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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


☒		ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025


□		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-36829

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Delaware	04-3475813
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)


9 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ	08512
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(609) 659-8001

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	RCKT	NASDAQ Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes □ No □

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes □ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	□	Accelerated filer	□
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	□

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. □

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. □

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes □ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2025 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $212.5 million, based upon the closing price on the NASDAQ Global Market reported for such date.

As of February 20, 2026, there were 108,569,143 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference information (to the extent specific sections are referred to herein) from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”). The Proxy Statement will be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.
Item 1.	Business	9
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37
Item 1B.	Unresolved SEC Comments	64
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	64
Item 2.	Properties	65
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	65
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	66

PART II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	67
Item 6.	Reserved	67
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	67
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	76
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	76
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	76
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	76
Item 9B.	Other Information	77
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	77

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	78
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	78
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	78
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	78
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	78

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	79
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	81
Signatures		82

Summary of Abbreviated Terms

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. may be referred to as Rocket, the Company, we, our or us, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”), unless the context otherwise indicates. Throughout this Annual Report, we have used terms which are defined below:


AAV	Adeno-associated virus	HNJ	Hospital Infantil de Niño Jesús
AAV9	Adeno-associated serotype 9	HSCT	Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
ACM	Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy	ICD	Internal Classification of Diseases
ASC	Accounting Standard Codification	IND	Investigational New Drug application
ASGCT	American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy	IV	Intravenous
ATMP	Advanced Therapy Medical Product	IPR&D	In process research and development
BAG3	BCL2-associated athanogene 3	KCCQ	Kansas City Cardiovascular Questionnaire
BAG3-DCM	BCL2-associated athanogene 3 mutations associated with dilated cardiomyopathy	LAD-I	Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency-I
BLA	Biologics License Application	LAMP2	Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
BNP	Brain natriuretic peptide	Lexeo	Lexeo Therapeutics, Inc
cGMP	Current Good Manufacturing Practice	LV	Lentiviral vector
cGTP	Current Good Tissue Practice	LVMI	Left ventricular mass index
cKO	conditional knockout	MAA	Marketing Authorization Application
CIBER	Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red	MHRA	Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
CIEMAT	Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas	NIH	National Institutes of Health
CIEMAT Group	CIEMAT, CIBER and FIISFJD	NYHA	New York Heart Association
CIRM	California Institute for Regenerative Medicine	Offering	Equity offering of shares of common stock, which closed December 12, 2024
CISO	Chief Information Security Officer	PDUFA	Prescription Drug User Fee Act
CMC	Chemistry Manufacturing Controls	PKD	Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
CODM	Chief Operating Decision Maker	PKP2	Plakophilin-2
CCPA	California Consumer Privacy Act	PKP2-ACM	Plakophilin-2 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
CRL	Complete Response Letter	PSU	Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit
CRO	Contract research organization	PRIME	Priority Medicines
Cowen	Cowen and Company, LLC	Private Placement	Issuance of pre-funded warrants on December 12, 2024
CTIS	Clinical Trials Information Systems	R&D	Research and development
DCM	Dilated cardiomyopathy	Renovacor	Renovacor, Inc. acquired on December 1, 2022
DD	Danon Disease	RIF	Reduction in workforce
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid	RMAT	Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy
EMA	European Medicines Agency	RSU	Restricted Stock Unit
ESB Lease Agreement	Office Lease agreement for office space in the Empire State Building in New York City	RTW	RTW Investments, L.P
EU	European Union	SAE	Serious Adverse Event
FA	Fanconi Anemia	SCD	Sudden cardiac death
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration	SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
FDCA	Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act	Stanford	Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine
FIBHNJS	Fundación para la Investigacion Biomédica del Hospital del Nino Jesus	UCLA	University of California, Los Angeles
FIISFJD	Fundacion Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundacion Jiménez Díaz	UCLB	UCL Business PLC
GCP	Good Clinical Practices	UCSD	The Regents of the University of California, San Diego
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation	UPC	Unitary Patent Court
GLP	Good Laboratory Practice	U.K.	United Kingdom
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practice	U.S.	United States

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they do not materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “develop,” “estimate,” “expect,” “expand,” “future,” “hope,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “pursue,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of these words or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

our ability to obtain additional funding to conduct our planned research and development efforts;

•

our ability to meet our anticipated milestones for our various drug candidates with respect to the initiation and timing of clinical studies;

•

federal, state, and non-U.S. regulatory requirements, including regulation of our current or any other future product candidates by the FDA;

•

the timing of and our ability to submit regulatory filings, including filings with the FDA, and to obtain and maintain FDA or other regulatory authority approval of, or other action with respect to, our product candidates;

•

our competitors’ activities, including decisions as to the timing of competing product launches, pricing and discounting;

•

whether safety and efficacy results of our clinical trials and other required tests for approval of our product candidates provide data to warrant progression of clinical trials, potential regulatory approval or further development of any of our product candidates;

•

our ability to develop, acquire and advance product candidates into, enroll a sufficient number of patients into, and successfully complete, clinical studies, and our ability to apply for and obtain regulatory approval for such product candidates, within currently anticipated timeframes, or at all;

•

our ability to establish key collaborations and vendor relationships for our product candidates and any other future product candidates;

•

our ability to develop our sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market any of our product candidates;

•

our ability to acquire additional businesses, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures and our ability to realize the benefit of such acquisitions, alliances or joint ventures;

•

our ability to successfully develop and commercialize any technology that we may in-license or products we may acquire;

•

the development of our direct manufacturing capabilities for our AAV programs;

•

our ability to expand our pipeline to target additional indications that are compatible with our gene therapy technologies;

•

our ability to achieve the expected benefits of our portfolio prioritization and strategic restructuring, including extending our cash runway, and our estimates related to the costs and timing of implementing such initiatives;

•

our ability to successfully operate in non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we currently or in the future do business, including compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and laws;

•

our ability to obtain and enforce patents to protect our product candidates, and our ability to successfully defend ourselves against unforeseen third-party infringement claims;

•

anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate;

•

our estimates regarding our capital requirements; and

•

our ability to obtain additional financing and raise capital as necessary to fund operations or pursue business opportunities.

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report.

Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

This Annual Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events, or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources. Unless stated otherwise, references in this Annual Report to “us,” “we,” “our,” or our “Company” and similar terms refer to Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should be aware of in evaluating our business. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Our strategic restructuring may not result in the savings we anticipate, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our operations.

•

We have a history of operating losses, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. If we fail to obtain additional funding to conduct our planned research and development efforts, we could be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our product development programs or commercial development efforts.

•

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for us to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

•

If, in the future, we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market any of our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved.

•

We may need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate certain of our licensing activities, product development efforts or other operations.

•

We may encounter substantial delays in commencement, enrollment or completion of our clinical trials or may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities, which could prevent us from commercializing our current and future product candidates on a timely basis, if at all.

•

If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay, limit, or terminate planned clinical trials, the occurrence of any of which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

•

Preliminary, interim or topline results in our ongoing clinical studies may not be indicative of results obtained when these studies are completed and success in early clinical studies may not be indicative of results obtained in later studies.

•

Our product candidates may cause undesirable and unforeseen side effects or be perceived by the public as unsafe, which
could delay or prevent their advancement into clinical trials or regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

•

Even though we have obtained orphan designation for certain of our product candidates, we may not be able to realize the benefits of such designation, including potential marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, if approved.

•

Even if we successfully complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict when, or if, we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate and the approval may be for a narrower indication than we seek.

•

We may never obtain approval for any of our product candidates in the U.S. or the EU, or other jurisdictions, which would limit our ability to realize our full market potential.

•

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will remain subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory scrutiny.

•

If approved, our product candidates may face competition from biosimilars approved through an abbreviated regulatory
pathway.

•

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

•

If we are successful in commercializing any product, our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be
subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to
criminal sanctions, civil penalties, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational
harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

•

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and we may become exposed to liability and
substantial expenses in connection with environmental compliance or remediation activities.

•

We could experience production problems that result in delays in our development or commercialization programs, limit the supply of our products or otherwise harm our business.

•

Our manufacturing facilities are subject to significant government regulations and approvals, which are often costly and could result in adverse consequences to our business if we fail to comply with the regulations or maintain the approvals.

•

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit the potential
commercialization of any products that we may develop.

•

Our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates will substantially depend upon the availability of reimbursement funds for the costs of the resulting drugs and related treatments.

•

We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are more advanced or effective than ours.

•

The commercial success of any of our product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of gene
therapy by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community.

•

Ethical, legal, and social issues may reduce demand for any gene therapy products for which we obtain marketing
approval.

•

We may not be successful in our efforts to expand our pipeline of additional product candidates.

•

The success of our R&D activities, clinical testing, and commercialization, upon which we primarily focus, is uncertain.

•

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our drug product manufacturing, research, and preclinical and clinical testing, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

•

Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages, Executive Orders, or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved, or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

•

Our rights to intellectual property for the development and commercialization of our product candidates are subject to the
terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others.

•

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products and related technology or are unable to
otherwise protect our intellectual property rights and trade secrets related to our product candidates, we may not be able to
compete effectively in our markets.

•

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

•

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to gene therapy product components and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

•

Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in
general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

•

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

•

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

•

Our business could suffer if it loses the services of, or fails to attract, key personnel.

•

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants, and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading which could harm our business.

•

We may need to expand our organization and may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

•

Given our commercial relationships outside of the U.S., in particular the EU, a variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.

•

We may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of potential acquisitions or business combinations.

•

Future formations of strategic alliances or joint ventures with third parties could disrupt our business and harm our
financial condition and operating results.

•

If conflicts arise between us and our collaborators or strategic partners, these parties may act in a manner adverse to us
and could limit our ability to implement our strategies.

•

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our common stock to drop
significantly, even if our business is performing well.

•

RTW, our largest stockholder, may have the ability to significantly influence matters submitted to stockholders for approval.

•

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and
timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, investors’ views of us and, as a
result, the value of our common stock.

•

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party collaborators or other contractors, may fail or suffer security
breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our development programs.

The summary risk factors described above should be read together with the text of the full risk factors below and in the other information set forth in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the SEC. If any such risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks summarized above or described in full elsewhere in this Annual Report are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a fully integrated, late-stage biotechnology company focused on the development, manufacturing, and potential commercialization of genetic therapies for rare and often fatal diseases with high unmet medical need. Our innovative multi-platform approach is designed to create best-in-class gene therapy product candidates aimed at correcting the underlying genetic causes of complex inherited cardiomyopathies and related disorders, with the potential to deliver transformative and durable clinical benefits. Our platform is supported by in-house research and development capabilities and current cGMP manufacturing facilities that enable end-to-end control of clinical production, process development, and scale-up for potential commercialization.

Our Strategy

We seek to bring hope and relief to patients with devastating, undertreated and rare diseases through the development and commercialization of potentially curative first-in-class gene therapies. As a fully integrated, late-stage biotechnology company, we have the resources and opportunity to generate a portfolio of highly differentiated and potentially first-in-class or best-in-class genetic medicines.

In July 2025, we announced a strategic corporate reorganization and pipeline prioritization designed to maximize near-term value, extend our operational runway, and position the Company for sustained long-term growth. This initiative focuses our resources on advancing our AAV cardiovascular gene therapy platform and supported the submission of our responses to the FDA’s CRL for KRESLADI™. The program contemplates a scaled commercial effort tailored to the exceptionally small patient population affected by this ultra-rare indication. As part of this strategic realignment, we are also de-prioritizing further development activities related to our FA and PKD programs. As part of the restructuring, the Company implemented a reduction in the workforce of approximately 30%, which, along with other planned cost-saving initiatives, is expected to reduce Rocket’s 12-month operating expenses by approximately 25%.

Our strategy is built on several foundational pillars:

•

First-and-Best-in-Class Approach: With our program selection, we apply a rigorous, disease-based selection approach to identify and prioritize programs: targeting complex genetic disorders with differentiated therapies that offer the potential to be first-, best-, or only-in-class, focusing on monogenic disease with on-target mechanisms of action to directly address the root cause of the disease to offer superior clinical profiles, and choosing indications with sizable market opportunities to enable broad patient impact and sustainable value creation.

•

Strategic Focus on Rare Cardiovascular Indications: Our near-term research and platform investments are focused on leveraging our AAV capabilities in rare cardiovascular diseases. Collectively, our clinical cardiovascular gene therapy programs target the major genetically defined causes of hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, and dilated cardiomyopathies which represent a significant portion of inherited heart disease and impact more than 100,000 patients in the U.S. and EU.

•

Late-Stage Science & Innovation with Robust Capabilities: We are advancing promising clinical programs designed to support regulatory approvals in the U.S. and Europe, with potential expansion into Asia and beyond. To support our clinical and future commercial endeavors, we are currently operating a ~100,000 sq. ft. U.S.-based in-house AAV cGMP manufacturing facility in Cranbury, New Jersey.

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Expertise & Collaboration: Our leadership team brings a proven track record of over 20 successful U.S. and international drug approvals and launches with expertise in cell and gene therapies and rare diseases. We collaborate closely with scientific experts, healthcare providers, payors, and patient communities to ensure our therapies address real-world needs.

In the near- and medium-term, we are focused on:

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Advancing our first-in-class product candidates targeting monogenic cardiovascular diseases with substantial unmet need from pre-IND to registrational trials.

•

Continuing to build and scale proprietary in-house analytics, process development, and manufacturing capabilities to support clinical and potential commercial supply.

•

Evaluating potential strategic partnerships or other transactions for certain non-core programs to enable continued development, regulatory approval, and potential commercialization.

In the medium- and long-term, pending favorable data, we plan to:

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Submit BLAs for certain of our clinical programs.

•

Expand our gene therapy platform to additional indications compatible with our technologies and core strategy.

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Pursue potential eligibility for FDA priority review voucher programs.

Gene Therapy Overview

Gene therapy is a therapeutic approach in which an isolated gene sequence or segment of DNA is administered to a patient, most commonly for the purpose of treating a genetic disease that is caused by genetic mutations. Currently available therapies for many genetic diseases focus on administration of large proteins or enzymes and typically address only the symptoms of the disease. Gene therapy aims to address the disease-causing effects of absent or dysfunctional genes by delivering functional copies of the gene sequence directly into the patient’s cells, offering the potential for curing the genetic disease, rather than simply addressing symptoms.

We are developing gene therapy product candidates utilizing modified, non-pathogenic viruses as delivery vehicles. Viruses are inherently effective for gene delivery due to their natural ability to enter cells and deliver genetic material. In engineering our viral vectors, the native viral genes are removed and replaced with a functional copy of the missing or mutated gene responsible for a patient’s genetic disorder. This functional copy, known as the therapeutic gene or “transgene,” is introduced through a process known as transduction. Once modified, the virus is termed a “viral vector,” capable of delivering the transgene to targeted tissues or organs.

We are advancing gene therapy programs using two primary vector approaches: adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and lentiviral (LV) vectors. We believe our AAV- and LV-based programs have the potential to provide meaningful and durable therapeutic benefit by addressing the underlying genetic cause of disease. Our gene therapy product candidates are administered either (1) in vivo, in which an AAV vector is delivered directly to the patient, either systemically or through targeted tissue delivery, to enable in situ transduction of the desired cell populations, or (2) ex vivo, in which a patient’s hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are collected, genetically modified with an LV vector in a controlled laboratory environment, and then reinfused into the patient.

We believe that scientific advances, clinical progress, and the greater regulatory acceptance of gene therapy have created a promising environment to advance gene therapy products as these products are being designed to restore cell function and improve clinical outcomes, which in many cases include prevention of death at an early age. The FDA approval of several gene therapies in recent years indicates that there is a regulatory pathway forward for gene therapy products.

Pipeline Overview

The chart below shows the current phases of development of our programs and product candidates:

The Company has global commercialization and development rights to all of these product candidates under internally developed intellectual property rights and royalty-bearing license agreements.

Cardiovascular Programs

Danon disease

Danon disease (DD), is a rare X-linked inherited, multi-organ lysosomal-associated disorder with a devastating clinical course. The causative mutation has been identified in the gene encoding for lysosome-associated membrane protein, otherwise known as LAMP2, an important mediator of autophagy and primarily expressed in heart, skeletal muscle and brain tissue. This mutation results in the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, predominantly in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Male patients typically die during adolescence or early adulthood from progressive heart failure in the absence of heart transplant. Along with severe cardiomyopathy, other DD-related manifestations can include skeletal muscle weakness and intellectual impairment. There are no specific therapies available for the treatment of DD and medications typically utilized for the treatment of HF are not believed to modify progression to end-stage HF. Patients with end-stage HF may undergo heart transplant, which currently is available to a minority of patients, is associated with significant short- and long-term complications and is not curative of the disorder in the long-term. It is estimated to have a prevalence of 15,000 to 30,000 patients in the U.S. and Europe.

RP-A501 is our investigational gene therapy for the treatment of DD and consists of a recombinant adeno-associated serotype 9 (AAV9) capsid containing a full-length, wild-type version of the human LAMP2B transgene which is administered as a single intravenous (IV) infusion. RP-A501 holds FDA RMAT, Fast Track, Rare Pediatric, and Orphan Drug designations in the U.S. along with ATMP and PRIME designations in the EU.

We treated seven patients in the single-arm, open-label, multi-center Phase 1 clinical trial assessing the safety and preliminary efficacy of RP-A501, which enrolled adult/older adolescent and pediatric male DD patients. This includes a first cohort evaluating a low-dose (6.7e13 genome copies/kilogram ([gc/kg]; n=3) in adult/older adolescent patients aged 15 or greater, a second cohort evaluating a higher dose (1.1e14 gc/kg; n=2) in adult/older adolescent patients aged 15 or greater, and a pediatric cohort at a low dose level (6.7e13 gc/kg; n=2).

We conducted a variety of efficacy assessments in the Phase 1 clinical study to measure the prospect of benefit for patients. These assessments included the following:

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LAMP2 gene expression in endomyocardial biopsy samples is measured via both immunohistochemistry and Western blot and confirms the presence of LAMP2 protein in DD cardiac tissue following RP-A501 treatment.

•

Measurements of heart thickness, most notably, left ventricular mass and maximal left ventricular wall
thickness, indicate the degree of hypertrophy present in the heart

•

High sensitivity troponin I or hs-TnI and BNP are blood-based evaluations and a key marker of HF and cardiac injury. Both are frequently elevated in DD patients and have been shown to be markedly elevated in patients with advanced stage disease.

•

KCCQ is a validated, patient-reported quality-of-life assessment that measures a patient’s perception of their HF symptoms, impact of disease on physical and social function, and the impact of their HF on overall health status and quality of life. Assessment scores range from 0 (very poor health status) to 100 (excellent health status). Changes in KCCQ score of +/- 5 points are considered meaningful and have been shown to correlate with HF outcomes.

•

NYHA Functional Classification is the most commonly used HF classification system. NYHA Class I reflects the absence of clinical signs of HF, while NYHA Class II is where a patient exhibits a slight limitation of physical activity, is comfortable at rest, and ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation and/or dyspnea. NYHA Class III and IV are considered more severe or advanced HF.

•

Histologic examination of endomyocardial biopsies via hematoxylin and eosin histology and electron microscopy is used to detect evidence of DD-associated tissue derangements, including the presence of autophagic vacuoles and disruption of myofibrillar architecture, each of which are characteristic of DD-related myocardial damage.

As previously announced, a patient receiving therapy on the high dose cohort (1.1e14 gc/kg dose) had progressive HF and underwent a heart transplant at month five following therapy. This patient had more advanced disease than the four other adult/older adolescent patients who received treatment in the low and high dose cohorts, as evidenced by diminished baseline left ventricle ejection fraction (32%) on echocardiogram and markedly elevated left ventricle filling pressure prior to treatment. The patient’s clinical course was characteristic of DD progression. The patient is doing well post-transplant.

Based on the initial efficacy observed in the low dose cohort and to mitigate complement-mediated safety concerns observed in the high dose cohort (related to thrombotic microangiopathy or TMA) and in agreement with the FDA, the Phase 2 study was initiated at the low dose (6.7e13 gc/kg). Additional safety measures were implemented and are reflected in the updated trial protocol for Phase 1 and the protocol for our ongoing pivotal Phase 2 study. These measures include exclusion of patients with end-stage HF, and a refined immunomodulatory regimen involving transient B- and T-cell mediated inhibition, with emphasis on preventing complement activation, while also enabling lower steroid doses and earlier steroid taper, with all immunosuppressive therapy discontinued 2-3 months following administration of RP-A501.

In November 2024, we announced positive results and presented long-term safety and efficacy results of the Phase 1 study at the American Heart Association’s 2024 Late-Breaking Science sessions and simultaneously published these data in the New England Journal of Medicine. The long-term safety and efficacy results from the Phase 1 RP-A501 study showed that RP-A501 was generally well tolerated and all evaluable DD patients demonstrated LAMP2 protein expression at 12 months (sustained up to 60 months) and reduction of left ventricular mass index by ≥10% at 12 months (sustained up to 54 months) after treatment. Results from the Phase 1 DD trial represent one of the first and most comprehensive investigational gene therapy datasets for any cardiac condition.

Data from the Phase 1 study (cut-off April 19, 2024) showed that RP-A501 in conjunction with a transient immunomodulatory regimen was generally well tolerated. Evidence of sustained clinically meaningful improvement was observed in pediatric patients followed up to 24 months and adult/adolescent patients followed up to 60 months.

In summary, all evaluable patients in the Phase 1 trial demonstrated:

•

Cardiac LAMP2 protein expression at 12 months and thereafter;

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Reduction or stabilization of left ventricular mass index (LVMI) – the median reduction from baseline to most recent visit of 24% (for the ongoing pivotal Phase 2 trial, a 10% reduction in LVMI and positive protein expression of Grade 1 or more are co-primary endpoints);

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Preservation of normal left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF);

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Reduction or stabilization of cardiac biomarkers (median cardiac troponin I [cTnI] and BNP reductions of 84% and 57%, respectively);

•

Improvement in NYHA class from Class II at baseline to Class I at most recent follow-up visit;

•

Improvements in KCCQ-12 scores (median improvement of 27 points) that persisted up to 54 months of follow-up; and

•

Preliminary long-term follow-up assessments for Patient 1001 were positive for immunohistochemical staining and appear to show Grade 3 expression in the heart at the five-year timepoint.

In September 2023, we announced that alignment was reached with the FDA on the global Phase 2 pivotal trial of RP-A501 for DD to support accelerated approval. The global, single-arm, multi-center Phase 2 pivotal trial is evaluating the efficacy and safety of RP-A501 in 12 patients with DD, including a pediatric safety run-in (n=2), with a natural history comparator and a dose level of 6.7 x 1013 GC/kg. A global natural history study is also running concurrently to the Phase 2 pivotal trial and will serve as an external comparator.

To support accelerated approval, the study will assess the efficacy of RP-A501 as measured by the biomarker-based co-primary endpoint consisting of improvements in LAMP2 protein expression (≥ Grade 1, as measured by immunohistochemistry), and reductions in LVMI.

Secondary endpoints include the components of the primary endpoint (improvement in LAMP2 protein expression and reductions in LVMI), reductions in troponin and natriuretic peptide, KCCQ-12 and NYHA class, event free survival and treatment emergent safety events. These endpoints could support full approval with longer-term follow-up.

Drug product for the Phase 2 study is being produced in-house in our GMP manufacturing facility in Cranbury, NJ. We have successfully produced multiple commercial-grade Danon AAV cGMP batches since 2022. Furthermore, we have reached agreement with the FDA on the continued utilization of HEK-293 cell-based process through commercialization, our comparability approach and our potency assay.

In January 2024, we received CTIS approval to include clinical trial sites in certain EU Member States.

In September 2024, we announced completion of enrollment of 12 patients in the Phase 2 study across sites in the U.S. and EU.

In May 2025, two patients participating in the Phase 2 pivotal study of RP-A501 each experienced an unexpected SAE. The SAEs involved clinical complications related to a capillary leak syndrome resulting in multi-organ damage; one patient died as a result of these complications following an acute systemic infection. Rocket voluntarily paused further Phase 2 study dosing in the U.S. and EU, and the FDA subsequently placed the trial on clinical hold on May 23, 2025 to allow for further evaluation. In August 2025, the FDA lifted the clinical hold on the Phase 2 pivotal study following an investigation which concluded that the SAEs were likely the result of the combination of the C3 component inhibitor introduced into the immunomodulation regimen and RP-A501. The FDA authorized resumption of the Phase 2 pivotal study with a recalibrated dose of 3.8 x 10¹³ GC/kg of RP-A501 along with the first three patients to be treated sequentially with a minimum four-week interval between each treatment. This adjusted dose aligns with the lower range of administered doses that were associated with efficacy across multiple biomarkers, electrocardiogram and clinical endpoints in the Phase 1 study, and has been determined as most likely to confer the safety and efficacy identified in the low-dose Phase 1 cohorts.

To date, six patients with Danon disease have been treated in the Phase 2 study with RP-A501. Further updates on the Phase 2 study can be expected following review of data from the next three patients.

Plakophilin-2 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

Plakophilin-2 related Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, otherwise known as PKP2-ACM is an inheritable cardiac disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the PKP2 gene that is characterized by a high propensity for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Most commonly, the cardiomyopathy initially manifests in the right ventricular free wall, so the disease was originally termed arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy or ARVD/C. However, since left dominant and biventricular forms have also been observed, this has led more recently to the use of the term ACM. Mutations in the PKP2 gene comprise the most frequent genetically identified etiology of familial ACM. Patients with mutations in PKP2 are typically heterozygous and demonstrate reduced expression of the PKP2 protein in the myocardium. PKP2 encodes for the protein Plakophilin-2, which is a component of the desmosome, an intercellular complex involved in cell-cell adhesion. The PKP2 protein is also involved in transcriptional regulation of calcium signaling between cardiomyocytes. PKP2-ACM is most commonly in young adults with the mean age presentation at 35 years old, and patients have a very high lifetime risk of ventricular arrhythmias, structural ventricular abnormalities, and SCD.

There are no specific available medical therapies available that have been shown to be highly effective for ACM, and current treatment protocols follow standard ventricular arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy guidelines, which involve lifestyle modifications (i.e. exercise limitation) and include drug treatments such as beta blockers, anti-arrhythmics and diuretics. The use of these therapies is driven by the arrhythmia burden and severity of cardiomyopathy. These therapies do not modify the course of the disease and generally provide only symptomatic and/or palliative support. Upon diagnosis, a substantial percentage of patients receive an ICD for primary or secondary prevention of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD. Of note, ICDs are not curative, and breakthrough life-threatening arrythmias may persist with ongoing risk of death. Furthermore, ICDs do not prevent the progression to end-stage HF. ICD firings, although lifesaving, are physically and emotionally traumatic events. Patients whose condition progresses to end-stage HF are considered for cardiac transplantation which, while curative of underlying disease, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, there exists a high unmet medical need in this population. PKP2-ACM is estimated to have a prevalence of 50,000 patients in the U.S. and the EU.

RP-A601 is our investigational gene therapy for the treatment of PKP2-ACM and consists of a recombinant adeno-associated serotype rh74 capsid containing a functional version of the human PKP2 transgene (AAVrh74.PKP2) which is administered as a single IV infusion. RP-A601 holds FDA RMAT and Fast Track and designations in the US and Orphan drug designations in both the U.S. and EU.

In May 2023, we presented preclinical efficacy data for RP-A601 at the ASGCT 26th Annual Meeting. Nonclinical studies of RP-A601 demonstrated efficacy in altering the natural history of PKP2-driven ACM. 100% of PKP2 conditional knockout (cKO) animals treated with the study drug exhibited extended survival to the longest timepoint measured (5 months), reduced cardiac dilation and fibrofatty replacement/fibrosis of the myocardium, preserved left ventricular function, and mitigation of the arrhythmic phenotype. Untreated PKP2 cKO mice had a median survival of approximately one month. These results were published in January 2024 in the journal Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.

Enrollment in the U.S. Phase 1 study is ongoing, and the trial remains open and actively enrolling to further characterize biological activity across a broader range of disease severity. The ongoing single-arm, open-label, multi-center Phase 1 study is evaluating the safety and preliminary efficacy of RP-A601 in adult PKP2-ACM patients with ICDs and overall high risk for arrhythmias. To date, three patients have been treated in the study and is assessing the impact of RP-A601 on PKP2 myocardial protein expression, cardiac biomarkers, and clinical predictors of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and SCD. Patients in the Phase 1 study received a single dose of RP-A601 starting at 8 x 1013 GC/kg. We are continuing to work closely with the FDA to advance alignment on the design and potential endpoints of a pivotal Phase 2 trial of a pivotal Phase 2 trial intended to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of RP-A601 in this patient population.

In May 2025, we presented preliminary data from the Phase 1 study of RP-A601 for adult patients with PKP2-ACM at the ASGCT 28th Annual Meeting in the Late-Breaking Scientific Sessions. Initial data from the Phase 1 study (safety cut-off May 6, 2025; efficacy cut-off April 2025) showed that RP-A601 was generally well-tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities observed in all patients followed for up to 12 months. Most treatment emergent adverse events were mild/moderate in severity and self-limited with only one patient experiencing an SAE which resolved without clinical sequelae within two months post-treatment, believed to be associated with the immunomodulatory regimen.

Cardiac biopsies showed RP-A601 increased PKP2 protein expression in all three patients. In the patients with low baseline PKP2 expression (n=2), improvements in PKP2 protein expression relative to total cell protein were approximately 110% and 398%, respectively, from baseline to six months follow-up. In all three patients, RP-A601 promoted desmosome localization of PKP2 and associated transmembrane interpolated disc proteins between 3 and 12 months after treatment. In addition, preliminary observations suggest potential improvement or stabilization in arrhythmia burden, cardiac function, and quality of life, although these findings are based on a limited number of patients and require further evaluation. Based on available data to date, we have selected 8 x 10¹³ GC/kg as the dose to be further evaluated in subsequent clinical development, and we do not currently plan to evaluate higher dose levels in this study.

BAG3 Dilated Cardiomyopathy

DCM is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and is characterized by progressive thinning of the walls of the heart resulting in enlarged heart chambers that are unable to pump blood. A familial association of DCM can be identified in 20-50% of DCM patients, with up to 40% of familial patients having an identifiable genetic cause. Mutations in the BAG3 gene are among the more common pathogenic genetic variants observed in familial DCM and these variants are highly penetrant, with approximately 80% of individuals with disease-causing genetic variants in the BAG3 gene developing DCM at > 40 years of age. Pathogenic variants in BAG3 are estimated to cause from 2.3% to 6.7% of DCM cases in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. BAG3 protein is associated with a variety of cellular functions including cardiac contractility, protein quality control (as a co-chaperone), cardiomyocyte structural support and anti-apoptosis. BAG3-DCM leads to early onset, rapidly progressing heart failure and significant mortality and morbidity. The age of diagnosis in BAG3-DCM varies from adolescence to adulthood, with the mean age at clinical diagnosis in the mid-30s. The prevalence of BAG3-associated DCM in the U.S. is estimated to be as many as 30,000 individuals.

DCM represents a considerable unmet medical need and is the most common underlying diagnosis in patients undergoing heart transplantation. No currently approved therapies are specifically indicated to address BAG3-DCM. Medical management of patients with DCM follows the clinical guidelines for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), including the use of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists/neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2), along with antiarrhythmic medications, implanted defibrillator, and/or ablation procedures as indicated. Heart transplantation is the only potentially definitive therapy; however, it is not considered curative and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. An effective and safe gene therapy to restore normal BAG3 cardiac protein levels may represent a viable therapeutic option which could substantially reduce morbidity/mortality in BAG3-DCM patients. Understanding the genetic mechanism of disease creates the opportunity to develop precision-based therapies potentially corrective of the underlying molecular defect.

In December 2022, we completed our acquisition of Renovacor which provided the Company with Renovacor’s recombinant AAV9-based gene therapy program designed to deliver a fully functional BAG3 gene to augment BAG3 protein levels in cardiomyocytes and slow or halt progression of BAG3-DCM. Initial proof of concept for AAV9-BAG3 has been demonstrated in studies of BAG3-knockout mouse models, which show treated mice have improved ejection fraction versus untreated knockout mice and comparable ejection fraction to walk test controls at timepoints 4- and 6-weeks post injection.

In June 2025, the Company received FDA clearance of an IND application for RP-A701, an AAV.rh74-based gene therapy candidate for the treatment of BAG3-DCM. In July 2025, the FDA granted Fast Track designation to RP-A701 for the treatment of BAG3-DCM. The first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial will be a multi-center, dose-escalation study designed to evaluate the safety, biological activity, and preliminary efficacy of RP-A701 in adults with BAG3-DCM.

Hematology Programs

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency-I

LAD-I is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of white blood cell adhesion and migration, resulting from mutations in the ITGB2 gene encoding for the Beta-2 Integrin component, CD18. Deficiencies in CD18 result in an impaired ability for neutrophils (a subset of infection-fighting white blood cells) to leave blood vessels and enter tissues where these cells are needed to combat infections. As is the case with many rare diseases, accurate estimates of incidence are difficult to confirm; however, several hundred cases across the spectrum of severity have been reported to date. Most LAD-I patients are believed to have the severe form of the disease. Severe LAD-I is notable for recurrent, life-threatening infections and substantial infant mortality in patients who do not receive an allogeneic HSCT. Mortality for severe LAD-I has been reported as 60 to 75% by age two in the absence of allogeneic HCST.

KRESLADI™, formally known as RP-L201 or marnetegragene autotemcel, is our investigational gene therapy that contains autologous (patient-derived) hematopoietic stem cells that have been genetically modified with a lentiviral vector to deliver a functional copy of the ITGB2 gene. The Company holds FDA RMAT, Rare Pediatric, and Fast Track designations in the U.S., PRIME and ATMP designations in the EU, and Orphan Drug designations in both regions for the program. KRESLADI™ was in-licensed from the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. The LV vector was developed in collaboration between University College London and CIEMAT.

The open-label, single-arm, global Phase 1/2 registration-enabling clinical trial of RP-L201 for severe LAD-I treated nine patients. In May 2024, we presented updated follow-up data at the ASGCT 27th Annual Meeting, including 18- to 45-month follow-up data (data cut-off July 24, 2023). Compared to pre-treatment history, patients demonstrated substantial reductions in significant infections requiring hospitalization or intravenous antimicrobials, along with evidence of resolution of LAD-I-related skin and periodontal lesions and restoration of wound healing capabilities. RP-L201 remained well tolerated, with no new safety events related to the treatment. We continued to observe 100% survival without the need for allogeneic transplant, with all patients enrolled at less than 12 months of age surpassing 24 months without transplant. The clinical outcome data from the nine severe LAD-I patients treated with KRESLADI™ was published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2025.

In September 2023, a BLA filing for RP-L201 was accepted by the FDA with priority review with an initial PDUFA date of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, the review time was extended by three months, to June 30, 2024, to allow additional time to review clarifying CMC information submitted by us in response to FDA information requests. In June 2024, we announced that the FDA issued a CRL in response to the BLA wherein the FDA requested limited additional CMC information to complete its review. In October 2025, the Company announced that the FDA accepted its resubmission of the BLA for RP-L201 and was given a PDUFA date of March 28, 2026.

Fanconi Anemia

FA is a rare and life-threatening DNA-repair disorder, characterized by bone marrow failure, cancer predisposition, and congenital malformations. Patients with FA have a genetic defect that prevents the normal repair of genes and chromosomes within blood cells in the bone marrow. The prevalence of FA in the U.S. and the EU is estimated to be approximately 5,500 to 7,000 patients.

Although improvements in allogeneic (donor-mediated) HSCT, currently the most frequently utilized therapy for FA, have resulted in frequent hematologic correction of the disorder, HSCT is associated with both acute and long-term risks, including transplant-related mortality, graft failure, and graft versus host disease, a sometimes fatal side effect of allogeneic transplant characterized by painful ulcers in the GI tract, liver toxicity and skin rashes, as well as increased risk of subsequent cancers. Our gene therapy program in FA is designed to enable a minimally toxic hematologic correction using a patient’s own stem cells early in the disease course and administered without conditioning. We believe that the development of a broadly applicable autologous gene therapy can be transformative for these patients. In light of the efficacy seen in non-conditioned patients, the addressable annual market opportunity is now believed to be 400 to 500 patients collectively in the U.S. and EU.

RP-L102 is our investigational LV vector-based gene therapy for the treatment of FA. RP-L102’s LV carries the FANCA gene as part of the PGK-FANCA-WPRE expression cassette which includes a phosphoglycerate kinase (PKG) promoter and an optimized woodchuck hepatitis virus post transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE). The Phase 2 study of RP-L102 for the treatment of FA type A without the use of myeloablative conditioning treated a total of 14 patients from the U.S. and EU. Patients received a single intravenous infusion of RP-L102 that utilizes fresh cells and an improved process which incorporates a modified stem cell enrichment process, transduction enhancers, as well as commercial-grade vector and final drug product. The Company holds FDA RMAT, Rare Pediatric, and Fast Track designations in the U.S., PRIME and ATMP designations in the EU, and Orphan Drug designations in both regions for the program.

Resistance to mitomycin-C, a DNA damaging agent, in bone marrow stem cells at a minimum time point of one year post treatment is the primary endpoint for the Phase 2 study. Per agreement with the FDA and EMA, engraftment leading to bone marrow restoration exceeding a 10% mitomycin-C resistance threshold could support a marketing application for approval.

In May 2024, we provided an incremental clinical update at the ASGCT 27th Annual Meeting (data cut-off September 11, 2023). RP-L102 continued to demonstrate sustained genetic correction, phenotypic correction, and hematologic stability in 8 of 12 patients with greater than 12 months of follow-up. RP-L102 continued to be well tolerated with no significant safety signals.

As of July 2025, the Company is no longer allocating additional internal resources towards regulatory filings and commercial activities for RP-L102 and subsequently is no longer pursuing BLA and EMA submissions for RP-L102. The Company is actively exploring external partnership options to provide a path forward for RP-L102 and the FA community. This decision was based solely on business and strategic considerations and does not reflect any concerns regarding the safety, efficacy, or quality of the therapy.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

PKD is a rare, autosomal recessive, monogenic red blood cell disorder resulting from a mutation in the PKLR gene encoding for the pyruvate kinase enzyme, a key component of the red blood cell glycolytic pathway. Mutations in the PKLR gene result in increased red blood cell destruction and potentially life-threatening anemia with a significant impact on quality of life. PKD has an estimated prevalence of 4,000 to 8,000 patients in the U.S. and Europe.

RP-L301 is our investigational gene therapy that contains autologous hematopoietic stem cells that have been genetically modified with a lentiviral vector to contain a functional copy of the PKLR gene for the treatment of PKD. The Company holds FDA RMAT and Fast Track designations in the U.S., EMA PRIME designation in the EU, and Orphan Drug designation in both regions for the program. RP-L301 was in-licensed from CIEMAT, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD).

A global Phase 1 open-label, single-arm, clinical study with 2 adult patients and 2 pediatric patients (age 8-17) in the U.S. and Europe assessed the safety, tolerability, and preliminary activity of RP-L301. Stanford served as the site in the U.S. for adult and pediatric patients, HNJ served as the lead site in Europe for pediatrics, and Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz served as the lead site in Europe for adult patients.

In February 2024, we presented further clinical updates at the ASGCT 27th Annual Meeting (data cut-off February 5, 2024), which included 36 months of follow-up on the two adult patients and 12 months of follow-up on the two pediatric patients. Sustained and clinically meaningful hemoglobin improvement was observed in all patients including hemoglobin normalization in three of four patients. No patients have required red blood cell transfusions following neutrophil engraftment. Improvements in hemoglobin supported by improved markers of hemolysis and quality of life have been observed. RP-L301 remains well-tolerated, with no drug-related serious adverse events. Insertion site analyses in the peripheral blood and bone marrow for both adult patients through 36 months post-RP-L301 continued to demonstrate highly polyclonal patterns with no clonal dominance or insertional mutagenesis.

Based on positive safety and efficacy data from the Phase 1 study, we have aligned with the FDA on the pivotal study design to support accelerated approval with a 10-patient, single-arm Phase 2 pivotal trial with a primary endpoint of ≥1.5 point hemoglobin Hgb improvement at 12 months. However, the Company is no longer allocating internal resources towards RP-L301 and does not plan to initiate enrollment in a Phase 2 RP-L301 study at this time. Similar to our FA program, we are actively exploring external partnership options to provide a path forward for RP-L301 and the PKD community.

Future Opportunities

In addition to the programs specified in this Annual Report, we are also conducting exploratory preclinical research and development. Research focus areas include the development of new candidates following our strategy outlined in “Our Strategy” section.

cGMP Manufacturing

We have a 103,720 square foot manufacturing facility located in Cranbury, New Jersey. This facility supports clinical development of our pipeline of AAV gene therapy product candidates from discovery through pivotal trials, with space for potential future expansion and commercialization.

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technology, inventions, and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business, including seeking, maintaining, and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties. We also rely on trade secrets relating to our proprietary technology platform and on know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen and maintain our proprietary position in the field of gene therapy that may be important for the development of our business. We additionally intend to rely on regulatory protection afforded through orphan drug designations, data exclusivity, market exclusivity, and patent term extensions where available.

Our commercial success may depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business; defend and enforce our patents; preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets; and operate without infringing the valid enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing its future products may depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. With respect to both licensed and company-owned intellectual property, we cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our commercial products and methods of manufacturing the same.

We have developed and in-licensed numerous patents and patent applications and possess substantial know-how and trade secrets relating to the development and commercialization of gene therapy products. Our proprietary intellectual property, including patent and non-patent intellectual property, is generally directed to gene expression vectors and methods of using the same for gene therapy. As of February 20, 2026, our patent portfolio includes both owned and in-licensed patent families relating to our product candidates and related technologies, discussed more fully below.

Danon Disease

Our DD patent portfolio includes both proprietary intellectual property and a patent family in-licensed from the University of California, San Diego, which includes granted patents in Europe, India, the U.S., Australia, and Hong Kong, and pending patent applications in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China and other countries with claims directed to the treatment of DD. We expect any patents in this portfolio, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2037 absent any patent term adjustments or extensions. We also own granted patents in the U.S., Japan, China, and Russia and pending patent applications in the U.S., Europe, and other countries with claims directed to gene therapy vectors for the treatment of DD; the U.S. patent issued in 2020. Any patents, if issued, arising from these patent applications, are expected to expire in 2039, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions, if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid. We also have granted patents in Australia and Russia and pending patent applications in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and other countries directed to methods for treatment of DD. Any patents, if issued, arising from these patent applications, are expected to expire in 2040-2041, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions, if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid. We further have pending patent applications directed to DD dosing regimens in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, and other countries. Any patents, if issued, arising of these patent applications, are expected to expire in 2040-2041 absent any patent term adjustments or extensions, if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid. Additionally, we filed patent applications directed to the long-term treatment of DD. We expect any patents in this portfolio, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2044 absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Plakophilin-2 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

Our PKP2 portfolio includes a granted U.S. patent and pending patent applications in EU, Japan, China, and other countries with claims directed to treating arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM); the granted U.S. patent issued in 2024. Any patents, if issued, arising from these patent applications, are expected to expire in 2041, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions, if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid. We also have pending patent applications directed to polynucleotide cassettes and expression vector compositions containing PKP2 and methods for using such vectors to provide gene therapy in mammalian cells for treating cardiac disorders such as ACM. Any patents, if issued, arising of these patent applications, are expected to expire in 2044 absent any patent term adjustments or extensions, if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Our DCM patent portfolio includes granted patents in the U.S., Japan and Europe and pending patent applications in the U.S., Japan and Europe with claims directed to BAG3 expression vectors for treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which are relevant to our cardiomyopathy program. These applications were exclusively in-licensed from Temple University. We expect patents arising from these applications, when issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2035, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Our patent portfolio includes a granted patent in Russia and pending patent applications in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China and other countries with claims directed to transduction of allogeneic HSCT, which may be relevant to our LAD-I program. We expect any patents arising from these patent applications, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2039, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Fanconi Anemia

Our FA patent portfolio includes granted patents in Australia, Brazil, Israel, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and Russia and pending applications in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China and other countries with claims directed to polynucleotide cassettes and expression vector compositions containing FA complementation group genes and methods for using such vectors to provide gene therapy in mammalian cells for treating FA. These applications were exclusively in-licensed from CIEMAT, CIBER, FIISFJD, and FIBHNJS. We expect any patents in this family, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2037, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Our PKD patent portfolio includes granted patents in Europe, China, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Australia, India, Russia, Singapore, and the U.S. and pending patent applications in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China and other countries with claims directed to polynucleotide cassettes and expression vector compositions containing pyruvate kinase genes and methods for using such vectors to provide gene therapy in mammalian cells for treating pyruvate kinase deficiency. These applications are exclusively in-licensed from CIEMAT, CIBER, and FIISFJD. We expect any patents in this portfolio, if issued, and if the appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees are paid, to expire in 2037-2038, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

Future Objectives

Our objective is to continue to expand our portfolio of patents and patent applications in order to protect our gene therapy product candidates and manufacturing processes. From time to time, we may also evaluate opportunities to sublicense our portfolio of patents and patent applications that we own or exclusively license, and we may enter into such licenses from time to time. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing the non-provisional application. In the U.S., a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier-filed patent.

The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration of a U.S. patent as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug was under regulatory review. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Moreover, a patent can only be extended once, and thus, if a single patent is applicable to multiple products, it can only be extended based on one product. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. When possible, depending upon the length of clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of a BLA, we expect to apply for patent term extensions for patents covering our product candidates and their methods of use.

We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors and third parties. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of its premises and physical and electronic security of its information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Intellectual Property Litigation

On October 12, 2023, the Company filed an action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against Lexeo, Kenneth Law, and Sonia Gutierrez, Case No. 23-cv-9000 (PKC). The litigation involved allegations by the Company of trade secret misappropriation and tortious interference, and counterclaims by Lexeo. In June 2025, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Lexeo to resolve all claims in ongoing litigation between the parties. Under the terms of the settlement agreement between the Company and Lexeo, the litigation has been resolved fully, and without admission of liability by any party. As part of a comprehensive resolution, Rocket also entered into separate settlement agreements on the same day with certain individuals formerly affiliated with the Company, who were also named in the litigation.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the gain or loss in connection with this settlement agreement was not material.

On December 31, 2024, the Company filed an action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon against Brian C. Beard and Little Whiskers, LLC, Case No. 3:24-cv-02170-SI. The Company asserted claims for trade secret misappropriation and breach of contract. The Company entered into a settlement agreement with all defendants prior to filing any pleadings in response to the Company’s complaint, and the litigation was resolved.

Material Contracts

License Agreement for DD with UCSD

In February 2017, we entered into a license agreement with The Regents of the University of California, represented by its San Diego campus, under which UCSD granted us an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide license to certain intellectual property rights for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases, including DD. In exchange for the license, we became obligated to make an up-front payment, certain clinical and commercial milestone payments, royalty payments (on net sales of products covered by a valid claim within the licensed intellectual property), maintenance fees and sublicense revenue payments. We paid an upfront license fee of $0.05 million and are obligated to make aggregate milestone payments of up to $1.5 million to UCSD upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones for the treatment of DD. A reduced schedule of milestone payments applies to achieving the same milestones for additional indications. With respect to any commercialized products covered by the agreement, we are obligated to pay a low single digit percentage royalty on net sales, subject to specified adjustments. If we enter into a sublicense agreement with a sublicensee, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration received from such sublicensees in specified circumstances. We are also subject to certain diligence milestones for development of a product using the intellectual property licensed from UCSD under this agreement.

The term of the license agreement with UCSD is through the expiration of the licensed patents, some of which are still in the pending application phase.

License Agreement for DD with RGNX

On November 19, 2018, we entered into a license agreement with RGNX, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive license for all U.S. patents and patent applications related to RGNX’s NAV AAV-9 vector for the treatment of DD in humans by in vivo gene therapy using AAV-9 to deliver any known LAMP2 transgene isoforms and all possible combinations of LAMP2 transgene isoforms, as well as an exclusive option to license all U.S. patents and patent applications for two additional NAV AAV vectors.

In consideration for the rights granted to us under the license agreement, we made an upfront payment to RGNX of $7.0 million which was expensed to research and development costs in the 2018 consolidated statement of operations. A fee of $2.0 million per additional vector would be due if we exercise our option right to purchase additional vectors. The license agreement provides for royalties payable to RGNX in the high-single digits to low-teens on net sales levels of licensed products incorporating the licensed patents during the royalty term. If successful, we will be required to make milestone payments to RGNX of up to $13.0 million for each licensed product upon the achievement of specified clinical development and regulatory milestones in the U.S. and EU. In addition, we shall pay RGNX 20% of the payment fees received from a priority review voucher issued in connection with or otherwise related to a licensed product. These royalty obligations are subject to specified reductions if additional licenses from third parties are required. We must also pay RGNX a portion of all non-royalty sublicense income (if any) received from sublicensees. We paid a $1.0 million license fee payment under the RGNX agreement upon the dosing of the first DD patient in 2019 and a $2.0 million license fee payment upon initiation of a Phase 2 pivotal trial in 2023. There were no additional milestones achieved or related payments made during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

License Agreement for BAG3 with Temple University

On December 1, 2022, we acquired Renovacor, including a license agreement for BAG3 with Temple University. The license agreement provides for royalties payable to Temple University in the low-single digits on net sales of licensed products during the royalty term. If successful, we will be required to make milestone payments to Temple University of up to approximately $19.3 million upon achievement of specific clinical development and regulatory milestones.

License Agreement for LAD-I with CIEMAT Group and UCLB

We entered into a license agreement in November 2017, effective September 2017, with CIEMAT Group and UCLB, (together, the “Licensors”), granting us worldwide, exclusive rights to certain patents, know-how and other intellectual property relating to LVs containing the human LAD-I gene solely within the field of treating LAD-I. Under the terms of the agreement, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to (a) develop and obtain regulatory approval for one or more products or processes covered by the licensed intellectual property, introduce such products or processes into the commercial market and then make them reasonably available to the public, (b) develop or commercialize at least one product or process covered by the licensed intellectual property in at least one country for at least two uninterrupted years following regulatory approval, and (c) use the licensed intellectual property in an adequate, ethical and legitimate manner. In exchange for the license, we are obligated to pay Licensors an up-front payment, royalty payments in the mid-single digit percentages based on net sales of products or processes involving any of the licensed intellectual property, developmental and regulatory milestone payments, and sublicense revenue payments. We are responsible for prosecuting and maintaining the licensed patents at our expense, in cooperation with Licensors. We also have the first responsibility to enforce and defend the licensed patents against infringement and/or challenge, in cooperation with Licensors. For five years following the effective date of the license agreement, we had a right of first refusal to license any improvements to the licensed intellectual property obtained by Licensors at market value. We are obligated to license (without charge) any improvements to the licensed intellectual property that we create to Licensors for non-commercial use.

As consideration for the licensed rights, we paid Licensors an initial upfront license fee of €0.03 million (approximately $0.04 million), which was expensed as research and development costs. We are obligated to make aggregate payments of up to €1.4 million (approximately $1.5 million) to Licensors upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones. With respect to any commercialized products covered by the LAD-I license, we are obligated to pay a mid-single digit percentage royalty on net sales, subject to specified adjustments, by us or our sublicensees or affiliates. In the event that we enter into a sublicense agreement with a sublicensee, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration received from such sublicensees in specified circumstances.

We may terminate this agreement at any time by providing Licensors with 90 days’ advance notice. The license is in effect for a duration for each of the countries defined in this agreement for as long as a license right exists that covers the licensed product or process in such country, or until the end of any additional legal protection that should be obtained for the license rights in each country.

License Agreement for FA with CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS

In July 2016, we entered into a license agreement with CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS granting us worldwide, exclusive rights to certain patents, know-how, data and other intellectual property relating to LVs containing the FANCA gene solely within the field of human therapeutic uses of VSV-G packaged integration component LVs for FA type-A gene therapy. This license is only sublicensable with the prior consent of CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS, not to be unreasonably withheld. Under the terms of the agreement, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to (a) develop and obtain regulatory approval for one or more products or processes covered by the licensed intellectual property, introduce such products or processes into the commercial market and then make them reasonably available to the public (b) develop or commercialize at least one product or process covered by the licensed intellectual property in at least one country for at least two uninterrupted years following regulatory approval, and (c) use the licensed intellectual property in an adequate, ethical and legitimate manner. In exchange for the license, we are obligated to pay CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS an up-front payment, royalty payments based on net sales of products or processes involving any of the licensed intellectual property, regulatory and financing milestone payments, and sublicense revenue payments. We are responsible for prosecuting and maintaining the licensed patents at our expense, in cooperation with CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS. We also have the first responsibility to enforce and defend the licensed patents against infringement and/or challenge, in cooperation with CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS. For five years following the effective date of the license agreement, we have a right of first refusal to license any improvements to the licensed intellectual property obtained by CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS at market value. We are obligated to license (without charge) any improvements to the licensed intellectual property that we create to CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS for non-commercial use.

As consideration for the licensed rights, we paid CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS an initial upfront license fee of €0.1 million (approximately $0.1 million), which was expensed as R&D costs. We are obligated to make aggregate milestone payments of up to €5.0 million (approximately $5.5 million) to CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones. With respect to any commercialized products covered by the license, we are obligated to pay a mid-single digit percentage royalty on net sales, subject to specified adjustments, by us or our sublicensees or affiliates. In the event that we enter into a sublicense agreement with a sublicensee, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration received from such sublicensees in specified circumstances.

We may terminate this agreement at any time by providing CIEMAT Group and FIBHNJS with 90 days’ advance notice. The license is in effect for a duration for each of the countries defined in this agreement for as long as a license right exists that covers the licensed product or process in such country, or until the end of any additional legal protection that should be obtained for the license rights in each country.

License Agreements for PKD with CIEMAT Group

In March 2016, we entered into a license agreement with CIEMAT Group, granting us worldwide, exclusive rights to certain patents, know-how and other intellectual property relating to LVs containing the human PKLR gene solely within the field of treating PKD. Under the terms of the agreement, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to (a) develop and obtain regulatory approval for one or more products or processes covered by the licensed intellectual property, introduce such products or processes into the commercial market and then make them reasonably available to the public (b) develop or commercialize at least one product or process covered by the licensed intellectual property in at least one country for at least two uninterrupted years following regulatory approval, and (c) use the licensed intellectual property in an adequate, ethical and legitimate manner. In exchange for the license, we are obligated to pay CIEMAT Group an up-front payment, royalty payments based on net sales of products or processes involving any of the licensed intellectual property, developmental and regulatory milestone payments, and sublicense revenue payments. We are responsible for prosecuting and maintaining the licensed patents at our expense, in cooperation with CIEMAT Group. We also have the first responsibility to enforce and defend the licensed patents against infringement and/or challenge, in cooperation with CIEMAT. For five years following the effective date of the license agreement, we had a right of first refusal to license any improvements to the licensed intellectual property obtained by CIEMAT Group at market value. We are obligated to license (without charge) to CIEMAT Group for non-commercial use any improvements to the licensed intellectual property that we create.

As consideration for the licensed rights, we paid CIEMAT Group an initial upfront license fee of €0.03 million (approximately $0.03 million) which was expensed as research and development costs. We are obligated to make aggregate milestone payments of up to €1.4 million (approximately $1.5 million) to CIEMAT Group upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones. With respect to any commercialized products covered by the PKD license, we are obligated to pay a low to mid-single digit percentage royalty on net sales, subject to specified adjustments, by us or our sublicensees or affiliates. In the event that we enter into a sublicense agreement with a sublicensee, we will be obligated to pay a portion of any consideration received from such sublicensees in specified circumstances.

We may terminate this agreement at any time by providing CIEMAT Group with 90 days’ advance notice. The license is in effect for a duration for each of the countries defined in this agreement for as long as a license right exists that covers the licensed product or process in such country, or until the end of any additional legal protection that should be obtained for the license rights in each country.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including in the field of gene therapy, are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products and novel therapies. While we believe that our experience and scientific knowledge provides us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including larger and better-funded pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, new market entrants and new technologies, as well as from academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions, which may in the future develop products to treat the indications targeted by our pipeline that have not yet been conceived. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies such as bone marrow transplantation and new therapies that may become available in the future. We believe that the key competitive factors affecting the success of our product candidates, if approved, are likely to be efficacy, safety, convenience, price, pharmaco-economic value, tolerability and the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from governmental authorities and other third-party payors. In addition, we intend to develop single treatment curative therapies for clinical indications that address mortality or high morbidity, which could differentiate us from potential competitors developing alternative competitive therapies that may require chronic or repetitive treatment.

Other early-stage companies may also compete through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of companies developing gene therapies. These companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs and therapeutic modalities enter the market and advanced technologies become available. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our potential competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer adverse effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our potential competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for our products.

Manufacturing

Our gene therapy platform has two main components: the production of AAV and LV vectors and the target cell transduction process, which results in drug product. We commenced GMP manufacturing at our facility in Cranbury, New Jersey in 2022. We plan to supplement our own direct manufacturing capabilities with third-party manufacturers for our AAV programs. For our LV programs, we currently rely on third-party manufacturers to produce the plasmids, vectors, cell banks and final drug product for our clinical trials. We manage such production with our vendors on a purchase order basis in accordance with applicable master service and supply agreements. We have long-term agreements with these manufacturers. Whenever possible, we procure materials from redundant and multiple sources to mitigate risk. If any of our existing third-party suppliers should become unavailable to us for any reason, we believe that there are a number of potential replacements, although we might experience a delay in our ability to obtain alternative suppliers. We also do not have any current contractual relationships for the manufacture of commercial supplies of our product candidates if they become registered. With respect to commercial production of our product candidates in the future, we plan to pursue multiple options including direct manufacturing as well as outsourcing production of the active pharmaceutical (drug substance) ingredients and final drug product manufacturing (drug product) to contract manufacturing organizations if these products are approved and registered for marketing authorization by the applicable regulatory bodies.

We expect to continue to develop drug candidates that can be produced in a cost-effective manner through direct manufacturing or at contract manufacturing facilities. Should a supplier or manufacturer on which we have relied to produce a product candidate provide us with a faulty product or such product is later recalled, or should we experience such problems for our own products produced through direct manufacturing, we would likely experience delays and additional costs, each of which could be significant.

Government Regulation

FDA Regulation and Marketing Approval

In the U.S., the FDA regulates drugs under the FDCA, and biologics under the Public Health Service Act, the regulations promulgated under both laws and other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. regulatory requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions and non-approval of product candidates. These sanctions could include, among other things, the imposition by the FDA of a clinical hold on trials, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications or related supplements, withdrawal of an approval, untitled or warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, restitution, disgorgement, civil penalties, or criminal prosecution. Such actions by government agencies could also require us to expend a large amount of resources to respond to the actions. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions and in foreign countries impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, approval, manufacture, distribution and marketing of pharmaceutical products. These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate R&D activities and the testing, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, post-approval monitoring, advertising, promotion, sampling and import and export of our products. Our drug candidates must be approved by the FDA as biologics through the BLA process applicable to gene therapy product candidates, before they may be legally marketed in the U.S.

A BLA submission typically includes the results of non-clinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests, proposed labeling and other information relevant to the product’s intended indication. The FDA has 60 days from receipt of a BLA to conduct an initial review to determine if the BLA meets the minimum requirements for filing. FDA may request additional information rather than accept a BLA for filing. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information. Once accepted for filing, FDA reviews a BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and potent, or effective, for its intended use, has an acceptable purity profile, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, FDA has agreed to complete its initial review of new BLAs within ten months from the filing date, or six months from the filing date for a priority review, which are referred to as PDUFA Goal Dates. A PDUFA Goal Date may be extended by the FDA for three additional months in certain circumstances.

Before approving a BLA, the FDA typically will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to ensure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites to ensure compliance with Good Clinical Practices, or GCP. For a gene therapy product, the FDA also will not approve the product if the manufacturer is not in compliance with the applicable parts of the current Good Tissue Practices, or cGTPs. These are FDA regulations that govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products, or HCT/Ps. If the FDA determines that the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities are not acceptable, it typically will outline the deficiencies and often will request additional testing or information. This may significantly delay further review of the application. If the FDA finds that a clinical site did not conduct the clinical trial in accordance with GCP, the FDA may determine the data generated by the clinical site should be excluded from the primary efficacy analyses provided in the BLA.

BLA applicants typically must conduct one or more human clinical trials to demonstrate that their biological product is safe and effective for its intended uses. Prior to conducting clinical trials, a BLA applicant must conduct preclinical studies, such as animal and laboratory testing, to support an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, to the FDA seeking authorization to conduct the necessary clinical trials. Clinical trials conducted in foreign countries do not require an IND and data from such trials may be submitted in a BLA provided the study meets GCP requirements. Once submitted, an IND becomes effective 30 days after submission unless FDA imposes a clinical hold. FDA may also impose a clinical hold on a trial while an IND is in effect. For example, on May 23, 2025, FDA placed a clinical hold on our ongoing trial in Danon Disease for the RP-A501 product after we reported a trial subject death to the FDA. After a complete investigation and revisions to the clinical trial protocol to address the potential risks, FDA lifted the clinical hold on August 20, 2025.

Certain human clinical trials involving recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules are subject to oversight of local institutional biosafety committees, or IBCs, as set forth in the National Institutes for Health Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules, or NIH Guidelines. While the NIH Guidelines are not mandatory unless the research in question is being conducted at or sponsored by institutions receiving NIH funding of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecule research, many companies and other institutions not otherwise subject to the NIH Guidelines voluntarily follow them.

Further, an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, at each study site must review and approve the clinical trial before it commences at that site to ensure that informed consent is obtained from each trial subject and to otherwise protect trial subject welfare. FDA, an IRB, or the sponsor, may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time due to concerns over unacceptable health risks or lack of compliance with FDA requirements. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent data safety monitoring board or committee. This group reviews limited trial data at designated timepoints and may recommend halting the trial if it determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk or an unlikely demonstration of efficacy.

All clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations, GCP requirements and their protocols for the data to be acceptable to FDA. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Clinical trials may not be successful within any specified period, or at all. Government regulation may delay or prevent marketing of product candidates for a considerable period of time and impose costly procedures upon our activities.

After the FDA completes its review, it will either approve the BLA or issue a complete response letter, or CRL, setting forth deficiencies that must be remedied and submitted to FDA in a resubmission before the BLA may be approved. FDA has committed to reviewing resubmissions in two to six months depending on the type of information included. FDA issued a CRL for our KRESLADI BLA for certain chemistry and manufacturing deficiencies. We responded to the CRL with a resubmission to the BLA that FDA accepted in October 2025. FDA has assigned a new PDUFA Goal Date of March 28,2026 for the KRESLADI BLA. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products that present difficult issues to an advisory committee. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of such a committee but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information for publication on a public website. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of their clinical trials after completion; however, disclosure of the results can be delayed until the new product or new indication has been approved up to a maximum of two years. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of our development programs.

Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new BLA or BLA supplement before the change can be implemented. A BLA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing BLA supplements as it does in reviewing BLAs.

Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval may be limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or might contain significant limitations on use in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications, or in the form of onerous Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy plans called REMS, restrictions on distribution or use, or post-marketing trial requirements. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product, including safety labeling or imposition of a REMS, the requirement to conduct post-market studies or clinical trials or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval for our products, or obtaining approval but for significantly limited use, would harm our business. In addition, we cannot predict what adverse governmental regulations may arise from future U.S. or foreign governmental action.

Patent Term Extension

Under U.S. patent laws, a portion of a product’s patent term that was lost during clinical development and regulatory review by the FDA may be restored by returning up to five years of patent life for a patent that covers a new product or its use. This period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND (falling after issuance of the patent) and the submission date of a BLA, plus the time between the submission date of a BLA and the approval of that application, provided that the sponsor acted with diligence. Patent term restorations, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended and the extension must be applied for prior to expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration.

Market Exclusivity

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, or the BPCIA, created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be similar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-approved reference biological product, so called biosimilars.

Approved biological products may receive exclusivity that blocks the submission or approval of a biosimilar application that references the approved product. Specifically, the FDA will not accept a biosimilar application until four years after the date of first licensure of the applicable reference product, and FDA will not approve a biosimilar application until twelve years after the date of first licensure of the reference product.

In addition, under the Orphan Drug Act, FDA may designate a biologic product as an “orphan drug” if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition (generally meaning that it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S., or where there is no reasonable expectation that the sales of the product will cover the cost of its development. Orphan product designation must be requested before submitting a BLA and once granted is disclosed publicly by FDA. Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. If a product with an orphan designation is the first to receive FDA approval for the designated disease or condition, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, meaning that FDA may not approve the same drug or biologic product for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority or an inability to supply sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the patient needs. Competitors, however, may receive approval of different products for the same orphan indication, or the same product for a different indication, during the exclusivity period. Orphan medicinal product status in the EU has similar, but not identical, benefits.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of exclusivity in the U.S. and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted if a BLA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly responds to a written request from the FDA for such data. For biologic products like our candidates, a grant of pediatric exclusivity could extend orphan exclusivity to 7.5 years instead of 7 years.

Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Priority Review Vouchers

The FDCA incentivizes the development of drugs and biological products that meet the definition of a “rare pediatric disease.” The sponsor of a product candidate for a rare pediatric disease may be eligible for a voucher that can be used to obtain a priority review for a subsequent human drug or biological product application after the date of approval of the rare pediatric disease drug or biological product, referred to as a priority review voucher, or PRV. A sponsor may request rare pediatric disease designation from the FDA prior to the submission of its BLA. A rare pediatric disease designation does not guarantee that a sponsor will receive a PRV upon approval of its BLA. If a PRV is received, it may be sold or transferred an unlimited number of times.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

FDA is authorized to expedite BLA reviews in several ways. Under the Fast Track program, a sponsor may request FDA to designate a product for a specific indication as a Fast Track product concurrent with or after the filing of the IND. Biologic products are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product candidate and the specific indication for which it is being studied. In addition to other benefits, such as the ability to have greater interactions with FDA, FDA may initiate review of sections of a Fast Track BLA before the application is complete, a process known as rolling review. We have received Fast Track designation for our RP-A501, RP-L102, RP-L201, and RP-L301 product candidates.

Another expedited review program is the regenerative medicine advanced therapy, or RMAT designation. To qualify for RMAT designation, the product candidate must be a regenerative medicine therapy that is intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition for which there is preliminary clinical evidence indicating that the product has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. We have received RMAT designations for several of our gene therapy product candidates, including RP-A601 for PKP-2 arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in July 2025. A BLA for a product candidate that has received RMAT designation may be eligible for priority review or accelerated approval. Benefits of RMAT designation also include early interactions with FDA to discuss any potential surrogate or intermediate endpoint to be used to support accelerated approval.

A product candidate including one that received Fast Track or RMAT designation is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious condition and, if approved, it would be a significant improvement in the safety or effectiveness for a serious condition compared to available therapies. FDA aims to complete its review of priority review applications within six months as opposed to 10 months for standard review.

Additionally, a biologic product may be eligible for accelerated approval if it is designed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrates an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit. As a condition of an accelerated approval, FDA may require the sponsor to perform post-marketing clinical trials to confirm efficacy.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or the time period for FDA review or approval may not be shortened. Fast Track and RMAT designations, priority review and accelerated approval do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process.

Post-Marketing Requirements

Following approval of a new product, a pharmaceutical company and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and recordkeeping activities, reporting to the applicable regulatory authorities of adverse experiences with the product, providing the regulatory authorities with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with promotion and advertising requirements.

Prescription drug advertising is subject to federal, state, and foreign regulations. In the U.S., the FDA regulates prescription drug promotion, including direct-to-consumer advertising. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use. Any distribution of prescription drug products and pharmaceutical samples must comply with the U.S. Drug Supply Chain Security Act and the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, both of which are part of the FDCA.

In the U.S., once a product is approved, its manufacturing is subject to comprehensive and continuing regulation by the FDA. The FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP, including any manufacturing activities performed by contractors. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Additionally, manufacturers and other parties involved in the supply chain for prescription drug products must comply with certain product tracking, tracing and notification requirements. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort to maintain regulatory compliance. The discovery of violative conditions after launching a product, including failure to conform to cGMP, could result in enforcement actions interrupting operations, including, among other things, recall, withdrawal of the product from the market, or refusal of importation. In addition, the manufacturer and/or holder of an approved BLA is subject to annual PDUFA program fees that typically increase annually.

The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, also known as Phase 4 testing, to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval via a REMS that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, untitled or warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, withdrawal of approval, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and may also require the implementation of other risk management measures. New government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Sales of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of reimbursement from third-party payors, including government healthcare program administrative authorities, managed care organizations, private health insurers, and other entities. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescription drugs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products. Therefore, our products, once approved, may not obtain market acceptance unless coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products.

The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a drug product typically is separate from the process for setting the price of a drug product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the drug product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, or otherwise subject it to a health technology assessment. In either case, payer coverage rules might exclude certain FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover our product candidates could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved. Moreover, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Additionally, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. One third-party payor’s decision to cover a particular drug product or service does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the medical product or service or will provide coverage at an adequate reimbursement rate. As a result, the coverage determination process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately and will be a time-consuming process.

The containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal, state, and foreign governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for drug products and medical services, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost effectiveness of drug products and medical services, in addition to questioning safety and efficacy. If these third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after FDA approval or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products at a profit.

It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s product could adversely affect the sales of our product candidates, once approved. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally tend to be significantly lower.

Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws and Other Regulatory Matters

In the U.S., among other things, the research, manufacturing, distribution, sale and promotion of drug products and medical devices are potentially subject to regulation and enforcement by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Department of Justice, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, state Attorneys General and other state and local government agencies. Our current and future business activities, including for example, sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with healthcare regulatory laws, as applicable, which may include the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the Federal False Claims Act, as amended, the privacy and security regulations promulgated under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended, physician payment transparency laws, and similar state laws. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, as amended, and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, as amended, which requires special pricing to both the Veterans Administration and other Federal agencies, as well as to certain safety net providers, referred to as 340B covered entities. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. All of these activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage, and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person or entity, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf) to knowingly and willfully, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, solicit, receive, offer, or pay any remuneration that is intended to induce the referral of business, including the purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of, any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances. Additionally, the intent standard under the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care Education and Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”), to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the Federal False Claims Act. Violations of this law are punishable by up to ten years in prison, criminal fines, administrative civil money penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. In addition, many states have adopted laws similar to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Some of these state prohibitions apply to the referral of patients for healthcare services reimbursed by any insurer, not just federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Due to the breadth of these federal and state anti-kickback laws, and the potential for additional legal or regulatory change in this area, it is possible that our future business activities, including our sales and marketing practices and/or our future relationships with physicians and the medical community might be challenged under anti-kickback laws, which could harm us.

Federal false claims and false statement laws, including the civil False Claims Act, prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for items or services, including drugs, that are false or fraudulent. Although we would not submit claims directly to payors, manufacturers can be held liable under these laws if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, knowingly providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. In addition, our future activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for our products, the reporting of prices used to calculate Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state, and third-party reimbursement for our products, and the sale and marketing of our products, are subject to scrutiny under this law. Penalties for a civil False Claims Act violation include three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties for each separate false claim, the potential for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, and, although the Federal False Claims Act is a civil statute, conduct that results in a False Claims Act violation may also implicate various federal criminal statutes. If the government were to allege that we were, or convict us of, violating these false claims laws, we could be subject to a substantial fine and may suffer a decline in our stock price. In addition, private individuals have the ability to bring actions under the Federal Civil False Claims Act and certain states have enacted laws modeled after the Federal False Claims Act.

Additionally, HIPAA created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

There are also an increasing number of federal and state laws that require manufacturers to make reports to states on pricing and marketing information. Many of these laws contain ambiguities as to what is required to comply with the laws. For example, there are federal government price reporting laws, which require us to calculate and report complex pricing metrics in an accurate and timely manner to government programs. In addition, a similar federal requirement under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers to track and report to the federal government certain payments provided to physicians, certain non-physician providers, and teaching hospitals made in the previous calendar year, as well as certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, and chiropractors) and their immediate family members. These laws may affect our sales, marketing, and other promotional activities by imposing administrative and compliance burdens on us. In addition, given the lack of clarity with respect to these laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state and federal authorities.

In addition, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their respective implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published on January 25, 2013, imposes specified requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information on certain types of individuals and organizations. Although we will not likely be a “covered entity” under this law, our customers may require us to become a “business associate” to them for various purposes, which will require that we make ourselves amenable to lawsuits by state attorneys general for any data breaches we may incur. In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other and from HIPAA in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

The failure to comply with regulatory requirements subjects us to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in significant criminal, civil and/or administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We plan to develop a comprehensive compliance program that establishes internal controls to facilitate adherence to the law and program requirements to which we will or may become subject because we intend to commercialize products that could be reimbursed under a federal healthcare program and other governmental healthcare programs. However, we cannot guarantee that this program will work effectively with respect to every federal and state law at each and every moment where such compliance is necessary.

Changes in law or the interpretation of existing law could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing or sales arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; (iv) increases in our governmental rebate liability; or (v) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

Healthcare Legislative Reform

In both the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the ACA, was enacted, which, among other things, subjected biologic products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars; addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted including:

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In August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals for deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction, which triggered the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of, up to 2% per fiscal year, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 2030 unless Congress takes additional action. These reductions went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional action is taken by Congress.

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On April 13, 2017, CMS published a final rule that gives states greater flexibility in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through such marketplaces.

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On May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act, was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

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On May 23, 2019, CMS published a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020.

There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the U.S. with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. President Trump issued an executive order on May 12, 2025 directing multiple federal agencies to take actions to compel drug manufacturers to lower drug prices in the US to the level of other developed nations. This order also orders the Health and Human Services Secretary to facilitate direct to consumer purchasing by manufacturers. A number of manufacturers have entered into agreements with the Trump Administration to effectuate these dictates, generally in exchange for relief from proposed tariffs on their pharmaceutical products.

President Trump’s order is separate from the Inflation Reduction Act, enacted on August 16, 2022, which provides for (i) the government to set or negotiate prices for select high-cost Medicare Part D (beginning in 2026) and Medicare Part B drugs (beginning in 2028) that are more than nine years (for small-molecule drugs) or 13 years (for biological products) from their FDA approval, (ii) manufacturers to pay a rebate for Medicare Part B and Part D drugs when prices increase faster than inflation beginning in 2022 for Medicare Part D and 2023 for Medicare Part B drugs, and (iii) Medicare Part D redesign which replaces the current coverage gap provisions and establishes a $2,000 cap for out-of-pocket limits costs for Medicare beneficiaries beginning in 2025, with manufacturers being responsible for 10% of costs up to the $2,000 cap and 20% after that cap is reached. Implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act has occurred, but the results of its impact on the market for drugs, including our products, remains uncertain.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that the healthcare reform measures that have been adopted and may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product and could seriously harm our future revenues. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private third-party payors.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal, and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our product. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

European Union Drug Review and Approval

Clinical Trial Approval

In the EU, an applicant for authorization of a clinical trial must obtain prior approval from the national competent authority of the EU Member States in which the clinical trial is to be conducted. Furthermore, the applicant may only start a clinical trial at a specific study site after the relevant independent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion in accordance with the laws of the Member State(s) concerned. In April 2014, the EU adopted the new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which replaced the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC on January 31, 2022. It overhauls the system of approvals for clinical trials in the EU. Specifically, the new legislation, which is directly applicable in all EU Member States (meaning that no national implementing legislation in each EU Member State is required), aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the EU. For instance, the new Clinical Trials Regulation provides for a streamlined application procedure through the EU CTIS via a single-entry point (instead of submitting applications for a multi-jurisdictional trial with several sites separately to each national competent authority and ethics committee in the Member States in which the trial will be conducted) and strictly defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications. The Clinical Trials Regulation also makes it more efficient for EU Member States to evaluate and authorize applications for pan European, multi-site trials together, via the EU CTIS portal.

The transitory provisions of the new Clinical Trials Regulation offered sponsors the possibility to choose between the requirements of the previous Clinical Trials Directive and the Clinical Trials Regulation if the request for authorization of a clinical trial is submitted in the year after the new Clinical Trials Regulation became applicable i.e. until January 31, 2023. Since January 31, 2023, all applications need to be submitted under and in accordance with the Clinical Trial Regulation. If the sponsor chose to submit under the Clinical Trials Directive, the clinical trial continues to be governed by the Directive and the relevant implementing legislation in each EU Member State, as required, until three years after the new Clinical Trials Regulation became applicable. If a clinical trial continues for more than three years after the Clinical Trials Regulation became applicable, the Clinical Trials Regulation will at that time begin to apply to the clinical trial. The implementation of the Clinical Trial Regulation may require us to take additional steps and procedures to ensure that our clinical trials comply with applicable laws.

Marketing Authorization

In the EU, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a marketing authorization. There are two types of marketing authorizations: (1) the centralized authorization, which is issued by the European Commission through the centralized procedure based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, a body of the EMA, and which is valid throughout the entire territory of the European Economic Area, or EEA (comprising the EU Member States plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein); and (2) national marketing authorizations, which is issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EU and only authorize marketing in that Member State’s national territory and not the EEA as a whole, including the harmonized issuance of marketing authorizations in several Member States upon the initial application (“Decentralized Procedure”) or subsequently after the issuance of the initial national marketing authorization (“Mutual Recognition Procedure”) in accordance with the procedures set forth in Directive 2001/83/EC.

The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy medicinal products (i.e., gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy, and tissue-engineered medicines) and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune diseases and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The centralized procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EU, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific, or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health. Gene therapy products are a type of advanced therapy medicinal product (“ATMP”) in the EU. The scientific evaluation of marketing authorization applications for ATMPs is primarily performed by the committee for advanced therapies (“CAT”), a committee of the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”). The CAT prepares a draft opinion on the quality, safety, and efficacy of the ATMP which is the subject of the marketing authorization application, which is sent for final approval to the CHMP. The CHMP recommendation is then sent to the European Commission, which adopts a decision binding in all EEA Member States. The maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application for an ATMP is 210 days from receipt of a valid application, excluding clock stops when additional information or written or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions of the CAT and/or CHMP. Clock stops may extend the timeframe of evaluation of an application considerably beyond 210 days. Where the CHMP gives a positive opinion, the EMA provides the opinion together with supporting documentation to the European Commission, who make the final decision to grant a marketing authorization, which is issued within 67 days of receipt of the EMA’s recommendation. Accelerated assessment may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest from the point of view of public health and, in particular, from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation. If the CHMP accepts such a request, the timeframe of 210 days for assessment will be reduced to 150 days (excluding clock stops), but it is possible that the CHMP may revert to the standard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that the application is no longer appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment. The development and evaluation of a gene therapy medicinal product must be considered in the context of the relevant EU guidelines, and the EMA may issue new guidelines concerning the development and marketing authorization for gene therapy medicinal products and require that we comply with these new guidelines.

National marketing authorizations are for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EU, this marketing authorization can be recognized in another Member States through the mutual recognition procedure. If the product has not received a national marketing authorization in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. Under the Decentralized Procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which an authorization is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State (“RMS”). If the RMS proposes to authorize the product, and the other Member States do not raise objections, the product is granted a national marketing authorization in all the Member States where the authorization was sought. Harmonization throughout all concerned Member States is achieved through procedures set forth in various EU directives and regulations, including Directive 2001/83/EC, e.g. in cases of differences on the assessment between the relevant authorities of Member States.

Under the above-described procedures, before granting the MAA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EU make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety, and efficacy.

Regulatory exclusivity

In the EU, innovative products authorized for marketing (i.e., reference products) may qualify for eight years of data exclusivity and an additional two years of market exclusivity upon marketing authorization. The data exclusivity period prevents generic or biosimilar applicants from relying on the preclinical and clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference product when applying for a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization in the EU during a period of eight years from the date on which the reference product was first authorized in the EU. The market exclusivity period prevents a successful generic or biosimilar applicant from commercializing its product in the EU until ten years have elapsed from the initial authorization of the reference product. The ten-year market exclusivity period can be extended to a maximum of eleven years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. Even if an innovative medicinal product gains the prescribed period of data exclusivity, however, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained marketing authorization based on a marketing authorization application with a completely independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests, and clinical trials.

There is no guarantee that a product will be considered to be an innovative medicinal product. Even if a product is considered to be an innovative medicinal product and qualifies for the prescribed period of data exclusivity, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained marketing authorization based on an MAA with a complete and independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials. Following the expiry of regulatory exclusivity for a product (or if a product does not qualify for regulatory exclusivity), a generic or biosimilar version of the applicable product may be authorized and marketed in the EU. Therefore, we would need to rely upon enforcement of any surviving European patents covering the applicable product to protect against generic competition in the EU.

Orphan designation and exclusivity

The criteria for designating an orphan medicinal product in the EU, are similar in principle to those in the U.S. Under Article 3 of Regulation (EC) 141/2000, a medicinal product may be designated as orphan if the following criteria are fulfilled: (i) it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (ii) either (a) such condition affects no more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU when the application is made, or (b) the product, without the benefits derived from orphan status, would not generate sufficient return in the EU to justify the necessary investment in its development; and (iii) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU, or if such a method exists, the product will be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition, as defined in Regulation (EC) 847/2000. Orphan medicinal products are eligible for financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and are, upon grant of a marketing authorization, entitled to ten years of market exclusivity for the approved therapeutic indication. The application for orphan designation must be submitted before the application for marketing authorization. The applicant will receive a fee reduction for the marketing authorization application if the orphan designation has been granted, but not if the designation is still pending at the time the marketing authorization is submitted. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

The ten-year market exclusivity may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation, for example, if the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Otherwise, orphan medicine marketing exclusivity may be revoked only in very select cases, such as if:

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a second applicant can establish that its product, although similar to the authorized product, is safer, more effective, or otherwise clinically superior;

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the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or

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the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product.

The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the EEA.

PRIME designation

In March 2016, the EMA launched an initiative to facilitate development of product candidates in indications, often rare, for which few or no therapies currently exist. The PRIME scheme is intended to encourage drug development in areas of unmet medical need and provides accelerated assessment of products representing substantial innovation, where the marketing authorization application will be made through the centralized procedure. Eligible products must target conditions for which where is an unmet medical need, i.e., there is no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment in the EU or, if there is, the new medicine will bring a major therapeutic advantage, and they must show potential to benefit patients with unmet medical needs based on early clinical data. Products from small- and medium-sized enterprises may qualify for earlier entry into the PRIME scheme than larger companies. Many benefits accrue to sponsors of product candidates with PRIME designation, including but not limited to, early and proactive regulatory dialogue with the EMA, frequent discussions on clinical trial designs and other development program elements, and accelerated marketing authorization application assessment once a dossier has been submitted. Importantly, a dedicated contact and rapporteur from the EMA’s CHMP or Committee for Advanced Therapies are appointed early in PRIME scheme facilitating increased understanding of the product at the EMA’s committee level. A kick-off meeting initiates these relationships and includes a team of multidisciplinary experts at the EMA to provide guidance on the overall development and regulatory strategies. Where, during the course of development, a medicine no longer meets the eligibility criteria, support under the PRIME scheme may be withdrawn.

Reform of the Regulatory Framework in the European Union

The European Commission introduced legislative proposals in April 2023 that, if implemented, will replace the current regulatory framework in the EU for all medicines, including those for rare diseases and for children. The European Commission has provided the legislative proposals to the European Parliament and the European Council for their review and approval. In October 2023, the European Parliament published draft reports proposing amendments to the legislative proposals. In April 2024, the European Parliament initially debated the draft legislation. Once the European Commission’s legislative proposals have been initially voted on by the European Parliament and the European Council, reviewed, negotiated and discussed among those bodies, the final text of these legislative proposals will be adopted into EU law.

Brexit and the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom

The U.K. formally left the EU on January 31, 2020. The EU and the U.K. have concluded a trade and cooperation agreement (“TCA”), which includes specific provisions concerning pharmaceuticals, which include the mutual recognition of GMP, inspections of manufacturing facilities for medicinal products and GMP documents issued, but does not provide for wholesale mutual recognition of U.K. and EU pharmaceutical regulations.

The MHRA in the U.K. established the Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (“ILAP”), which aims to accelerate the time to market and facilitate patient access to certain types of medicinal products in development which target a life-threatening or seriously debilitating condition, or where there is a significant patient or public health need. The first step in the ILAP is receipt of an Innovation Passport, which allows for enhanced engagement with the MHRA and its partner agencies. Once an Innovation Passport has been granted, the next step in the pathway is the preparation of a target development profile (“TDP”) document by the MHRA and the U.K.’s health technology assessment agencies. The TDP sets out the regulatory and development milestones, identifies potential issues and creates a roadmap to achieving early patient access in the U.K. The TDP also gives access to a toolkit where a number of tools can be selected as needed for a particular medicine or stage of development. These tools include rolling review of an MAA, whereby data can be submitted for review on a rolling basis as it becomes available.

On January 1, 2024, a new international recognition framework was put in place by the MHRA, under which the MHRA may have regard to decisions on the approval of marketing authorizations made by the EMA and certain other regulators.

On February 27, 2023, the U.K. government and the EC announced a political agreement in principle to replace the Northern Ireland Protocol with a new set of arrangements, known as the “Windsor Framework”. This new framework fundamentally changes the existing system under the Northern Ireland Protocol (which previously applied in Northern Ireland, but not in Great Britain), including with respect to the regulation of medicinal products in the U.K. In particular, the MHRA will be responsible for approving all medicinal products destined for the U.K. market (Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and the EMA will no longer have any role in approving medicinal products destined for Northern Ireland. A single U.K.-wide marketing authorization will be granted by the MHRA for all medicinal products to be sold in the U.K., enabling products to be sold in a single pack and under a single authorization throughout the U.K. The Windsor Framework was approved by the EU-U.K. Joint Committee on March 24, 2023, so the U.K. Government and the EU will enact legislative measures to enact it into law. On June 9, 2023, the MHRA announced that the medicines aspects of the Windsor Framework will apply from January 1, 2025.

As of January 1, 2025, the MHRA has been responsible for approving all medicines intended to be marketed in the U.K., and the EMA is no longer be involved in approving medicines intended for sale in Northern Ireland.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2025, we had 202 full-time employees, of whom 195 were located in the U.S., 6 in Spain, and 1 in Italy. Of these employees, 150 were primarily engaged in research and development activities and 52 were primarily engaged in general and administrative activities. We also engage the services of independent contractors and consultants as needed for special or temporary projects or specific expertise. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Compensation and Benefits Programs

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, attracting, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing, developing, and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors, and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives. We provide employee wages and benefits that are competitive within our industry, and we engage a nationally recognized outside compensation and benefits consulting firm to independently evaluate the effectiveness of our compensation and benefit programs and to provide benchmarking against our peers within the industry.

Talent and Culture

We believe that developing a diverse, equitable and inclusive culture is critical to continuing to attract and retain the top talent necessary to deliver on our growth strategy. As such, we are investing in creating and maintaining a diverse, inclusive and safe work environment where our employees can feel inspired to deliver their workplace best every day. We regularly assess our benefit programs, employee engagement and turnover, recruitment initiatives, workforce diversity and other workplace culture matters relevant to human capital management, and review those results with our board of directors on a periodic basis. All employees are responsible for upholding certain standards of behaviors and adhere to a Company code of conduct, which form the foundation of our policies and practices.

Employee Development and Training

The development, recruitment and retention of our employees is a critical success factor for our company. To provide a meaningful experience for our employees, we offer training and development programs to increase our organizational learning and support the promotion and career development of our current employees.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 1999 as Inotek Pharmaceuticals Corporation (“Inotek”). In January 2018, Inotek merged with Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. and changed its name to Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 9 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, and our telephone number is (609) 659-8001. Our internet address is www.rocketpharma.com. We use our website as means of disclosing material information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our SEC reports can be accessed through the Investors section of our website. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “RCKT.”

Item 1A. Risk Factors

We operate in an industry that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, including our financial statements and related notes hereto. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below may change over time and other risks and uncertainties, including those that we do not currently consider material, may impair our business. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Operating History

We are and may continue to be targets of securities-related class action and derivative lawsuits and defending against these claims could result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. These lawsuits, and any other lawsuits to which we are subject, may be costly to defend or pursue and are uncertain in their outcome

The outcome of litigation is necessarily uncertain, and we cannot predict the outcome of these pending legal proceedings. An unfavorable outcome in any such proceeding could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash resources. In addition, we may be exposed to additional litigation even if no wrongdoing occurred and we ultimately prevail. Continuing or additional litigation, or responding to any related investigation or enforcement action, as well as a material final judgment or decree against us, would be expensive, divert management’s attention and resources, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash resources. Moreover, if our stock price is volatile, we could face additional securities class action lawsuits in the future.

Our strategic restructuring may not result in the savings we anticipate, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our operations

On July 23, 2025, the Company began implementation of a strategic corporate reorganization and pipeline prioritization aimed at maximizing near-term value, extending operational runway into the second quarter of 2027, and positioning the company for sustained long-term growth. The restructuring and reprioritization initiative focuses Rocket's resources on the AAV cardiovascular platform, comprised of clinical programs in DD, PKP2-ACM, and BAG3-DCM, as well as KRESLADI™ for severe LAD-I. As a result of the reprioritization, we are reliant on fewer drug candidates, which concentrates the risk to our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects if we fail to achieve commercialization of any one of our drug candidate programs.

As part of the restructuring, the Company implemented a RIF of approximately 30% of its total workforce, which, along with other planned cost-saving initiatives, is expected to reduce the Company’s 12-month operating expenses by approximately 25%.

While the reorganization is intended to streamline operations, improve capital efficiency, and extend the Company’s cash runway, we may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements from our restructuring and RIF due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from our restructuring, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. The reduction in force and related organizational changes may also result in near-term disruption to the Company’s operations, loss of institutional knowledge, or diminished employee morale, which could adversely impact productivity and the Company’s ability to execute on key initiatives. We also cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional workforce reductions or restructuring activities in the future. In addition, the RIF could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, or disruptions in our day-to-day operations. The RIF could also harm our ability to attract and retain qualified management, scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel who are critical to our business. Any failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could prevent us from successfully developing and commercializing, if approved, our product candidates.

We are a late-stage gene therapy company with a limited operating history on which to base your investment decision. Gene therapy product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. Our operations to date have been limited primarily to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring, and developing product and technology rights, building out our R&D and manufacturing capabilities, and conducting preclinical and clinical R&D activities for our product candidates. We have never generated any revenue from product sales. We have not obtained regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates and have funded our operations to date through proceeds from sales of our stock.

We have incurred net losses since our inception. We incurred net losses of $223.1 million and $258.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.44 billion. Substantially all our operating losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our R&D programs, buildout of our manufacturing capabilities and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we intend to continue to conduct R&D, clinical trials, regulatory compliance activities, and internal and external manufacturing activities. If any of our product candidates are approved, sales and marketing activities, together with anticipated G&A expenses, would likely result in us continuing to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We have limited sales or marketing infrastructure and have no Company experience in the sale, marketing, or distribution of pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any approved candidate for which we retain sales and marketing responsibilities, we must either continue to develop our sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to third parties. In the future, we may choose to continue to build a focused sales, marketing, and commercial support infrastructure to sell, or participate in sales activities with our collaborators for, some of our product candidates if and when they are approved.

There are risks involved with both establishing our own commercial capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force or reimbursement specialists is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we establish marketing and other commercialization capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our commercialization personnel.

If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing, commercial support, and distribution services, our product revenues or the profitability of these product revenues to us may be lower than if we were to market and sell any medicines we may develop ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to commercialize our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We may have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our medicines effectively.

The amount of and our ability to use net operating losses and research and development credits to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations and uncertainty.

Federal net operating losses generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 generally may not be carried back to prior taxable years, and while such federal net operating losses generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 will not be subject to expiration, the deduction for such net operating loss in any taxable year will be limited to 80% of our taxable income in such year, where taxable income is determined without regard to the net operating loss deduction itself. As described above, we have incurred significant net losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future; and therefore, we do not know whether or when we will generate the U.S. federal or state taxable income necessary to utilize our net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards. Additionally, new tax laws could be enacted at any time, and existing tax laws or regulations could be interpreted, modified or applied in a manner that is adverse to us. For example, legislation enacted in 2017, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws, including changes in corporate tax rates, which collectively may impact the utilization of our NOLs and other deferred tax assets, the deductibility of expenses, and the taxation of foreign earnings. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Act or other recently enacted legislation may affect us, and certain aspects of such legislation could be repealed or modified in future legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act, the Coronavirus Aid Relief Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), legislation enacted on July 4, 2025 commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”), or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. The impact of changes under the Tax Act, the CARES Act, the OBBBA or future reform legislation could limit our ability to utilize our NOLs or increase our future U.S. tax expense and could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

In addition, the OBBBA modified the rules governing bonus depreciation for qualifying assets placed in service after January 19, 2025, and the deductibility of research and experimental expenditures by permitting immediate expensing of certain domestic research costs beginning after December 31, 2024, while retaining amortization requirements for certain foreign research costs. These changes may increase the amount of net operating losses generated in the near term but reduce deductions available in future periods, which could affect the timing and extent to which we are able to utilize our net operating loss and research and development tax credit carryforwards. The application of these provisions, including their interaction with other limitations on the use of net operating losses and tax credits, remain subject to guidance from the IRS. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the impact of the legislative changes as more guidance becomes available.

In general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or net operating losses or tax credits, or credits, (including federal research and development tax credits) to offset future taxable income or taxes. For these purposes, an ownership change generally occurs where the aggregate stock ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s stock increases its ownership by more than 50 percentage points over its lowest ownership percentage within a specified testing period. As described below, we have experienced numerous “ownership changes” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, many of which are outside of our control, could result in one or more additional ownership changes under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code and further limit our ability to utilize our net operating losses and credits. Our net operating losses or credits may also be impaired under state law. Accordingly, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our net operating losses or credits if we undergo an ownership change prior to the utilization of all such net operating losses or credits.

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for us to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

Our operations to date have predominantly focused on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring our technology, administering, and expanding our gene therapy platforms, identifying potential product candidates, undertaking research, preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, building out our R&D and manufacturing capabilities, and establishing licensing arrangements and collaborations. We have not yet obtained marketing approvals, manufactured a commercial-scale product, or conducted sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history. We are currently a drug discovery and clinical stage company and at a later point we will need to transition to a commercial stage company. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in this transition.

Risks Related to Capital Needs

We expect to require substantial future capital in order to expand our gene therapy platforms, advance preclinical and clinical development for our current product candidates and other future product candidates, if any, and potentially commercialize these product candidates. We expect our spending levels to increase in connection with our preclinical and clinical activities. Also, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our current or future product candidates, we expect to incur significant expenses related to product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations. Furthermore, to the extent we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. Additionally, recent volatility in capital markets, rising interest rates and lower market prices for our securities may affect our ability to access new capital on terms favorable to us, which may harm our liquidity, limit our ability to grow our business, pursue acquisitions or improve our operating infrastructure and restrict our ability to compete in our markets.

Our operations have consumed significant amounts of cash since inception. As of December 31, 2025, our cash, cash equivalents and investments were $188.9 million. Our future capital requirements will depend on numerous factors, many of which are outside of our control. Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory and marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with strategic collaboration partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory, pricing and reimbursement approvals necessary to commercialize our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from product sales for the foreseeable future, if ever. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales depends heavily on our success in:

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completing research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates;

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seeking and obtaining regulatory and marketing approvals for product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical studies;

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developing a sustainable, commercial-scale, reproducible, and transferable manufacturing process for our vectors and product candidates;

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establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate (in amount and quality) products and services to support preclinical and clinical development and the market demand for our product candidates, if approved;

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launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain regulatory and marketing approval, either by collaborating with a partner or, if launched independently, by establishing a sales force, marketing and distribution infrastructure;

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obtaining and maintaining a favorable market protection for our products, e.g., obtaining (and maintaining) orphan designation with market exclusivity in the EU, which in turn may depend on activities of third parties and other factors on which we have no influence;

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obtaining sufficient pricing and reimbursement for our product candidates from private and governmental payors;

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obtaining market acceptance of our product candidates and gene therapy as a viable treatment option;

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addressing any competing technological and market developments;

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identifying and validating new gene therapy product candidates;

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negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter; and

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maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how.

Even if one or more of the product candidates that we will develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory agencies, domestic or foreign, to perform clinical and other studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we generate revenues from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

Risks Related to Clinical Development and Product Regulatory Matters

Risks Related to Clinical Development of our Product Candidates

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our current and future product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. Clinical trials are expensive, time-consuming, and outcomes are uncertain.

Our experience with clinical trials has been limited. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all.

In addition, to the extent we seek to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in foreign countries, our ability to successfully initiate, enroll and complete a clinical study in any foreign country is subject to numerous risks unique to conducting business in foreign countries, including:

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difficulty in establishing or managing relationships with CROs and physicians;

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absence in some countries of established groups with sufficient regulatory expertise for review of AAV and LV gene therapy protocols;

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our inability to locate qualified local partners or collaborators for such clinical trials; and

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the potential burden of complying with a variety of foreign laws, medical standards and regulatory requirements, including the regulation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products and treatment.

If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay, limit or terminate planned clinical trials, the occurrence of any of which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll enough patients, or those with required or desired characteristics, to complete clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient enrollment and trial completion is affected by numerous factors including:

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severity of the disease under investigation and size of the patient population;

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eligibility criteria for the study in question;

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perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study, including as a result of adverse effects observed in similar or competing therapies;

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proximity and availability of clinical study sites for prospective patients;

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availability of competing therapies and clinical studies;

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patient referral practices of physicians; and

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ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment.

In particular, each of the conditions for which we plan to evaluate our current product candidates are rare genetic diseases with limited patient pools from which to draw for clinical studies. The process of identifying and diagnosing patients may prove costly. In some cases, potential patients may be located outside of the U.S., and immigration related issues, including government policy changes, may introduce additional delays into the enrollment process. Finally, the treatment process for our LV programs requires that the cells be obtained from patients and then shipped to a transduction facility within the required timelines, and this may introduce unacceptable shipping-related delays to the process.

Preliminary, interim or topline results in our ongoing clinical studies may not be indicative of results obtained when these studies are completed. Furthermore, success in early clinical studies may not be indicative of results obtained in later studies.

We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule. Study designs and results from previous or ongoing studies and clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future study or clinical trial results, and initial or interim results may not continue or be confirmed upon completion of the study or trial. Furthermore, our product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in later stages of clinical development despite having successfully advanced through initial clinical studies. We cannot guarantee that any of these studies will ultimately be successful or that preclinical or early-stage clinical studies will support further clinical advancement or regulatory approval of our product candidates.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim or topline data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available or as patients from our clinical trials continue other treatments for their disease. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercial viability of the particular product candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, regulatory delays or rejections may be encountered as a result of many factors, including changes in regulatory policy during the period of product development.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable and unforeseen side effects or be perceived by the public as unsafe, which could delay or prevent their advancement into clinical trials or regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

Gene therapy is still a relatively new approach to disease treatment and adverse side effects could develop with our product candidates.

Possible adverse side effects that could occur with treatment with gene therapy products include an immunologic reaction soon after administration which could substantially limit the effectiveness and durability of the treatment. If certain side effects are observed in testing of our potential product candidates, we may decide or be required to halt or delay further clinical development of our product candidates. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to halt or delay clinical development of our product candidates for reasons unrelated to new drug-related safety events being observed. For example, in May 2025, two patients participating in the Phase 2 pivotal study of RP-A501 for DD each experienced an unexpected SAE. The SAEs involved clinical complications related to a capillary leak syndrome and were followed by a systemic infection and multi-organ damage, ultimately leading to one of the patient’s deaths. As a result, we voluntarily paused further Phase 2 study dosing in the U.S. and EU, and the FDA subsequently placed the trial on clinical hold to allow for further evaluation, which was lifted in August 2025 after the investigation traced the unexpected SAEs to a protocol amendment that added a C3 inhibitor to the immunomodulatory regimen.

In addition to side effects caused by the product candidate, the administration process or related procedures associated with a given product candidate also can cause adverse side effects. If any such adverse events occur, our clinical trials could be suspended or terminated. Under certain circumstances, the FDA, the European Commission, the EMA or other regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of, or deny approval of, our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Moreover, if we elect or are required, to not initiate or to delay, suspend or terminate any ongoing or future clinical trial of any of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of such product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates may be delayed or eliminated.

Furthermore, if undesirable side effects caused by our product candidate are identified following regulatory approval of a product candidate, such as in long-term follow-up studies, several potentially significant negative consequences could result, including reputational harm and regulatory authorities suspending or withdrawing approvals of such product candidate, requiring additional warnings on the label or requiring that we change the way a product candidate is administered or that we conduct additional clinical trials.

Any of these occurrences may harm our ability to develop other product candidates, and may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Our gene therapy product candidates are based on novel technology, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval. Currently, relatively few gene and cell therapy products have been approved in the U.S. and the EU.

We have concentrated our R&D efforts to date on a gene therapy platform, and our future success depends on the successful development of viable gene therapy product candidates.

The clinical study requirements of the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory agencies and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of the potential products. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known or more extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates. Currently, relatively few gene and cell therapy products have received marketing authorization in the U.S. or the EU. It is therefore difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in the U.S., the EU or other jurisdictions. Approvals by the EMA may not be indicative of what the FDA may require for approval. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approvals necessary to bring a potential product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product revenue and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

Regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products have evolved and may continue to change in the future. For example, FDA may require us to perform additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials that may increase our development costs and delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our gene therapy product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. We cannot be certain whether future changes in FDA policy will adversely impact our gene therapy candidates or the duration or expense of any applicable regulatory development and review processes.

In addition, the EMA’s CAT and other regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any new guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups and comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of certain of our product candidates. These additional processes may result in a review and approval process that is longer than we otherwise would have expected. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to market could decrease our ability to generate product revenue, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially harmed.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the U.S., EU and other major markets, may designate drugs intended to treat conditions or diseases affecting relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. In the EU, the European Commission, based on the recommendation of the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition and either (i) such condition affects not more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the EU; or (ii) without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the drug or biologic product. In either case, the applicant for orphan designation must also demonstrate that there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of the condition in question that has been authorized in the EU or, if such method exists, the product must be of significant benefit compared to products available for the condition.

We have received orphan designation from the FDA and the European Commission for RP-L102 for the treatment of FA, for RP-L201 for the treatment of LAD-I, RP-A601 for the treatment of PKP2-ACM, and for RP-L301 for the treatment of PKD, and FDA orphan drug designation for RP-A501 for treatment of DD. To date, we have not requested orphan drug designation (or the foreign equivalent) for any other product candidates, and even if we do in the future there can be no assurances that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will grant any of our product candidates such designation. Additionally, the designation of any of our product candidates as an orphan product does not mean that any regulatory agency will accelerate regulatory review of, or ultimately approve, that product candidate, nor does it limit the ability of any regulatory agency to grant orphan drug designation to product candidates of other companies that treat the same indications as our product candidates prior to our product candidates receiving exclusive marketing approval.

Generally, if a product candidate with an orphan drug designation receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities from approving another marketing application for a product that constitutes the same drug (or “similar medicinal product” in the EEA) treating the same indication for that marketing exclusivity period, except in limited circumstances. If another sponsor receives such approval before we do (regardless of our orphan drug designation), or if in the EU a “similar medicinal product” is approved before we obtain a market authorizations for our product, we will be precluded from receiving marketing approval for our product for the applicable exclusivity period. The applicable period is seven years in the U.S. and 10 years in the EU. The exclusivity period in the EU may be extended by an additional two years if the applicant enjoys the incentives and rewards granted for including the results of additional pediatric studies in its product information. On the other hand, the exclusivity period in the EU can be reduced to six years if a product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation, such designation is revoked by the sponsor or expires, including if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be revoked if any regulatory agency determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition in the U.S. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA may subsequently approve another drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter drug is not the same drug or is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Additionally, the U.S. federal courts may interpret the orphan drug statutory or regulatory provisions in way that reduces or eliminates any exclusivity that may attach to our product candidates. The FDA may further reevaluate its regulations and policies related to orphan designation and orphan drug exclusivity. We do not know if, when, or how the FDA may change the orphan drug regulations and policies in the future, and it is uncertain how any changes might affect our business. Depending on what changes the FDA may make to its orphan drug regulations and policies, our business could be adversely impacted.

In the EU, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar medicinal product for the same orphan indication if:

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the second applicant can establish in its application that its medicinal product, although similar to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior;

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the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or

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the holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product cannot supply sufficient quantities of orphan medicinal product.

A Fast Track or regenerative medicine advanced therapy, or RMAT, designation by the FDA, or a PRIority MEdicines, or PRIME, designation by the EMA, even if granted for any of our current or future product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our current product candidate and any future product candidates will receive marketing approval.

If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the product demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation for a particular indication. We have received Fast Track designation for RP-A501 for DD, RP-L102 for FA, RP-L201 for LAD-I and RP-L301 for PKD. We may seek Fast Track designation for future product candidates, but there is no assurance that the FDA will grant this status to any of our proposed product candidates.

A company may request RMAT designation of its product candidate, and FDA may grant such designation if the product is a cell therapy, therapeutic tissue engineering product, human cell and tissue product, or any combination of such products for which preliminary clinical evidence indicates it has the potential to address unmet medical needs to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. We have received RMAT designation for RP-A501 for DD, RP-L102 for FA, RP-L201 for LAD-I and RP-L301 for PKD. RMAT designation provides potential benefits that include more frequent meetings with FDA to discuss the development plan for the product candidate, and potential eligibility for rolling review and priority review. Products granted RMAT designation may also be eligible for accelerated approval.

PRIME designation is a scheme provided by the EMA to enhance support for the development of medicines that target an unmet medical need. To qualify for PRIME designation, product candidates require early clinical evidence that the therapy has the potential to offer a therapeutic advantage over existing treatments or benefits patients without treatment options. We have received PRIME designation for RP-L102 for FA, RP-L201 for LAD-I, RP-L301 for PKD and RP-A501 for DD. Among the benefits of PRIME are the appointment of a rapporteur to provide continuous support and help build knowledge ahead of a marketing authorization application, early dialogue and scientific advice at key development milestones, and the potential to qualify products for accelerated review earlier in the application process.

The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant Fast Track or RMAT designation, and the EMA has broad discretion whether or not to grant PRIME designation, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designations, there can be no assurance that the FDA or EMA would decide to grant it. Even if we receive Fast Track, RMAT or PRIME designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional development, review, and approval timelines, and receiving a Fast Track, RMAT or PRIME designation does not change the standards for the product approval. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track or RMAT designation and the EMA may revoke PRIME designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

Accelerated approval by the FDA, and conditional approval by the EMA, may not lead to a faster development process or regulatory review and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval. If we are not successful with this process, the development or commercialization of our product candidates for which we seek accelerated approval or conditional approval could be delayed, abandoned or become significantly more costly.

We may seek approval of our product candidates using the FDA’s accelerated approval and the EMA’s conditional approval pathways. While we may utilize trial designs to support accelerated approval, such product candidates may not be subject to faster development or regulatory review timelines.

A product may be eligible for accelerated approval by the FDA if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition, generally provides a meaningful advantage over available therapies, and demonstrates an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. As a condition of accelerated approval, the FDA may impose specific obligations with defined timelines, including to perform confirmatory clinical trials with due diligence. If the FDA or the EMA do not approve our product candidates for which we seek accelerated approval or conditional approval, but instead require the completion of a full Phase 3 clinical trial or trials prior to the filing of marketing applications, the development and commercialization timeline of such product candidates will be delayed. Even if we do receive accelerated approval or conditional approval, we may not ultimately receive full approval from the regulatory agencies. The additional data generated through post-marketing clinical trials may not confirm that the benefit-risk balance of any of our product candidates that receive accelerated approval is positive or the burden to further complete the obligations may become too high. Additionally, the FDA may withdraw approvals when holders of accelerated approvals fail to comply with post-approval clinical study requirements.

In the EU, the conditional marketing authorization is subject to an annual renewal procedure that assesses the marketing authorization holder’s compliance with the specific obligations of the authorization. If conditions are not complied with, the EMA may decide to extend the timeline for the existing obligations, change the scope of such obligations or add new obligations, which may require additional financial resources and time. We may not be able to comply with such changes or additional obligations and may need to withdraw the marketing authorization. The EMA may also decide not to renew the conditional marketing authorization, although such measure is rarely applied in practice. An analysis of reimbursement decisions for conditionally authorized medicines in the EU has shown some delays in the timeline for reaching a positive health technology recommendation. If this happens for any product candidate for which we seek conditional approval, it may delay the timing and success of the commercialization of such product. Finally, if new data obtained from fulfilment of the conditions of the conditional authorization or otherwise show that our product’s benefits no longer outweigh its risks, the EMA can take regulatory action, such as suspending or revoking the conditional marketing authorization.

We have received rare pediatric disease designation for RP-A501 for DD, RP-L102 for FA, and RP-L201 for LAD-I. However, a marketing application for these product candidates, if approved, may not meet the eligibility criteria for a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher.

We have received rare pediatric disease designation for RP-A501 for DD, RP-L102 for FA, and RP-L201 for LAD-I. Designation of a biological product as a product for a rare pediatric disease does not guarantee that a BLA for such biological product will meet the eligibility criteria for a rare pediatric disease PRV. The FDA may determine that a BLA for any such product candidates, if approved, does not meet the eligibility criteria for a PRV.

We cannot commercialize a product candidate until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the product candidate. We have not received approval from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction to market any of our product candidates. Even if our product candidates meet their safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials, the regulatory authorities may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, issue a complete response letter, or ultimately, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections if an FDA Advisory Committee recommends disapproval or restrictions on use. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative actions, or changes in regulatory authority policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and the review process. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent the receipt of marketing approval for a product candidate.

Regulatory authorities also may approve a product candidate for more limited indications than requested or they may impose significant limitations in the form of narrow indications, warnings or other labeling changes. These regulatory authorities may require precautions or contra-indications with respect to conditions of use or they may grant approval subject to the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials. Regulatory authorities may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a REMS, or equivalent requirement. In addition, regulatory authorities may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates and materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may never obtain FDA or EMA approval for any of our product candidates in the U.S. or the EU, and even if we do, we may never obtain approval for or commercialize any of our product candidates in any other jurisdiction, which would limit our ability to realize our full market potential.

In order to eventually market any of our product candidates in any particular jurisdiction, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements regarding safety and efficacy on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Approval by the FDA in the U.S. or the EMA in the EU, if obtained, does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions. In addition, preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time-consuming. While the foreign regulatory approval process involves similar risks to those associated with FDA or EMA approval, regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be unrealized.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will remain subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory scrutiny.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in a jurisdiction, we will remain subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory scrutiny. The applicable regulatory authority may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, post-market surveillance or patient or drug restrictions once a product candidate is approved. Additionally, the holder of an approved BLA is obligated to monitor and report adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the BLA and must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. FDA guidance advises that patients treated with some types of gene therapy undergo follow-up observations for potential adverse events for as long as 15 years. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.

In addition, product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP and cGTP, as well as adherence to commitments made in the BLA. For certain commercial prescription biological products, manufacturers and other parties involved in the supply chain must also meet chain of distribution requirements and build electronic, interoperable systems for product tracking and tracing and for notifying the FDA of counterfeit, diverted, stolen and intentionally adulterated products or other products that are otherwise unfit for distribution in the U.S. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturing facility. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may take a variety of actions, including:

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issuing a warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

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seeking an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

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suspending any ongoing clinical studies;

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refusing to approve a pending marketing application, such as a BLA or supplements to a BLA submitted by us;

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seizing products; or

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refusing to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

In addition, the FDA’s policies, and those of comparable foreign regulatory authorities, may change and additional government laws or regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay the marketing of our approved products. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval which we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If approved, our product candidates may face competition from biosimilars approved through an abbreviated regulatory pathway.

Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity, and potency of the other company’s product. The law is complex and has yet to be applied to gene therapy products, as a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning to our products are all subject to uncertainty.

We believe that any of our product candidates approved as a biologic product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to Congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our products to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once licensed, will be substituted for any one of our gene therapy reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biologic products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

If competitors are able to obtain marketing approval for biosimilars referencing our products, our products may become subject to competition from such biosimilars, with the attendant competitive pressure and consequences.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates or any future product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business. See the section entitled, “Business — Government Regulation — Healthcare Legislative Reform”.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the U.S. and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the U.S. with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. We expect that additional U.S. federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that the U.S. Federal Government will pay for healthcare drugs and services, which could result in reduced demand for our drug candidates or additional pricing pressures.

Individual states in the U.S. have also become increasingly active in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain drug access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce the ultimate demand for our drugs or put pressure on our drug pricing, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Noncompliance with Applicable Laws or Regulations

If we are successful in commercializing any product, our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any products for which we obtain regulatory approval. Our arrangements with third-party payors, healthcare providers and physicians may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain regulatory approval. See the section entitled, “Business — Government Regulation — Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws and Other Regulatory Matters.”

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties, and our business generally, will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, individual imprisonment, reputational harm, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

We are subject to stringent laws, rules, regulations, policies, industry standards and contractual obligations regarding data privacy and security and may be subject to additional related laws and regulations in jurisdictions into which we expand. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and reinterpretation and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations or other harm to our business.

The regulatory framework for privacy and personal information security issues worldwide is evolving rapidly and likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. The U.S. federal and various state, local and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws, rules, regulations and standards regarding, the collection, distribution, use, disclosure, storage, security and other processing of personal information. For example, HIPAA imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information. We may obtain health information from third parties, including research institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data, that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA and its implementing rules and regulations. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to significant penalties if we obtain, use, or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA.

Outside of the U.S., relevant legal requirements continue to evolve. For example, the collection and use of health data and other personal data including data collected in clinical trials is governed in the EU by the GDPR, which imposes substantial obligations upon companies and new rights for individuals. The GDPR also forms part of the law of Great Britain (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) by virtue of section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and as amended by the Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendments etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/419) (“UK GDPR”). Failure to comply with the GDPR may result in fines of the higher of (i) €20,000,000 or (ii) 4% of the preceding fiscal year’s total annual global revenues of the noncompliant company, among other administrative penalties. The GDPR has increased our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we may process, and we may be required to implement additional measures in an effort to comply with the GDPR and with other laws, rules, regulations and standards in the EU and United Kingdom relating to privacy and data protection. This may be onerous and if our efforts to comply with GDPR or other applicable laws, rules, regulations and standards are not successful, or are perceived to be unsuccessful, it could adversely affect our business. Further, following the July 2020 Court of Justice of the EU decision invalidating the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, there remains uncertainty regarding the appropriate mechanism for transferring personal data to the U.S. The Court of Justice of the EU’s decision and other regulatory guidance or developments may impose additional obligations with respect to the transfer of personal data from the EU to the U.S., all of which could restrict our activities in those jurisdictions, limit our ability to provide our products and services in those jurisdictions, require us to modify our policies and practices, and to engage in additional contractual negotiations, or increase our costs and obligations and impose limitations upon our ability to efficiently transfer personal data from the EU to the U.S.

In the U.S., a variety of data privacy, protection and security laws, rules, regulations and standards potentially may apply to our activities, such as state data breach notification laws, state personal data privacy laws (for example, the CCPA of 2018 as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act effective January 1, 2023), state health information privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws. The CCPA requires covered businesses that process personal information of California residents to disclose their data collection, use, sharing and retention practices, provides California residents with data privacy rights (including the ability to opt out of certain disclosures of personal information including for certain advertising purposes), imposes operational requirements for covered businesses, provides for significant civil penalties for violations as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches and statutory damages (that is expected to increase data breach class action litigation and result in significant exposure to costly legal judgements and settlements). Although there are limited exemptions for clinical trial data under the CCPA, the CCPA and other similar laws could impact our business activities, depending on their interpretation. Other state legislatures have enacted or are currently contemplating, and may pass, their own comprehensive data privacy and security laws, with potentially greater penalties and more rigorous compliance requirements, and laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to customers whose personal data has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. Finally, federal, state and foreign laws, rules, regulations and standards may apply generally to the privacy and security of information we maintain, and may differ from each other significantly, thus complicating compliance efforts and potentially requiring us to undertake additional measures to comply with them.

With HIPAA, GDPR, CCPA, and other laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy and data protection imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations, and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these and other obligations, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices and may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so.

We may make public statements about our use, collection, disclosure and other processing of personal data through our privacy policies, information provided on our website and press statements. Although we endeavor to comply with our public statements and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our vendors or service providers to comply with our applicable policies or notices relating to privacy or data protection, our contractual or other obligations to third parties, or any of our other legal obligations, laws, rules, regulations and standards relating to privacy or data protection, may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims and other proceedings, harm our reputation, and could result in significant liability.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and we may become exposed to liability and substantial expenses in connection with environmental compliance or remediation activities.

Our operations, including our development, testing and manufacturing activities, are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, the controlled use, handling, release and disposal of and the maintenance of a registry for, hazardous materials and biological materials, such as chemical solvents, human cells, carcinogenic compounds, mutagenic compounds and compounds that have a toxic effect on reproduction, laboratory procedures and exposure to blood-borne pathogens. If we fail to comply with such laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines or other sanctions.

As with other companies engaged in similar activities, we face a risk of environmental liability inherent in our activities, including liability relating to releases of or exposure to hazardous or biological materials. Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations are becoming more stringent. We may be required to incur substantial expenses in connection with future environmental compliance or remediation activities, in which case, the production efforts of our third-party manufacturers or our development efforts may be interrupted or delayed.

Risks Related to Manufacturing our Product Candidates

Products intended for use in gene therapies are novel, complex and difficult to manufacture. We could experience production problems that result in delays in our development or commercialization programs, limit the supply of our products or otherwise harm our business.

We currently have development, manufacturing, and testing agreements with third parties to manufacture supplies of certain of our product candidates. Several factors could cause production interruptions, including equipment malfunctions, facility contamination, raw material shortages or contamination, natural disasters, public health crises such as pandemics and epidemics, disruption in utility services, human error or disruptions in the operations of suppliers. We have limited manufacturing experience in-house and there can be no assurance that we will be able to manufacture products at the scale our business may require without third-parties.

Our product candidates require processing steps that are more complex than those required for small molecule pharmaceuticals. The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be inspected by the FDA pursuant to pre-approval inspections that will be conducted after we submit our marketing applications to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and will be completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMPs in connection with the manufacture of certain of our product candidates. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, they will not be able to pass regulatory inspections and/or maintain regulatory compliance for their manufacturing facilities and we may need to find alternatives, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

Any problems in our manufacturing process or the facilities with which we contract could make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions, which could limit our access to attractive development programs. Problems in third-party manufacturing processes or facilities also could restrict our ability to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner or meet market demand for our products. Additionally, should our manufacturing agreements with third parties be terminated for any reason, there may be a limited number of manufacturers who would be suitable replacements and it could take a significant amount of time to transition the manufacturing to a replacement. In some cases, the technical skills required to manufacture our products or product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original manufacturer and we may have difficulty, or there may be contractual restrictions prohibiting us from, transferring such skills to a back-up or alternate supplier, or we may be unable to transfer such skills at all. Changes to the manufacturing process or the transfer or setup of new manufacturing facilities could require that we conduct bridging studies before being able to proceed with either clinical or commercial manufacturing activities. We may be unsuccessful in demonstrating the comparability of clinical supplies which could require the conduct of additional clinical trials. Further, the shift would likely be expensive and time-consuming, particularly since the new facility would need to comply with the necessary regulatory requirements or may require approval before selling any products manufactured at that facility.

We must comply with cGMP requirements, as set out in statute, regulations and guidance. We may encounter difficulties in achieving quality control and quality assurance and may experience shortages in qualified personnel. We are subject to inspections by the FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions to confirm compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Any failure to follow cGMP or other regulatory requirements or delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the manufacture, fill-finish, packaging, or storage of our product candidates as a result of a failure of our facilities or the facilities or operations of third parties to comply with regulatory requirements or pass any regulatory authority inspection could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates, including leading to significant delays in the availability of drug product for our clinical trials or the termination or hold on a clinical trial, or the delay or prevention of a filing or approval of marketing applications for our product candidates. Significant noncompliance could also result in the imposition of sanctions, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approvals for our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could damage our reputation. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our product candidates and/or may be subject to product recalls, seizures, injunctions, or criminal prosecution.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit the potential commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face inherent risks of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face even greater product liability risks if we commercially sell any approved products. Product liability claims may be brought against us by subjects enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities.

We currently hold product liability insurance coverage at a level that we believe is customary for similarly situated companies and adequate to provide us with insurance coverage for foreseeable risks, but which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in development, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products that receive regulatory approval. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Commercialization of our Product Candidates

Our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates will substantially depend upon the availability of reimbursement for the costs of the resulting drugs and related treatments.

Sales of our product candidates will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be covered and paid by government authorities and other third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, which we cannot guarantee. We have not commenced efforts to have our product candidates reimbursed by government or third-party payors. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or are available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products. If coverage is provided, but only at limited levels, the reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product. Payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. A decision by a payor not to cover our product candidates could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. See the section entitled, “Business — Government Regulation — Coverage and Reimbursement.”

Third-party payors are increasingly limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs. They may also impose strict prior authorization requirements and/or refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted market approvals. As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payors will reimburse patients for their use of newly approved drugs. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. In addition, many pharmaceutical manufacturers must calculate and report certain price reporting metrics to the government, such as average sales price and best price. Further, these prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs. The manner and level at which reimbursement is provided for services related to our product candidates (e.g., for administration of our product to patients) is also important to successful commercialization of our product candidates.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. A Member State may approve a specific price for the medicinal product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our product candidates.

Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally prices tend to be significantly lower. In some cases, the reimbursement price of one Member State may have impact on the pricing level in other Member States, which may result in an incentive not to market products in some markets to prevent price reductions or erosions in other markets.

We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are more advanced or effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We are engaged in gene therapy for severe genetic and rare diseases, which is a competitive and rapidly changing field. Although we are not currently aware of any gene therapy competitors addressing any of the same indications as those in our pipeline, we may have competitors both in the U.S. and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions.

Our potential competitors may have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger R&D staff, more robust manufacturing capabilities and more experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. These competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate that we may develop, or achieve earlier patent protection, regulatory approval, product commercialization and market penetration than us. Additionally, technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential product candidates uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our product candidates against those of our competitors.

In addition, if our patent rights were to expire or be successfully challenged, we could face increased litigation with respect to the validity and/or scope of patents relating to our competitors’ products. The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any products that we may develop and commercialize, thereby causing harm to our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The commercial success of any of our product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of gene therapy by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community.

Even with the requisite approvals from the FDA in the U.S., the EMA in the EU and other regulatory authorities internationally, the commercial success of our product candidates will depend, in part, on the acceptance of physicians, patients and health care payors of gene therapy products in general, and our product candidates in particular, as medically beneficial, cost-effective and safe. If any products that we commercialize do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, health care payors and others in the medical community, we may not generate significant product revenue and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of gene therapy products and our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on several factors, including:

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the efficacy and safety of such product candidates as demonstrated in preclinical studies and clinical trials;

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the potential and perceived advantages of product candidates over alternative treatments, including the prevalence and
severity of any side effects;

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the cost of our treatment relative to alternative treatments;

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the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved by the FDA or the EMA;

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patient and physician awareness of, and willingness to seek, gene therapy;

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the willingness of physicians to undergo specialized training with respect to administration of our product candidates;

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product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities, including any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling;

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relative convenience and ease of administration;

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the strength of marketing and distribution support;

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the timing of market introduction of competitive products;

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publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments; and

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sufficient third-party payor coverage and reimbursement.

Even if a potential product displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile in preclinical studies and clinical trials, market acceptance of the product will not be fully known until after it is approved and launched and is subject to change over time if adverse long-term follow-up data become available after approval. The failure of any of our product candidates to achieve market acceptance could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Ethical, legal, and social issues may reduce demand for any gene therapy products for which we obtain marketing approval.

Prior to receiving certain gene therapies, patients may be required to undergo genetic testing. Genetic testing has raised concerns regarding the appropriate utilization and the confidentiality of information provided by genetic testing. Genetic tests for assessing a person’s likelihood of developing a chronic disease have focused public attention on the need to protect the privacy of genetic information. Concerns have been expressed that insurance carriers and employers may use these tests to discriminate on the basis of genetic information, resulting in barriers to the acceptance of genetic tests by consumers. This could lead to governmental authorities restricting genetic testing or calling for limits on or regulating the use of genetic testing, particularly for diseases for which there is no known cure. Any of these scenarios could decrease demand for any products for which we obtain marketing approval.

Risks Related to Development of our Pipeline and Research and Development Activities

We may not be successful in our efforts to expand our pipeline of additional product candidates for development.

Our business model is centered on applying our expertise in rare genetic diseases by establishing focused selection criteria to develop and advance a portfolio of gene therapy product candidates through development into commercialization. We may not be able to continue to identify and develop new product candidates in addition to the pipeline of product candidates that our efforts to date have resulted in. Even if we are successful in continuing to expand our pipeline, any potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development. If we do not successfully identify, develop and commercialize product candidates, we will not be able to obtain product revenue in future periods, which would likely result in significant harm to our financial position and results of operations.

The success of our R&D activities, clinical testing and commercialization, upon which we primarily focus, is uncertain.

Our primary focus is on our R&D activities and the clinical testing and commercialization of our product candidates, and we anticipate that we will remain principally engaged in these activities for an indeterminate, but substantial, period. R&D was our most significant operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2025. R&D activities, including the conduct of clinical studies, by their nature, preclude definitive statements as to the time required and costs involved in reaching certain objectives. Actual R&D costs, therefore, could significantly exceed budgeted amounts and estimated timeframes may require significant extension. Cost overruns, unanticipated regulatory delays or demands, unexpected adverse side effects or insufficient therapeutic efficacy will prevent or substantially slow our R&D efforts and our business could ultimately suffer.

We rely on third parties to conduct certain aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be substantially harmed.

We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third parties, including CROs, medical institutions, and contract laboratories for certain aspects of our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. Nevertheless, we maintain responsibility for ensuring that each of our clinical trials and preclinical studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards and our reliance on these third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our vendors are required to comply with the current requirements of GMP, GCP, and GLP, which are a collection of laws and regulations enforced by the FDA, the EMA or comparable foreign authorities for our drug candidates in clinical development.

Regulatory authorities enforce these regulations through periodic inspections of preclinical study and clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators, preclinical study and clinical trial sites, and other contractors. If we or any of our vendors fail to comply with applicable regulations, the data generated in our preclinical studies and clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, the EMA or comparable foreign authorities may require us to perform additional preclinical studies and clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced consistent with GMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the development and regulatory approval processes.

If any of our relationships with these third parties, medical institutions, clinical investigators or contract laboratories terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs.

Switching or adding additional CROs, medical institutions, clinical investigators or contract laboratories involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work replacing a previous CRO. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, we cannot guarantee that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be successful in finding strategic collaborators for continuing development of certain of our product candidates or successfully commercializing our product candidates.

We may seek to establish strategic partnerships for developing and/or commercializing certain of our product candidates due to relatively high capital costs required to develop the product candidates, manufacturing constraints or other reasons. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish such strategic partnerships or other alternative arrangements for our product candidates for several reasons, including because our R&D pipeline may be insufficient, our product candidates may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort or third parties may not view our product candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate efficacy or market opportunity. In addition, we may be restricted under existing agreements from entering into future agreements with potential collaborators.

We are actively exploring external partnership options and strategic opportunities with respect to our FA and PKD programs. We may not be able to find suitable partners for these programs and, if so, may be required to take charges related to such programs.If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable licensees or collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay our development program, delay our potential commercialization, reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to independently fund development or commercialization activities, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. If we fail to enter into collaboration arrangements and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially harmed.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the FDA’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Recent Executive Orders issued by President Trump have significantly reduced the federal workforce, including at the FDA, and could adversely affect FDA’s ability to attract and retain qualified scientific reviewers which could result in longer review times for our marketing applications. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for biologics or modifications to approved biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities.

Our rights to intellectual property for the development and commercialization of our product candidates are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others. If we breach our license agreements, it could have a material adverse effect on our commercialization efforts for our product candidates.

We are heavily reliant upon licenses to certain patent rights and proprietary technology from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our technology and products, including technology related to our manufacturing process and our gene therapy product candidates. These and other licenses may not provide exclusive rights to use such intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to license our platform or develop or commercialize our technology and products in the future. As a result, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and commercializing competitive products in territories not included in our licenses.

Licenses to additional third-party technology that may be required for our licensing or development programs may not be available in the future or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which could materially harm our business and financial condition.

In some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain or enforce the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties. If our licensors fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated and our right to develop and commercialize any of our products that are the subject of such licensed rights could be impacted.

Furthermore, the research resulting in certain of our licensed patent rights and technology was funded by the U.S. government. As a result, the government may have march-in rights, or other rights, to such patent rights and technology. When new technologies are developed with government funding, the government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a non-exclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the U.S.

If we or our licensors breach any of the agreements under which we license intellectual property relating to the use, development and commercialization rights to our product candidates or technology from third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business. Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have in-licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. In addition, if disputes arise as to ownership of licensed intellectual property, our ability to pursue or enforce the licensed patent rights may be jeopardized. If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize our products could suffer.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for products and related technology, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be harmed.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the U.S. and other countries with respect to our product candidates and our manufacturing technology, which depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies. We and our licensors have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the U.S. and abroad related to many of our novel technologies and product candidates that are important to our business and may continue to do so.

The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming and complex. Certain patents in the field of gene therapy that may have otherwise potentially provided patent protection for certain of our product candidates may expire prior to commercial launch of our products; though we can mitigate this risk by pursuing and receiving 10 years Biologics regulatory exclusivity from the FDA, which would grant protection in later years where patent expiration may not exist. It is possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our R&D output before it is too late to obtain patent protection, in part because the work of certain academic researchers in the gene therapy field has entered the public domain, which we believe precludes our ability to obtain patent protection for certain inventions relating to such work. Additionally, our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated as a result of our non-compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has, in recent years, been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or product candidates or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and product candidates.

While we believe our intellectual property allows us to pursue our current development programs, several companies and academic institutions are pursuing alternate approaches to gene therapy and have built intellectual property around these approaches and methods. We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our technology and product candidates. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in any owned or any licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

Even if the patent applications we license or may own in the future do issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors or other third parties may avail themselves of safe harbor under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Amendments) to conduct research and clinical trials and may be able to circumvent our patent rights by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patent rights may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of is technology and product candidates. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secret protection, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our contractors, collaborators, employees and consultants. Nonetheless, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical know-how or other trade secrets by the parties to these agreements, however, despite the existence generally of confidentiality agreements and other contractual restrictions. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. If any of the contractors, collaborators, employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breaches or violates the terms of any of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation. As a result, we could lose our trade secrets. Enforcing a claim that a third-party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets, like patent litigation, is expensive and time consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the U.S. are sometimes less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.

Our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. Competitors could attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If our trade secrets are not adequately protected or sufficient to provide an advantage over our competitors, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating our trade secrets.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to gene therapy product components and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We currently have intellectual property rights to develop our gene therapy product candidates, through third party licenses and our owned patents. Because our programs may involve additional product candidates that may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights. In addition, our product candidates may require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently, and these rights may be held by others. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies with greater cash resources and clinical development and commercialization capabilities are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive.

For example, we sometimes collaborate with U.S. and foreign academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions. Typically, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Regardless of such right of first negotiation for intellectual property, we may be unable to negotiate a license within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to the institution. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to other parties, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program.

In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biotechnology companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology industry involves both technological and legal complexity, and therefore obtaining and enforcing biotechnology patents is costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. Congress may pass patent reform legislation that is unfavorable to us.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. For example, recent court decisions raise questions regarding the award of patent term adjustment for patents in families where related patents have issued without patent term adjustment. Thus, it cannot be said with certainty how PTA will/will not be viewed in the future and whether patent expiration dates may be impacted.

Similarly, changes in patent laws and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or how they are enforced may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or own in the future. For example, the complexity and uncertainty of European patent laws have also increased in recent years. In Europe, a new unitary patent system took effect June 1, 2023, which significantly impacts European patents, including those granted before the introduction of the system. Under the unitary patent system, European applications have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent subject to the jurisdiction of the UPC. As the UPC is a new court system, there is no precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation. Patents granted before the implementation of the UPC have the option of opting out of the jurisdiction of the UPC and remaining as national patents in the UPC countries. Patents that remain under the jurisdiction of the UPC will be potentially vulnerable to a single UPC-based revocation challenge that, if successful, could invalidate the patent in all countries who are signatories to the UPC. We cannot predict with certainty the long-term effects of any potential changes.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the U.S. can be less extensive than those in the U.S. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the U.S. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S., or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the U.S., if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. We may have in the future, ownership disputes arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

On October 12, 2023, we filed an action against Lexeo, Kenneth Law, and Sonia Gutierrez asserting claims for trade secret misappropriation, breach of contract, tortious interference with contract, and unjust enrichment. Subsequently, on August 28, 2024, Lexeo asserted counterclaims against Rocket that included, inter alia, an allegation of correction of inventorship of Rocket’s issued patent, US Patent No. 11,883,506. In June 2025, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Lexeo to resolve all claims in ongoing litigation between the parties in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. As part of a comprehensive resolution, Rocket also entered into separate settlement agreements on the same day with certain individuals formerly affiliated with the Company, who were also named in the litigation. See section titled “Business — Intellectual Property — Intellectual Property Litigation.”

Risks Related to our Personnel

Our business could suffer if it loses the services of, or fails to attract, key personnel.

We are highly dependent upon the efforts of our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Gaurav Shah, MD; our President and Chief Operating Officer, Chris Stevens; our General Counsel, Chief Corporate Officer and Principal Financial Officer, Martin Wilson; our Chief Medical Officer, Syed Rizvi, MD; our Chief Commercial and Medical Affairs Officer, Sarbani Chaudhuri; our Chief Science and Gene Therapy Officer, Jonathan Schwartz, MD; and our Senior Vice President, Head of External Affairs, Meg E. Dodge. The loss of the services of these individuals and other members of our senior management could delay or prevent the achievement of research, development, marketing, or product commercialization objectives. Our employment arrangements with the key personnel are “at-will.” We do not maintain any “key-man” insurance policies on any of the key employees nor do we intend to obtain such insurance. In addition, due to the specialized scientific nature of our business, we are highly dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific and technical personnel and consultants. There is intense competition among major pharmaceutical and chemical companies, specialized biotechnology firms and universities and other research institutions for qualified personnel in the areas of our operations, and we may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining these personnel.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, consultants, and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the U.S. and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained during clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation or could cause regulatory agencies not to approve our product candidates. We have a code of business ethics and conduct applicable to all employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee or third-party misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we endeavor to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Risks Related to Our Expansion and Growth Plans

We may need to expand our organization and may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As our business activities expand, we may expand our full-time employee base and hire more consultants and contractors. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational setbacks, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

We may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of potential acquisitions or business combinations.

The success of acquisitions or business combinations will depend on, among other things, our ability to combine our businesses in a manner that allows us to achieve developmental and operational synergies. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees; the disruption of our ongoing business; or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, or policies, in each case, that could adversely affect our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Integration efforts between the two businesses will also divert management’s attention from our core business and other opportunities that could have been beneficial to our shareholders. An inability to realize the full extent of, or any of, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, as well as any delays encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, which may affect the value of the shares of our common stock after the completion of the acquisition. If we are unable to achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer or cost more to realize than expected. In particular, the acquisition or business combination may not be accretive to our stock value in the near or long term. In addition, any acquisition or business combination may impact the market price for shares of our common stock, which could result in substantial losses for our stockholders.

In addition, in connection with any potential acquisition of businesses, technologies or products in the future, we could, among other things:

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issue equity securities that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership;

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incur substantial debt that may place strains on our operations;

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assume substantial actual or contingent liabilities;

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reprioritize our development programs and even cease development and commercialization of certain of our product candidates; or

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merge with, or otherwise enter into a business combination with, another company in which our stockholders would receive cash or shares of the other company on terms that certain of our stockholders may not deem desirable.

Although we intend to evaluate and consider acquisitions, reorganizations and business combinations in the future, we have no agreements or understandings with respect to any acquisition, reorganization or business combination at this time.

Future formations of strategic alliances or joint ventures with third parties could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results.

We may form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such strategic alliance or joint venture, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction. The risks we face in connection with any strategic alliance or joint venture, include:

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diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing integration challenges;

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coordination of R&D efforts;

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changes in relationships with strategic partners as a result of any product acquisitions or strategic positioning;

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cultural challenges associated with integrating employees;

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the need to implement or improve controls, procedures, and policies at any joint venture;

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liability for activities of any partnered company prior to any strategic alliance or joint venture, including intellectual property infringement claims, violation of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, and other known liabilities;

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unanticipated write-offs or charges; and

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litigation or other claims, including claims from employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future strategic alliances could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these transactions, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and harm the business generally. There is also a risk that future strategic alliances or joint ventures could result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or incremental operating expenses, any of which could harm our financial condition or operating results.

Given our commercial relationships outside of the U.S., in particular in the EU, a variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.

We engage in various commercial relationships outside the U.S., and we may commercialize our product candidates outside of the U.S. In many foreign countries, it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S. laws and regulations applicable to us, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Although we may implement policies and procedures specifically designed to comply with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, and agents will comply with these laws and policies. If we are unable to successfully manage the challenges of international expansion and operations, our business and operating results could be harmed.

We may be, and to the extent we commercialize our product candidates outside the U.S., expect to be subject to various risks associated with operating internationally in addition to those discussed elsewhere in this section, including:

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unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

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economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

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compliance with tax, employment, immigration, and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

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foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

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workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the U.S.;

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shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;

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business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires, public health crises such as pandemics and epidemics, or from economic or political instability;

These and related risks could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If conflicts arise between us and our collaborators or strategic partners, these parties may act in a manner adverse to us and could limit our ability to implement our strategies.

If conflicts arise between our corporate or academic collaborators or strategic partners and us, the other party may act in a manner adverse to us and could limit our ability to implement our strategies. Some of our academic collaborators and strategic partners are conducting multiple product development efforts within each area that is the subject of the collaboration with us. Our collaborators or strategic partners, however, may develop, either alone or with others, products in related fields that are competitive with the products or potential products that are the subject of these collaborations. Competing products, either developed by the collaborators or strategic partners or to which the collaborators or strategic partners have rights, may result in the withdrawal of our collaborators’ or partners’ support for our product candidates.

Some of our collaborators or strategic partners could also become our competitors in the future. Our collaborators or strategic partners could develop competing products, preclude us from entering into collaborations with their competitors, fail to obtain timely regulatory approvals, terminate their agreements with us prematurely, or fail to devote sufficient resources to the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Any of these developments could harm our product development efforts.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception or the perception that such sales may occur, could reduce the market price of our common stock. Our outstanding shares of common stock may be freely sold in the public market at any time to the extent permitted by Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or to the extent such shares have already been registered under the Securities Act and are held by non-affiliates of ours. In addition, certain of our employees, executive officers, directors, and affiliated stockholders may enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans providing for sales of shares of our common stock from time to time. Under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the employee, director or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from the employee, officer, director or affiliated stockholder. A Rule 10b5-1 plan may be amended or terminated in some circumstances. Our employees, executive officers, directors and affiliated stockholders also may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 plan when they are not in possession of material, nonpublic information. In addition, in the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement, employee arrangements or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause our stock price to decline.

If securities analysts publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock relies, in part, on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. Although we have obtained analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for our stockholders.

Our stock price has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. The stock market in general, and the market for biopharmaceutical companies in particular, has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, our stockholders may not be able to sell their shares of common stock at or above the price they paid for their shares. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

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results of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors;

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the success of competitive products or technologies;

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commencement or termination of collaborations;

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regulatory or legal developments in the U.S. and other countries;

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developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;

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the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

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the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs;

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the results of our efforts to discover, develop, acquire or in-license additional product candidates;

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actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;

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negative publicity around gene therapy in general, or our product candidates;

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variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

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macroeconomic conditions, including inflation and rising interest rates, capital market volatility and global conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Hamas war and the conflict between China and Taiwan;

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market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors; and

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general economic, industry and market conditions.

If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially. We believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.

RTW, our largest stockholder, may have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.

RTW, in the aggregate, beneficially owns approximately 16.8% of our outstanding shares of common stock. This concentration of voting power gives RTW the power to significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, RTW could significantly influence the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be stockholders’ sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

General Risk Factors

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, investors’ views of us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), we are required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Preparing such attestation report and the cost of compliance with reporting requirements requires significant management time.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for management and our independent registered public accounting firm to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. In connection with our and our independent registered public accounting firm’s evaluations of our internal control over financial reporting, we may need to upgrade systems, including information technology, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems, and procedures, and hire additional accounting and finance staff.

Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us in connection with Section 404 may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. We could become subject to stockholder or other third-party litigation, as well as investigations by the SEC, NASDAQ or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources and could result in fines, trading suspensions, payment of damages or other remedies.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors. Among other things, these provisions:

•

permit only the Board of Directors to establish the number of directors;

•

require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws;

•

prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders; and

•

establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

Moreover, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Any of these provisions of our charter documents or Delaware law could, under certain circumstances, depress the market price of our common stock.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party collaborators or other contractors, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our development programs.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators and other consultants and contractors are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyberattacks, data breaches, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident, attack or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed, and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed.

Item 1B. Unresolved SEC Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

The Company operates a robust, enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk management program that proactively identifies, assesses, and mitigates cybersecurity threats. Fully integrated into the Company’s broader risk management framework, the program safeguards both our internal technology environment and our external operating ecosystem while focusing on readiness to effectively respond to emerging risks.

The Company’s cybersecurity risk management program is grounded in leading industry standards and best practices. We engage an independent third party to conduct an annual assessment of our program, ensuring continued rigor and alignment with evolving threats. Our global Cyber Security Operations Center (SOC) provides continuous monitoring, coordinating investigations and remediation efforts across the enterprise. To further strengthen our readiness, we are expanding our incident response capabilities through structured drills and tabletop exercises with key support teams. Our cybersecurity framework incorporates a comprehensive set of administrative, physical, procedural, and technical controls designed to safeguard the organization’s systems and data.

The Head of Information Technology currently serves as the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) and is accountable for the development, implementation, and oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program, including regular reporting to the Board and senior management. The CISO brings more than twenty years of cybersecurity leadership experience, supported by a security organization with advanced expertise and industry-recognized credentials, including the Certified Information Systems Security Professional and Certified Information Systems Audit credential. Cybersecurity is recognized as an enterprise-wide responsibility. The Company conducts periodic management-level simulations and tabletop exercises, leveraging external experts as appropriate, to enhance organizational readiness. All employees complete mandatory annual cybersecurity training and have access to ongoing educational opportunities through digital and live programs. Employees in sensitive or technical roles receive additional, documented role-based training aligned with our quality management system. The Company fosters a security-aware culture across the workforce, recognizing that employee vigilance is essential to defending against cyber threats and strengthening our overall cybersecurity posture.

The CISO oversees the continuous monitoring and evaluation of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program and regularly advises senior leadership on the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The cybersecurity team brings decades of global experience in selecting, deploying, and managing advanced security technologies and processes. Their work is informed by real-time threat intelligence from governmental, public, and private sources, as well as insights from external cybersecurity consultants. The Company is strengthening oversight of third-party providers through enhanced due diligence for new vendors, continuous monitoring practices, and regular engagement with vendor personnel. All third-party partners are re-evaluated at defined intervals as part of our supplier qualification program to ensure alignment with the Company’s cybersecurity expectations.

The Audit Committee, together with the Company’s General Counsel, Chief Corporate Officer and Principal Financial Officer, provides oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk exposures and the measures management implements to monitor and mitigate those risks. The cybersecurity team informs the Audit Committee and senior management on the performance and effectiveness of the Company’s cyber risk management program, typically on a quarterly basis. In addition, the Board of Directors reviews cybersecurity risks at least annually as part of the Company’s broader corporate risk mapping process.

To date, the Company has not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents, and, to the best of our knowledge, no cybersecurity event has had a material impact on our business strategy, operating results, or financial condition. We continue to invest in advanced cybersecurity capabilities, infrastructure resilience, and strengthen internal controls to protect our systems, data, and information assets. For further discussion of risks related to cybersecurity threats, see “Risk Factors.”

Item 2. Properties

Corporate Headquarters, R&D and cGMP Manufacturing Facility and Office Space

Rocket’s corporate headquarters is located in Cranbury, New Jersey, in a leased facility consisting of 103,720 square feet of space including areas for offices, process development, research and development laboratories and 50,000 square feet dedicated to AAV cGMP manufacturing to support our pipeline. The NJ Lease Agreement has an initial term ending in 2034, with an option to renew for an additional two consecutive five-year renewal terms. In addition, we lease space in New York, New York at the Empire State Building, which consists of approximately 6,600 square feet of office space under a lease that expires in July 2027. Rocket leases an additional 4,666 square feet storage facility in Dayton, New Jersey.

Facilities in Hopewell, New Jersey

As part of the acquisition of Renovacor, we added lease agreements for approximately 15,463 square feet of space in Hopewell, New Jersey that expires in March 2033. The Company intends to sublease these facilities and signed the first sublease agreement for one of the Hopewell, NJ facilities in January 2024.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In June 2025, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Lexeo to resolve all claims in ongoing litigation between the parties in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The litigation involved allegations by the Company of trade secret misappropriation and tortious interference, and counterclaims by Lexeo including correction of inventorship, breach of contract, and trade secret misappropriation. As part of a comprehensive resolution, Rocket also entered into separate settlement agreements on the same day with certain individuals formerly affiliated with the Company, who were also named in the litigation.

Under the terms of the settlement agreement between the Company and Lexeo, the litigation has been resolved fully, and without admission of liability by any party. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the settlement was not material.

On June 11, 2025 and July 18, 2025, two stockholders filed putative securities class action lawsuits against us and certain of our executive officers in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, purportedly on behalf of classes of the Company’s investors who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s common stock between February 27, 2025 and May 26, 2025 (Ho v. Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Gaurav Shah, Case No. 3:35-cv-10049) and between September 17, 2024 and May 26, 2025 (Yankov v. Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaurav Shah and Aaron Ondrey, 3:25-cv-13532), respectively. The complaints allege violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder in connection with various public statements made by the Company regarding its Phase 2 clinical trial for RP-A501 for Danon disease. The actions seek unspecified damages, costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. On September 9, 2025, the Court consolidated the two pending putative securities class action lawsuits, appointed two stockholders as co-lead plaintiffs, and approved their selection of co-lead counsel. Pursuant to a stipulation approved by the Court on September 22, 2025, the co-lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on November 18, 2025. The consolidated amended complaint, captioned In re Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Securities Litigation, 3:25-cv-10049, is brought on behalf of persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities during the period of February 28, 2024 through August 25, 2025 (inclusive). Plaintiffs claim that the lawsuit arises from Defendants’ public statements and purported omissions concerning Rocket’s Phase 2 clinical trial for RP-A501 for DD. Among other things, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants failed to disclose certain SAEs that impacted patients during the Phase 2 clinical trial and the introduction of a C3 inhibitor to the trial’s protocol and that Defendants purportedly lacked a viable trial design that could safely and effectively dose patients while managing the risk of serious adverse events. According to Plaintiffs, Rocket’s stock price was inflated as a result of these purported misstatements and omissions. We intend to vigorously defend against the consolidated amended complaint’s allegations. On January 30, 2026, the Company filed motions to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. The Plaintiffs response to the Company’s motions to dismiss are due on April 1, 2026 and the Defendants reply thereto is due on May 16, 2026. Given the nature of the cases, including that the proceedings are in their early stages, the Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of the cases or estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

A putative derivative action was filed on October 22, 2025 in the District of New Jersey, naming as Defendants certain of our officers and present or former directors of the Company. The Complaint (which names the Company as a nominal defendant) alleges that the Defendants engaged in wrongful conduct during the period from September 17, 2024 through May 26, 2025. The allegations in the complaint largely parallel the allegations made in the previously filed putative securities class action complaints, with some additional allegations regarding a supposed lack of internal controls and purported insider trading. The Complaint seeks declaratory relief, an award of damages to the Company, an order directing the Company and the individual defendants to institute certain requested corporate governance reforms, restitution from the individual defendants, and costs and disbursements related to the lawsuit. The parties agreed to stay all proceedings in the putative derivative action until any motions to dismiss the putative securities class action are resolved, and on December 22, 2025, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation to that effect. We intend to vigorously defend the litigation. The Company will pay the legal fees related to the putative derivative action against the Company’s officers and directors. Given the nature of the litigation, including the fact that the litigation is in its early stages, the Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of the litigation or estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

From time to time, we may be subject to other various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe we are party to any other claim or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

PART II

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “RCKT”. On February 20, 2026, the last reported sale price for our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $3.78 per share.

Stockholders

As of February 20, 2026, there were 33 stockholders of record, which excludes stockholders whose shares were held in nominee or street name by brokers.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings, if any, to fund the development and expansion of our business and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Investors should not purchase our common stock with the expectation of receiving cash dividends.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

There were no repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2025.

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties such as our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references to “Rocket,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Introduction

We are a fully integrated, late-stage biotechnology company focused on the development, manufacturing, and potential commercialization of genetic therapies for rare and often fatal diseases with a high unmet medical need. Our innovative multi-platform approach allows for the creation of best-in-class gene therapy product candidates aimed at correcting the root cause of complex genetic disorders, spanning across cardiac and hematologic indications, offering the potential for transformative and durable clinical benefits. Rocket’s platform is supported by in-house R&D capabilities and current cGMP facilities that enable end-to-end control over clinical production and scale-up for commercialization.

In July 2025, we announced a strategic corporate reorganization and pipeline prioritization designed to maximize near-term value, extend our operational runway, and position the Company for sustained long-term growth. This initiative focuses our resources on advancing our AAV cardiovascular gene therapy platform and supporting the submission of our responses to the FDA’s CRL for KRESLADI™. The program contemplates a scaled commercial effort tailored to the exceptionally small patient population affected by this ultra-rare indication. As part of this strategic realignment, we are also de-prioritizing further development activities related to our FA and PKD programs. As part of the restructuring, the Company implemented a reduction in the workforce of approximately 30%, which, along with other planned cost-saving initiatives, is expected to reduce Rocket’s 12-month operating expenses by approximately 25%.

Our strategy is built on several foundational pillars:

•

In the near- and medium-term, we are focused on:

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Advancing our first-in-class product candidates targeting monogenic diseases with substantial unmet need.

•

Building proprietary in-house analytics and manufacturing capabilities.

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Conducting registration trials for our lead programs.

In the medium- and long-term, pending favorable data, we plan to:

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Submit BLAs for certain of our clinical programs.

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Expand our gene therapy platform to additional indications compatible with our technologies.

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Pursue potential eligibility for FDA priority review vouchers, pending program renewal by Congress.

Financial Overview

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing the Company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring, or discovering product candidates and securing related intellectual property rights, conducting discovery, R&D activities for our product candidates and planning for potential commercialization. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. From inception through December 31, 2025, we raised net cash proceeds of approximately $1.2 billion from investors through both equity and convertible debt financing to fund operating activities.

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from any sources, including from product sales, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. If our development efforts for product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales.

Research and Development Expenses

Our R&D program expenses consist of both internal and external costs incurred for the development of our product candidates. These expenses include:

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expenses incurred under agreements with research institutions and consultants that conduct R&D activities, including process development and preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf;

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costs related to process development and production of preclinical and clinical materials, including fees paid to contract manufacturers and manufacturing input costs for use in internal manufacturing processes;

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consultants supporting process development and regulatory activities; and

•

costs related to in-licensing of rights to develop and commercialize our product candidate portfolio.

We recognize external development costs based on contractual payment schedules aligned with program activities, invoices for work incurred, and milestones that correspond with costs incurred by the third parties. Non-refundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in R&D activities are recorded as prepaid expenses.

Our direct R&D expenses are tracked on a program-by-program basis for product candidates and consist primarily of external costs, such as research collaborations and third-party manufacturing agreements associated with our preclinical research, process development, manufacturing, and clinical development activities. Our direct R&D expenses by program also include fees incurred under license agreements. Our personnel, non-program and unallocated program expenses include costs associated with activities performed by our internal R&D organization and generally benefit multiple programs. These costs are not separately allocated by product candidate and consist primarily of:

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salaries and personnel-related costs, including benefits, travel, and stock-based compensation, for our scientific personnel performing R&D activities;

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facilities and other expenses, which include expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, and depreciation expense; and

•

laboratory supplies and equipment used for internal R&D activities.

We allocate salary and benefit costs directly related to specific programs. We do not allocate personnel-related discretionary bonus or stock-based compensation costs, costs associated with our general discovery platform improvements, depreciation or other indirect costs that are deployed across multiple projects under development and, as such, the costs are separately classified as other R&D expenses.

The following table presents R&D expenses, in thousands, tracked on a program-by-program basis as well as by type and nature of our expense for our product candidates for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Direct Expenses:
Danon Disease (AAV) RP-A501	$	16,510	$	23,677
Plakophilin-2 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (AAV) RP-A601		6,997		6,595
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LV) RP-L201		10,931		14,376
Fanconi Anemia (LV) RP-L102		16,707		17,749
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (LV) RP-L301		2,770		9,145
Other product candidates		4,053		9,768
Total direct expenses		57,968		81,310
Unallocated Expenses:
Employee compensation		47,484		49,040
Stock-based compensation expense		16,690		18,784
Depreciation and amortization expense		6,303		6,023
Laboratory and related expenses		4,455		5,170
Professional fees		4,119		4,831
Other expenses		4,996		6,086
Total other research and development expenses		84,047		89,934
Total research and development expense	$	142,015	$	171,244

We cannot determine with certainty the duration and costs to complete current or future clinical studies of product candidates or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenues from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs, and timing of clinical studies and development of product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

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the scope, rate of progress, and expense of ongoing clinical studies as well as any clinical studies and other R&D activities that we undertake in the future;

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future clinical study results;

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uncertainties in clinical study enrollment rates;

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changing standards for regulatory approval; and

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the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals.

We expect R&D expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in R&D activities related to developing product candidates, including investments in manufacturing, as our programs advance into later stages of development and as we conduct additional clinical trials. The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming, and the successful development of product candidates is highly uncertain. As a result, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of R&D projects or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates.

Our future R&D expenses will depend on the clinical success of our product candidates, as well as ongoing assessments of the commercial potential of such product candidates. In addition, we cannot forecast with any degree of certainty which product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements. We expect our R&D expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we seek further development of our product candidates.

The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates is highly uncertain. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the uncertainty of:

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the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our clinical trials and other R&D activities;

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the efficacy and potential advantages of our product candidates compared to alternative treatments, including any standard of care;

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the market acceptance of our product candidates;

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obtaining, maintaining, defending, and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

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significant and changing government regulation; and

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the timing, receipt, and terms of any marketing approvals.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates that we may develop could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of our product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently contemplate for the completion of clinical development of any of our product candidates that we may develop or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefit costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses for our employees in commercial, executive, operational, finance, legal, business development, and human resource functions. In addition, other significant general and administrative expenses include professional fees for legal, consulting, investor and public relations, auditing, and tax services as well as other expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other supplies used in general and administrative activities. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future due to anticipated increases in headcount to support the continued advancement of our product candidates and our progression to commercial operations. We also anticipate that as we continue to operate as a public company with increasing complexity, we will continue to incur increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses.

Restructuring Expense

In June 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan to reduce the Company’s workforce and incurred aggregate charges of approximately $3.2 million in restructuring expenses, consisting of employee severance payments and other termination benefits.

Interest Expense

Interest expense in 2025 and 2024 was related to our financing lease obligation for our Cranbury, NJ facility.

Interest and Other Income

Interest and other income for the year ended December 31, 2025, was related to interest earned from investments and cash equivalents. Interest and other income for the year ended December 31, 2024, was related to interest earned from investments and cash equivalents and change in fair value of warrant liability.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our results of operations, in thousands, for each of the periods presented:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024			Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	142,015		$	171,244		$	(29,229	)
General and administrative		86,501			101,961			(15,460	)
Restructuring		3,231			-			3,231
Total operating expenses		231,747			273,205			(41,458	)
Loss from operations		(231,747	)		(273,205	)		41,458
Interest expense		(1,891	)		(1,886	)		(5	)
Interest and other income, net		3,218			8,267			(5,049	)
Accretion of discount on investments, net		7,297			8,078			(781	)
Total other income, net		8,624			14,459			(5,835	)
Net loss	$	(223,123	)	$	(258,746	)	$	35,623

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses decreased $29.2 million to $142.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in R&D expenses was primarily driven by decreases in manufacturing development and direct material costs of $10.8 million, professional fees of $7.0 million, lab supplies and office expense of $4.4 million, stock based and other compensation and benefit expenses of $3.7 million, and clinical trial expenses of $2.7 million. Reflected in the decrease in R&D expenses was the receipt of $2.7 million of CIRM grant recorded as a reduction of R&D expenses in the first quarter of 2025.

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A expenses decreased $15.5 million to $86.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in G&A expenses was primarily driven by decreases in commercial preparation-related expenses of $11.5 million from declining payroll and commercial launch services and stock based and other compensation and benefit expenses of $5.4 million. The decrease in G&A expenses was partially offset by increases in legal expenses of $1.4 million.

Restructuring Expense

In June 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan to reduce the Company’s workforce and incurred aggregate charges of $3.2 million in restructuring expenses, consisting of employee severance payments and other termination benefits.

Other Income, Net

Other income, decreased by $5.8 million to $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in other income was primarily driven by a decrease in interest and other income, net, of $5.0 million due to a decrease in interest earned on investments due to lower investment balance and interest rates year over year and a decrease in fair value of warrant liabilities in 2024 of $1.9 million, and a decrease in accretion of discount on investments, net, of $0.8 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have not generated any revenue and have incurred losses since inception. Operations of the Company are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, among others, those related to drug candidate development, technology and data security, patents and proprietary rights, our lack of commercial manufacturing marketing or sales experience, dependency on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. Drug candidates currently under development will require significant additional R&D efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure, and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities.

Our drug candidates are in the development and clinical stage. There can be no assurance that our R&D will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for our intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if our product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, we will generate significant revenue from product sales. We operate in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from its operations each year since inception. We have incurred net losses of $223.1 million and $258.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. We have experienced negative cash flows from operations of 190.0 million and $209.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and have an accumulated deficit of $1.44 billion as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we had $188.9 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments. We believe that in accordance with the current operating plan, which reflects a strategic corporate reorganization and reprioritization announced in July 2025, such resources will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2027. We have financed our operations primarily through proceeds from the sale of equity securities and continue to manage our capital resources with discipline and a focus on long-term sustainability.

On August 18, 2024, CIRM awarded the Company up to $5.8 million under a CLIN2 grant award to support the clinical development of its AAV-based gene therapy, RP-A501 for the treatment of DD. Proceeds from the grant would help fund clinical trial costs as well as manufactured drug product for Phase 1/2 patients. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has received RP-A501 grants of $5.0 million from CIRM.

In the longer term, our future viability is dependent on our ability to generate cash from operating activities or to raise additional capital to finance our operations. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any future debt financing into which we enter may impose upon us additional covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments and engage in certain merger, consolidation, or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. We may also raise capital through the sale of priority review vouchers to third parties. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and ability to pursue our business strategies.

Public Offering and Private Placement

On December 12, 2024, the Company completed the Offering of approximately 15.2 million shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $12.50 per share and Private Placement of pre-funded warrants to purchase 0.4 million shares of common stock at a price of $12.49 per warrant. The gross proceeds from the Offering and Private Placement were approximately $194.7 million, net of $12.2 million of offering costs, underwriting discounts and commissions, legal and other expenses for net proceeds from the Offering and Private Placement of $182.5 million.

Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. Information regarding our obligations relating to income taxes and lease arrangements are provided in “Note 12. Income Taxes” and “Note 13. Leases” to our consolidated financial statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are material or reasonably likely to become material to our financial condition or results of operations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, in thousands, for each of the periods presented:


	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(190,014	)	$	(209,724	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		103,767			131,706
Net cash provided by financing activities		148			185,739
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(86,099	)	$	107,721

Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2025, operating activities used $190.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, primarily resulting from our net loss of $223.1 million offset by net non-cash charges of $41.4 million, including non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $37.1 million, depreciation, amortization expense of $11.0 million and impairment of right of use asset of $0.3 million, partially offset by accretion of discount on investments of $7.0 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2025 included a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $10.4 million and a decrease in our prepaid expenses and other assets of $2.1 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, operating activities used $209.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, primarily resulting from our net loss of $258.7 million offset by net non-cash charges of $43.3 million, including non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $43.9 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $9.4 million, partially offset by accretion of discount on investments of $8.1 million and change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $1.9 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024, included an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $6.1 million and an increase in our prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.7 million.

Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $103.8 million, primarily resulting from proceeds of $380.8 million from the maturities of investments, offset by purchases of investments of $276.6 million, and purchases of property and equipment of $0.4 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $131.7 million, primarily resulting from proceeds of $383.5 million from the maturities of investments, offset by purchases of investments of $245.9 million, and purchases of property and equipment of $5.9 million.

Financing Activities

During year ended December 31, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million of cash, consisting of return of short-swing profits of $0.2 million partially offset by repurchase of RSUs of $0.1 million.

During year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $185.7 million, consisting primarily of proceeds related to the December 12, 2024 public offering of $182.5 million and $3.2 million from the exercise of stock options.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We periodically review our estimates as a result of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates are reflected in the financial statements prospectively from the date of the change in estimate.

For a description of our significant accounting policies, refer to “Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. We consider the most critical accounting policies to be those related to our Accrued R&D Expenses, Stock-Based-Compensation, Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method. The total cost of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying identifiable net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples, among other items. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as of December 31, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Examples of such events or circumstances include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal or business climate, an adverse regulatory action or unanticipated competition. The Company has one segment and one reporting unit and as such reviews goodwill for impairment at the consolidated level. When testing goodwill, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors for reporting units that carry goodwill. The qualitative assessment includes assessing the totality of relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value or carrying value of the reporting unit. These events and circumstances include macroeconomic conditions, industry and competitive environment conditions, overall financial performance, reporting unit specific events and market considerations. The Company also considers recent valuations of the reporting unit, including the magnitude of the difference between the most recent fair value estimate and the carrying value, as well as both positive and adverse events and circumstances, and the extent to which each of the events and circumstances identified may affect the comparison of a reporting unit’s fair value with its carrying value. If the qualitative assessment results in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, then no further testing is performed for that reporting unit.

In May 2025, two patients participating in the Phase 2 pivotal study of RP-A501 each experienced an unexpected SAE after which the FDA placed a clinical hold on the trial to allow for further evaluation. In response to the unexpected SAEs, the Company performed a quantitative assessment of its goodwill and determined that there was no impairment at June 30, 2025. The clinical hold on the trial was subsequently lifted by the FDA after the Company satisfactorily addressed issues outlined in the clinical hold.

The Company performed qualitative annual assessments of its goodwill and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As a result, the Company determined that there was no goodwill impairment for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consists of IPR&D assets. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite-lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. IPR&D intangible assets which are determined to have had a drop in their fair value are adjusted downward and an expense recognized in R&D expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These IPR&D intangible assets are tested at least annually or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment based on indicators including progress of R&D activities, changes in projected development of assets, and changes in regulatory environment and future commercial markets. If a triggering event occurs that would indicate a potential impairment, the Company will perform a quantitative analysis to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value is below carrying amount. The annual impairment assessment for the IPR&D asset was performed as of December 1, 2025 and 2024. No impairment of the IPR&D asset was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Accrued R&D Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued R&D expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advanced payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Examples of estimated accrued R&D expenses include fees paid to:

•

CROs in connection with performing R&D services on our behalf;

•

investigative sites or other providers in connection with clinical trials;

•

vendors in connection with non-clinical development activities; and

•

vendors related to product manufacturing, development and distribution of clinical supplies.

We base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs that conduct and manage non-clinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of patients, number of sites activated and level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting expenses that are too high or too low in any particular period.

Stock-Based Compensation

We issue stock-based awards to employees and non-employees, generally in the form of stock options, RSUs, and PSUs.

We measure the compensation expense of employee and non-employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. The cost of stock options and RSUs is recognized over the requisite service period of the awards on a straight-line basis with forfeitures recognized as they occur. The vesting condition for PSUs is performance based and the cost of a PSU is recognized when it is likely that the performance goal associated with the PSU will be achieved and the award will vest.

The fair value of options on the date of grant is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on key assumptions such as expected volatility and expected term.

We classify stock-based compensation expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs and services are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements Not Adopted as of December 31, 2025

ASU 2024-03: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE). This update requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-03 will have on its financial statements and disclosures.

ASU 2025-10: Government Grants Topic 832. This update adds guidance on the recognition, measurement and presentation of government grants. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2028. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2025-10 will have on its financial statements and disclosures.

ASU 2025-11: Interim Reporting Topic 270. This update is intended to improve the navigability of guidance in ASC 270, Interim Reporting, and clarify when it applies. The amendments also provide additional guidance on what disclosures should be provided in interim reporting periods. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2025-11 will have on its disclosures.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted as of December 31, 2025

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 requires a public business entity (PBE) to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For PBEs, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all period presented. As of December 31, 2025, the Company adopted this new ASU retrospectively with all the revised disclosures for 2025 and 2024 presented. The impact of the new ASU was limited to the Company's income tax disclosures with no impact to its operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required by this Item 8 are included in Item 15 of this Annual Report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and our principal financial officers, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of such date are effective at the reasonable assurance level. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13(a)-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

•

Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

•

Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

•

Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive and financial officers, we assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting included testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls. In our management’s opinion, we have maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the COSO 2013 framework.

Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not Applicable.

PART III. — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“Proxy Statement”) under the headings “Nominees for Election as Directors,” “Information about Our Executive Officers,” “Information about the Board and Corporate Governance” and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report.

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Information about the Board and Corporate Governance” and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Our independent public accounting firm is EisnerAmper LLP, New York, New York, PCAOB Auditor ID 274.

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules

(a)

The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:

(1)

Financial Statements:


Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-9

(2)

Financial Statement Schedules:

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required or the information required is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

(3)

Exhibits:


Exhibit Number		Exhibit Index Description of Exhibit
2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of September 12, 2017, by and among Inotek Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. and Rome Merger Sub (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on September 13, 2017)
2.2		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 19, 2022, by and among Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Renovacor, Inc., Zebrafish Merger Sub, Inc. and Zebrafish Merger Sub, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on September 20, 2022)
3.1		Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., effective as of February 23, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2015)
3.2		Certificate of Amendment (Reverse Stock Split) to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective as of January 4, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 5, 2018)
3.3		Certificate of Amendment (Name Change) to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective January 4, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 5, 2018)
3.4		Certificate of Amendment to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective June 25, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on June 25, 2019)
3.5		Certificate of Amendment (Authorized Shares Increase) to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 20, 2024)
3.6		Amended and Restated By-Laws of Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., effective as of March 29, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s registration statement on Form 8-A/A, as amended (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 11, 2018)
4.1		Form of Common Stock Certificate of Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 5, 2018)
4.2		Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021)
4.3		Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on September 15, 2023)
10.1#		Second Amended and Restated 2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement (001-36829), filed with the SEC on April 30, 2018)
10.2#		Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 14, 2018)


Exhibit Number		Exhibit Index Description of Exhibit
10.3#		Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Employees) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 14, 2018)
10.4#		Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 14, 2018)
10.5#		Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Consultants) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 14, 2018)
10.6#		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021)
10.7#		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. 2015 Share Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 7, 2018)
10.8**		Amended and Restated Lease Agreement, dated as of June 26, 2019, by and between the Company and Cedar Brook 12 Corporate Center, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 8, 2019)
10.9#		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 7, 2018)
10.10#		Form of Indemnification Agreement, entered into between the Registrant and its directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 5, 2018)
10.11#		Form of Indemnification Agreement, entered into between the Registrant and its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on January 5, 2018)
10.12#		Severance and Change in Control Policy, effective as of February 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 9, 2023)
10.13#		Form of Proprietary Information, Inventions and Non-Solicitation/Non-Competition Agreement, entered into between the Company and its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024)
10.14†		License Agreement, dated as of November 19, 2018, by and between Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. and REGENXBIO Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 8, 2019)
10.15		Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated as of December 21, 2020, by and between the Registrant and Neptune Consulting, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021)
10.16		Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated as of December 17, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Neptune Consulting, LLC. (First Indication) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022)
10.17		Warrant to Purchase Shares of Common Stock, dated as of December 17, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Neptune Consulting, LLC. (Second Indication) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022)
10.18		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2021, by and among Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and each of those persons listed as an Investor on the Schedule of Inventors attached as Schedule A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 30, 2021)
10.19		Assignment, Assumption and Amended & Restated Warrant Agreement, dated January 16, 2023, by and among Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Zebrafish Merger Sub II, LLC, as successor to Renovacor, Inc., and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023)
10.20#		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. General Compensation Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024)
10.21#		Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 7, 2025, by and between the registrant and Sarbani Chaudhuri (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on May 8, 2025)
10.22#		Separation and Release Agreement, dated as of September 11, 2025, by and between Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Kinnari Patel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on September 17, 2025)
10.23#		Consulting Agreement, dated as of September 11, 2025, by and between Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Kinnari Patel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on September 17, 2025)


Exhibit Number		Exhibit Index Description of Exhibit
10.24#		Executive Employment Agreement, dated August 29, 2025, by and between the registrant and Syed Rizvi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on November 6, 2025)
10.25#		First Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, dated October 1, 2025, by and between the registrant and Syed Rizvi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on November 6, 2025)
10.26#		Executive Employment Agreement dated July 7, 2025, by and between the Company and Christopher Stevens (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (001-36829), filed with the SEC on August 7, 2025)
10.27#		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025)
19		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025)
21.1*		List of Subsidiaries
23.1*		Consent of EisnerAmper LLP
24.1*		Power of Attorney (included in the signature page)
31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97		Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nasdaq Rule 5608 Compensation Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (001-36829), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024)
101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

† Confidential treatment has been granted with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the SEC.

** Certain portions of this exhibit have been excluded because they are both not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed.

The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompanying this Annual Report on Form 10- K is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not Applicable.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	ROCKET PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

February 26, 2026	By:	/s/ Gaurav Shah, MD
		Gaurav Shah, MD
		Chief Executive Officer and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)

February 26, 2026	By:	/s/ Martin Wilson
		Martin Wilson
		General Counsel and Chief Corporate Officer, SVP
		(Principal Financial Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES

Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Gaurav Shah, MD and Martin Wilson, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Name	Title	Date

/s/ Gaurav Shah, MD	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Gaurav Shah, MD	(Principal Executive Officer)	February 26, 2026

/s/ Martin Wilson	General Counsel and Chief Corporate Officer, SVP
Martin Wilson	(Principal Financial Officer)	February 26, 2026

/s/ John Militello	VP, Finance, Senior Controller & Treasurer
John Militello	(Principal Accounting Officer)	February 26, 2026

/s/ Elisabeth Björk
Elisabeth Björk	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Carsten Boess
Carsten Boess	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Mikael Dolsten
Mikael Dolsten	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Peter Fong
Peter Fong	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Fady Malik
Fady Malik	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Piratip Pratumsuwan
Piratip Pratumsuwan	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ David P. Southwell
David P. Southwell	Director	February 26, 2026

/s/ Roderick Wong, MD
Roderick Wong, MD	Director	February 26, 2026

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Contents


Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 274)		F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024		F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-9

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Impairment assessment – In-process research and development

As described in Note 3 to the financial statements, as of December 31, 2025, the Company had an indefinite-lived intangible asset of $25.2 million which is related to in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired from Renovacor, Inc. in December 2022. Management reviews the IPR&D for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the Company’s IPR&D is impaired, a quantitative assessment is performed. If the quantitative assessment indicates the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value, the asset is written down to its fair value. The impairment assessment required management to estimate the fair value of the asset using a valuation model that involved significant judgment. Key assumptions used in the valuation model included the likelihood and extent of preclinical and clinical study timeline and related costs, probability of regulatory approval, commercialization, sales projections, and discount rate.

We identified the impairment assessment of the IPR&D as a critical audit matter due to the risk of material misstatement and significant judgment by management in its impairment analysis. Auditing the Company’s impairment assessment of the IPR&D required a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to preclinical and clinical study timeline and related costs, probability of regulatory approval, commercialization, and sales projections. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.

F-2

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. Our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the design and implementation and testing the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s IPR&D impairment assessment. We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s assumptions which involved consideration of whether these assumptions were consistent with (i) the Company’s public announcements and filings, (ii) external market and industry data, and (iii) evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the reasonableness of the discount rate.

/s/ EisnerAmper LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

EISNERAMPER LLP

Iselin, New Jersey

February 26, 2026

F-3

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	December 31, 2025			December 31, 2024

Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	77,558		$	163,635
Investments		111,371			208,701
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,805			5,847
Total current assets		192,734			378,183
Property and equipment, net		28,170			36,786
Goodwill		39,154			39,154
Intangible assets		25,150			25,150
Restricted cash		1,340			1,362
Deposits		482			529
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		3,210			4,173
Finance lease right-of-use asset, net		40,209			42,363
Total assets	$	330,449		$	527,700
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	27,291		$	37,827
Operating lease liabilities, current		1,003			1,001
Finance lease liability, current		1,912			1,856
Total current liabilities		30,206			40,684
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		2,600			3,258
Finance lease liability, non-current		19,362			19,383
Other liabilities		1,060			1,141
Total liabilities		53,228			64,466
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 5,000,000 shares:
Series A convertible preferred stock; 300,000 shares designated; 0 shares issued and outstanding		-			-
Series B convertible preferred stock; 300,000 shares designated; 0 shares issued and outstanding		-			-
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 108,319,783 and 106,453,818 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		1,083			1,065
Additional paid-in capital		1,717,408			1,680,219
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(31	)		66
Accumulated deficit		(1,441,239	)		(1,218,116	)
Total stockholders’ equity		277,221			463,234
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	330,449		$	527,700

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Revenue	$	-		$	-

Operating expenses:
Research and development		142,015			171,244
General and administrative		86,501			101,961
Restructuring		3,231			-
Total operating expenses		231,747			273,205
Loss from operations		(231,747	)		(273,205	)
Interest expense		(1,891	)		(1,886	)
Interest and other income, net		3,218			8,267
Accretion of discount on investments, net		7,297			8,078
Net loss	$	(223,123	)	$	(258,746	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(2.01	)	$	(2.73	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		111,123,770			94,807,773

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Net loss	$	(223,123	)	$	(258,746	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Net unrealized loss on investments		(97	)		(253	)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(223,220	)	$	(258,999	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts)


								Accumulated
					Additional			Other					Total
	Common Stock				Paid-In			Comprehensive		Accumulated			Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Income/(Loss)		Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023		90,282,267	$	903	$	1,450,722		$	319	$	(959,370	)	$	492,574
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs		15,180,000		152		182,376								182,528
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options		269,080		3		3,208			-		-			3,211
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units		722,471		7		(7	)		-		-

Washington, DC 20549

Documents Incorporated by Reference

PART I.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

PART I

Cardiovascular Programs

cGMP Manufacturing

Intellectual Property

Material Contracts

Competition

Manufacturing

Government Regulation

Human Capital

Corporate Information

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Needs

Risks Related to Manufacturing, Commercialization and Development of Our Product Candidates

Risks Related to Third Parties

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Personnel and Expansion of our Company

Item 1B. Unresolved SEC Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Stockholders

Dividend Policy

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Introduction

Financial Overview

Restructuring Expense

Results of Operations

Restructuring Expense

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

PART III. — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

SIGNATURES

POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

ROCKET PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 10-K