before income tax		168.7	9.4			52.4	3.5
Income tax provision (benefit)		19.4	1.1			(3.9)	(0.3)
Income from continuing operations	$	149.3	8.3	%	$	56.3	3.8	%

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Revenue

The following tables summarize net revenue and percentages of revenue by markets:


	Year Ended December 31,									Change 2025 v. 2024
	2025					2024				Dollar			Percent

	(in millions)
Semiconductor Equipment	$	839.9	46.7	%		$	792.5	53.5	%	$	47.4		6.0	%
Data Center Computing		587.3	32.6				284.2	19.2			303.1		106.7	%
Industrial and Medical		282.3	15.7				316.2	21.3			(33.9)		(10.7)	%
Telecom and Networking		89.3	5.0				89.1	6.0			0.2		0.2	%
Total	$	1,798.8	100.0	%		$	1,482.0	100.0	%	$	316.8		21.4	%

Revenue by Market

Sales in the Semiconductor Equipment market increased $47.4 million, or 6.0%, to $839.9 million, as compared to $792.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to increased demand for platforms used in leading-edge process tools and incremental revenue generated from new products in this market, partially offset by lower trailing-edge logic demand.

Sales in the Data Center Computing market increased $303.1 million, or 106.7%, to $587.3 million, as compared to $284.2 million in the prior year. The increase was due to growing hyperscale investments in new, AI-driven platforms and growth associated with new design wins secured in 2024.

Sales in the Industrial and Medical market decreased $33.9 million, or 10.7%, to $282.3 million, as compared to $316.2 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower demand as a result of ongoing customer inventory rebalancing and continued slow demand environment in 2025.

Sales in the Telecom and Networking market remained relatively flat compared to the prior year due to fairly stable end demand in this market.

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Gross Profit and Gross Margin


	Year Ended December 31,						Change 2025 v. 2024
	2025			2024			Dollar			Percent

	(in millions)
Gross profit	$	677.4		$	529.3		$	148.1		28.0	%
Gross margin		37.7	%		35.7	%

The increase in gross profit was largely due to increase in revenue and manufacturing cost improvements. Gross margin improved mainly due to the impact of higher volume, and approximately 140 basis points resulting from manufacturing cost reduction programs.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes our operating expenses:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025					2024

		(in millions)
Research and development		$	232.4		12.9	%	$	211.8		14.3	%
Selling, general, and administrative			242.4		13.5			224.6		15.2
Amortization of intangible assets			22.1		1.2			26.0		1.8
Restructuring, asset impairments, and other charges			12.5		0.7			30.3		2.0
Total operating expenses		$	509.4		28.3	%	$	492.7		33.3	%

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased $20.6 million to $232.4 million, as compared to $211.8 million in the prior year. The increase is related to higher compensation costs, related to stock-based compensation and annual merit increases, and higher engineering program and materials costs.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $17.8 million to $242.4 million, as compared to $224.6 million in the prior year. The increase is mainly due to higher compensation costs, related to stock-based compensation and annual merit increases.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization expense decreased $3.9 million to $22.1 million, as compared to $26.0 million in the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to certain intangible assets reaching the end of their estimated useful life. This was partially offset by amortization of intangible assets acquired in the Airity acquisition in 2024. For additional information, see Note 2. Acquisition and Note 5. Intangible Assets and Goodwill in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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Restructuring, Asset Impairments and Other Charges

Restructuring, asset impairment and other charges decreased $17.8 million to $12.5 million, as compared to $30.3 million in the prior year, primarily driven by the timing of our restructuring plan decisions.

During the second quarter of 2025, we approved actions related to consolidating our research and development, sales, and administrative functions in connection with our manufacturing and footprint consolidation. We expect these actions to be substantially complete during 2027 and do not expect to incur significant additional charges.

For additional information about this and prior-year restructuring plans, see Note 11. Restructuring, Asset Impairments, and Other Charges in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Interest Income, Interest Expense, and Other Expense, Net

We experienced a decrease in interest income and expense caused by lower cash and debt balances as a result of using cash on hand to fully prepay our prior senior unsecured term loan facility in the prior year.

Other expense, net was $9.2 million in 2025, as compared to $2.0 million of expense in the prior year. Other expense, net consists primarily of foreign exchange gains and losses and other miscellaneous items. During 2025, we recorded a $9.7 million increase in unrealized foreign exchange losses, while the prior year included $3.0 million of expense related to nonrecurring foreign currency translation adjustments. These prior-year adjustments related to the liquidation of certain foreign operations as well as the write-off of debt discount fees associated with the early repayment of our prior senior unsecured term loan facility. See Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding our debt.

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Income Tax Provision (Benefit)

The following table summarizes tax provision (benefit) and the effective tax rate for our income from continuing operations:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024

	(in millions)
Income from continuing operations, before income tax	$	168.7		$	52.4
Income tax provision (benefit)	$	19.4		$	(3.9)
Effective tax rate		11.5	%		(7.4)	%

Our effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, primarily due to valuation allowance releases partially offset by the impact of non-US tax law changes in 2025, and the intercompany transfer of intellectual property among certain of our subsidiaries in 2024. Additionally, both 2025 and 2024 included the benefit of earnings in foreign jurisdictions which are subject to lower tax rates, as well as tax credits, partially offset by net U.S. tax on foreign operations and the net effect of Pillar II top-up taxes.

Our future effective income tax rate depends on various factors, such as changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, or interpretations thereof, and the geographic composition of our pre-tax income. We carefully monitor these factors and adjust our effective income tax rate accordingly.

As of December 31, 2025, certain countries in which the Company operates have implemented or are in the process of implementing the Pillar II minimum global effective tax rate regime as put forth by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”). Specifically, the OECD released prospective “Side-by-Side” guidance in early 2026 which is generally beneficial to U.S. parented organizations, but will require adoption by member countries to implement. As countries continue to make revisions to their legislation and release additional guidance with respect to the global minimum tax, we continue to determine any potential cash tax expense and tax rate impact in the countries in which we operate.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill (“OBBB”) Act, which includes a broad range of elective tax law items available in 2025 and prescribed tax law changes in 2026, was signed into law in the United States. The Company has reflected the impact of the OBBB’s elective tax law items in its financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Non-GAAP Results

Management uses non-GAAP net income, non-GAAP operating income, and non-GAAP earnings per share (“EPS”) to evaluate business performance without the impacts of certain non-cash charges and other charges which are not part of our usual operations. We use these non-GAAP measures to assess performance against business objectives, and make business decisions, including developing budgets and forecasting future periods. In addition, management’s incentive plans include certain of these non-GAAP measures as criteria for achievements. These non-GAAP measures are not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may differ from non-GAAP methods of accounting and reporting used by other companies. However, we believe these non-GAAP measures provide additional information that enables readers to evaluate our business from the perspective of management. The presentation of this additional information should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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The non-GAAP results presented below exclude the impact of non-cash related charges, such as stock-based compensation, amortization of intangible assets, and long-term unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses. In addition, we exclude discontinued operations and other items such as acquisition-related costs, facility, infrastructure, and other transition costs, and restructuring expenses, as they are not indicative of future performance. The tax effect of our non-GAAP adjustments represents the anticipated annual tax rate applied to each non-GAAP adjustment after consideration of their respective book and tax treatments. Non-GAAP results also exclude non-recurring discrete tax expenses or benefits. Finally, non-GAAP diluted weighted-average common shares are adjusted to reflect the dilutive impact of our convertible notes based on the higher note hedge strike price instead of the initial conversion price.


Reconciliation of non-GAAP measures
Non-GAAP gross profit, gross margin, operating expenses,		Years Ended December 31,
operating income, and operating margin		2025			2024

		(in millions)
Gross profit from continuing operations, as reported		$	677.4		$	529.3
Adjustments to gross profit:
Stock-based compensation			4.9			4.0
Facility, infrastructure, and other transition costs			14.7			4.5
Non-GAAP gross profit			697.0			537.8

GAAP gross margin			37.7%			35.7%
Non-GAAP gross margin			38.7%			36.3%

Operating expenses from continuing operations, as reported			509.4			492.7
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets			(22.1)			(26.0)
Stock-based compensation			(50.8)			(41.9)
Acquisition-related costs			(5.8)			(6.0)
Facility, infrastructure, and other transition costs			(5.2)			(1.2)
Restructuring, asset impairments, and other charges			(12.5)			(30.3)
Non-GAAP operating expenses			413.0			387.3
Non-GAAP operating income		$	284.0		$	150.5

Operating income, as reported		$	168.0		$	36.6
Adjustments to gross profit			19.6			8.5
Adjustments to operating expenses			96.4			105.4
Non-GAAP operating income		$	284.0		$	150.5

Income from continuing operations, as reported
GAAP operating margin			9.3%			2.5%
Non-GAAP operating margin			15.8%			10.2%

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Reconciliation of non-GAAP measure	Years Ended December 31,
Non-GAAP income, net of income tax	2025			2024

	(in millions)
Income from continuing operations, net of income tax	$	149.3		$	56.3
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets		22.1			26.0
Acquisition-related costs		5.8			6.0
Facility, infrastructure, and other transition costs		19.9			5.7
Restructuring, asset impairments, and other charges		12.5			30.3
Unrealized foreign currency loss (gain)		5.2			(3.4)
Other costs included in other expense, net		0.2			2.8
Stock-based compensation		55.7			45.9
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments, including certain discrete tax benefits		(25.7)			(29.2)
Non-GAAP income, net of income tax	$	245.0		$	140.4


Reconciliation of non-GAAP measure	Years Ended December 31,
Non-GAAP diluted weighted-average common shares	2025			2024

	(in millions)
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		38.6			37.8
Dilutive effect of convertible notes		(0.4)			—
Non-GAAP diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		38.2			37.8


Reconciliation of non-GAAP measure		Year Ended December 31,
Non-GAAP earnings per share		2025			2024
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations, as reported		$	3.87		$	1.49
Add back:
Per share impact of non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax			2.54			2.22
Non-GAAP earnings per share		$	6.41		$	3.71

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Reconciliation of non-GAAP measure		Year Ended December 31,
Non-GAAP provision for income taxes		2025			2024

		(in millions)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes, as reported		$	19.4		$	(3.9)
Adjustment:
Non-GAAP items and other discrete tax items excluding stock-based compensation			14.0			19.6
Tax effect of stock-based compensation			11.7			9.6
Non-GAAP provision for income taxes		$	45.1		$	25.3


Reconciliation of non-GAAP measure		Year Ended December 31,
Non-GAAP income before income taxes		2025			2024

		(in millions)
Income from continuing operations, before income tax		$	168.7		$	52.4
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets			22.1			26.0
Stock-based compensation			55.7			45.9
Acquisition-related costs			5.8			6.0
Facility, infrastructure, and other transition costs			19.9			5.7
Restructuring, asset impairments, and other charges			12.5			30.3
Unrealized foreign currency loss (gain)			5.2			(3.4)
Other costs included in other expense, net			0.2			2.8
Non-GAAP income before income taxes		$	290.1		$	165.7
Effective tax rate, as reported			11.5%			(7.4)%
Non-GAAP effective tax rate			15.5%			15.3%

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Adequate liquidity and cash generation are important to the execution of our strategic initiatives. Our ability to fund our operations, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and product development efforts may depend on our ability to generate cash from operating activities, which is subject to future operating performance, as well as general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other conditions, some of which may be beyond our control. Our primary sources of liquidity continue to be our available cash, cash generated from operations, and available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility (refer to Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”).

As of December 31, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $791.2 million, and our available funding under our undrawn Revolving Facility is $600.0 million. Additionally, we generated $234.7 million of cash flow from continuing operations in 2025. We believe our sources of liquidity will be adequate to meet operational needs, including capital expenditures, as well as anticipated debt service, share repurchase programs, dividends, and strategic investments. During the ordinary course of business, we evaluate our cash requirements and, if necessary, adjust our expenditures to reflect the current market conditions and our projected revenue and demand. Our capital expenditures are primarily directed towards manufacturing and operations and can materially influence our available cash for other initiatives. In the recent year, our capital expenditures increased as we are investing in our factories to expand capacity and in our new ERP system.

In addition, we may seek additional debt or equity financing from time to time; however, such additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

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Debt

See Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding the Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2025, our only outstanding debt is the $575.0 million Convertible Notes, which mature on September 15, 2028 and carry a 2.5% interest rate. As of December 31, 2025, our common stock traded above the conversion price for at least 20 trading days during a 30 consecutive trading-day period, which resulted in the Convertible Notes becoming convertible at the option of the holders. Accordingly, the Convertible Notes balance was reclassified from long-term to current debt as of December 31, 2025. Exclusive of any early conversion elections by the convertible noteholders, there are no scheduled debt maturities until 2028. See Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding the Convertible Notes.

Should we have future borrowings under our Term Loan Facility or Revolving Facility, those borrowings would be subject to a variable rate.

As of December 31, 2025, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Facility, and we had $600.0 million in available funding.

In addition to the available capacity on the Revolving Facility, prior to the maturity date of the Credit Agreement, we may request an increase to the financing commitments in either the Term Loan Facility or Revolving Facility by an aggregate amount not to exceed $250.0 million. Any requested increase is subject to lender approval.

Dividends

During 2025, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.10 per share, totaling $15.6 million. We currently anticipate that a cash dividend of $0.10 per share will continue to be paid on a quarterly basis, although the declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions, and other factors.

Share Repurchases

To repurchase shares of our common stock, we periodically enter into share repurchase agreements. During the year we repurchased $30.4 million of shares and during 2024, we repurchased $1.8 million of shares. At December 31, 2025, the remaining amount authorized by the Board for future share repurchases was $166.9 million with no time limitation.

Cash Flows

A summary of our cash from operating, investing, and financing activities was as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024

		(in millions)
Net cash from operating activities from continuing operations		$	234.7		$	133.0
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations			(1.4)			(2.2)
Net cash from operating activities			233.3			130.8
Net cash used in investing activities			(109.8)			(73.6)
Net cash used in financing activities			(56.1)			(377.1)
Effect of currency translation on cash and cash equivalents			1.7			(2.6)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents			69.1			(322.5)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period			722.1			1,044.6
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period		$	791.2		$	722.1

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Net Cash From Operating Activities

Net cash from operating activities from continuing operations was $234.7 million, an increase of $101.7 million, compared to $133.0 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher net income from continuing operations driven by growth in the Data Center Computing and Semiconductor Equipment markets. Additionally, we had unfavorable changes in working capital from accounts receivable, inventories, and other assets which was partially offset by timing of payments.

Net Cash From Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities in 2025 was $109.8 million, an increase of $36.2 million, compared to $73.6 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $50.6 million in purchases of property and equipment, which was largely driven by continued investments in our manufacturing footprint and capacity, our new ERP system, and investments in other capabilities across multiple sites.

Net Cash From Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities in 2025 was $56.1 million, compared to a cash outflow of $377.1 million in the prior year. In 2024, we used existing cash on hand to make payments towards our prior senior unsecured term loan facility for $355.0 million, including $10.0 million in principal payment made in the first half of the year and the September prepayment of the remaining $345.0 million outstanding principal balance, and repurchased common stock for $1.8 million. In 2025, we repurchased $30.2 million of our common stock.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported. Note 1. Summary of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” describes the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The accounting positions described below are significantly affected by critical accounting estimates. Such accounting policies and estimates require significant judgments and assumptions to be used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported based on variability in factors affecting these estimates.

Inventories

We value inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value, computed on a first-in, first-out basis. General market conditions, as well as our design activities, can cause certain products to become obsolete and we adjust our inventory carrying value for estimated excess and obsolescence equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated net realizable value based on projected end-user demand, which is determined by considering historical usage, customer orders and forecast, and qualitative considerations such as market and economic conditions. The determination of projected end-user demand requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to projected unit sales for each product. Demand for our products can fluctuate significantly. A significant decrease in demand could result in an increase in the charges for excess inventory quantities on hand.

Income Taxes

We follow the liability method of accounting for income taxes under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences. A deferred tax asset or liability is computed for both the expected future impact of differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities and for the expected future tax benefit to be derived from tax loss and tax credit carryforwards. Tax rate changes are reflected in the period such changes are enacted.

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We assess the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. Our assessment includes several factors, including historical results and taxable income projections for each jurisdiction. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent on the generation of taxable income in appropriate jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences are deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in determining the amount of the valuation allowance. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible, we determine if we will more likely than not realize the benefits of these deductible differences.

Due to uncertainties in any tax audit outcome, our estimates of the ultimate settlement of our unrecognized tax positions may change and the actual tax benefits may differ significantly from the estimates. We regularly assess the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity.

For more details see Note 14. Income Taxes in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Business Combinations

We record the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at their acquisition date fair values. Fair values of assets acquired, and liabilities assumed are based upon available information and may involve engaging an independent third party to perform an appraisal. Estimating fair values can be complex and subject to significant business judgment. We must also identify and include in the allocation all acquired tangible and intangible assets that meet certain criteria, including assets that were not previously recorded by the acquired entity. The estimates most commonly involve intangible assets. The excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities is recorded as goodwill, which is not amortized but instead is evaluated for impairment at least annually. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP, an entity is allowed a reasonable period of time (not to exceed one year) to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements pursuant to Regulation S-K.

Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. Information regarding our obligations relating to income taxes, lease obligations, pension liabilities, and debt is provided in Note 14. Income Taxes, Note 6. Leases, Note 12. Employee Retirement Plans and Postretirement Benefits, and Note 7. Long-Term Debt, respectively, in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, updates to the Accounting Standards Codification are communicated through issuance of an Accounting Standards Update. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued guidance, whether adopted or to be adopted in the future, is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

To understand the impact of recently issued guidance from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standards setting bodies, whether adopted or to be adopted, please review the information provided in Note 1. Summary of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk and Risk Management

In the normal course of business, we typically have exposures to interest rate risk from our investments and Credit Agreement. We also have exposure to foreign exchange rate risk related to our foreign operations and foreign currency transactions.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates through revenue and purchasing transactions when we sell products and purchase materials in currencies different from the currency in which product and manufacturing costs were incurred. Our reported financial results of operations, including the reported value of our assets and liabilities, are also impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Assets and liabilities of substantially all our subsidiaries outside the U.S. are translated at period end rates of exchange for each reporting period. Operating results and cash flow statements are translated at average rates of exchange during each reporting period.

The functional currencies of our worldwide facilities primarily include the United States Dollar, Euro, South Korean Won, New Taiwan Dollar, Japanese Yen, Pound Sterling, and Chinese Yuan. We are subject to risks associated with revenue and purchasing activities and costs to operate that are denominated in currencies other than our functional currencies, such as the Singapore Dollar, Malaysian Ringgit, Mexican Peso, Philippine Peso, and Thai Baht. Historically, the impact of changes to these particular exchange rates has not been material to our operating results.

From time to time, we may enter into foreign currency exchange rate contracts to hedge against changes in foreign currency exchange rates on assets and liabilities expected to be settled at a future date, including foreign currency, which may be required for a potential foreign acquisition. Market risk arises from the potential adverse effects on the value of derivative instruments that result from a change in foreign currency exchange rates. We may enter into foreign currency forward contracts to manage the exchange rate risk associated with intercompany debt denominated in nonfunctional currencies. We minimize our market risk applicable to foreign currency exchange rate contracts by establishing and monitoring parameters that limit the types and degree of our derivative contract instruments. We enter into derivative contract instruments for risk management purposes only. We do not enter into or issue derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

At the present time, a change in interest rates does not have an impact upon our future earnings and cash flow because our only outstanding debt is the Convertible Notes, which carry a fixed 2.5% interest rate. However, increases in interest rates could impact the decision to borrow under the Credit Agreement and our ability to refinance existing maturities or acquire additional debt on favorable terms.

For more information see Note 7. Long-Term Debt in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 42)	49
Consolidated Balance Sheets	53
Consolidated Statements of Operations	54
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	55
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	56
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	57
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	58

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Advanced Energy Industries, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 13, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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		Inventory valuation
Description of the Matter		As more fully described in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has inventories with a carrying value of $411.2 million as of December 31, 2025. The Company adjusts its inventory carrying value for estimated excess or obsolescence equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated net realizable value based on projected customer demand, which is determined by considering historical usage, customer orders and forecast, and qualitative considerations such as market and economic conditions. Auditing management’s inventory valuation was complex and involved judgment because a critical factor in determining excess and obsolete inventory requires management to determine projected customer demand, which could be impacted by future market and economic conditions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit		We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to the Company’s process for evaluating inventory valuation inclusive of controls related to the development of and management’s review of the underlying data, including historical usage and the estimation of projected customer demand. We evaluated certain inventories for excess or obsolescence by testing key inputs, including historical usage and projected customer demand, and by testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting management’s inventory valuation assessment. Specifically, we compared the Company’s projected customer demand to historical sales and inventory usage. We assessed historical trends of management’s estimates and performed analyses to evaluate management’s excess and obsolete inventory estimates and underlying assumptions. We also performed a retrospective review of the prior year valuation assumptions, including inventory write-off history.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

Denver, Colorado

February 13, 2026

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Advanced Energy Industries, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Advanced Energy Industries, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and our report dated February 13, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Denver, Colorado

February 13, 2026

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions, except per share amounts)


		December 31,			December 31,
		2025			2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	791.2		$	722.1
Accounts receivable, net			325.2			265.3
Inventories			411.2			360.4
Other current assets			46.3			41.5
Total current assets			1,573.9			1,389.3
Property and equipment, net			272.8			185.6
Operating lease right-of-use assets			98.1			96.3
Other assets			182.5			155.3
Intangible assets, net			117.7			139.4
Goodwill			300.8			296.0
TOTAL ASSETS		$	2,545.8		$	2,261.9

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		$	224.1		$	143.5
Accrued payroll and employee benefits			93.0			67.9
Other accrued expenses			78.1			73.6
Customer deposits and other			12.7			11.5
Current portion of long-term debt			567.5			—
Current portion of operating lease liabilities			15.8			17.8
Total current liabilities			991.2			314.3
Long-term debt, net			—			564.7
Operating lease liabilities			95.7			89.2
Defined employee benefit pension plan			49.4			49.6
Other long-term liabilities			38.9			37.5
Total liabilities			1,175.2			1,055.3

Deferred compensation			7.8			3.5
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 1.0 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding			—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 70.0 shares authorized; 37.8 and 37.7 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively			—			—
Common stock associated with deferred compensation plan			(2.6)			(0.9)
Additional paid-in capital			230.6			189.1
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			6.2			(11.8)
Retained earnings			1,128.6			1,026.7
Total stockholders' equity			1,362.8			1,203.1
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY		$	2,545.8		$	2,261.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In millions, except per share amounts)



		Years Ended December 31,
		2025			2024			2023
Revenue, net		$	1,798.8		$	1,482.0		$	1,655.8
Cost of revenue			1,121.4			952.7			1,063.4
Gross profit			677.4			529.3			592.4

Operating expenses:
Research and development			232.4			211.8			202.4
Selling, general, and administrative			242.4			224.6			221.0
Amortization of intangible assets			22.1			26.0			28.3
Restructuring, asset impairments, and other charges			12.5			30.3			27.0
Total operating expenses			509.4			492.7			478.7
Operating income			168.0			36.6			113.7

Interest income			26.6			42.9			27.1
Interest expense			(16.7)			(25.1)			(16.6)
Other expense, net			(9.2)			(2.0)			(1.7)
Income from continuing operations, before income tax			168.7			52.4			122.5
Income tax provision (benefit)			19.4			(3.9)			(8.3)
Income from continuing operations			149.3			56.3			130.8
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax			(0.9)			(2.1)			(2.5)
Net income		$	148.4		$	54.2		$	128.3

Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding			37.6			37.5			37.5
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding			38.6			37.8			37.8

Earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations:
Basic earnings per share		$	3.97		$	1.50		$	3.49
Diluted earnings per share		$	3.87		$	1.49		$	3.46
Discontinued operations:
Basic loss per share		$	(0.02)		$	(0.06)		$	(0.07)
Diluted loss per share		$	(0.02)		$	(0.06)		$	(0.07)
Net income:
Basic earnings per share		$	3.95		$	1.45		$	3.42
Diluted earnings per share		$	3.84		$	1.43		$	3.40

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In millions)


		Years Ended December 31,
		2025			2024			2023
Net income		$	148.4		$	54.2		$	128.3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax
Foreign currency translation			15.2			(11.5)			2.0
Cash flow hedges			—			(5.5)			(6.3)
Defined employee benefit plan			2.8			(0.9)			(5.9)
Comprehensive income		$	166.4		$	36.3		$	118.1

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In millions)


	Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. Stockholders' Equity

	Common Stock
				Common Stock				Accumulated
				Associated with		Additional		Other				Total
				Deferred		Paid-in		Comprehensive		Retained		Stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		Compensation Plan		Capital		Income (loss)		Earnings		Equity
Balances, December 31, 2022	37.4	$	—	$	—	$	134.6	$	16.3	$	915.2	$	1,066.1
Stock issued from equity plans, net	0.3		—		—		(0.1)		—		—		(0.1)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		29.3		—		—		29.3
Share repurchases	(0.4)		—		—		(1.5)		—		(38.6)		(40.1)
Dividends declared ($0.10 per share)	—		—		—		—		—		(15.2)		(15.2)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		—		(10.2)		—		(10.2)
Warrants and note hedges, net	—		—		—		(40.1)		—		—		(40.1)
Tax impact of convertible notes and note hedges	—		—		—		26.1		—		—		26.1
Net income	—		—		—		—		—		128.3		128.3
Balances, December 31, 2023	37.3		—		—		148.3		6.1		989.7		1,144.1
Stock issued from equity plans, net	0.3		—		—		(4.8)		—		—		(4.8)
Stock issuance (Note 2)	0.1		—		—		4.5		—		—		4.5
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		43.4		—		—		43.4
Share repurchases	—		—		—		(0.1)		—		(1.7)		(1.8)
Dividends declared ($0.10 per share)	—		—		—		—		—		(15.4)		(15.4)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		—		(17.9)		—		(17.9)
Deferred compensation	—		—		—		(2.2)		—		(0.1)		(2.3)
Common stock issued to deferred compensation plan (9,487 shares)	—		—		(0.9)		—		—		—		(0.9)
Net income	—		—		—		—		—		54.2		54.2
Balances, December 31, 2024	37.7		—		(0.9)		189.1		(11.8)		1,026.7		1,203.1
Stock issued from equity plans, net	0.4		—		—		(6.9)		—		—		(6.9)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		48.3		—		—		48.3
Share repurchases	(0.3)		—		—		(1.6)		—		(28.8)		(30.4)
Dividends declared ($0.10 per share)	—		—		—		—		—		(15.6)		(15.6)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		18.0		—		18.0
Deferred compensation	—		—		—		—		—		(2.1)		(2.1)
Common stock issued to deferred compensation plan (24,025 shares)	—		—		(1.7)		1.7		—		—		—
Net income	—		—		—		—		—		148.4		148.4
Balances, December 31, 2025	37.8	$	—	$	(2.6)	$	230.6	$	6.2	$	1,128.6	$	1,362.8

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In millions)


		Years Ended December 31,
		2025			2024			2023
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income		$	148.4		$	54.2		$	128.3
Less: loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax			(0.9)			(2.1)			(2.5)
Income from continuing operations, net of income tax			149.3			56.3			130.8
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			62.0			68.5			66.5
Stock-based compensation			55.7			45.9			31.0
Amortization and write off of debt issuance costs and debt discount			3.2			3.8			1.3
Deferred income taxes			(13.8)			(20.5)			(34.0)
Other			0.8			1.2			0.5
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired
Accounts receivable, net			(57.4)			14.6			23.3
Inventories			(47.4)			(27.9)			39.3
Other assets			(9.5)			(2.1)			5.0
Accounts payable			79.3			(0.6)			(26.1)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, net			2.5			(0.9)			0.6
Other liabilities and accrued expenses			10.0			(5.3)			(25.3)
Net cash from operating activities from continuing operations			234.7			133.0			212.9
Net cash from operating activities from discontinued operations			(1.4)			(2.2)			(4.0)
Net cash from operating activities			233.3			130.8			208.9

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of long-term investments			(2.4)			(3.0)			(3.7)
Purchases of property and equipment			(107.4)			(56.8)			(61.0)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired			—			(13.8)			—
Net cash from investing activities			(109.8)			(73.6)			(64.7)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from long-term borrowings			—			—			575.0
Payment of debt issuance costs			—			(0.1)			(13.9)
Dividend payments			(15.6)			(15.4)			(15.2)
Payments on long-term borrowings			(1.9)			(355.0)			(20.0)
Payment for purchase of note hedges			—			—			(115.0)
Payment of acquisition holdback			(1.5)			—			74.9
Purchase and retirement of common stock			(30.2)			(1.8)			(40.0)
Net payments related to stock-based awards			(6.9)			(4.8)			(0.1)
Net cash from financing activities			(56.1)			(377.1)			445.7

EFFECT OF CURRENCY TRANSLATION ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS			1.7			(2.6)			(4.1)

NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS			69.1			(322.5)			585.8
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period			722.1			1,044.6			458.8
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period		$	791.2		$	722.1		$	1,044.6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Advanced Energy Industries, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries (“we,” “us,” “our,” “Advanced Energy,” or the “Company”) provides highly engineered, critical, precision power conversion, measurement, and control solutions to our global customers. We design, manufacture, sell and service precision power products that transform, refine, and modify the raw electrical power coming from either the utility or the building facility and convert it into various types of highly controllable, usable power that is predictable, repeatable, and customizable to meet the necessary requirements for powering a wide range of complex equipment. Many of our products enable customers to reduce or optimize their energy consumption through increased power conversion efficiency, power density, power coupling, and process control across a wide range of applications.

In December 2015, we completed the wind down of engineering, manufacturing, and sales of our solar inverter product line. We have continuing involvement with regard to certain warranty obligations. Accordingly, the results of our inverter business are reflected as loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

During 2025, we changed the presentation of our financial statements and accompanying footnote disclosures from thousands to millions. This change did not materially impact previously reported financial information.

Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Our consolidated financial statements are stated in United States (“U.S.”) Dollars and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments include, but are not limited to, excess and obsolete inventory, income taxes and other provisions, and acquisitions and asset valuation.

Segment Information

Our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) is the chief operating decision maker who reviews financial information on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, we determined we operate in a single reporting segment – power electronics conversion products. Within this segment, our products are sold into the Semiconductor Equipment, Data Center Computing, Industrial and Medical, and Telecom and Networking markets.

Our CEO assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources primarily based on consolidated net income, which is reported on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represent our segment assets.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of certain of our foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. Assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated to the United States Dollar at prevailing exchange rates on the balance sheet date.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates in effect for each period. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income.

For certain other subsidiaries, the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar. Foreign currency transactions are recorded based on exchange rates at the time such transactions arise. Subsequent changes in exchange rates for foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities result in foreign currency transaction gains and losses, which are reflected as unrealized (based on period end remeasurement) or realized (upon settlement of the transactions) in other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Derivatives

We use derivative financial instruments to manage risks associated with foreign currency. Unless we meet specific hedge accounting criteria, changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations within other income (expense), net.

Fair Value

We value certain financial assets and liabilities using fair value measurements.

U.S. GAAP for fair value establishes a hierarchy that prioritizes fair value measurements based on the types of inputs used for the various valuation techniques (market approach, income approach, and cost approach). Our financial assets and liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels of the hierarchy and the related inputs are as follows:

●

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access on the measurement date.

●

Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

●

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

We categorize fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based upon the lowest level of the most significant inputs used to determine fair value. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the fair value of assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

We have various assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including:


Category of Asset or Liability	Fair Value Hierarchy	Methodology for Estimating Fair Value
Certificates of deposit and investments	Level 2	Observable market data for similar assets
Foreign currency forward contracts	Level 2	Forecasted movement in the forward rates of foreign currency for the applicable duration in which the hedging instrument is denominated
Deferred compensation liability	Level 2	Observable market data for participants’ notional funds
Pension benefit obligations	Level 2	Actuarial analysis, which includes various estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, discount rates, expected return on plan assets, and future inflation rates

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities approximate fair value as recorded due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Our non-financial assets, which primarily consist of property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets, goodwill, and other intangible assets, are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis and are reported at carrying value. However, on a periodic basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be fully recoverable (and at least annually for goodwill), non-financial instruments are assessed for impairment and, if applicable, written down to and recorded at fair value. See Note 5. Intangible Assets and Goodwill for further discussion and presentation of these amounts.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all amounts on deposit with financial institutions and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of short-term money market instruments and demand deposits with insignificant interest rate risk.

In some instances, we invest excess cash in money market funds not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The investments in money market funds are on deposit with credit-worthy financial institutions and the funds are highly liquid. These investments are reported at fair value and included in cash and cash equivalents.

We classify investments with stated maturities of greater than three months at time of purchase in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments with potential credit risk include cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. To preserve capital and maintain liquidity, we invest with financial institutions we deem to be of high quality and sound financial condition. Our investments are in low-risk instruments, and we limit our credit exposure in any one institution or type of investment instrument based upon criteria, including creditworthiness.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses

We evaluate collection risk and establish expected credit loss primarily through a combination of the following: continuous monitoring of customer credit, analysis of historical aging and credit loss experience, current economic conditions, and customer specific information.

Our standard payment terms are net 30 days. Certain large volume customers have longer payment terms. Generally, we do not require collateral from customers.

Inventories

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost or estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination. We compute depreciation over the estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. We evaluate the useful life and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset group containing the property and equipment may not be recoverable.

When depreciable assets are retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any related gains or losses are included in other income (expense), net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Internal-Use Software Development Costs

We capitalize qualifying costs associated with software applications developed for internal use. We begin capitalization after meeting two criteria: (i) the preliminary project stage is completed and (ii) it is probable that the software will be completed and used for its intended function. We also capitalize costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable the expenditures will result in significant additional functionality. We cease capitalization when the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, including the completion of all significant testing.

Costs related to preliminary project activities, post-implementation operating activities, maintenance, and minor upgrades are expensed as incurred.

We classify capitalized software development costs within property and equipment, net and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the software’s estimated useful life. Amortization is included in both cost of revenue and operating expenses. We evaluate the useful life and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

Leases

We lease manufacturing and office space under non-cancelable operating leases. Some of these leases contain provisions for landlord funded leasehold improvements, which we record as a reduction to right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and the related operating lease liabilities. Our lease agreements generally contain lease and non-lease components, and we combine fixed payments for non-lease components with lease payments and account for them together as a single lease component. Certain lease agreements may contain variable payments, which are expensed as incurred and not included in the right-of-use lease assets and operating lease liabilities. When renewal options are reasonably certain of exercise, we include the renewal period in the lease term. In many cases, we have leases with a term of less than one year. We elected the practical expedient to exclude these short-term leases from our ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we negotiate and execute new leases to meet business objectives.

Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments on the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is our incremental borrowing rate because the interest rate implicit in our leases is not readily determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments. We have a centrally managed treasury function; therefore, we apply a portfolio approach for determining the incremental borrowing rate applicable to the lease term. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We evaluate the useful life and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset group containing the right-of-use assets may not be recoverable.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Our intangible assets consist of customer relationships, developed technology, trademarks, patents, and intellectual property, which are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets, which are considered long-lived assets, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group containing these assets may not be recoverable.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. We evaluate goodwill for impairment as a single reporting unit annually during the fourth quarter or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Our goodwill impairment evaluation consists of a qualitative assessment. If this assessment indicates it is more likely than not that the Company’s estimated fair value exceeds the carrying value of our net assets, we do not consider goodwill to be impaired. Otherwise, we perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the Company’s fair value to the carrying value of our net assets, including goodwill. If the carrying value of our net assets exceeds the fair value, we consider goodwill to be impaired.

Based on the facts and circumstances, we determine the fair value based on an income, market, or cost approach. Each method is subjective in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, which can include projected financial results, discount rates, long-term growth rates, and industry trends.

We determined that there were no indicators of impairment of our long-lived intangible assets or goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2025.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

Debt Issuance Costs

We capitalize costs associated with issuing debt. Depending on the nature of the agreement, we record these costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets either in other assets or as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. We amortize the costs over the term of the agreement using the effective interest method. Amortization expense is reflected within interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 7. Long-Term Debt for additional details.

Revenue Recognition

Net revenue consists of products and support services.

We recognize substantially all revenue at a point in time when we satisfy our performance obligations. Typically, this occurs on shipment of goods because, at that point, we transfer control to our customer. The transaction price is based upon the standalone selling price. In most transactions, we have no obligations to our customers after the date products are shipped, other than pursuant to warranty obligations. We recognize revenue net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Surcharges, cost recoveries, and shipping and handling fees billed to customers, if any, are recognized as revenue. The related cost for shipping and handling fees is recognized in cost of revenue.

Support services include warranty and non-warranty repair services, upgrades, and refurbishments on the products we sell. Repairs covered under our standard warranty do not generate revenue. We recognize substantially all non-warranty revenue upon completion of the service because that is the point in time when we satisfy our performance obligation.

As part of our ongoing service business, we satisfy our service obligations under preventative maintenance contracts and extended warranties. Up-front fees received for extended warranties or maintenance plans are deferred and recorded in customer deposits and other on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revenue under these arrangements is recognized ratably over the underlying terms, as we do not have historical information that would allow us to project the estimated service usage pattern at this time.

We expense the incremental costs of obtaining contracts when the amortization period of the costs is less than one year. These costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Our remaining performance obligations primarily relate to customer purchase orders for products we have not yet shipped. We expect to fulfill the majority of these performance obligations within one year.

Research and Development Expenses

Costs incurred to advance, test, or otherwise modify our technology or develop new technologies are considered research and development costs and are expensed when incurred. These costs are primarily comprised of costs associated with the operation of our laboratories and research facilities, including internal labor, materials, and overhead.

Stock-Based Compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on estimated fair value at the grant date.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

We estimate the fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) on the grant date. For RSUs that contain a time-based and certain performance-based vesting condition, we calculate fair value using the closing share price on the grant date.

We record stock-based compensation expense for awards with time-based vesting conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards with a performance-based vesting condition, we record stock-based compensation expense (based on our assessment of the probability of meeting the performance conditions) over the estimated period to achieve the performance conditions. If the awards are forfeited, we reverse the stock-based compensation expense.

Certain RSUs vest based on a market condition. Our stock-based compensation expense is based on an estimate of the fair value and probability of achievement for each tranche of these awards using a Monte Carlo simulation. For these RSUs, we recognize stock-based compensation expense over each tranche’s estimated achievement period even if some or all of the shares never vest.

For all stock awards, we estimate forfeitures at the grant date and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from our estimates.

Income Taxes

Accounting for income taxes requires a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining, if based on the technical merits, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon audit, including resolutions of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We regularly assess the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity.

Under U.S. GAAP, an accounting policy election can be made to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as global intangible low-tax income (“GILTI”) in future years, or to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year that the tax is incurred as a period expense only. We have elected to account for GILTI in the year that the tax is incurred.

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ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (continued)

Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in disputes and legal actions arising in the normal course of our business. While we currently believe that the amount of any ultimate loss would not be material to our financial position, the outcome of these actions is inherently difficult to predict. In the event of an adverse outcome, the ultimate loss could have a material

ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC 10-K