As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 28, 2021

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________

Form S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

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RHODIUM ENTERPRISES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Delaware		7374		87-1586290
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Nathan Nichols
Chief Executive Officer
Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.
Address Not Applicable1
(956) 746-3486
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

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Corporation Service Company
251 Little Falls Drive
Wilmington, Delaware 19808
(302) 636-5401
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

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Matthew R. Pacey, P.C.

Anne G. Peetz

Kirkland & Ellis LLP

609 Main Street, Suite 4700

Houston, Texas 77002

(713) 836-3600

Jonathan H. Talcott

E. Peter Strand

Michael K. Bradshaw, Jr.

Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP

101 Constitution Avenue NW, Suite 900

Washington, D.C. 20001

(202) 689-2806

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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box: ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

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1 We do not maintain a headquarters and are considered a remote-first company.

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CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each Class of Securities to be Registered		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2)			Amount of Registration Fee
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share		$	100,000,000		$	9,270.00

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(1) Includes additional shares of Class A common stock that the underwriters have the option to purchase.

(2) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. The prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities nor a solicitation of an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer and sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion, dated October 28, 2021

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.

Class A Common Stock

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This is the initial public offering of the shares of Class A common stock of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc., a Delaware corporation. We are offering shares of our Class A common stock. We are a holding company and the sole managing member of Rhodium Technologies LLC (“Rhodium Holdings”), and our principal asset consists of units of Rhodium Holdings (“Rhodium Units”). We intend to contribute the net proceeds of this offering to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units. Rhodium Holdings will use such proceeds to construct new sites and for general corporate purposes, including the purchase of miners. Please see “Use of Proceeds.”

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A common stock. We have applied to list our Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “RHDM.” We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $ and $ per share.

We have two classes of common stock: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Upon completion of this offering and the related reorganization, holders of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be entitled to one vote for each share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively, held of record on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote generally. See “Description of Capital Stock.” Upon consummation of this offering, Imperium Investment Holdings LLC (“Imperium”), an entity controlled by certain members of our management, will hold 100% of the shares of Class B common stock that will entitle them to % of the combined voting power of our common stock (or % if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock in full). Because Imperium will hold over 50% of the total voting stock outstanding, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules. See “Management — Status as a Controlled Company.” This offering is being conducted through what is commonly referred to as an “Up-C” structure. The Up-C structure provides Imperium, as the existing owner of Rhodium Holdings, with the tax advantage of continuing to own interests in a pass-through structure and provides potential future tax benefits for both the public company and Imperium when Imperium ultimately exchanges its Rhodium Units (together with its shares of Class B common stock) for shares of Class A common stock. See “Corporate Reorganization.”

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Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks, including those described under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 18 of this prospectus.

	Per share	Total
Price to the public	$	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	$	$
Proceeds to us (before expenses)	$	$

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(1) See “Underwriting” for additional information regarding underwriter compensation.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and as such, we have elected to take advantage of certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and future filings. “Risk Factors” and “Prospectus Summary — Emerging Growth Company Status” contain additional information about our status as an emerging growth company.

We have granted the underwriters the option to purchase up to additional shares of Class A common stock at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discount and commissions, for 30 days after the date of the final prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed on the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of Class A common stock on or about , 2021.

____________________________

Book-Running Manager

B. Riley Securities

Prospectus dated , 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		1
RISK FACTORS		18
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		54
USE OF PROCEEDS		56
DIVIDEND POLICY		57
CAPITALIZATION		58
DILUTION		59
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		60
BUSINESS		81
MANAGEMENT		92
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION		96
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT		100
CORPORATE REORGANIZATION		101
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		105
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK		112
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		119
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK		122
UNDERWRITING		126
LEGAL MATTERS		133
EXPERTS		133
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		133
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on behalf of us or to the information which we have referred you. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We and the underwriters are offering to sell shares of our Class A common stock and seeking offers to buy shares of our Class A common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the Class A common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. We will update this prospectus as required by law, including with respect to any material change affecting us or our business prior to the completion of this offering.

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” contain additional information regarding these risks.

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Commonly Used Defined Terms

As used in this prospectus, unless the context indicates or otherwise requires, the terms listed below have the following meanings:

• “Corporate Reorganization” means the reorganization of the company and its subsidiaries, effective June 30, 2021;

• “Existing Holders” refers, collectively, to the holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

• “GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

• “Imperium” means Imperium Investments Holdings LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company;

• “IPO” means the initial public offering of the Class A common stock of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.;

• “IPO Reorganization” means the transactions entered into in connection with the IPO pursuant to the Master Reorganization Agreement;

• “Legacy Owners” refers to Imperium and the Management Members that own an equity interest in Imperium;

• “Management Members” means certain individual officers and employees of Rhodium who own equity in Imperium;

• “Master Reorganization Agreement” means that reorganization agreement entered into between Rhodium and Rhodium Holdings in connection with this offering;

• “Rhodium,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the company” and other like terms (i) prior to the Corporate Reorganization described in this prospectus (unless otherwise disclosed), refer collectively to Rhodium Technologies LLC (formerly known as Rhodium Enterprises LLC) and Rhodium JV LLC on a combined basis, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, and (ii) following the Corporate Reorganization described in this prospectus, refer to Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries;

• “Rhodium Holdings” refers to Rhodium Technologies LLC (formerly known as Rhodium Enterprises LLC);

• “Rhodium Unitholders” means the holders of Rhodium Units following the closing of this offering;

• “Rhodium Units” means units representing limited liability company interests in Rhodium Holdings issued pursuant to the Rhodium LLC Agreement;

• “Rhodium LLC Agreement” means the amended and restated limited liability company agreement of Rhodium Holdings;

• “SAFE Transactions” refers to the simple agreements for future equity entered into by the Company and certain investors as described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Recent Developments — SAFE Transactions”; and

• “Tax Receivable Agreement” means the tax receivable agreement to be entered into in connection with the closing of this offering, by and between Imperium and Rhodium.

Organizational Structure

On June 30, 2021, we effected our Corporate Reorganization, which we describe in “Prospectus Summary — Corporate Reorganization” and “Corporate Reorganization.” Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, all information in this prospectus reflects the consummation of the Corporate Reorganization, certain subsequent transactions, and this offering. This offering is being conducted through what is commonly referred to as an “Up-C” structure. See “Prospectus Summary — Corporate Reorganization,” “Corporate Reorganization” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” for more information on this structure and the related agreements entered into in connection with the Up-C structure.

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Presentation of Financial and Operating Data

Unless otherwise indicated, the summary historical consolidated financial information presented in this prospectus prior to the Corporate Reorganization is that of our accounting predecessor, Rhodium Enterprises LLC and Rhodium JV LLC on a combined basis, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, and the summary historical consolidated financial information presented in this prospectus following the Corporate Reorganization is that of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Industry and Market Data

The market data and certain other statistical information used throughout this prospectus are based on independent industry publications, government publications and other published independent sources. Although we believe these third-party sources are reliable as of their respective dates, neither we nor the underwriters have independently verified the accuracy or completeness of this information. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications.

Trademarks and Trade Names

We have rights to various common law trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. This prospectus may also contain trademarks, service marks and trade names of third parties, which are the property of their respective owners. Our use or display of third parties’ trademarks, service marks, trade names or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and does not imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship by us. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ®, TM or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary provides a brief overview of information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Readers should consider this entire prospectus and other referenced documents before making an investment decision. Other material information can be found under “Risk Factors,” “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the historical financial statements and the related notes to those financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

We are an industrial-scale digital asset technology company utilizing our proprietary technologies to mine bitcoin. Our strategy is to create innovative technologies to be the most sustainable and cost-efficient producer of bitcoin in the industry. We believe we can achieve this through our fully integrated infrastructure platform, access to sustainable and low-cost power and directly owning and operating a majority of the components of our own customized mining sites. Our fully integrated infrastructure platform includes our flagship liquid-cooling system, efficiency optimization software and end-to-end management software. Our uniquely designed infrastructure affords us the ability to maintain low operating costs and manage energy consumption, which provides significant advantages in driving profitability across a variety of bitcoin market conditions.

We strive to continuously develop and implement technological improvement into the bitcoin mining process. The cornerstone of our infrastructure platform is our proprietary liquid-cooling technology. Our founders spent the previous four years developing, testing and collecting field operational data to optimize the application of our liquid-cooling technology to mining bitcoin. We believe we will be one of the largest liquid-cooled bitcoin mining sites in the world, with 100 megawatts (“MW”) of liquid-cooled miners scheduled to be online by December 2021.

We believe we have a competitive advantage through our design, build, operations and maintenance of industrial scale liquid-cooled bitcoin mining infrastructure. Our liquid-cooling technology has many advantages over traditional air-cooled systems. Our technology allows us to submerge our bitcoin miners in the fluid, allowing us to optimize the hash rate, or processing power, of our miners relative to air-cooled systems, which allows us to predictably and consistently mine more bitcoin with fewer miners. Our liquid-cooling technology protects our equipment from high temperatures, humidity, dust and vibration, all of which can lead to equipment damage and failure. We believe that our liquid-cooling technology extends the mechanical useful life of our miners by 30% to 50% relative to manufacturer specifications based on internal testing.

Additionally, we have developed and maintained proprietary software to optimize performance of our miners and infrastructure in real time and provide critical security controls to our mining operations. We believe our software provides the proper control and flexibility to optimize the performance of our people, processes and technology. Specifically, our software allows us to make quicker, and data-informed, decisions, securely and rapidly put miners online and more effectively manage temperature and energy.

Our infrastructure platform provides an integrated, connected system for bitcoin mining operations. As of September 30, 2021, we owned and operated an infrastructure platform supported by approximately 80 MW of power capacity with the capability to power more than 22,600 miners at our “initial Texas site,” with a total combined hash rate capacity of approximately 1.8 EH/s. Based on our expected delivery of miners as of September 30, 2021, we expect to bring an additional 45 MW of power online at our initial Texas site by the end of 2021, which will increase our total hash rate capacity to approximately 2.7 EH/s. We have procured sustainable and low-cost power for our sites through long-term, fixed-cost energy contracts for an aggregate of 310 MW, with an additional 40 MW under a letter of intent. Additionally, we have entered into colocation agreements with our power provider at our initial Texas site whereby we agree to pay them a percentage of after-tax cash profit, which we refer to as “Colocation Payments.” See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Our Business Model — Payments to Our Electricity Providers — Our Initial Texas Site.” On August 31, 2021, we entered into a lease agreement and an energy supply agreement for a second Texas site (our “second Texas site” and, together with our initial Texas site, our “sites”) where we expect to develop 225 MW of additional capacity. Under these agreements, we have agreed to pay a percentage of profits to our electricity provider in addition to the fixed costs. See “— Recent Developments — Lease and Electricity Supply Agreement at Second Texas Site” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Our Business Model — Payments to Our Electricity Providers — Our Second Texas Site.” for

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more information. We expect to have our first miners online at our second Texas site in April 2022 and for such site to be completed by the end of 2022. We have already secured approximately 225 MW of miners scheduled for delivery beginning in April 2022. Our second Texas site will utilize our infrastructure platform, including our proprietary liquid-cooling systems. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Our Business Model — Payments to Our Electricity Providers — Our Second Texas Site.”

Our infrastructure platform allows us to mine bitcoin at a significantly lower cost compared to the industry average. For the period from July 1, 2021 to September 30, 2021, our average electricity cost to produce one bitcoin was approximately $2,145.

We are strategically locating our sites in Texas due to its independent power market and abundance of low-cost renewable energy resources. We believe our liquid-cooling technology provides us better access to Texas’s low-cost renewable energy because it allows us to operate more efficiently in the warmer region of the state, where significant renewable energy resources are located. Curtailment of power generation from renewable energy sources may occur in order to balance energy supply and demand or due to transmission constraints, which may limit the benefit of low-cost renewable energy. Our mining operations provide a consistent and flexible demand for such power. Additionally, through our contractual relationship with our power suppliers, during periods of high energy prices and demand volatility, we have the ability to curtail and adjust the power demand of our sites, creating flexibility in our revenue sources and providing grid stability for the region.

We generate substantially all of our revenue from bitcoin mining. As we produce bitcoin through our mining operations, we will from time to time exchange our bitcoin for fiat currency based on our internal cash management policy. We intend to hold enough fiat currency or hedge enough of our bitcoin exposure to cover our projected near-term fiat currency needs, including liabilities and anticipated expenses and capital expenditures. In identifying our fiat currency needs, we assess market conditions and review our financial forecast. We safeguard and keep private our digital assets by utilizing offline storage solutions, which require multi-factor authentication and third-party custody solutions. While we are confident in the security of our digital assets, we continue to evaluate additional protective measures.

We generated revenue, net income and Adjusted EBITDA of $48.2 million, $14.9 million and $40.9 million, respectively, during the six months ended June 30, 2021. We generated revenue, net loss and Adjusted EBITDA of $5.15 million, $0.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in 2020. Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure not presented in accordance with GAAP. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA, an explanation of our management’s use of this measure and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), see “— Summary Financial Statements — Non-GAAP Financial Metrics.”

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following attributes and capabilities provide us with competitive advantages that distinguish us from our peers:

• One of the most efficient, lowest cost bitcoin mining companies in the industry. We believe that we are one of the most efficient and low-cost large-scale bitcoin mining companies, achieved by leveraging our proprietary technology to operate our miners at the highest efficiency and utilizing sustainable, low-cost power. We believe that our power arrangements combined with our liquid cooling technology and proprietary software, allows us to mine more bitcoin using fewer miners and causing less damage to those miners. Further, our technology enables our miners to operate with little to no down time, which reduces needed maintenance and replacement of our miners, further driving down costs. We have long-term, low-cost contracts in place for our electricity needs, resulting in an electricity cost per bitcoin between July 1, 2021 and September 30, 2021 of approximately $2,145.

• Wholly owned and integrated technology and infrastructure platform. We have customized the design of our mining sites and developed our own cooling-technology infrastructure to optimize our mining operations. Our investment in our sites provides a significant long-term benefit to the efficiency of these operations. We do not license our proprietary technology or provide hosting services to third parties. We believe having control over the critical components of our mining value chain provides us long-term strategic and financial benefits, including reduced overall costs, better quality control and an improved ability to react to disruptions and market trends in an expedient manner. This strategy reinforces our

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belief that owning and controlling a majority of the components of our mining infrastructure and owning our software is a distinct competitive advantage that gives us the operational flexibility required to maximize our profitability and control to implement our growth initiatives.

• Innovative technology company with proprietary liquid-cooling systems and software. We design and develop state-of-the-art technology specifically for our miners and infrastructure, including our proprietary large-scale, liquid-cooling systems and optimization software. We believe our liquid-cooling technology increases the efficiency of our mining equipment, allowing us to produce more bitcoin per unit of power consumed per miner and prolongs the useful life of our equipment. Our proprietary software allows us, in real time, to adjust and manage our miners and infrastructure for peak optimal performance. We believe mining efficiency will be critical to our success and our continued investment in our liquid-cooling and software technologies will provide us with a significant advantage over our competitors.

• Strategically located mining sites with significant room for near-term growth. As of September 30, 2021, we operated our bitcoin mining site in Texas, representing approximately 80 MW of mining capacity at our initial Texas site, which has a total capacity of 125 MW. We have begun construction at our second Texas site, which we expect to be completed by the end of 2022. We expect to have 225 MW of additional mining capacity at our second Texas site. We believe the increased efficiency of our liquid-cooling technology compared to air-cooled systems provides us an advantage in high-heat and high-humidity regions such as Texas that have access to an abundance of renewable power generation. Texas’s power landscape provides us access to cheap and clean renewable energy while also providing meaningful flexibility to the regional power grid.

• Flexibility to curtail operations and release capacity during emergencies and high demand periods. Through our contractual relationship with our power suppliers, we can curtail our operations, enabling our power suppliers to sell unused capacity back to the power market during periods of high demand and price volatility, creating a flexible demand response to the volatility of the Texas electricity market. Through this contractual relationship with our power suppliers, we can still generate revenue during such periods. For example, the North American winter storm in February 2021 resulted in widespread power outages throughout Texas. During this storm, we curtailed our operations to allow our power supplier at our initial Texas site to sell unused capacity back to the power market. We “recouped” what would have otherwise been lost revenue attributable to the curtailment, in the form of energy credits from our power supplier.

• Access to and use of low cost and sustainable power. We are dedicated to helping support the environmentally friendly mining of bitcoin, as we firmly believe that this will be critical to the long-term adoption and success of bitcoin. Our current and planned future operations are located in Texas, which, according to the United States Energy Information Association, leads the United States in wind-powered electricity generation, producing almost 30% of the United States’ total wind generation in 2020. Texas is also recognized for its significant solar power potential, second only to California based on the cumulative amount of solar electric capacity installed through the first quarter of 2021. The significant penetration of intermittent renewable energy will often lead to its curtailment, which reduces the economic and environmental benefits of this clean energy. We can locate our sites to efficiently utilize renewable energy that would have otherwise been curtailed and also curb our operations when the electric grid needs to utilize these renewable resources due to high electricity demand. As a first step towards our goal of establishing environmentally friendly bitcoin mines, we intend to reach 100% net carbon neutrality by the end of 2022 through these efforts and the purchase of carbon offsets.

Recent Developments

Lease and Electricity Supply Agreement at Second Texas Site

On August 31, 2021, we entered into a Datacenter Lease (the “Datacenter Lease”) with Temple Green Data LLC (“Temple Green”), pursuant to which Temple Green has agreed to provide with data center site hosting and power supply services to us at our second Texas site. On October 8, 2021, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Datacenter Lease with Temple Green in order to update the legal description of the property. Under the Datacenter

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Lease, Temple Green has agreed to engineer and construct our site capable of hosting up to 225 MW (including 40 MW under a nonbinding letter of intent) of server and cooling load and associated electrical infrastructure in exchange for our promise to pay a fixed monthly lease and share a percentage of each building’s yearly profits, payment for which will begin on the date our site commences operations (subject to satisfactory credit support). The initial term of the Datacenter Lease is ten years and we have the sole option to extend for up to two five-year periods.

On August 31, 2021, we also entered into a master retail electricity supply agreement (the “Electricity Supply Agreement”) with an affiliate of NetZero Energy LLC (“NetZero”) to provide electricity to our second Texas site. NetZero has agreed to provide us with sufficient energy to operate our second Texas site at pre-determined maximum amounts during the term of the Datacenter Lease.

SAFE Transactions

Between June 2, 2021 and October 19, 2021, we entered into simple agreements for future equity, or SAFEs, with certain investors, pursuant to which we issued rights to such investors to receive shares of our Class A common stock upon the occurrence of a subsequent financing or listing event for an aggregate purchase price of $86.9 million. Each SAFE provides that, upon the closing of this offering, the rights will convert into shares of Class A common stock.

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CORPORATE REORGANIZATION

We were incorporated as a Delaware corporation on April 22, 2021. On June 30, 2021, we effected a series of transactions, which we refer to as the Corporate Reorganization.

Immediately prior to the Corporate Reorganization, Imperium held approximately 92% of the equity interests in Rhodium Holdings. As a result of the Corporate Reorganization, all non-controlling interest unit holders of Rhodium Holdings and certain of its subsidiaries (the “Corporate Reorganization Parties”) contributed their ownership interests in Rhodium Holdings and such subsidiaries to Rhodium in exchange for an aggregate 110,593,401 shares of Class A common stock. Rhodium then transferred the ownership interests in such subsidiaries to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units.

In connection with the Corporate Reorganization, (i) Imperium retained 180,835,811 Rhodium Units, or approximately 62% of the economic interests in Rhodium Holdings, (ii) Rhodium acquired 110,593,401 Rhodium Units, or approximately 38% of the economic interests in Rhodium Holdings, (iii) Rhodium became the managing member of Rhodium Holdings and became responsible for all operational, management and administrative decisions relating to Rhodium Holdings’ business and will consolidate financial results of Rhodium Holdings and its subsidiaries, (iv) Rhodium became a holding company whose only material asset consists of membership interests in Rhodium Holdings and (v) Rhodium Holdings directly or indirectly owns all of the outstanding equity interests in the subsidiaries through which we operate our assets.

In connection with this offering, Rhodium will enter into a Master Reorganization Agreement pursuant to which (i) Rhodium will amend and restate its organizational documents to give the holders of shares of Common Stock of Rhodium one vote on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote generally for each share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock held of record, (ii) Rhodium will issue shares of Class B common stock to Imperium, and (iii) Rhodium will issue shares of Class A common stock (assuming a public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) to the investors under the SAFE Transactions (collectively, the “IPO Reorganization”). See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Master Reorganization Agreement.”

Our organizational structure following this offering is commonly referred to as an umbrella partnership-C corporation, or “Up-C” structure. Pursuant to this structure and following this offering, we will hold a number of Rhodium Units equal to the number of Class A common stock issued and outstanding and Imperium will hold a number of Rhodium Units equal to the number of shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding. The Up-C structure was selected in order to allow Imperium the option to continue to hold its economic ownership in Rhodium Holdings in a pass-through structure for U.S. federal income tax purposes through its ownership of Rhodium Units and potentially allows Imperium and Rhodium to benefit from net cash tax savings that Rhodium might realize as more fully described in “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Tax Receivable Agreement.”

After giving effect to the offering contemplated by this prospectus, Rhodium will own an approximate % interest in Rhodium Holdings (or % if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full), Imperium will own an approximate % interest in Rhodium Holdings (or % if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full), and Imperium will own shares of Class B common stock, which will represent an approximate % interest in the voting power of the outstanding common stock of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. (or % if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full). See “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” for more information.

Each share of Class B common stock has no economic rights but entitles its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or by our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Rhodium does not intend to list Class B common stock on any exchange.

Under the Rhodium LLC Agreement, Imperium, subject to certain limitations, has the right (the “Redemption Right”) to cause Rhodium Holdings to acquire all or a portion of its Rhodium Units for, at Rhodium Holdings’ election, (i) shares of our Class A common stock at a redemption ratio of one share of Class A common stock for each Rhodium Unit redeemed, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and

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reclassification and other similar transactions or (ii) an approximately equivalent amount of cash (the “Cash Election”) as determined pursuant to the terms of the Rhodium LLC Agreement. Alternatively, upon the exercise of the Redemption Right, Rhodium (instead of Rhodium Holdings) has the right (the “Call Right”) to acquire each tendered Rhodium Unit directly from Imperium for, at its election, (x) one share of Class A common stock, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions, or (y) an approximately equivalent amount of cash as determined pursuant to the terms of the Rhodium LLC Agreement. In addition, Rhodium has the right to require (i) upon the acquisition by Rhodium of substantially all of the Rhodium Units, certain minority unitholders or (ii) upon a change of control of Rhodium, Imperium, in each case, to exercise its Redemption Right with respect to some or all of such unitholder’s Rhodium Units. In connection with any redemption of Rhodium Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or the Call Right, the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock will be cancelled. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Rhodium LLC Agreement.”

In connection with the Up-C structure, we will enter into a Tax Receivable Agreement with Imperium at the close of this offering. This agreement generally provides for the payment by Rhodium to Imperium of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after this offering as a result of (i) the increase in our proportionate share of the tax basis of the assets of Rhodium Holdings resulting from the exchange of Rhodium Units, and the corresponding surrender of an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock, by Imperium for shares of Class A common stock (or for cash pursuant to the Cash Election) pursuant to the Redemption Right, and (ii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings.

While the net cash savings are not expected to be material if Imperium exchanged all of its Rhodium Units at the time of this offering, such net cash savings and the payments arising therefrom are expected to significantly increase based on the future operations and activities of Rhodium Holdings. If we experience a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations) or the Tax Receivable Agreement terminates early (at our election or as a result of our breach), we could be required to make a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment.

Estimating the amount and timing of Rhodium’s realization of tax benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, and the amount and timing of such tax benefits are unknown at this time and will vary based on a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law and a price of $ per share of Class A common stock (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), we expect that if we experienced a change of control or the Tax Receivable Agreement were terminated immediately after this offering, the estimated lump-sum payment would be approximately $ (calculated using a discount rate equal to the one-year London Interbank Offered Rate (or an agreed successor rate, if applicable) plus 100 basis points, applied against an undiscounted liability of approximately $ ). These amounts are estimates and have been prepared for informational purposes only. The actual amount of such lump-sum payment could vary significantly based on, among other things, the operations and activities of Rhodium Holdings in the period between this offering and an early termination or a change of control event.

See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Tax Receivable Agreement” and “Corporate Reorganization” for more information on our organizational structure, including the Tax Receivable Agreement.

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The diagram below depicts our simplified organizational structure immediately following this offering assuming that the Underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock:

____________

(1) Includes the Existing Holders other than Imperium.

Our Principal Stockholders

Following the completion of this offering and related reorganization, Imperium will own 100% of our Class B common stock, representing approximately % of the voting power of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. ( % if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full).

Emerging Growth Company Status

As a company with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we are an emerging growth company, unlike other public companies that do not meet those qualifications, we are not required to:

• provide an auditor’s attestation report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”);

• provide more than two years of audited financial statements and related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in a registration statement on Form S-1;

• comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer;

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• provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies or hold stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation required by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”); or

• obtain stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of:

• the last day of the year in which we have $1.07 billion or more in annual revenue;

• the date on which we become a “large accelerated filer” (which means the year-end at which the total market value of our common equity securities held by non-affiliates is $700 million or more as of June 30);

• the date on which we issue more than $1 billion of non-convertible debt securities over a three-year period; or

• the last day of the year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period, which means that the financial statements included in this prospectus, as well as any financial statements that we file or furnish in the future, will not be subject to all new or revised accounting standards generally applicable to public companies for the transition period for so long as we remain an emerging growth company.

Corporate Information

We consider ourselves a remote-first company, meaning that for the vast majority of roles, our employees have the option to work remotely. Due to this, we do not currently have a principal executive office. Our website is located at . Our telephone number is (956) 746-3486. We expect to make our periodic reports and other information filed with or furnished to the SEC available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information on, or otherwise accessible through, our website or any other website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

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THE OFFERING

Class A common stock offered by us		shares.
Option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock		We have granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an aggregate of additional shares of our Class A common stock.
Class A common stock to be outstanding after the offering		shares (or shares, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares).
Class B common stock to be outstanding immediately after completion of this offering		shares, or one share for each Rhodium Unit held by Imperium immediately following this offering. Class B shares are non-economic. In connection with any redemption of Rhodium Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or our Call Right, the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock will be cancelled.
Use of proceeds		We expect to receive approximately $ million of net proceeds (assuming a public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) from the sale of the Class A common stock offered by us (or approximately $ million, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares) after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We intend to contribute the net proceeds of this offering to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units. Rhodium Holdings will use such proceeds to construct new sites and for general corporate purposes, including the purchase of miners. Please see “Use of Proceeds.”
Voting power of Class A common stock after giving effect to this offering		% or (or 100% if all outstanding Rhodium Units held by Imperium are redeemed, along with a corresponding number of shares of our Class B common stock, for newly issued shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis).
Voting power of Class B common stock after giving effect to this offering		% or (or 0% if all outstanding Rhodium Units held by Imperium are redeemed, along with a corresponding number of shares of our Class B common stock, for newly issued shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis).
Voting rights		Imperium will hold all of the outstanding shares of our Class B common stock. Each share of Class A common stock will entitle its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally. Each share of Class B common stock will entitle its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by stockholders generally. See “Description of Capital Stock” for more information.
Controlled company		Upon completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards.

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Dividend policy		We currently anticipate that we will retain all future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends.
Listing and trading symbol		We have applied to list our Class A common stock on Nasdaq under the symbol “RHDM.”
Redemption rights of Imperium		Under the Rhodium LLC Agreement, Imperium, subject to certain limitations, has the right, pursuant to the Redemption Right, to cause Rhodium Holdings to acquire all or a portion of its Rhodium Units for, at Rhodium Holdings’ election, (i) shares of our Class A common stock at a redemption ratio of one share of Class A common stock for each Rhodium Unit redeemed, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions or (ii) an approximately equivalent amount of cash as determined pursuant to the terms of the Rhodium LLC Agreement. Alternatively, upon the exercise of the Redemption Right, Rhodium (instead of Rhodium Holdings) has the right, pursuant to the Call Right, to acquire each tendered Rhodium Unit directly from Imperium for, at its election, (x) one share of Class A common stock, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions, or (y) an approximately equivalent amount of cash as determined pursuant to the terms of the Rhodium LLC Agreement. In addition, Rhodium has the right to require (i) upon the acquisition by Rhodium of substantially all of the Rhodium Units, certain minority unitholders or (ii) upon a change of control of Rhodium, Imperium, in each case, to exercise its Redemption Right with respect to some or all of such unitholder’s Rhodium Units. In connection with any redemption of Rhodium Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or the Call Right, the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock will be cancelled. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Rhodium LLC Agreement.
Tax receivable agreement		Future redemptions of Rhodium Units for shares of Class A common stock are expected to result in increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Rhodium Holdings (or our proportionate share of such tax basis). The anticipated basis adjustments are expected to increase (for tax purposes) our depreciation and amortization deductions and may also decrease our gains (or increase our losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets. Such increased deductions and losses and reduced gains may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. In connection with the completion of this offering, we will enter into a Tax Receivable Agreement with Imperium. This agreement generally provides for the payment by Rhodium to Imperium of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after this offering as a result of (i) the tax basis increases resulting from the redemption of Rhodium Units, and the corresponding surrender of an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock, by Imperium for

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		shares of Class A common stock (or for cash pursuant to the Cash Election) pursuant to the Redemption Right or Call Right, and (ii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement. While the net cash savings are not expected to be material if Imperium exchanged all of its Rhodium Units at the time of this offering, such net cash savings and the payments arising therefrom are expected to significantly increase based on the future operations and activities of Rhodium Holdings. If we experience a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations) or the Tax Receivable Agreement terminates early (at our election or as a result of our breach), we could be required to make a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Tax Receivable Agreement” for more information.
Risk factors		See the section entitled “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of some of the factors you should consider before deciding to purchase shares of our Class A common stock.

The information above excludes shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our long-term incentive plan that we intend to adopt in connection with the completion of this offering.

Summary of Risk Factors Applicable to Our Business

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section entitled “Risk Factors,” alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History

• We have a limited operating history and have grown significantly in a short period of time. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business could be materially adversely affected.

• We have a history of operating losses and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability.

Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Mining Business

• The price of new miners may be linked to the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and our costs of obtaining new and replacement miners may increase along with the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

• There are several new and existing competitors in our industry that are purchasing mining equipment at scale, which may cause delays or difficulty in us obtaining new miners, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

• We depend on a limited number of suppliers for our cooling liquid and, historically, have depended on one manufacturer for our miners, making us vulnerable to supply disruption and price fluctuation.

• The cost of obtaining new and replacement miners and parts has historically been capital intensive, and is likely to continue to be very capital intensive, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

• Our failure to timely complete the construction of our second Texas site and commence its full commercial operations could negatively affect our business operations.

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• Our lease arrangements with our power suppliers at our Texas sites are subject to power supply and counterparty risks.

• The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted and may continue to disrupt international shipping and manufacturing pipelines, and we may not be able to obtain new miners or replacement parts for our existing miner fleet in a timely or cost-effective manner, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

• We may be subject to risks in connection with acquisitions.

Risks Related to Bitcoin

• The trading price of bitcoin, which may be subject to pricing risks, including volatility related risks, has historically been subject to wide swings. A material decrease in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

• The markets for bitcoin may be underregulated. As a result, the market price of bitcoin may be extremely volatile. Rapid decreases in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Enforcement

• Regulatory or tax law changes or actions may alter the nature of your investment or restrict the use of cryptocurrencies in a manner that adversely affects our business, prospects or operations.

• We are subject to a highly evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, prospects or operations.

• Bitcoin’s status in relevant jurisdictions is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if we are unable to properly characterize it, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, and other penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

• We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to bitcoin mining operations, such as ours.

• Our mining business is subject to local government regulation.

• Future developments regarding the treatment of bitcoin for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes could adversely affect our business.

• Changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations could affect our and Rhodium Holdings’ business and future profitability.

Risks Related to our Organizational Structure

• We are a holding company. Our sole material asset after completion of this offering will be our equity interest in Rhodium Holdings, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from Rhodium Holdings to pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover our corporate and other overhead expenses.

• Imperium will hold a substantial majority of our common stock and will have the right to appoint a majority of our board members, and its interests may conflict with those of other stockholders.

• We will be required to make payments to Imperium under the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits we may claim, and no such payments will be made to any holders of our Class A common stock. The amounts of such payments could be significant.

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• If Rhodium Holdings were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we and Rhodium Holdings might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies, and we would not be able to recover payments previously made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.

Risks Related to the Offering and Our Class A Common Stock

• There is no existing market for our Class A common stock, and we do not know if one will develop.

• The dual-class structure of our common stock may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A common stock.

• Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution of $ per share.

• Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

• We will incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time to reporting requirements as a result of operating as a public company.

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SUMMARY HISTORICAL AND UNAUDITED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Rhodium was incorporated in April 2021 and has limited historical financial operating results. The following table shows summary historical financial and other information and certain pro forma information for Rhodium and its subsidiaries and its accounting predecessor.

The summary historical financial information as of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020 was derived from the audited historical financial statements of our accounting predecessor, Rhodium Holdings and Rhodium JV LLC on a combined basis, together with its consolidated subsidiaries included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary historical financial information as of June 30, 2021 and 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020 was derived from the unaudited historical financial statements of Rhodium and its subsidiaries included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The summary unaudited pro forma balance sheet as of June 30, 2021 has been prepared to give pro forma effect to (i) the Corporate Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of Class A common stock in accordance with the SAFE Transactions, (iii) the proceeds from the SAFE Transactions entered into after June 30, 2021, (iv) the IPO Reorganization and (iv) this offering and the application of the net proceeds from this offering as if they had been completed as of June 30, 2021.

The summary unaudited pro forma statements of operations data for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the six months ended June 30, 2021 have been prepared to give pro forma effect to (i) the issuance of Class A common stock in accordance with the SAFE Transactions, (ii) the proceeds from the SAFE Transactions, (iii) the IPO Reorganization and (iv) this offering and the application of the net proceeds from this offering. The presentation of the unaudited pro forma financial information has been prepared in conformity with Article 11 of Regulation S-X and is based on currently available information and certain estimates and assumptions. Therefore, the actual adjustments may differ from the pro forma adjustments. This information is subject to and gives effect to the assumptions and adjustments described in the notes accompanying the unaudited pro forma financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The summary unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information and related notes are included for informational purposes only and do not purport to reflect our financial position or results of operations that would have occurred had we been in existence or operated as a public company or otherwise during the periods presented. If this offering and other transactions contemplated herein had occurred in the past, our operating results might have been materially different from those presented in the unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information should not be relied upon as being indicative of our financial position or results of operations had the described transactions occurred on the dates assumed. The summary unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information also does not project our financial position or results of operations for any future period or date. Future results may vary significantly from the results reflected in the unaudited pro forma consolidated statements of operations and should not be relied on as an indication of our results after the consummation of this offering and the other transactions contemplated by such unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements.

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“Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Corporate Reorganization,” the historical financial statements and the unaudited pro forma financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus contain additional information to be read in conjunction with the following table.

	Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.							Rhodium Pro Forma
	As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021			As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020		As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020		As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021	As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share data
Statement of Operations Information:
Revenue:
Revenue, net – digital asset mining	$	48,181		$	—	$	5,150	$	$

Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, excluding colocation expense, depreciation and amortization		3,995			—		623
Cost of revenue – colocation payment expense		1,555			—		—
Selling, general and administrative		3,951			100		2,380
Depreciation and amortization		6,284			211		2,953
Impairment of digital assets		14,396			—		68
Total costs and expenses		30,181			311		6,024

Operating profit (loss)		18,000			(311)		(874)

Other income (expense)
Interest income		9,051			—		16
Realized gain on sale of digital assets		(560	)		(25)		351
Interest expense		(9,740	)		—		(422)
Other income, net		2,249			—		217
Total other income (expense)		1,000			(25)		(162)

Income (loss) before provision for income taxes		19,000			(336)		(712)

Provision for income taxes		(4,088	)		85		181

Net income (loss)		14,912			(251)		(531)

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest		12,632			(101)		(244)

Net income (loss) attributable to temporary equity		—			—		—

Net income (loss) attributable to Rhodium Enterprises LLC and Rhodium JV LLC.	$	2,280		$	(150)	$	(287)	$	$

Net income available to Class A common stock per share:
Basic								$	$
Diluted								$	$

Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding:
Basic
Diluted								$	$
								$	$

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	Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.							Rhodium Pro Forma
	As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021			As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020		As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020		As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021	As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share data
Balance Sheet Information:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,072		$	—	$	9,059	$
Digital assets		23,698			—		137
Total assets		212,762			—		45,264
Total liabilities		159,151			—		40,984
Total stockholders’ equity		53,611			—		4,280

Statement of Cash Flows Information:
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(62,702	)	$	(96)	$	(3,010)
Net cash used in investing activities		(58,597	)		(11,589)		(30,103)
Net cash provided by financing activities		137,312			13,225		42,172

Other Financial Information:
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	40,929				$	2,380

____________

(1) Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure calculated or presented in accordance with GAAP. See “— Non-GAAP Reconciliation” for information regarding our use of this non-GAAP financial measure and a reconciliation to its most directly comparable GAAP equivalent.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation:

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, further adjusted by the removal of one-time transaction costs, impairment of digital currencies, realized gains and losses on the sale of digital currencies, SAFE discount, and expenses related to stock-based compensation.

The above items are excluded from our Adjusted EBITDA measure because these items are non-cash in nature, or because the amount and timing of these items is unpredictable, not driven by core results of operations and renders comparisons with prior periods and competitors less meaningful. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as provides a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business performance. Moreover, we have included Adjusted EBITDA in this prospectus because it is a key measurement used internally by management to make operating decisions, including those related to operating expenses, evaluate performance and perform strategic and financial planning. However, you should be aware that when evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. The presentation of this measure should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Further, this non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies because not all companies calculate this measure in the same fashion. You should review the reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the period ended December 31, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021:

	As of and for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020			As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	(531	)	$	14,912
Adjustments:
Interest expense		422			560
Income tax provision (benefit)		(181	)		4,088
Depreciation and amortization		2,953			6,284
Impairment of digital currencies		68			14,396
Realized gain/loss on digital currencies (gain)		(351	)		(9,051	)
SAFE Discount		—			9,740
Adjusted EBITDA	$	2,380		$	40,929

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks. The information in this prospectus should be considered carefully, including the matters addressed under “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and the following risks before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially affect our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks or additional risks and uncertainties that are currently immaterial or unknown could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, cash flows or prospects. The trading price of our Class A common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History

We have a limited operating history and have grown significantly in a short period of time. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We were organized and began mining bitcoin in 2020. Accordingly, we have a limited operating history, which makes an evaluation of our future prospects difficult. Our operating results will likely fluctuate moving forward as we focus on increasing our capacity and as the market price of bitcoin fluctuates. We may need to make business decisions that could adversely affect our operating results, such as modifications to our business structure, or operations. In addition, we have grown rapidly since inception. This growth has placed significant demands on our management, financial, operational, technological, and other resources, and we expect that additional growth could place significant demands on our management and other resources and require us to continue developing and improving our operational, financial, and other internal controls. We may not be able to address these challenges in a cost-effective manner or at all. If we do not effectively manage our growth, we may not be able to execute on our business plan, respond to competitive pressures or take advantage of market opportunities and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially harmed.

We have a history of operating losses and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability.

Our history of operating losses is due to non-cash depreciation expenses. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximate balances of cash and cash equivalents of $9.1 million, working capital of $19.1 million, total members’ equity of $4.3 million and an accumulated deficit of $0.3 million. As of June 30, 2021, we had approximate balances of cash and cash equivalents of $25.1 million, working capital of $116.9 million, total members’ equity of $53.6 million and retained earnings of $53.6 million. To date, we have, in large part, relied on the sale of bitcoin we mine to repay this debt and to fund our operations, and if bitcoin prices are not sufficiently high to enable us to sell the bitcoin we mine at prices above our cost to mine it, we may not be able to repay such debt at a rapid pace and therefore we may be unable to fund our operations without raising additional capital.

Even if bitcoin prices are sufficiently high for our mining activities, we are likely to need to raise additional capital to fund the acquisition of new miners to replace our existing miners and expand our fleet to be competitive in our volatile and highly competitive industry.

We may be unable to raise additional capital needed to grow our business.

We will likely continue to operate at a loss and we expect to need to raise additional capital to expand our operations and pursue our growth strategies, and to respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements. We may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could impair our growth and adversely affect our existing operations. If we raise additional equity financing, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and the per share value of our Class A common stock could decline. Furthermore, if we engage in additional debt financing, the holders of debt likely would have priority over the holders of common stock on order of payment preference. We may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness or take other actions including terms that require us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios that could otherwise not be in the interests of our stockholders.

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Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Mining Business

The cost of obtaining new and replacement miners and parts has historically been capital intensive, and is likely to continue to be very capital intensive, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our bitcoin mining operations can be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including hardware and electricity costs, associated with mining are lower than the price of the bitcoin we mine when we sell it. Our miners experience ordinary wear and tear from operation and may also face more significant malfunctions caused by factors which may be beyond our control. Over time, we will replace those miners which are no longer functional with new miners purchased from third-party manufacturers. Additionally, as the technology evolves, we may acquire newer models of miners to remain competitive in the market.

For example, the 16,900 new model Whatsminer M30S, M31S, and M31S+ miners that were placed online in the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2021 will eventually become obsolete or will degrade due to ordinary wear and tear from usage, and may also be lost or damaged due to factors outside of our control. We use customized proprietary firmware in our miners, developed in cooperation with the manufacturer. Our customized firmware permits us to modify the frequency (clock speed) at which the miners operate, as well as the operating voltage applied to the Application-Specific Integrated Chips (“ASIC”) processors. Although our liquid-cooling technologies dissipate heat more efficiently versus air cooling, our use of customized firmware, to the extent we are not operating the machines to manufacturer specifications, could increase the risk of machine failure. Once this happens, these new miners will need to be repaired or replaced along with other equipment from time to time for us to stay competitive. This upgrading process requires substantial capital investment, and we may face challenges in doing so on a timely and cost-effective basis based on availability of new miners and our access to adequate capital resources. If we are unable to obtain adequate numbers of new and replacement miners at scale, we may be unable to remain competitive in our highly competitive and evolving industry. If this happens, we may not be able to mine bitcoin as efficiently or in similar amounts as our competition and, as a result, our business and financial results could suffer. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our securities and our investors could lose part or all of their investment.

The price of new miners may be linked to the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and our costs of obtaining new and replacement miners may increase along with the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations are dependent on our ability to sell the bitcoin we mine at a price greater than our costs to produce that bitcoin. We incur significant up-front capital costs each time we acquire new miners, and, if future prices of bitcoin are not sufficiently high, we may not realize the benefit of these capital expenditures. As the price for new miners we buy increases, our cost to mine a single bitcoin also increases, therefore requiring a corresponding increase in the price of bitcoin for us to maintain our results of operations, to the extent we sell the bitcoin shortly after mining it.

We have observed significant fluctuations in market prices for bitcoin, to the extent that we are unable to reasonably predict future prices for the bitcoin we mine. This is an issue particularly because the structure of our purchase agreements with our miner manufacturer providing for the purchase of miners typically are entered into at least six months in advance of delivery. The market price of bitcoin could decrease during this time to the point at which it no longer becomes profitable for us to use such equipment to mine bitcoin and, as a result, our business and financial results could suffer. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our securities and our investors could lose part or all of their investment.

Reports have been released that the prices of new miners are adjusted according to the price of bitcoin. As a result, the cost of new machines can be unpredictable, and could also be significantly higher than our historical cost for new miners. As a result, at times, we may obtain miners and other hardware from third parties at higher prices, to the extent they are available. For example, beginning in the second half of 2020 and continuing through October 2021, we observed a significant appreciation in the market price of bitcoin, as well as an increase in the per-unit price of the miners we use to mine bitcoin. While we cannot know definitively if these two phenomena are linked, we have seen a measurable increase in the prices for new miners offered by third party manufacturers during periods of increased market prices for bitcoin, and such prices may continue to track the volatility in the market price of bitcoin.

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The global supply chain for miners is presently constrained due to unprecedented demand coupled with a global semiconductor (including microchip) shortage, with a significant portion of available miners being acquired by companies with substantial resources. Semiconductors are utilized in various devices and products and are a crucial component of miners. Supply chain constraints coupled with increasing demand has led to increased pricing and limited availability for semiconductors. Prices for both new and older models of miners have been on the rise and these supply constraints are expected to continue for the foreseeable future. China, a major supplier of miners, has seen a production slowdown as a result of COVID-19. Should similar outbreaks or other disruptions to the China-based global supply chain for mining hardware occur, we may not be able to obtain adequate replacement parts for our existing miners or to obtain additional miners on a timely basis, if at all, or we may only be able to acquire miners at premium prices. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to pursue our strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the value of our securities.

There are several new and existing competitors in our industry that are purchasing mining equipment at scale, which may cause delays or difficulty in us obtaining new miners, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Many of the competitors in our industry have also been purchasing mining equipment at scale, which has caused a world-wide shortage of mining equipment and extended the corresponding delivery schedules for new miner purchases. There are no assurances that manufacturers, including the manufacturer with whom we currently have a contractual relationship, will be able to keep pace with the surge in demand for mining equipment. It is uncertain how manufacturers will respond to this increased global demand and whether they can deliver on the schedules promised to all of their customers.

In the event manufacturers are not able to keep pace with demand, we may not be able to purchase miners in sufficient quantities or on the delivery schedules that meet our business needs. Additionally, should manufacturers default on their purchase agreements with us, we would have to pursue recourse in an international jurisdiction, which would be costly and time consuming to resolve, and there is no guarantee we would succeed in recovering any of our deposits paid for such miner purchases, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted and may continue to disrupt international shipping and manufacturing pipelines, and we may not be able to obtain new miners or replacement parts for our existing miner fleet in a timely or cost-effective manner, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in authorities imposing, and businesses and individuals implementing, numerous unprecedented measures to try to contain the virus. While there have been vaccines developed and administered, and the spread of COVID-19 may eventually be contained or mitigated, we cannot predict the timing of vaccine roll-outs globally or the efficacy of such vaccines. In addition to vaccinations, containment efforts have included travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place/stay-at-home and social distancing orders, and shutdowns. These decisions, as well as potentially lasting increased adoption of remote meeting and collaboration technologies, may negatively impact our business and harm productivity and collaboration, in particular for key personnel. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to affect our business, results of operations and financial condition is difficult to predict and depends on numerous evolving factors, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic and its impact on overall global uncertainty; government, social, business and other actions that have been and will be taken in response to the pandemic; and the pandemic’s effect on short- and long-term general economic conditions.

Current and future restrictions or disruptions of transportation, such as reduced availability of air and ground transport, port closures or congestion, and increased border controls or closures, could materially adversely affect us. We have already observed a significant increase in both air and sea freight costs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which results in higher shipping costs for us as we seek to ship new and replacement miners from manufacturing locations located in China to our operations in the United States. These increased costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, particularly if the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue.

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Furthermore, various COVID-19-related restrictions on travel, work, and movement of goods and supplies, as well as the cumulative impact of the mounting number of lost working days, has strained our manufacturing partners, suppliers and logistics partners and impacted their ability to produce and deliver a sufficient number of products needed to meet the global demand for miners. The pandemic’s impact on the global supply chain and manufacturing interruptions is evidenced by decreased production and resulting shortage of semiconductors, which are used in the manufacture of the ASIC chips used in the miners we operate.

While we believe our current manufacturing partner and component suppliers mostly have been able to continue to operate to date in compliance with applicable regulations and current limitations, future restrictions on their operations could impact their ability to meet global demand for new miners. Concurrently, along with an increased trading price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in late 2020 and early 2021, we observed an increased demand for miners, leading to increased per-unit costs for new miners. If the scarcity of miners continues, this pricing trend may continue. If we are unable to acquire new miners, or if our cost for new miners is excessively high, we may not be able to compete with other bitcoin mining companies, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for our cooling liquid and, historically, have depended on one manufacturer for our miners, making us vulnerable to supply disruption and price fluctuation.

Our reliance on single or a limited number of suppliers could result in product delivery problems and delays and reduced control over product pricing and quality. Though in some cases, we may prefer to have multiple sources to procure certain key items used in our operations, in some cases it is not practical or feasible to do so, particularly in our industry.

Historically, we have purchased our miners from one manufacturer. As a result, the miners we currently own were manufactured entirely in China, which has recently banned mining of bitcoin within China. Although we are not aware of any government action banning or restricting the manufacture or export of miners, any future restriction or impairment by the Chinese government on the manufacture or export of miners from China could materially adversely impact our ability to add new capacity to our mining sites, to replace miners that may fail and to timely upgrade miners to more efficient and newer technologies.

We purchase electricity pursuant to contracts that require us to commit to purchase electricity in 5 MW increments. We must purchase and obtain miners sufficient to utilize all such committed electricity as quickly as possible after each such purchased increment of electric power comes online. If we are unable to timely obtain new miners to utilize all of the electricity that we have committed to purchase (for example, due to a supply disruption or delay, as discussed elsewhere in these risk factors), our profitability will be negatively impacted because we will be required to purchase electricity that cannot be used fully for mining.

Our deep relationship with our current manufacturer has resulted in favorable pricing terms for the miners that we purchased from them. We also rely on a few manufacturers of the fluid used in our liquid-cooling systems. We may suffer a disruption in the supply of miners or fluid if we are unable to purchase them on a timely basis or at all for any reason. Any supply disruption, including delay in delivery by our suppliers or manufacturers, increased demand in their products causing them to delay production or delivery to us, or the bankruptcy or shutdown of our suppliers or manufacturers, could prevent us from competing with other bitcoin mining companies, or could force us to purchase miners or fluid from parties other than those with which we presently have contractual relationships, which may charge us more, and all of which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, the proliferation of liquid-cooling technology in the cryptocurrency mining business or in the computing industry more generally could increase demand for the fluid we use in our liquid-cooling operations, which could increase our costs of operation and therefore could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

To the extent that the profit margins of bitcoin mining operations are not high, operators of bitcoin mining operations are more likely to immediately sell bitcoin rewards earned by mining in the market, thereby constraining growth of the price of bitcoin, which could adversely impact us.

Over the past few years, bitcoin mining operations have evolved from individual users mining with computer processors, graphics processing units and first-generation ASIC servers. New processing power being added by incorporated and unincorporated “professionalized” mining operations is gaining market share. Professionalized mining operations may use proprietary hardware or sophisticated ASIC machines acquired from

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ASIC manufacturers. Acquiring this specialized hardware at scale requires the investment of significant up-front capital, and mining operations incur significant expenses related to the operation of this hardware at scale, such as leasing operating space (often in data centers or warehousing facilities), incurring electricity costs to run the miners and employing technicians to operate mining farms. With the greater scale of professionalized mining operations (compared to individual mining operations) comes pressure to maintain profit margins on the rapid sale of bitcoin, whereas individual mining operations in past years were more likely to hold newly mined bitcoin for more extended periods. To the extent the price of bitcoin declines and such profit margin is constrained, professionalized mining operations are incentivized to sell bitcoin earned from mining operations soon after mining. This rapid selling of newly mined bitcoin greatly increases the volume of bitcoin that would otherwise be available for sale under normal market circumstances, creating downward pressure on the market price of bitcoin rewards.

Profit margin for a bitcoin mining operation is in essence the value of bitcoin mined by a professionalized mining operation minus the allocable capital and operating costs to mine bitcoin. A professionalized mining operation may be more likely to rapidly sell a higher percentage of its newly mined bitcoin if it is operating at a low profit margin and it may partially or completely cease operations if its profit margin is negative. In a low profit margin environment, a higher percentage could be sold more rapidly, thereby potentially depressing bitcoin prices. Lower bitcoin prices could result in further tightening of profit margins for professionalized mining operations, creating a network effect that may further reduce the price of bitcoin until mining operations with higher operating costs become unprofitable. Ultimately this effect could force professionalized mining operations to reduce mining power or temporarily cease mining operations.

Our reliance on a third-party mining pool service provider for our mining revenue payouts may have a negative impact on our operations, including as a result of cyber-attacks against the mining pool operator and/or our limited recourse against the mining pool operator with respect to rewards paid to us.

We receive bitcoin mining rewards from our mining activity through third-party mining pool operators. Mining pools allow miners to combine their processing power, increasing their chances of solving a block and getting paid by the network. The rewards are distributed by the pool operator, proportionally to our contribution to the pool’s overall mining power, used to generate each block. Should the pool operator’s system suffer downtime due to a cyber-attack, software malfunction or other similar issues, it will negatively impact our ability to mine and receive revenue. Furthermore, we are dependent on the accuracy of the mining pool operators’ record keeping to accurately record the total processing power provided to the pools for a given bitcoin mining application in order to assess the proportion of that total processing power we provided. While we have internal methods of tracking both our power provided and the total used by each pool, the mining pool operators use their own record-keeping to determine our proportion of a given reward. We have little means of recourse against the mining pool operators if we determine the proportion of the reward paid out to us by the mining pool operators is incorrect, other than leaving the pools. If we are unable to consistently obtain accurate proportionate rewards from our mining pool operators, we may experience reduced reward for our efforts or be forced to leave the mining pool or join a new mining pool, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

In addition, our proportion of mining rewards are temporarily held by the operators of the pools until they are distributed to us. During this time, cryptocurrencies held by the pool operators may be subject to risk of loss due to theft or loss of private keys, among other things, and distributions of such cryptocurrencies from the pool operators to their custodian or other wallets may be intercepted by malicious actors. If a pool operator ceases to provide services, whether related to a cyberattack, software malfunction or other similar issue, or discovers a shortfall in the bitcoin held by the pool, the revenue that we generated from the pool may never be paid to us, and we may have little means of recourse against the mining pool operator. Even if we joined other mining pools, there is a risk of short-term impact on our financial performance in making that transition, and new mining pools would hold the same or additional risks.

We are in the process of developing our own mining pool to, in part, mitigate the risks associated with relying on third-party pools, but we may not be successful in doing so, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

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The reward for adding new blocks to the bitcoin blockchain is subject to halving, and the value of bitcoin may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.

Halving is a process incorporated into many proof-of-work consensus algorithms that reduces the bitcoin reward paid to those who mine bitcoin over time according to a pre-determined schedule. This reduction in reward spreads out the release of bitcoin over a long period of time resulting in an ever-smaller number of bitcoin being mined, reducing the risk of coin-based inflation. At a predetermined block, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” For bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 bitcoin currency rewards per block and this was cut in half to 25 on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000, then again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000. The most recent halving for bitcoin happened on May 11, 2020 at block 630,000 and the reward reduced to 6.25. According to bitcoin.org, the next halving is projected to occur in 2024. This process will reoccur until the total amount of bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million, which is expected around 2140. While bitcoin price has had a history of price fluctuations around the halving of its rewards, there is no guarantee that the price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the trading price of bitcoin or a proportionate decrease in mining difficulty does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue we earn from our bitcoin mining operations could see a corresponding decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We may not be able to realize the benefits of forks, and forks in the bitcoin network may occur in the future which may affect our operations and financial performance.

The future development and growth of bitcoin is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to predict and evaluate. Because bitcoin is built on an open source protocol without a centralized governing authority, there is a possibility bitcoin develops in ways which are not foreseeable. An example is modification of the bitcoin protocol by a sufficient number of users (known as a “hard fork”).

The bitcoin protocol has been subject to “hard forks” that resulted in the creation of new networks, including Bitcoin Cash ABC, Bitcoin Cash SV, Bitcoin Diamond, Bitcoin Gold and others. Some of these hard forks have caused fragmentation among trading platforms as to the correct naming convention for the forked cryptocurrencies. Due to the lack of a central registry or rulemaking body, no single entity has the ability to dictate the nomenclature of forked cryptocurrencies, causing disagreements and a lack of uniformity among platforms on the nomenclature of forked cryptocurrencies, which results in further confusion to individuals as to the nature of assets they hold on digital asset trading platforms. In addition, several of these hard forks were contentious and as a result, participants in certain digital asset user and developer communities may harbor ill will toward other communities. As a result, certain community members may take actions that adversely impact the use, adoption, and price of bitcoin or any of its forked alternatives.

Furthermore, hard forks can lead to new security concerns. For instance, when the Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Cash SV network split in November 2018, “replay” attacks, in which transactions from one network were rebroadcast on the other network to achieve “double-spending,” plagued platforms that traded bitcoin, resulting in significant losses to some digital asset trading platforms. Another possible result of a hard fork is an inherent decrease in the level of security due to the splitting of some mining power across networks, making it easier for a malicious actor to exceed 50% of the mining power of that network, thereby making digital asset networks that rely on proof-of-work more susceptible to attack in the wake of a fork.

Historically, speculation over a new “hard fork” in the bitcoin protocol has resulted in bitcoin price volatility and future hard forks may occur at any time. A hard fork can lead to a disruption of networks and our information technology systems could be affected by cybersecurity attacks, replay attacks, or security weaknesses, any of which can further lead to temporary or even permanent loss of its assets. Such disruption and loss could cause us to be exposed to liability, even in circumstances where we has no intention of supporting an asset compromised by a hard fork. Additionally, a hard fork may result in a scenario where users running the previous protocol will not recognize blocks created by those running the new protocol, and vice versa. This may render our bitcoin mining hardware incompatible with the new bitcoin protocol. Such changes may have a material effect on our operations, financial position and financial performance.

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Because our miners are designed specifically to mine bitcoin, our future success will depend in large part upon the value of bitcoin, and any sustained decline in its value could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our operating results will depend in large part upon the value of bitcoin because it is the only cryptocurrency we currently mine. Specifically, our revenues from our bitcoin mining operations are based upon two factors: (1) the number of bitcoin rewards we successfully mine and (2) the value of bitcoin. In addition, our operating results are directly impacted by changes in the value of bitcoin because under the value measurement model, both realized and unrealized changes will be reflected in our statement of operations (i.e., we mark bitcoin to fair value each quarter). Please see our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. This means that our operating results will be subject to swings based upon increases or decreases in the value of bitcoin. The introduction of alternative cryptocurrencies, such as those backed by central banks known as Central Bank Digital Currencies, could significantly reduce the demand for bitcoin. This would reduce both our ability to earn mining rewards and transaction fees, and would also impair our ability to monetize the bitcoin we earn in accordance with our financial projections.

Our reliance primarily on a limited assortment of miner models from a single manufacturer may subject our operations to increased risk of failure.

The performance and reliability of our miners and our technology is critical to our reputation and our operations. Because we currently use a limited assortment of miners in our fleet, if there are issues with those machines, such as a design flaw in the ASIC chips they employ, our entire system could be affected. We currently use a few different models of miners, but if there are issues with such machines, we may have to rely on a single model of miner. Any system error or failure may significantly delay response times or even cause our system to fail. Any disruption in our ability to continue mining could result in lower yields and harm our reputation and business. Any exploitable weakness, flaw, or error common to the type of miners we use affects all such miners; therefore, if a defect or other flaw exists and is exploited, all or a substantial portion of our mining operations could go offline simultaneously. Any interruption, delay or system failure could result in financial losses, a decrease in the trading price of shares of our Class A common stock and damage to our reputation.

Our mining operations, including the sites in which our miners are operated or that are currently under construction, may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.

Our current mining operations at our initial Texas site are, and any future mining operations we establish, including at our second Texas site, will be, subject to a variety of risks relating to their physical condition and operation, including, but not limited to:

• the presence of construction or repair defects or other structural or building damage;

• any noncompliance with or liabilities under applicable environmental, health or safety regulations or requirements or building permit requirements;

• any damage resulting from natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and windstorms; and

• claims by employees and others for injuries sustained at our properties, including as a result of exposure to high voltage operations, extreme temperature conditions in our mines, exposure to on-site contaminants and pollutants and dangers posed by the liquid-cooling reservoirs located at our sites.

For example, our mining sites could be rendered temporarily or permanently inoperable as a result of a fire or other natural disaster or by a terrorist or other attack on the mine. The security and other measures we take to protect against these risks may not be sufficient. Additionally, our mining sites could be materially adversely affected by a power outage or loss of access to the electrical grid or loss by the grid of cost-effective sources of electrical power generating capacity. Our existing insurance covers the replacement cost of lost or damaged miners, but does not cover any interruption of our mining activities; therefore our existing insurance may not be adequate to cover the losses we suffer as a result of any of these events. In the event of an uninsured loss, including a loss in excess of insured limits, at any of the mining sites in our network, we may not be able to remediate that loss in a timely manner or at all and we may lose some or all of the future revenues anticipated to be derived from such sites.

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Our existing insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all of our potential losses, and increased self-insurance and other insurance costs could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We maintain insurance policies for our business that provide us with some protection in the event our miners are lost or damaged while at our Texas sites; however, these insurance policies and protections may not be adequate to protect us from liabilities that we may incur in connection with the operation of our business. Certain extraordinary hazards, for example, may not be covered, and insurance may not be available (or may be available only at prohibitively expensive rates) with respect to many other risks. Moreover, any loss incurred could exceed policy limits, and policy payments made to us may not be made on a timely basis. Because of the high cost of new miners, if our insurance coverage is insufficient to cover the replacement, or if payment of our existing coverage benefits is significantly delayed, we may be required to expend additional capital resources to replace any miners we lose as a result of casualty events.

Additionally, although we seek to control our insurance risk and costs, the premiums we pay to obtain insurance coverage may, and are likely to, increase over time. These increases in insurance premiums can occur unexpectedly and without regard to our efforts to limit them, and, because of these rising costs, we may not be able to obtain similar levels of insurance coverage on reasonable terms, or at all. If this occurs, we may choose or be forced to self-insure our assets, which could expose us to significant financial risk due to the high cost of new miners. If insurance costs become unacceptably high and we elect to self-insure, and we experience a significant casualty event resulting in the loss of some or all of our miners, we could be forced to expend significant capital resources to acquire new replacement miners. If such casualty loss of our miners is not adequately covered by insurance and we do not have access to sufficient capital resources to acquire replacement miners, we may not be able to compete in our rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and our business could suffer.

Furthermore, the bitcoin held by us is not insured by any government-sponsored investor protection program or otherwise. Therefore, any loss of bitcoin held by us, either through an information security failure, a mistaken transaction or otherwise, would not be reimbursed. This could adversely affect our operations and, consequently, an investment in our securities.

Our failure to timely complete the construction of our second Texas site and commence its full commercial operations could negatively affect our business operations.

We expect to deploy 225 MW of liquid-cooled miners at our second Texas site by the end of 2022. We expect the construction at this site to be completed by the end of 2022. We cannot give assurances that the construction will be completed as scheduled, without cost overrun or at all. Even if the construction is completed on a timely basis, we cannot give assurances that the full commercial operations will begin as we expected. In addition, we may not be able to attract a sufficient number of skilled workers to meet the needs of our new site, particularly given the current regulatory and economic climate in Texas, which is encouraging cryptocurrency mining companies like ours to operate in Texas. If we experience delays in construction or commencement of the full commercial operations, supply chain disruptions (such as the global semiconductor shortage), increased costs of component parts or raw materials, increased costs or lack of skilled labor or disputes with our third party contractors or service providers, or if other unforeseen events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Operating results could also be unfavorably impacted by start-up costs until production at our new site reaches planned levels.

Additionally, if construction of our second Texas site is delayed due to any of the above, we may not be able to deploy the additional miners we have recently purchased and, therefore, we may not realize the benefit of our substantial capital investments in new miners. If this occurs, our business may suffer, and the results of our operations may be adversely affected. Cost overruns associated with constructing our second Texas site could require us to raise additional funds from other sources.

Increased labor costs and the unavailability of skilled workers could hurt our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon a pool of available skilled employees to operate and maintain our business. We compete with other cryptocurrency mining businesses and other similar employers to attract and retain qualified personnel with the technical skills and experience required to provide the highest quality service. The

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demand for skilled workers is high and the supply is limited, and a shortage in the labor pool of skilled workers or other general inflationary pressures or changes in applicable laws and regulations could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain personnel and could require us to enhance our wage and benefits packages, which could increase our operating costs.

We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power.

Our mining operations have historically required significant amounts of electrical power. As we continue to expand our mining fleet, we anticipate our demand for electrical power will continue to grow. If we are unable to continue to obtain sufficient electrical power to operate our miners on a cost-effective basis, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our significant capital investments in new miners.

Additionally, our mining operations could be materially adversely affected by prolonged power outages. Although our miners may be powered by backup generators on a temporary basis, it would not be feasible or cost-effective to run miners on back-up power generators for extended periods of time. We would likely need to reduce or cease our operations in the event of an extended power outage or as a result of the unavailability or increased cost of electrical power, which would materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our lease arrangements with our power suppliers at our Texas sites are subject to power supply and counterparty risks.

Our initial Texas site is located within a data center in Milam County, Texas that is owned by our power supplier. Our second Texas site is located within Bell County, Texas. Our power suppliers, in turn, are owned by unrelated third-parties. Our Texas sites are located on property owned by separate unrelated third-parties, which lease such properties to our power suppliers. Our power supplier at our initial Texas site, in turn, has entered into several colocation hosting services agreements with us, pursuant to which our power supplier provides electricity and colocation hosting services to us and we pay for the electricity for the site over a term. Our power supplier at our second Texas site, in turn, has entered into an Electricity Supply Agreement with us, pursuant to which our power supplier provides electricity to us and we pay for the electricity for the site over a term. If either of our power suppliers breaches its lease, any such breach could jeopardize the colocation hosting services agreement or the Electricity Supply Agreement, respectively, and our ability to continue our operations at the Texas sites pursuant to such agreements. As a result, we could be forced to expend significant capital resources to relocate our operations.

Our business model depends on obtaining large quantities of electricity at very favorable rates. Our power suppliers have procured favorable electricity rates for use at our premises. Under our fixed cost, 10-year colocation hosting services agreements and our Electricity Supply Agreement with our power suppliers, our power suppliers provide electricity to the premises at rates representing a pass-through to us of the same rates our power suppliers receive, all subject to a cap on the maximum rate that may be passed-through. If we fail to meet any of our obligations under our agreements with our power suppliers, we could lose the favorable electricity rate or experience a complete loss of electricity service to the premises. Additionally, if either of our power suppliers breaches its agreement with the electricity service provider, our power suppliers could lose the favorable rates they receive for electricity and become unable to pass those favorable rates along to us. If any of the foregoing were to occur, we may be unable to operate our business efficiently or profitably.

Further, under our arrangements with our power suppliers, we could become obligated to pay our power suppliers a percentage of the cost of a specified electricity consumption amount, even if the actual consumption amount is lower. As a result, we could pay for electricity we do not use. Finally, all of our agreements with our power suppliers are of limited duration. We may not be able to renew these contracts, or negotiate the same or similar terms upon renewal, which could cause our electricity rate to increase and our business and financial results to suffer. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our securities, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Furthermore, pursuant to our agreements with our power suppliers, our power suppliers may be required to sell power back to the electrical grid during periods of high demand. If either of our power suppliers are required to sell power back to the electrical grid, we may be forced to curtail or suspend our mining operations due to insufficient power to run the miners and related equipment. For example, the North American winter storm in February 2021 resulted in widespread power outages throughout Texas which required us to curtail our operations. Miners are

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comprised of sensitive electrical equipment. Cycling their power may reduce their lifespan, which could prevent us from mining cryptocurrency as efficiently or frequently as our competitors. As a result, our business and financial results could suffer. In addition, although our agreements with our power suppliers provide a mechanism by which our power suppliers will compensate us if power is sold back to the grid during periods of high demand, any such compensation may be less than the amount of potential mining revenue lost during that period and, as a result, our business and financial results could suffer.

Additionally, the sale of energy is highly regulated. There is a risk that government regulation could adversely impact the manner or pricing at which the electricity is being supplied and/or that our power supplier may not be able to provide its contractual power obligations to us. Therefore, there is also credit risk related to our power supplier.

We may be unable to negotiate adequate or appropriately priced power supply at our second Texas site with sufficient power to allow us to operate our expanding fleet of miners at peak capacity and, as a result, we may not realize the benefit of our investment in construction of our new Texas site and its additional miners.

We anticipate we will require at least 225 MW of electrical power for our miners scheduled to be deployed at our second Texas site. Of the 225 MW, we have entered into a definitive agreement for 185 MW and a non-binding letter of intent for an additional 40 MW. Our power supplier has historically been able to supply us with sufficient electrical power to allow us to operate our fleet at our initial Texas site. However, we cannot guarantee our power supplier at our second Texas site will be able to supply us with the electrical power necessary to operate the site. We estimate that our full anticipated fleet of 65,200 miners for the second Texas site will require approximately 225 MW of electricity to operate at full capacity. With these miners fully deployed, we estimate that the aggregate hash rate capacity of all our miners across our sites will approach 8.6 EH/s by December 31, 2022, which would represent an increase of approximately 1,118% over our aggregate hash rate capacity as of December 31, 2020. As discussed in the section entitled “Business,” a higher hash rate capacity tends to increase our relative chances of solving a block in the bitcoin blockchain and, therefore, obtaining a bitcoin reward. If we are unable to successfully negotiate a sufficient guaranteed power supply for our new miners, we may be forced to relocate some or all of our new miners to another site.

If we are forced to relocate some or all of our miners, we may not be successful in identifying adequate replacement sites to operate our miners. And even if we do identify such sites, we may not be successful in securing those sites at a cost that is economically viable to support our mining activities. Further, relocating our miners would require us to incur costs to transition to a new site including, but not limited to, transportation expenses and insurance, downtime while we are unable to mine, legal fees to negotiate the new arrangement and, ultimately, installation at any new site. These costs may be substantial, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in transitioning our miners to a new site. Therefore, if we are required to move one of our mines, or if we are unable to secure adequate or appropriately priced power supply for our miners, we may not achieve increased hash rate capacity upon the deployment of these new miners, and we may not realize the benefit of our substantial capital investments in new miners. If this occurs, our business may suffer, and the results of our operations may be adversely affected.

Interruptions to our power supply and internet access could disrupt our operations or have an adverse effect on the price of bitcoin, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our bitcoin mining operations require a significant amount of electrical power and access to high-speed internet to be successful. If we are unable to secure sufficient electrical power, or if we lose internet access for a prolonged period, we may be required to reduce our operations or cease them altogether. More broadly, a disruption of the internet may affect the use of bitcoin and subsequently the value of our securities. Generally, bitcoin and our business are dependent upon the internet. A significant disruption in internet connectivity could disrupt the bitcoin network’s operations until the disruption is resolved, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of bitcoin and our ability to mine bitcoin. If any of these events occur, our business and results of operations may suffer, and our investors may be materially and adversely affected.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Our ability to conduct our business in a profitable manner relies in part on our proprietary methods and designs, which we protect as a trade secret. We rely upon trade secret laws, physical and technological security measures and contractual commitments to protect our trade secrets, including entering into non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants and third parties with access to our trade secrets. However, such measures may not provide adequate protection and the value of our trade secrets could be lost through misappropriation or breach of our confidentiality agreements. For example, an employee with authorized access may misappropriate our trade secrets and provide them to a competitor, and the recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully, because enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Thus, if any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed or misappropriated, our competitive position could be harmed. In addition to the risk of misappropriation and unauthorized disclosure, our competitors may develop similar or better methods independently in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. Thus, there can be no assurance that our trade secrets will be sufficient to protect against competitors operating their business in a manner that is substantially similar to us.

We may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.

In recent years, there has been considerable patent, copyright, trademark, domain name, trade secret and other intellectual property development activity in the cryptoeconomy, as well as litigation, based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property, including by large financial institutions. Furthermore, individuals and groups can purchase patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement to extract settlements from companies like ours. We cannot guarantee that our internally developed technologies and content do not or will not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon or misappropriating their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from using certain technologies, force us to implement expensive work-arounds, or impose other unfavorable terms. We expect that the occurrence of infringement claims is likely to grow as the crypto assets market grows and matures. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase and this could further exhaust our financial and management resources. Further, during the course of any litigation, we may make announcements regarding the results of hearings and motions, and other interim developments. If securities analysts and investors regard these announcements as negative, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline. Even if intellectual property claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and require significant expenditures. Any of the foregoing could prevent us from competing effectively and could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We were recently formed and our success and future growth will, to a significant degree, depend on the skills and services of our management. Our loss of any of our management team, our inability to execute an effective succession plan, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.

We have limited operating history, and our success and future growth will to a significant degree depend on the skills and services of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Financial Officer. We will need to continue to grow our management to alleviate pressure on our existing team and to set up and develop our business. If our management, including any new hires that we may make, fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business could be significantly harmed. Furthermore, if we fail to execute an effective contingency or succession plan with the loss of any member of management, the loss of such management personnel may significantly disrupt our business.

Furthermore, the loss of key members of our management could inhibit our growth prospects. Our future success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract, retain and motivate key management and operating personnel. As we continue to develop and expand our operations, we may require personnel with different

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skills and experiences, who have a sound understanding of our business, for example, specialists in power contract negotiations and management, as well as data center specialists. As bitcoin mining is a new and developing field, the market for highly qualified personnel in this industry is particularly competitive and we may be unable to attract such personnel. If we are unable to attract such personnel, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

We may be subject to risks in connection with acquisitions.

We may, in the future, pursue asset acquisitions or acquisitions of businesses. The process of upgrading acquired assets to our specifications and integrating acquired assets or businesses may involve unforeseen costs and delays or other operational, technical and financial difficulties and may require a significant amount time and resources. Our failure to incorporate acquired assets or businesses into our existing operations successfully or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Such events could also mean an acquisition that we expected to be accretive is not accretive and, in extreme cases, the asset is idle.

Risks Related to Bitcoin

The trading price of bitcoin, which may be subject to pricing risks, including volatility related risks, has historically been subject to wide swings. A material decrease in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The price of bitcoin is highly speculative and is not based on the performance of an underlying business. Furthermore, the price of bitcoin could be subjected to additional influence from fraudulent or illegitimate actors, real or perceived scarcity, and political, economic, regulatory, tax or other conditions. Changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, or actions by governments or regulators that impact the cryptocurrency industry generally, could also affect the price of bitcoin. These factors may inhibit consumer trust in and market acceptance of bitcoin as a means of exchange, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine. The speculative nature of the price of bitcoin and past dramatic volatility in pricing may create risks for the volatile trading price of bitcoin.

From January 1, 2020 through October 2021, the trading price of bitcoin appreciated significantly, from a low of approximately $3,800 per bitcoin in March 2020, to a high of approximately $66,700 per bitcoin in October 2021 (an all-time-high). Because our revenue depends, in part, on our ability to sell the bitcoin we mine almost immediately, volatility in the market price of bitcoin, particularly for an extended period of time, has a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, or operations. Additionally, we have observed how the trading price for shares of common stock of companies similar to ours respond to the cryptocurrency market. We cannot give any assurances that similar fluctuations in the trading price of bitcoin will not occur in the future. Accordingly, because the trading price of our securities may be correlated to the trading price of bitcoin, if the trading price of bitcoin again experiences a significant decline, we could experience a similar decline in the trading price for shares of our Class A common stock. If this occurs, you may not be able to sell the shares of our Class A common stock which you purchased at or above the price you paid for them and you may lose part or all of your investment.

The markets for bitcoin may be underregulated. As a result, the market price of bitcoin may be extremely volatile. Rapid decreases in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, that are represented and trade on a ledger-based platform may not necessarily benefit from viable trading markets. Stock exchanges have rules and regulations regarding marketplace conduct, and monitor investors transacting on such platform for fraud and other improprieties.

These conditions may not necessarily be replicated on a bitcoin trading platform, depending on the platform’s controls and other policies, and there are no controls regarding transactions that take place outside of organized exchanges. Although some cryptocurrency trading platforms are subject to regulation and monitor for illegal activity, because the bitcoin market itself is unregulated there are few means to prevent manipulation of prices for the overall market. These factors may decrease liquidity or volume or may otherwise increase volatility of bitcoin, which will have a material adverse effect on our ability to monetize the bitcoin we mine.

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Banks and financial institutions may not provide banking services, or may cut off services, to businesses that engage in bitcoin- and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities, or that accept bitcoin as payment, including financial institutions of investors in our securities, and we may be exposed to counterparty risk related to the companies we use to sell our bitcoin.

Although a number of significant U.S. banks and investment institutions, such as Goldman Sachs, Citi Group, J.P. Morgan, Bank of America and BlackRock, have indicated they plan to begin allowing customers to carry and invest in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies’ acceptance and use by banks is relatively uncommon and may never become mainstream. Indeed, a number of companies and individuals engaged in bitcoin- and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities have been unable to find banks or financial institutions that are willing to provide them with banking services. Similarly, a number of companies and individuals or businesses associated with bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies may have had and may continue to have their existing banking services discontinued with financial institutions in response to government action, particularly in China, where the regulatory response to cryptocurrencies has been to exclude their use for ordinary consumer transactions within China. We also may be unable to obtain or maintain these services for our business. The difficulty that many businesses that provide bitcoin and/or derivatives on other cryptocurrency-related activities have and may continue to have in finding banks and financial institutions willing to provide them services may be decreasing the usefulness of cryptocurrencies as a payment system and harming public perception of cryptocurrencies, and could decrease cryptocurrencies’ usefulness and harm its public perception in the future.

The public perception of bitcoin or cryptocurrencies could be damaged if banks or financial institutions were to close the accounts of businesses engaging in bitcoin- and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities. This could occur as a result of compliance risk, cost, government regulation or public pressure. The risk applies to securities firms, clearance and settlement firms, national stock and derivatives on commodities exchanges, the over-the-counter market and the Depository Trust Company. The adoption or implementation of similar policies, rules or regulations by these or similar entities could negatively affect our relationships with financial institutions and impede our ability to convert bitcoin to fiat currencies. Such factors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and harm investors.

We have an evolving business model subject to various uncertainties.

As cryptocurrency assets and blockchain technologies become more widely available, we expect the services and products associated with them to evolve. To stay current with the industry, our business model may need to evolve as well. From time to time, we may modify aspects of our business model relating to our strategy. We cannot offer any assurance that these or any other modifications will be successful or will not result in harm to our business. We may not be able to manage growth effectively, which could damage our reputation and negatively affect our operating results. Further, we cannot provide any assurance that we will successfully identify all emerging trends and growth opportunities in this business sector. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

The impact of geopolitical and economic events on the supply and demand for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is uncertain.

Geopolitical crises may motivate large-scale purchases of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which could rapidly increase the price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of our inventory, if any, following such downward adjustment. Such risks are similar to the risks of purchasing other commodities in uncertain times, such as the risk of purchasing, holding or selling gold. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in bitcoin as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.

Cryptocurrencies, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our common stock. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of cryptocurrencies either

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globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine.

Acceptance and/or widespread use of cryptocurrency is uncertain.

There are increasing public reports of businesses, insurance companies and local governments, among other organizations, either holding or planning to utilize cryptocurrencies, specifically bitcoin, as a store of value or as a medium of exchange and payment method. Other companies, typically through partnerships with digital currency processors, have also begun to increase the adoption of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace. Despite these public reports, there is still a relatively limited use of any cryptocurrency in the retail and commercial marketplace, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect an investment in our securities. Banks and other established financial institutions may refuse to process funds for cryptocurrency transactions, process wire transfers to or from cryptocurrency exchanges, cryptocurrency-related companies or service providers, or maintain accounts for persons or entities transacting in cryptocurrency. Conversely, a significant portion of cryptocurrency demand is generated by investors seeking a long-term store of value or speculators seeking to profit from the short- or long-term holding of the asset. Price volatility, slow processing speeds, and high transaction costs undermine bitcoin’s role as a medium of exchange, as retailers are less likely to accept it as a direct form of payment. Market capitalization for bitcoin as a medium of exchange and payment method may always be low.

The relative lack of acceptance of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace, or a reduction of such use, limits the ability of end users to use them to pay for goods and services. Such lack of acceptance or decline in acceptance could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of bitcoin we mine.

Transaction fees may decrease demand for bitcoin and prevent expansion.

A miner that successfully adds a block to the bitcoin blockchain is remunerated with newly minted bitcoins (known as the “block reward”) and may potentially also receive transaction fees. Bitcoin miners will be able to continue earning block rewards through this process until 21 million bitcoins have been mined, which reflects the total fixed supply limit of bitcoin. The bitcoin network’s design regulates supply by only allowing a fixed number of bitcoin to be mined each year and halving the number of block rewards paid to miners after approximately four years. As a result of the bitcoin network’s limitations on mining, it is estimated that the final bitcoin will be minted in 2140, at which time miners will be incentivized to maintain the network solely based on transaction fees. It is currently estimated that approximately 20 million bitcoin will have been mined by the year 2030.

Transaction fees are not pre-determined by the bitcoin protocol and vary based on market factors, such as user demand and the capacity of the network. Decreased transaction fees would have an adverse effect on our financial performance. However, if transaction fees paid for bitcoin transactions become too high, users may be motivated to move away from the bitcoin network entirely. Either the requirement from miners of higher transaction fees in exchange for recording transactions in a blockchain or a software upgrade that automatically charges fees for all transactions may decrease demand for bitcoin and prevent the expansion of the bitcoin network to retail merchants and commercial businesses, either of which could result in a reduction in the price of bitcoin that could adversely impact an investment in our securities. Decreased use and demand for bitcoin may adversely affect its value and result in a reduction in the price of bitcoin and the value of our common stock.

It may be illegal now, or in the future, to acquire, own, hold, sell or use bitcoin, or other cryptocurrencies, participate in blockchains or utilize similar cryptocurrency assets in one or more countries, the ruling of which would adversely affect us.

Several countries have taken and may continue taking regulatory actions that could severely restrict the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrency assets or to exchange them for fiat currency. For example, in China and Russia, it is illegal to accept payment in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for consumer transactions

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and banking institutions are barred from accepting deposits of cryptocurrencies. Additional countries, including the United States, could take similar measures to ban or limit the holding of certain cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and thus harm investors. We do not intend to mine or hold other cryptocurrencies as part of our business model at this time.

Our operations, investment strategies and profitability may be adversely affected by competition from other methods of investing in cryptocurrencies.

We compete with other users and/or companies that are mining cryptocurrencies and other potential financial vehicles, including securities backed by or linked to cryptocurrencies through entities similar to us. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond our control, may make it more attractive to invest in other financial vehicles, or to invest in bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies directly, which could limit the market for our shares and reduce their liquidity. The emergence of other financial vehicles and exchange-traded funds have been scrutinized by regulators and such scrutiny and the negative impressions or conclusions resulting from such scrutiny could be applicable to us and impact our ability to successfully pursue our strategy or operate at all, or to establish or maintain a public market for our securities. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine, and thus harm investors.

The development and acceptance of competing blockchain platforms or technologies may cause demand for bitcoin to decrease.

The development and acceptance of competing blockchain platforms or technologies, including competing cryptocurrencies which our miners may not be able to mine, such as cryptocurrencies being developed by popular social media platforms, online retailers, or government sponsored cryptocurrencies, may cause consumers to use or hold alternative cryptocurrencies. Our business utilizes presently existent digital ledgers and blockchains and we could face difficulty adapting to emergent digital ledgers, blockchains, or alternatives thereto. This may adversely affect us and our exposure to blockchain technologies and prevent us from realizing the anticipated profits from our investments. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, which could materially and adversely affect investors’ investments in our securities.

Despite the current first-to-market advantage of the bitcoin network over other cryptocurrency networks, the cryptocurrency market continues to grow rapidly as the value of existing cryptocurrency rises, and as new cryptocurrencies enter the market as demand for cryptocurrency increases. Therefore, it is possible that another cryptocurrency could become comparatively more popular than bitcoin in the future. If an alternative cryptocurrency obtains significant market share — either in market capitalization, mining power or use as a payment technology — this could reduce bitcoin’s market share and value. All of our mining revenue is derived from mining bitcoin and, while we could potentially consider mining other cryptocurrencies in the future, we have no plans to do so currently and may incur significant costs if we choose to do so particularly because our ASICs are principally utilized for mining bitcoin and cannot mine other cryptocurrencies that are not mined utilizing the SHA-256 cryptography algorithm. As a result, the emergence of a cryptocurrency that erodes bitcoin’s market share and value could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The open-source structure of the bitcoin network protocol means that the contributors to the protocol are generally not directly compensated for their contributions in maintaining and developing the protocol. A failure to properly monitor and upgrade the protocol could damage that network and an investment in us.

The bitcoin network operates based on an open-source protocol maintained by contributors, largely on the Bitcoin Core project on GitHub. As an open source project, bitcoin is not represented by an official organization or authority. Because the bitcoin network protocol is not sold and its use does not generate revenues for contributors, contributors are generally not compensated for maintaining and updating the bitcoin network protocol. Although the MIT Media Lab’s Digital Currency Initiative funds the current maintainer Wladimir J. van der Laan, among others,

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this type of financial incentive is not typical. The lack of guaranteed financial incentive for contributors to maintain or develop the bitcoin network and the lack of guaranteed resources to adequately address emerging issues with the bitcoin network may reduce incentives to address the issues adequately or in a timely manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Issues with the bitcoin network could result in decreased demand or reduced prices for bitcoin, thus impacting our ability to monetize the bitcoin we mine and also reducing the total number of transactions for which mining rewards and transaction fees can be earned, thus impacting the value of an investment in our securities.

The decentralized nature of the governance of bitcoin may lead to ineffective decision making that slows development or prevents the bitcoin network from overcoming emergent obstacles. Governance of the bitcoin network is by voluntary consensus and open competition with no clear leadership structure or authority. To the extent lack of clarity in corporate governance of the bitcoin network leads to ineffective decision making that slows development and growth of bitcoin, the value of our common stock may be adversely affected.

We may not adequately respond to rapidly changing technology, which may negatively affect our business.

Competitive conditions within the bitcoin mining and cryptocurrency industry require that we use sophisticated technology in the operation of our business. The industry for blockchain technology is characterized by rapid technological changes, new product introductions, enhancements and evolving industry standards. New technologies, techniques or products could emerge that might offer better performance than the software and other technologies we currently use, and we may have to manage transitions to these new technologies to remain competitive. We may not be successful, generally or relative to our competitors, in timely implementing new technology into our systems, or doing so in a cost-effective manner. During the course of implementing any such new technology into our operations, we may experience system interruptions and failures. Furthermore, there can be no assurances that we will recognize, in a timely manner or at all, the benefits that we may expect as a result of our implementing new technology into our operations. As a result, our business and operations may suffer, and there may be adverse effects on the price of our common stock.

Our bitcoin may be subject to accidental or unauthorized loss or theft or otherwise may be access restricted.

There is a risk that some or all of our bitcoin could be lost or stolen. Cryptocurrencies are stored in cryptocurrency sites commonly referred to as “wallets” by holders of cryptocurrencies which may be accessed to exchange a holder’s cryptocurrency assets. Access to our bitcoin assets could also be restricted or otherwise compromised by cybercrime (such as a denial of service attack) against a service at which we maintain a hosted hot wallet. A hot wallet refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the internet. Generally, hot wallets are easier to set up and access as compared to wallets in cold storage, but they are also more susceptible to hackers and other technical vulnerabilities. Cold storage refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is not connected to the internet. Cold storage is generally more secure than hot storage, but is not ideal for quick or regular transactions and we may experience lag time in our ability to respond to market fluctuations in the price of our cryptocurrency assets. We hold most of our bitcoin in cold storage to reduce the risk of malfeasance, but the risk of loss of our bitcoin assets cannot be wholly eliminated.

Hackers or malicious actors may launch attacks to steal, compromise or gain access to cryptocurrencies, such as by attacking the cryptocurrency network source code, exchange miners, third-party platforms, cold and hot storage locations or software, or by other means. We may be in control and possession of one of the more substantial holdings of cryptocurrency. As we increase in size, we may become a more appealing target for hackers, malware, cyber-attacks or other security threats. Any of these events may adversely affect our operations and, consequently, our investments and profitability. The loss or destruction of a private key required to access one or more of our digital wallets may be irreversible and we may be denied access for all time to our cryptocurrency holdings associated with that wallet. While we would be able to set up a new wallet to hold bitcoin mined in the future, such a loss in holdings could adversely affect our investments and assets.

In addition, as with any computer code generally, flaws in cryptocurrency codes may be exposed by malicious actors. Several errors and defects have been found, including those that disabled some functionality for users and exposed users’ information. Exploitations of flaws in the source code that allow malicious actors to take or create cryptocurrency have previously occurred. Despite our efforts and processes to prevent such defects and breaches, our devices, as well as our miners, computer systems and those of third parties that we use in our operations,

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are vulnerable to cyber security risks, including cyber-attacks such as viruses and worms, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, employee theft or misuse and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our miners and computer systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account now or in the future.

Moreover, our bitcoin may be access restricted based on the inaccessibility or compromise of digital wallets. Cryptocurrencies are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public and private keys relating to the local or online digital wallet in which they are held, which wallet’s public key or address is reflected in the network’s public blockchain. We will publish the public key relating to digital wallets in use when we verify the receipt of transfers and disseminate such information into the network, but we will need to safeguard the private keys relating to such digital wallets. To the extent such private keys are lost, destroyed or otherwise compromised, we will be unable to access our bitcoin rewards and such private keys may not be capable of being restored by any network. Any loss of private keys relating to digital wallets used to store our bitcoin could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate our business or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our existing and prospective business, operations, or the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold.

We evaluate custody risk and have established processes to manage wallets that are associated with our bitcoin holdings. There can be no assurances that any processes we have adopted or will adopt in the future are or will be secure or effective, and we would suffer significant and immediate adverse effects if we suffered a loss of our bitcoin due to an adverse software or cybersecurity event.

We periodically evaluate third-party custodial wallet alternatives, but there can be no assurance we will utilize such services or any other new options may develop in the future, and if a custodial wallet is used there can be no assurance that such services will be more secure than those we presently employ. Human error and the constantly evolving state of cybercrime and hacking techniques may render present security protocols and procedures ineffective in ways which we cannot predict.

Incorrect or fraudulent bitcoin transactions may be irreversible.

Bitcoin transactions are irrevocable, and stolen or incorrectly transferred bitcoin may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed or fraudulent bitcoin transactions could adversely affect our investments and assets. Bitcoin transactions are not, from an administrative perspective, reversible without the consent and active participation of the recipient of the bitcoin from the transaction. In theory, bitcoin transactions may be reversible with the control or consent of a majority of processing power on the network; however, we do not now, nor is it feasible that we could in the future, possess sufficient processing power to effect this reversal. Once a transaction has been verified and recorded in a block that is added to a blockchain, an incorrect transfer of bitcoin or a theft thereof generally will not be reversible and if an incorrect transfer or theft occurs, we may not have sufficient recourse to recover our losses from any such transfer or theft. It is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, our cryptocurrency rewards could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties, or to uncontrolled accounts. Further, according to the SEC, at this time, there is no specifically enumerated U.S. or foreign governmental, regulatory, investigative or prosecutorial authority or mechanism through which to bring an action or complaint regarding missing or stolen bitcoin. As a result, if there is human error, theft, or criminal action, we will need to rely on existing private investigative entities, such as Chainanalysis or Kroll, to investigate any potential loss of our bitcoin assets. These third-party service providers rely on data analysis and compliance of internet service providers with traditional court orders to reveal information such as the IP addresses of any attackers who may target us. Our inability to recover any losses from such action, error or theft, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations of and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account now or in the future.

If a malicious actor or botnet obtains control of more than 50% of the processing power of the bitcoin network, such actor or botnet could manipulate the bitcoin network to adversely affect us, which could have a material, adverse effect on our business.

If a malicious actor or botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) obtains a majority of the processing power dedicated to mining bitcoin, it

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may be able to alter blockchains on which bitcoin transactions reside and rely on by constructing fraudulent blocks or preventing certain transactions from completing in a timely manner, or at all. The malicious actor or botnet could control, exclude or modify the ordering of transactions, though it could not generate new units or transactions using such control. The malicious actor could “double-spend” its own bitcoin (i.e., spend the same bitcoin in more than one transaction) and prevent the confirmation of other users’ transactions for as long as it maintained control. To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet does not yield its control of the processing power on the network or the bitcoin community does not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to blockchains may not be possible. The foregoing description is not the only means by which the entirety of blockchains or bitcoin may be compromised but is only an example.

Although there are no known reports of malicious activity or control of blockchains achieved through controlling over 50% of the processing power on the network, it is believed that certain mining pools may have exceeded the 50% threshold in bitcoin. The possible crossing of the 50% threshold indicates a greater risk that a single mining pool could exert authority over the validation of bitcoin transactions. To the extent that the bitcoin ecosystem, and the administrators of mining pools, do not act to ensure greater decentralization of bitcoin mining processing power, the feasibility of a botnet or malicious actor obtaining control of the blockchain’s processing power will increase, because such botnet or malicious actor could more readily infiltrate and seize control over the blockchain by compromising a single mining pool, if the mining pool compromises more than 50% of the mining power on the blockchain, than it could if the mining pool had a smaller share of the blockchain’s total hashing power. Conversely, if the blockchain remains decentralized it is inherently more difficult for the botnet or malicious actor to aggregate enough processing power to gain control of the blockchain. However, if this were to occur, the public may lose confidence in the bitcoin blockchain, and blockchain technology more generally. This would likely have a material and adverse effect on the price of bitcoin, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial results and operations.

If the award of bitcoin rewards for solving blocks is not sufficiently high, miners may not have adequate incentive to continue mining and may cease mining operations, which may make the blockchains they support with their mining activity less stable.

As the number of bitcoin rewards awarded for solving a block in the bitcoin blockchain decreases, the relative cost of mining bitcoin will also increase, unless there is a corresponding increase in demand for that bitcoin. Even relatively stable demand may not be sufficient to support the costs of mining because as new miners begin working to solve blocks, the relative amount of energy expended to obtain a cryptocurrency award will tend to increase. This increased energy directly relates to an increased cost of mining, which means an increased cost of obtaining a bitcoin award. This increased cost, if not met with a corresponding increase in the market price for the bitcoin resulting from increased scarcity and/or demand, may lead miners to conclude they do not have an adequate incentive to continue mining and, therefore, may cease their mining operations. This reduction in active miners supporting a blockchain may result in a reduction in the aggregate hash rate devoted to the blockchain as its bitcoin award is reduced. We believe this would tend to adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions (i.e., temporarily decreasing the speed at which blocks are added to a blockchain until the next scheduled adjustment in difficulty for block solutions) and make bitcoin networks more vulnerable to a malicious actor or botnet. This could permit such malicious actor or botnet to manipulate a blockchain in a manner that adversely affects our activities. A reduction in confidence in the confirmation process or processing power of the network could result and may be irreversible. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to pursue our strategy, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account now or in the future.

Demand for bitcoins is driven, in part, by its status as a prominent digital asset. It is possible that a digital asset other than bitcoin could have features that make it more desirable to a material portion of the digital asset user base, resulting in a reduction in demand for bitcoin, which could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Bitcoin was the first digital asset to gain global adoption and critical mass, and as a result, it has a “first to market” advantage over other cryptocurrencies. In addition, many consortiums and financial institutions are also researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms rather than open platforms like the bitcoin network. Competition from the emergence or growth of alternative cryptocurrencies could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, bitcoin and thereby adversely affect an investment in our securities.

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Investors may invest in bitcoin directly or through other potential financial vehicles, possibly including securities backed by or linked to bitcoin and digital asset financial vehicles. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond our control, may make it more attractive to invest in other financial vehicles or to invest in bitcoin directly, which could limit the market for, and reduce the liquidity of, our securities.

Bitcoin held by us are not subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) protections.

Bitcoin is not typically held with a banking institution or a member of the FDIC or the SIPC and, therefore, any bitcoin we may hold would not be subject to the protections enjoyed by depositors with FDIC or SIPC member institutions.

Bitcoin may have concentrated ownership and large sales or distributions by holders or bitcoin could have an adverse effect on its market price.

As of December 31, 2020, the largest 100 bitcoin wallets held approximately 14% of the bitcoin in circulation. Moreover, it is possible that other persons or entities control multiple wallets that collectively hold a significant number of bitcoin, even if they individually only hold a small amount, and it is possible that some of these wallets are controlled by the same person or entity. As a result of this concentration of ownership, large sales or distributions by such holders could lead to volatility and have an adverse effect on the market price of bitcoin.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Enforcement

Regulatory or tax law changes or actions may alter the nature of your investment or restrict the use of cryptocurrencies in a manner that adversely affects our business, prospects or operations.

Governments around the world have reacted differently to cryptocurrencies’ growth in both popularity and market size. Certain governments have deemed cryptocurrencies illegal, and others have allowed their use and trade without restriction. In some jurisdictions, including the United States, governments have subjected cryptocurrencies to extensive, and in some cases overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements. Ongoing and future regulatory actions or tax law changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

We are subject to a highly evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, prospects or operations.

Our business is subject to extensive laws, rules, regulations, policies and legal and regulatory guidance, including those governing securities, commodities, cryptocurrency custody, exchange and transfer, data governance, data protection, anti-corruption, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, cybersecurity and tax. Many of these legal and regulatory regimes were adopted prior to the advent of the internet, mobile technologies, cryptocurrencies and related technologies. As a result, they do not contemplate or address unique issues associated with the cryptoeconomy, are subject to significant uncertainty, and vary widely across U.S. federal, state and local and international jurisdictions. These legal and regulatory regimes, including the laws, rules and regulations thereunder, evolve frequently and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another. Moreover, the complexity and evolving nature of our business and the significant uncertainty surrounding the regulation of the cryptoeconomy requires us to exercise our judgement as to whether certain laws, rules and regulations apply to us, and it is possible that governmental bodies and regulators may disagree with our conclusions. Such laws may add to our compliance costs, restrict or dictate how we operate our business, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. To the extent we have not complied with such laws, rules and regulations, we could be subject to significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, including imprisonment of individuals, fines and penalties, seizure of shipments, breach of contract, debarment, tax reassessments and fraud litigation, reputational harm, restrictions on certain business activities, and other consequences and be subject to significant fines and other regulatory consequences, which could adversely affect our business, prospects or operations. Failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of our activities and responding to any enforcement action or internal investigation related to alleged or actual misconduct may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of our activities and

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responding to any enforcement action or internal investigation related to alleged or actual misconduct may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. As cryptocurrency and central bank digital currency has grown in popularity and in market size, the Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Congress, U.S. State Attorneys General and certain U.S. agencies (e.g., the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), the SEC, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), the Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Bureau of Investigation) have begun to examine the operations of the cryptocurrency, including the bitcoin network, bitcoin users and the bitcoin exchange market.

Ongoing and future regulatory actions may impact our ability to continue to operate, and such actions could affect our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”), applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Under sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the Investment Company Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” if it (i) is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities or (ii) is engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We do not believe that we are an “investment company,” as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act.

As the sole managing member of Rhodium Holdings, we will control and manage Rhodium Holdings. On that basis, we believe our interest in Rhodium Holdings is not an “investment security” as that term is used in the Investment Company Act. Therefore, we have determined that “investment securities” constitute less than 40% of our total assets by value (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items). However, under section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act, a company may be deemed an investment company if the value of its investment securities is more than 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. If we were to cease participation in or lose control of the management of Rhodium Holdings, our interest in Rhodium Holdings could be deemed an “investment security” for purposes of the Investment Company Act, and consequently, unless another exemption were available to us under the Investment Company Act, we could be deemed an investment company so long as our interest in Rhodium Holdings constituted more than 40% of the value of our total assets. We and Rhodium Holdings intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. We believe that we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities, and we do not hold ourselves out as being engaged in those activities. However, if we were deemed to be an investment company or an inadvertent investment company, restrictions imposed by the Investment Company Act, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with our affiliates could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, as a result of our investments and our mining activities, including investments in which we do not have a controlling interest, the investment securities we hold could be deemed to exceed 40% of our total assets, exclusive of cash items and, accordingly, we could be deemed an inadvertent investment company. An inadvertent investment company can avoid being classified as an investment company if it can rely on one of the exclusions under the Investment Company Act. One such exclusion, Rule 3a-2 under the Investment Company Act, allows an inadvertent investment company a grace period of one year from the earlier of (a) the date on which an issuer owns securities and/or cash having a value exceeding 50% of the issuer’s total assets on either a consolidated or unconsolidated basis and (b) the date on which an issuer owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. The bitcoin we mine and may own, may be deemed to be an investment security by the SEC, although we do not believe bitcoin, which is currently the only cryptocurrency we mine and may own, is a security. As a result, we may be required to take actions to cause the investment securities held by us to be less than 40% of our total assets, which may include acquiring assets with our cash and bitcoin on hand or liquidating our investment securities or bitcoin or seeking a no-action letter from the SEC if we are unable to acquire sufficient assets or liquidate sufficient investment securities or bitcoin in a timely manner.

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Because the Rule 3a-2 exception is available to a company no more than once every three years, and assuming no other exclusion were available to us, we would have to keep within the 40% limit for at least three years after we cease being an inadvertent investment company. This may limit our ability to make certain investments or enter into joint ventures that could otherwise have a positive impact on our earnings. In any event, we do not intend to become an investment company engaged in the business of investing and trading securities.

Classification as an investment company under the Investment Company Act requires registration with the SEC. If an investment company fails to register, it would have to stop doing almost all business, and its contracts would become voidable. Registration is time consuming and restrictive and would require a restructuring of our operations, and we would be very constrained in the kind of business we could do as a registered investment company. Further, we would become subject to substantial regulation concerning management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons and portfolio composition, and would need to file reports under the Investment Company Act regime. The cost of such compliance would cause us to incur substantial additional expenses, and the failure to register, if required, could have a materially adverse impact on our business and operations.

Our transactions in cryptocurrency may expose us to countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals that are subject to sanctions and other restrictive laws and regulations.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury and the U.S. Department of State require us to comply with sanction programs based on foreign policy and national security goals against targeted countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals. Because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions, we may not be able to determine the ultimate identity of the individuals with whom we transact with respect to buying or selling cryptocurrency or of other members in mining pools in which we participate. We participate in mining pools that operate in jurisdictions that are not subject to the same regulatory regimes as we are, which creates the risk that we may inadvertently engage in transactions with, or contribute processing power to, a mining pool which involves persons, entities, or territories that are the target of sanctions or other restrictions. To the extent government enforcement authorities enforce these and other laws and regulations that are impacted by blockchain technology, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties, all of which could harm our reputation and affect the value of our common stock.

The cryptoeconomy is novel and has limited access to policymakers or lobbying organizations, which may harm our ability to effectively react to proposed legislation and regulation of cryptocurrency or cryptocurrency platforms adverse to our business.

As cryptocurrencies have grown in both popularity and market size, various U.S. federal, state, and local and foreign governmental organizations, consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have been examining the operations of cryptocurrency networks, users and platforms, with a focus on how cryptocurrencies can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities, fund criminal or terrorist enterprises, and the safety and soundness of platforms and other service providers that hold cryptocurrencies for users. Many of these entities have called for heightened regulatory oversight, and have issued consumer advisories describing the risks posed by cryptocurrencies to users and investors. The cryptoeconomy is novel and has limited access to policymakers and lobbying organizations in many jurisdictions. Competitors from other, more established industries, including traditional financial services, may have greater access to lobbyists or governmental officials, and regulators that are concerned about the potential use of cryptocurrencies for illicit purposes may effect statutory and regulatory changes with minimal or discounted inputs from the cryptoeconomy. As a result, new laws and regulations may be proposed and adopted, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that harm the cryptoeconomy or cryptocurrency platforms, which could adversely impact our business.

Bitcoin’s status in relevant jurisdictions is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if we are unable to properly characterize it, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, and other penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

To date, the SEC staff have treated bitcoin as a commodity. The SEC and its staff have publicly taken the position that certain cryptocurrencies fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws. However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other cryptocurrency. The

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legal test for determining whether any given cryptocurrency is a security is a highly complex, fact-driven analysis that evolves over time, and the outcome is difficult to predict. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular cryptocurrency as a security. Furthermore, the SEC’s views in this area have evolved over time and it is difficult to predict the direction or timing of any continuing evolution. It is also possible that a change in the governing administration or the appointment of new SEC commissioners could substantially impact the views of the SEC and its staff. With respect to all other cryptocurrencies, there is currently no certainty under the applicable legal test that such assets are not securities, notwithstanding the conclusions we may draw based on our risk-based assessment regarding the likelihood that a particular cryptocurrency could be deemed a “security” under applicable laws. Similarly, though the SEC’s Strategic Hub for Innovation and Financial Technology published a framework for analyzing whether any given cryptocurrency is a security in April 2019, this framework is also not a rule, regulation or statement of the SEC and is not binding on the SEC.

The CFTC affirmed its approach to the regulation of bitcoin and bitcoin-related enterprises on June 2, 2016, when the CFTC settled charges against Bitfinex, a bitcoin exchange based in Hong Kong. In its order, the CFTC found that Bitfinex engaged in “illegal, off-exchange commodity transactions and failed to register as a futures commission merchant” when it facilitated borrowing transactions among its users to permit the trading of bitcoin on a “leveraged, margined or financed basis” without first registering with the CFTC. In 2017, the CFTC stated that it would consider bitcoin and other virtual currencies as commodities or derivatives depending on the facts of the offering. In December 2017, bitcoin futures trading commenced on two CFTC regulated futures markets.

Several foreign jurisdictions have taken a broad-based approach to classifying cryptocurrencies as “securities,” while other foreign jurisdictions, such as Switzerland, Malta, and Singapore, have adopted a narrower approach. As a result, certain cryptocurrencies may be deemed to be a “security” under the laws of some jurisdictions but not others. Various foreign jurisdictions may, in the future, adopt additional laws, regulations, or directives that affect the characterization of cryptocurrencies as “securities.” If bitcoin or any other supported cryptocurrency is deemed to be a security under any U.S. federal, state, or foreign jurisdiction, or in a proceeding in a court of law or otherwise, it may have adverse consequences for such supported cryptocurrency. For instance, all transactions in such supported cryptocurrency would have to be registered with the SEC or other foreign authority, or conducted in accordance with an exemption from registration, which could severely limit its liquidity, usability and transactability. Moreover, the networks on which such supported cryptocurrencies are utilized may be required to be regulated as securities intermediaries, and subject to applicable rules, which could effectively render the network impracticable for its existing purposes. Further, it could draw negative publicity and a decline in the general acceptance of the cryptocurrency. Also, it may make it difficult for such supported cryptocurrency to be traded, cleared, and custodied as compared to other cryptocurrencies that are not considered to be securities.

If regulatory changes or interpretations of our activities require us to register under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, or otherwise under state laws, we may incur significant compliance costs, which may have a material negative effect on our business and the results of its operations.

Cryptocurrencies are treated as “money” by FinCEN, and business engaged in the transfer of money or other payments services are subject to registration and licensure requirements at the U.S. federal level and also under U.S. state laws. While FinCEN has issued guidance that cryptocurrency mining, without engagement in other activities, does not require registration and licensure with FinCEN, this could be subject to change as FinCEN and other regulatory agencies continue their scrutiny of the bitcoin network and cryptocurrencies generally. To the extent that our business activities cause us to be deemed a money services business (“MSB”) under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, we may be required to comply with FinCEN regulations, including those that would mandate us to implement anti-money laundering programs, make certain reports to FinCEN and maintain certain records.

To the extent that our activities would cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter” (“MT”) or equivalent designation under state law in any state in which it may operate, we may be required to seek a license or otherwise register with a state regulator and comply with state regulations that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, including implementing a know-your-counterparty program and transaction monitoring, maintenance of certain records and other operational requirements.

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Such additional federal or state regulatory obligations may cause us to incur extraordinary expenses. Furthermore, we may not be capable of complying with certain federal or state regulatory obligations applicable to MSBs and MTs, such as monitoring transactions and blocking transactions, because of the nature of the bitcoin blockchain. If we are deemed to be subject to, and it is determined we are not in compliance with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may act to dissolve and liquidate.

The application of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”), to our bitcoin mining business is unclear and may be subject to change and therefore difficult to predict. To the extent we become subject to regulation by the CFTC in connection with our business activities, we may incur additional compliance costs, which may be significant.

The CEA does not currently impose any direct obligations on us related to the mining or exchange of bitcoin. However, the CFTC, the federal agency that administers the CEA, generally regards bitcoin as a commodity. This position has been supported by decisions of federal courts.

Changes in the CEA or the regulations promulgated by the CFTC thereunder, as well as interpretations thereof and official statements by the CFTC may impact the classification of bitcoin and subject it to additional regulatory oversight by the CFTC. Although the CFTC to date has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or nonfinanced, margined or leveraged transactions in bitcoin, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who engage in manipulation or deceptive practices related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including bitcoin, in interstate commerce.

While no provision of the CEA, or CFTC rules, orders or rulings (except as noted herein) appears to be currently applicable to our business, this is subject to change. We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of bitcoin under the law. Any requirements imposed by the CFTC related to our bitcoin mining activities or our transactions in bitcoin would cause us to incur additional extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our Class A common stock.

Moreover, if our bitcoin mining activities or transactions in bitcoin were deemed by the CFTC to constitute a collective investment in derivatives for our stockholders, we may be required to register as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC through the National Futures Association. Such additional registrations may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our Class A common stock. If we determine it is not practicable to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may seek to cease certain of our operations. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in our business.

We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to bitcoin mining operations, such as ours.

The operation of a bitcoin mining can require massive amounts of electrical power and we anticipate our demand for electrical power will grow as we expand our mining fleet. If we are unable to continue to obtain sufficient electrical power to operate our miners on a cost-effective basis, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our significant capital investments in new miners. Further, our mining operations can only be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including electrical power costs, associated with mining a bitcoin are lower than the price of a bitcoin. As a result, any mine we establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power for that mine on a cost-effective basis, and our establishment of new mines requires us to find locations where that is the case. There may be significant competition for suitable mine locations, and government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to mining operations in times of electricity shortage, or may otherwise potentially restrict or prohibit the provision or electricity to mining operations. Additionally, our mines could be materially adversely affected by a power outage. If we are unable to receive adequate power supply and are forced to cease or reduce our operations due to the availability or cost of electrical power, including increased taxes associated with the use of electrical power, our business would experience materially negative impacts.

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Governmental action in China may have a material adverse effect on the bitcoin mining industry as a whole, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Prior to banning bitcoin on a national scale, China was the world’s largest producer of bitcoin and represented the large majority of the world’s cryptocurrency mining power. China has made transacting in cryptocurrencies illegal for Chinese citizens in mainland China, and additional restrictions may follow. In May 2021, China also prohibited financial institutions and payments companies from issuing financial products related to and providing savings, trust or pledging services of cryptocurrencies in China. In September 2021, regulators in China instituted a blanket ban on all crypto mining and transactions, including overseas crypto exchange services taking place in China, effectively making all crypto-related activities illegal in China. Additionally, China has banned bitcoin mining on a national scale due to the industry’s intense electrical power demands and its negative environmental impacts (both in terms of the waste produced by mining the rare Earth metals used to manufacture miners and the production of electrical power used in bitcoin mining). While we have yet to see whether these miners will be able to relocate to another location in the world to continue mining, we cannot quantify the effects of this regulatory action on our industry as a whole. If further regulation follows, it is possible that our industry may not be able to cope with the sudden and extreme loss of mining power.

Because we are unable to influence or predict future regulatory actions taken by governments in China, we may have little opportunity or ability to respond to rapidly evolving regulatory positions which may have a materially adverse effect on our industry and, therefore, our business and results of operations. If further extreme regulatory action is taken by governments in China or elsewhere, including the United States, our business may suffer and investors in our securities may lose part or all of their investment.

Climate change, and the regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change, may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The potential physical impacts of climate change on our operations are highly uncertain and would be particular to the geographic circumstances in areas in which we operate or in which our third-party providers operate. These may include changes in rainfall and storm patterns and intensities, water shortages, changing sea levels and changing temperatures. The impacts of climate change may materially and adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of our operations. Further, any impacts to our business and financial condition as a result of climate change are likely to occur over a sustained period of time and are therefore difficult to quantify with any degree of specificity. For example, extreme weather events may result in adverse physical effects on portions of our infrastructure, which could disrupt our supply chain and ultimately our business operations. In addition, disruption of transportation and distribution systems could result in reduced operational efficiency and customer service interruption. Climate related events have the potential to disrupt our business, including the business of our suppliers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to resume operations.

In addition, a number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating legislative and regulatory changes in response to various climate change interest groups and the potential impact of climate change. Given the very significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency miners, as well the environmental impact of mining for the rare earth metals used in the production of mining servers, the cryptocurrency mining industry may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. Legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Furthermore, even without such regulation, increased awareness and any adverse publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities for penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance.

Our operations and properties are subject to laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in the countries and localities in which we operate. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands; imposing specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law.

The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to impact the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental regulation compliance or remediation. New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Our mining business is subject to local government regulation.

We are subject to extensive and varied local government regulation, including regulations relating to public health, safety and zoning codes. We operate each of our locations in accordance with standards and procedures designed to comply with applicable codes and regulations. However, our failure to obtain or retain any required licenses could adversely affect our operations. Although we have not experienced, and do not anticipate experiencing any significant difficulties, delays or failures in obtaining required licenses, permits or approvals, any such problem could delay or prevent us from operating our current sites or further expanding our operations.

Future developments regarding the treatment of bitcoin for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes could adversely affect our business.

Due to the new and evolving nature of bitcoin and the absence of comprehensive legal guidance with respect to bitcoin, and bitcoin transactions, many significant aspects of the U.S. federal income and foreign tax treatment of bitcoin are uncertain, and it is unclear what guidance may be issued in the future on the treatment of bitcoin or bitcoin transactions, including bitcoin mining, for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes. Current Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) guidance indicates that bitcoin, should be treated and taxed as property (rather than as a currency), and that transactions involving the payment of bitcoin for goods and services should be treated as barter transactions. While this treatment creates a tax reporting requirement for certain exchanges of bitcoin, it preserves the right to apply capital gains (as opposed to ordinary income) treatment to those transactions where bitcoin is held as a capital asset.

There can be no assurance that the IRS or other foreign tax authority will not alter its existing position with respect to bitcoin in the future or that a court would uphold the treatment of bitcoin as property, rather than currency. Any such alteration of existing IRS and foreign tax authority positions or additional guidance regarding bitcoin products and transactions could result in adverse tax consequences for holders of bitcoin, such as Rhodium Holdings, and could have an adverse effect on the value of bitcoin and the broader bitcoin markets. The uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of bitcoin transactions, and the potential promulgation of new, or changes to existing, U.S. federal income, state or foreign tax laws, treaties, regulations, administrative practices or guidance relating to bitcoin transactions could adversely impact the price of bitcoin, our business and the trading price of our Class A common stock. Further, in the event our business expands, our or Rhodium Holdings’ after-tax profitability and financial results could be adversely affected by expanding, internationally or domestically, to jurisdictions with less favorable or more complex tax laws or greater scrutiny by taxing authorities.

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Changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations could affect our and Rhodium Holdings’ business and future profitability.

New U.S. laws and policy relating to taxes may have an adverse effect on us and our business and future profitability. Further, existing U.S. tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us or Rhodium Holdings. On September 13, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means released a draft of legislation (the “House Bill”) that would, if enacted, make significant changes to U.S. federal income tax laws. Such proposals include, but are not limited to, (i) an increase in the U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to corporations (including us) from 21% to 26.5%, (ii) an increase in the maximum U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to individuals, and (iii) an increase in the U.S. federal income tax rate for long-term capital gain for certain taxpayers with taxable income in excess of a threshold amount. Additionally, the Biden Administration has advanced proposals, and the House Bill has included elements of such proposals, that would expand cryptocurrency information and transaction reporting requirements. It is unclear whether Congress will enact these or similar changes and, if enacted, how soon any such changes could take effect. The passage of the House Bill or any similar legislation would likely have an adverse effect on our or Rhodium Holdings’ business and future profitability.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

We are a holding company. Our sole material asset after completion of this offering will be our equity interest in Rhodium Holdings, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from Rhodium Holdings to pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover our corporate and other overhead expenses.

We are a holding company and will have no material assets other than our equity interest in Rhodium Holdings. We have no independent means of generating revenue or cash flow, and our ability to pay taxes and operating expenses or declare and pay dividends in the future, if any, will be dependent upon the financial results and cash flows of Rhodium Holdings and its subsidiaries, and distributions we receive from Rhodium Holdings. We anticipate that Rhodium Holdings will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally will not be subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to the unitholders of Rhodium Holdings. Accordingly, we will be required to pay income taxes on our allocable share of any net taxable income of Rhodium Holdings. To the extent Rhodium Holdings has available cash, we generally intend to cause Rhodium Holdings to make pro rata distributions to its unitholders, including us, in an amount sufficient to cover all applicable taxes of such unitholders, including us, at an assumed tax rate that is based on the highest combined marginal U.S. federal, state and local tax rate applicable to an individual or corporation (whichever is higher) resident in New York, New York. In addition, Rhodium Holdings will reimburse us for our corporate and other overhead expenses. There can be no assurance that Rhodium Holdings and its subsidiaries will generate sufficient cash flow to distribute funds to us, or that applicable state law and contractual restrictions, including negative covenants in any debt agreements of Rhodium Holdings or its subsidiaries, will permit such distributions. To the extent that we need funds and Rhodium Holdings or its subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of any financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

We will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules and, as a result, will qualify for, and may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Because Imperium will own a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock following the completion of this offering, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards. Under the Nasdaq rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by another person or group of persons acting together is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:

• a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

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• the nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;

• the compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

• there be an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.

These requirements will not apply to us as long as we remain a controlled company. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Imperium will hold a substantial majority of our common stock and will have the right to appoint a majority of our board members, and its interests may conflict with those of other stockholders.

Holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or our certificate of incorporation. Upon completion of this offering (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares), Imperium will own 100% of our Class B common stock (representing % of our voting power). As a result of Imperium’s majority ownership, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq corporate governance standards and Imperium will be able to substantially influence matters requiring stockholder or board approval, including the election of directors, approval of any potential acquisition of us, changes to our organizational documents and significant corporate transactions, and certain decisions we make as the managing member of Rhodium Holdings. In particular, for so long as Imperium continues to own a majority of our voting stock, Imperium will be able to cause or prevent a change of control of us or a change in the composition of our board of directors and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of us. This concentration of ownership makes it unlikely that any other holder or group of holders of our common stock or preferred stock will be able to affect the way we and Rhodium Holdings are managed or the direction of our business. Furthermore, the concentration of ownership could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of Class A common stock as part of a sale of us and ultimately might affect the market price of our Class A common stock. The interests of Imperium with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting us, such as future acquisitions, financings and other corporate opportunities and attempts to acquire us, may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.

For example, Imperium may have different tax positions from us, especially in light of the Tax Receivable Agreement, that could influence its decisions regarding whether and when to support the disposition of assets, the incurrence or refinancing of new or existing indebtedness, the timing or amount of distributions by Rhodium Holdings, or the termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement and acceleration of our obligations thereunder. In addition, the determination of future tax reporting positions, the structuring of future transactions and the handling of any challenge by any taxing authority to our tax reporting positions may take into consideration tax or other considerations of Imperium, including the effect of such positions on our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement and with respect to the amount of tax distributions, which may differ from the considerations of us or other stockholders. These decisions could adversely affect our liquidity or financial condition.

So long as the Legacy Owners continue to control a significant amount of our common stock, the Legacy Owners will, through their ownership interests in Imperium, be able to substantially influence matters requiring stockholder or board approval, including the election of directors, approval of any potential acquisition of us, changes to our organizational documents and significant corporate transactions, and certain decisions we make as the managing member of Rhodium Holdings. In any of these matters, the interests of the Legacy Owners may differ or conflict with the interests of our other stockholders. Moreover, this concentration of stock ownership may also adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock to the extent investors perceive a disadvantage in owning stock of a company with a controlling stockholder.

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We will be required to make payments to Imperium under the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits we may claim, and no such payments will be made to any holders of our Class A common stock. The amounts of such payments could be significant.

We will enter into a Tax Receivable Agreement with Imperium. This agreement generally provides for the payment by Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. to Imperium of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax or franchise tax that Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after this offering as a result of (i) the increase in our proportionate share of the tax basis of the assets of Rhodium Holdings resulting from the exchange of Rhodium Units, and the corresponding surrender of an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock, by Imperium for shares of Class A common stock (or for cash pursuant to the Cash Election) pursuant to the Redemption Right, and (ii) imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of, and additional tax basis arising from, any payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be increased by any interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return. No such payments will be made to any other holders of our Class A common stock. Furthermore, our future obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement could make us and our subsidiaries a less attractive target for an acquisition, particularly in the case of an acquirer that cannot use some or all of the tax benefits that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement.

The payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are our obligations and not obligations of Rhodium Holdings. For purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement, cash savings in tax generally are calculated on a “with and without basis” by comparing our actual tax liability to the amount we would have been required to pay had we not been able to utilize any of the tax benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The actual increase in tax basis of Rhodium Holdings and the amounts payable, as well as the timing of any payments, under the Tax Receivable Agreement are dependent upon significant future events and assumptions, including (but not limited to) the timing of the exchanges of Rhodium Units and surrender of a corresponding number of shares of our Class B common stock, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of each exchange, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable transactions, the amount of the exchanging Rhodium Unitholder’s tax basis in its Rhodium Units at the time of the relevant exchange, the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increase in tax basis, the types of assets held by Rhodium Holdings, the amount and timing of taxable income we generate in the future, the U.S. federal income tax rate then applicable, and the portion of Rhodium Enterprises, Inc.’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement will commence upon the completion of this offering and will continue until all such tax benefits have been utilized or expired, unless we terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement and are required to make the termination payment specified in the agreement, at our election (subject to Imperium’s right to delay any such early termination for up to two years), as a result of our breach or in the event of a change of control event as described below. While the payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are not expected to be material if Imperium exchanged all of its Rhodium Units at the time of this offering, we expect that the payments that we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial based on the future operations and activities of Rhodium Holdings and proposed changes in the applicable tax law.

The payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will not be conditioned upon a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement having a continued ownership interest in us.

In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits we realize, if any, in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.

If we experience a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations) or the Tax Receivable Agreement terminates early (at our election or as a result of our material breach), we could be required to make a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment. We may request to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early; however, under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Imperium may delay our request for early termination for up to two years, during which time the value of such lump-sum payment could substantially increase. This immediate lump-sum payment would equal the present value of hypothetical future payments that could be required under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The calculation of the hypothetical future payments will be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) the sufficiency of taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits, (ii) any

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Rhodium Units (other than those held by us) outstanding on the termination date are exchanged on the termination date and (iii) the utilization of certain loss carryovers. Our ability to generate net taxable income is subject to substantial uncertainty. Accordingly, as a result of the assumptions, the required lump-sum payment may be significantly in advance of and could materially exceed, the realized future tax benefits to which the payment relates.

As a result of either an early termination or a change of control, we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that exceed our actual cash tax savings under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Consequently, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. Assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law and a price of $ per share of Class A common stock (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), we expect that if we experienced a change of control or the Tax Receivable Agreement were terminated immediately after this offering, the estimated lump-sum payment would be approximately $ (calculated using a discount rate equal to the one-year London Interbank Offered Rate (or an agreed successor rate, if applicable) plus 100 basis points, applied against an undiscounted liability of approximately $ ). These amounts are estimates and have been prepared for informational purposes only. The actual amount of such lump-sum payment could vary significantly based on, among other things, the operations and activities of Rhodium Holdings in the period between this offering and an early termination or a change of control event. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, to the extent that we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Our failure to make any payment required under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including any accrued and unpaid interest) within three months of the date on which the payment is required to be made will constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which will terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement and accelerate future payments thereunder, unless the failure to make the applicable payment is attributable to (i) Rhodium Holdings being prohibited from making such payment under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement or the terms governing certain of its indebtedness or (ii) Rhodium Holdings not having, and being unable to obtain with commercially reasonable efforts, sufficient funds to make such payment.

In the event that our payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are accelerated upon certain mergers, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control, the consideration payable to holders of our Class A common stock could be substantially reduced.

If we experience a change of control (as defined under the Tax Receivable Agreement), our obligation to make a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment under the Tax Receivable Agreement could result in holders of our Class A common stock receiving substantially less consideration in connection with a change of control transaction than they would receive in the absence of such obligation. Further, holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement may not have an equity interest in us or Rhodium Holdings. Accordingly, the interests of holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement may conflict with those of the holders of our Class A common stock.

We will not be reimbursed for any payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement in the event that any tax benefits are subsequently disallowed.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we will determine. The holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if such basis increases or other benefits are subsequently disallowed, except that excess payments made to any such holder will be netted against payments otherwise to be made, if any, to such holder after our determination of such excess. However, a determination that we have made an excess payment might not occur until a number of years after such payment has been made. Additionally, if any of our tax reporting positions are challenged by a taxing authority, we will not be permitted to reduce any future cash payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement until any such challenge is finally settled or determined. The applicable U.S. federal income tax rules for determining our tax reporting positions are complex and factual in nature, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not disagree with our tax reporting positions. As a result, in such circumstances, we could make payments that are greater than our actual cash tax savings, if any, and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

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If Rhodium Holdings were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we and Rhodium Holdings might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies, and we would not be able to recover payments previously made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.

We and Rhodium Holdings intend to operate such that Rhodium Holdings does not become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership the interests of which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. Under certain circumstances, exchanges of Rhodium Holdings pursuant to the Redemption Right or other transfers of Rhodium Units could cause Rhodium Holdings to be treated as a publicly traded partnership. Applicable U.S. Treasury regulations provide for certain safe harbors from treatment as a publicly traded partnership, and we intend to operate such that exchanges or other transfers of Rhodium Units qualify for one or more such safe harbors.

If Rhodium Holdings were to become a publicly traded partnership, significant tax inefficiencies might result for us and for Rhodium Holdings, including as a result of our inability to file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with Rhodium Holdings. In addition, we would no longer receive the benefit of certain increases in tax basis received as a result of the exercise of the Redemption Right, and we would not be able to recover any payments previously made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits (including any claimed increase in the tax basis of Rhodium Holdings’ assets) were subsequently determined to have been unavailable.

In certain circumstances, Rhodium Holdings will be required to make tax distributions to the Rhodium Unitholders, including us, and the tax distributions that Rhodium Holdings will be required to make may be substantial. To the extent we receive tax distributions in excess of our tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and do not distribute such cash balances as dividends on our Class A common stock, the Legacy Owners could benefit from such accumulated cash balances if they exercise their Redemption Right.

Rhodium Holdings will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to the Rhodium Unitholders, including us. Pursuant to the Rhodium LLC Agreement, Rhodium Holdings generally will make pro rata cash distributions, or tax distributions, to the Rhodium Unitholders, including us, calculated using an assumed tax rate, to allow each of the Rhodium Unitholders to pay its respective taxes on such holder’s allocable share of Rhodium Holdings’ taxable income; such tax distributions will be calculated after taking into account certain other distributions or payments received by the Rhodium Unitholders from Rhodium Holdings, and may be subject to various limitations and restrictions, including with respect to any debt agreements.

Funds used by Rhodium Holdings to satisfy its tax distribution obligations to unitholders (other than funds distributed to Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. and reinvested for additional Rhodium Units) will not be available for reinvestment in our business. Moreover, the tax distributions that Rhodium Holdings will be required to make may be substantial, and may exceed (as a percentage of Rhodium Holdings’ income) the overall effective tax rate applicable to a similarly situated corporate taxpayer. In addition, because these payments will be calculated with reference to an assumed tax rate that is based on the highest combined marginal U.S. federal, state and local tax rate applicable to an individual or corporation (whichever is higher) resident in New York, New York, these payments will likely significantly exceed our actual tax liability attributable to Rhodium Holdings.

If such distributions are in excess of our tax liabilities and our obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and we do not distribute such cash balances as dividends on our Class A common stock, or contribute such cash balances to Rhodium Holdings for additional Rhodium Units, the Legacy Owners could benefit from any value attributable to such accumulated cash balances as a result of their ownership of Class A common stock following an exchange of their Rhodium Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or their receipt of an equivalent amount of cash.

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Risks Related to the Offering and Our Class A Common Stock

The requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the requirements of SOX, may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

As a public company, we will need to comply with new laws, regulations and requirements, certain corporate governance provisions of SOX, related regulations of the SEC and the requirements of Nasdaq, with which we were not required to comply as a private company. Complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements will occupy a significant amount of our time and will significantly increase our costs and expenses. We will need to:

• institute a more comprehensive compliance function to test and conclude on the sufficiency of our internal controls around financial reporting;

• comply with rules promulgated by Nasdaq;

• prepare and distribute periodic public reports;

• establish new internal policies, such as those relating to insider trading; and

• involve and retain to a greater degree outside professionals in the above activities.

Furthermore, while we generally must comply with Section 404 of the SOX, we are not required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls until our first annual report subsequent to our ceasing to be an “emerging growth company.” We may not be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls until as late as our annual report for the year ending December 31, 2027. At any time, we may conclude that our internal controls, once tested, are not operating as designed or that the system of internal controls does not address all relevant financial statement risks. Once required to attest to control effectiveness, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that concludes it does not believe our internal controls over financial reporting are effective. Compliance with SOX requirements may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management; and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

There is no existing market for our Class A common stock, and we do not know if one will develop.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our Class A common stock. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will lead to the development of an active trading market on the stock exchange on which we list our Class A common stock or otherwise or how liquid that market might become. If an active trading market does not develop, anyone purchasing our Class A common stock may have difficulty selling it. The initial public offering price for the Class A common stock will be determined by negotiations between us and the representative of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. Consequently, purchasers of our Class A common stock may be unable to sell it at prices equal to or greater than the price paid.

The stock markets in general have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock. Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in very substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

The dual-class structure of our common stock may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A common stock.

Certain stock index providers, such as S&P Dow Jones, exclude companies with multiple classes of shares of common stock from being added to certain stock indices, including the S&P 500. In addition, several stockholder advisory firms and large institutional investors oppose the use of dual class structures. As a result, the dual-class

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structure of our common stock may prevent the inclusion of our Class A common stock in such indices, may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure, and may result in large institutional investors not purchasing shares of our Class A common stock. Any exclusion from stock indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A common stock. Any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A common stock.

Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our common stock or by offering debt or other equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity or shares of preferred stock.

Any future debt financing could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which might make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. Moreover, if we issue debt securities, the debt holders would have rights to make claims on our assets senior to the rights of our holders of our common stock. The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders and/or reduce the market price of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred shares, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may have a material adverse effect on the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our Class A common stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our Class A common stock and dilute their stockholdings in us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage acquisition bids or merger proposals, which may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. If our board of directors elects to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire us. In addition, some provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders, including:

• limitations on the removal of directors;

• limitations on the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings;

• establishing advance notice provisions for stockholder proposals and nominations for elections to the board of directors to be acted upon at meetings of stockholders;

• the requirement that the affirmative vote of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all outstanding shares of capital stock be obtained to amend our amended and restated bylaws, to remove directors or to amend our certificate of incorporation;

• providing that the board of directors is expressly authorized to adopt, or to alter or repeal our bylaws; and

• establishing advance notice and certain information requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

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In addition, certain change of control events have the effect of accelerating the payments due under our Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be substantial and accordingly serve as a disincentive to a potential acquirer of our company. In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution of $ per share.

Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), purchasers of our Class A common stock in this offering will experience an immediate and substantial dilution of $ per share in the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of Class A common stock from the initial public offering price, and our as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2021 on a pro forma basis would be $ per share. This dilution is due in large part to earlier investors having paid substantially less than the initial public offering price when they purchased their shares.

Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash, current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, restrictions in any debt instruments, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiary to us and such other factors as the board may deem relevant. In addition, the terms of our existing financing arrangements restrict or limit our ability to pay cash dividends. Accordingly, we may not pay any dividends on our Class A common stock.

As a holding company, our ability to pay dividends depends on our receipt of cash dividends from our subsidiaries, which may further restrict our ability to pay dividends as a result of the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization, agreements of our subsidiaries or covenants under future indebtedness that we or they may incur.

Future sales of our Class A common stock in the public market could reduce our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership in us.

Subject to certain limitations and exceptions, Imperium may exchange its Rhodium Units (together with shares of Class B common stock) for shares of Class A common stock (on a one-for-one basis, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions) and then sell those shares of Class A common stock. Additionally, we may issue additional shares of Class A common stock or convertible securities in subsequent public offerings. After the completion of this offering, we will have outstanding shares of Class A common stock and outstanding shares of Class B common stock. This number includes shares of Class A common stock that we are selling in this offering and the shares of Class A common stock that we may sell in this offering if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is fully exercised, which may be resold immediately in the public market. Following the completion of this offering, the Legacy Owners, through Imperium, will own shares of Class A common stock and shares of Class B common stock, representing approximately % (or % if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full) of our total outstanding common stock. All such shares are restricted from immediate resale under the federal securities laws and are subject to the lock-up agreements between such parties and the underwriters, but may be sold into the market in the future.

Imperium will be party to a registration rights agreement with us that will require us to effect the registration of their shares in certain circumstances no earlier than the expiration of the lock-up period contained in the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with this offering.

We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our Class A common stock will have on the market price of our Class A common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class A common stock.

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The underwriters of this offering may waive or release parties to the lock-up agreements entered into in connection with this offering, which could adversely affect the price of our Class A common stock.

We, Imperium, all of our directors and executive officers and certain of our Existing Holders have entered into lock-up agreements with respect to their Class A common stock, pursuant to which we and they are subject to certain resale restrictions for a period of 180 days following the effectiveness date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The underwriters, at any time, may release all or any portion of the Class A common stock subject to the foregoing lock-up agreements. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, then Class A common stock will be available for sale into the public markets, which could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline and impair our ability to raise capital.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect prior to the completion of this offering provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Pursuant to our charter, our directors will not be liable to us or any stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty, except (i) for acts that breach his or her duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of the law, (iii) pursuant to Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which provides for liability of directors for unlawful payments of dividends of unlawful stock purchase or redemptions, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. The amended and restated bylaws also require us, if so requested, to advance expenses that such director or officer incurred in defending or investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding, provided that such person will return any such advance if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification by us. Any claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

We will incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time to reporting requirements as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, finance and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and will be required to comply with the applicable requirements of SOX and the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as the rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and the listing standards of Nasdaq, including changes in corporate governance practices and the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. We expect that our management and other personnel will need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these requirements. In particular, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of SOX, which will increase when we are no longer an emerging growth company as defined by the JOBS Act. We will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and maintain an internal audit function.

Our management will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds and may apply the proceeds of this offering in ways that may not improve our business or increase the value of your investments.

We intend to contribute all of the net proceeds from this offering to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units. Rhodium Holdings will use such proceeds to construct new sites and for general corporate purposes, including the purchase of miners. We cannot specify with certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds to us from this offering. Accordingly, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. Until the net proceeds are used, they may be placed in investments that do not produce significant income or that may lose value.

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For as long as we are an emerging growth company, we will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, including disclosure about our executive compensation, which apply to other public companies.

We are classified as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. In addition, we have reduced SOX compliance requirements, as discussed elsewhere, for as long as we are an emerging growth company, which may be up to five full fiscal years. Unlike other public companies, we will not be required to, among other things, (i) comply with any new requirements adopted by the PCAOB requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, (ii) provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies or (iii) hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation.

We may issue preferred stock whose terms could adversely affect the voting power or value of our Class A common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the Class A common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Class A common stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company downgrades our Class A common stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

Because we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period pursuant to Section 107 of the JOBS Act, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of other public companies.

Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can use the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This permits an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We are choosing to take advantage of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for private companies. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates, and our stockholders and potential investors may have difficulty in analyzing our operating results by comparing us to such companies.

The provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in certain courts in the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that, unless we, in writing, select or consent to the selection of an alternative forum, all complaints asserting any internal corporate claims (defined as claims, including claims in the right of our company: (i) that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee, or stockholder in such capacity; or (ii) as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery), to the fullest extent permitted by law, and subject to applicable jurisdictional requirements, shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have, or declines to accept, subject matter jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware).

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Additionally, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Our choice-of-forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in our common stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum selection provisions described in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions. Further, in the event a court finds either exclusive forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

General Risk Factors

We are subject to losses from risks for which we do not insure.

For certain risks, we do not maintain insurance coverage because of cost and/or availability. Because we retain some portion of insurable risks, and in some cases retain our risk of loss completely, unforeseen or catastrophic losses in excess of insured limits may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to implement and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on our stock price.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be reevaluated frequently. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company will have been detected. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to prevent fraud. Any failure to maintain or implement new or improved controls over financial reporting could result in material weaknesses or result in the failure to detect or prevent material misstatements in our financial statements, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and harm our stock price. We will be required to disclose material changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of SOX until the later of the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC or the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act.

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The information in this prospectus includes “forward-looking statements.” All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this prospectus, regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenue and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this prospectus, the words “could,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under “Risk Factors.” These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current belief, based on currently available information, as to the outcome and timing of future events.

Forward-looking statements may include statements about:

• our business strategy;

• our financial strategy, liquidity and capital required for our operations;

• our timing and amount of future production of bitcoin;

• our ability to respond to price fluctuations and rapidly changing technology;

• our dependence on the level of demand and financial performance of the bitcoin mining industry;

• developments and changes in laws and regulations, including increased regulation of the bitcoin mining industry through legislative action and revised rules and standards applied by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act and the Investment Company Act;

• the future acceptance and/or widespread use of, and demand for, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies;

• our ability to procure bitcoin mining equipment from foreign-based suppliers;

• legislative or regulatory changes, and liability under, or any future inability to comply with, existing or future energy regulations or requirements;

• our ability to raise capital to fund business growth;

• our ability to maintain our relationships with our third-party suppliers;

• our ability to access low-cost power;

• our ability to retain management and key personnel;

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on our business and financial condition;

• general economic conditions;

• our future operating results; and

• our future plans, objectives, expectations and intentions.

We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These risks include, but are not limited to, cryptocurrency price volatility, lack of availability of mining equipment and services, lack of availability of power, environmental risks, mining and other operating risks, regulatory changes, cash flow and access to capital, the timing of capital expenditures, and the other risks described under “Risk Factors.”

Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this prospectus occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements.

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All forward-looking statements, expressed or implied, included in this prospectus are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue.

Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We expect to receive approximately $ million of net proceeds (assuming a public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) from the sale of the Class A common stock offered by us after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock, we expect to receive approximately $ million of net proceeds.

We intend to contribute the net proceeds of this offering to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units. Rhodium Holdings will use such proceeds to construct new sites and for general corporate purposes, including the purchase of miners.

A $1.00 change in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) would cause the net proceeds from this offering, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, received by us to change, respectively, by $ million, assuming no change to the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. Each 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of shares offered in this offering would increase (decrease) the amount of net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the initial public offering price remains $ per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the proceeds increase due to a higher initial public offering price or due to the issuance of additional shares by us, we would contribute the additional net proceeds received by us to Rhodium Holdings in exchange for Rhodium Units. Rhodium Holdings will use such proceeds to construct new sites and for general corporate purposes. If the proceeds decrease due to a lower initial public offering price or a decrease in the number of shares issued by us, then we would decrease the amount of net proceeds contributed to Rhodium Holdings and Rhodium Holdings would reduce by a corresponding amount the net proceeds directed for general corporate purposes.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and expansion of our business and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. We are a holding company and will have no material assets other than our ownership of Rhodium Units in Rhodium Holdings. Our ability to pay cash dividends will depend on our receipt of distributions from our current or future operating subsidiaries and such distributions may be restricted as a result of regulatory restrictions or contractual agreements, including agreements governing our indebtedness. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Offering and Our Class A Common Stock — We are a holding company. Our sole material asset after completion of this offering will be our equity interest in Rhodium Holdings, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from Rhodium Holdings to pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover our corporate and other overhead expenses.” In addition, any future debt financing arrangement will likely contain terms restricting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash position and capitalization as of September 30, 2021:

• on an actual basis;

• on an as adjusted basis to give effect to (1) the SAFE Transactions entered into after September 30, 2021 and (2) the repayment of the $30 million loan entered into on June 17, 2021 immediately prior to the consummation of this offering; and

• on an as further adjusted basis to give effect to (1) the adjustments describe above, (2) the issuance of shares of Class A common stock in accordance with the SAFE Transactions described under “Management’s Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — SAFE Transactions,” and (3) the sale and issuance by us of shares of our Class A common stock offered in this offering at an assumed IPO price of $ per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), including the application of the net proceeds as set forth under “Use of Proceeds.”

The information set forth in the table below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other final terms of this offering. This table should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, “Use of Proceeds” and our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As of September 30, 2021
	Actual	As Adjusted	As Further Adjusted
Cash and cash equivalents	$	$	$
Long-term debt:
Promissory Notes	$	$	$
SAFE Agreement	$	$	$
Total Indebtedness	$	$	$
Stockholders’ equity:
Class A common stock – $0.0001 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized, 110,593,401 shares issued and outstanding, actual and as adjusted; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, as further adjusted
Class B common stock – $0.0001 par value; 100 shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual and as adjusted; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, as further adjusted
Additional paid in capital
Non-controlling interest
Retained earnings
Total partners’ capital/stockholders’ equity	$	$	$
Total capitalization	$	$	$

The information above excludes shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our long-term incentive plan that we intend to adopt in connection with the completion of this offering.

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DILUTION

Purchasers of our Class A common stock in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value per share of the Class A common stock for accounting purposes. Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2021, after giving effect to the transactions described under “Corporate Reorganization,” was $ , or $ per share. Pro forma net tangible book value per share is determined by dividing our pro forma tangible net worth (tangible assets less total liabilities) by the total number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock that will be outstanding immediately prior to the closing of this offering after giving effect to the IPO Reorganization. Assuming an IPO price of $ per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), after giving effect to the receipt of the estimated net proceeds (after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses), our adjusted pro forma net tangible book value as of September 30, 2021 would have been approximately $ million, or $ per share. This represents an immediate increase in the net tangible book value of $ per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution (i.e., the difference between the offering price and the adjusted pro forma net tangible book value after this offering) to new investors purchasing shares in this offering of $ per share. The following table illustrates the per share dilution to new investors purchasing shares in this offering (assuming that 100% of our Class B common stock has been exchanged for Class A common stock):

IPO price per share				$
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2021 (after giving effect to the IPO Reorganization)
Increase per share attributable to new investors in this offering
As adjusted pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to the IPO Reorganization and this offering
Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering				$

A $1.00 change in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would change our as adjusted pro forma net tangible book value per share after the offering by $ and change the dilution to new investors in this offering by $ per share, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The following table summarizes, on an adjusted pro forma basis as of September 30, 2021, the total number of shares of Class A common stock owned by existing stockholders (assuming that 100% of our Class B common stock has been exchanged for Class A common stock) and to be owned by new investors, the total consideration paid, and the average price per share paid by our existing stockholders and to be paid by new investors in this offering at our initial public offering price of $ per share, calculated before deduction of estimated underwriting discounts and commissions:

Shares Acquired

Total Consideration

Average
Price Per
Share

Number

Percent

Amount
(in thousands)

Percent

Imperium

New investors in this offering

Total

The above tables and discussion are based on the number of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock to be outstanding as of the closing of this offering. If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full, the number of shares held by new investors will be increased to , or approximately % of the total number of shares of Class A common stock.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expectations. We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions or beliefs about future events may vary materially from actual results. Some of the key factors which could cause actual results to vary from our expectations include changes in bitcoin prices, the timing of planned capital expenditures, the condition of the capital markets generally, as well as our ability to access them, and uncertainties regarding environmental regulations or litigation and other legal or regulatory developments affecting our business, as well as those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” (included elsewhere in this prospectus) contain important information. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law.

Basis of Presentation

Rhodium Holdings (formerly known as Rhodium Enterprises LLC) was formed as a Delaware limited liability company on October 23, 2020, and Rhodium JV LLC (“Rhodium JV”) was formed as a Delaware limited liability company on April 1, 2020. On June 30, 2021, we completed the Corporate Reorganization. For purposes of this section, “Rhodium,” “we” and “us” refers to (i) each of Rhodium Holdings and Rhodium JV’s wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries as of the period from April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and (ii) Rhodium and its subsidiaries for the six months ended June 30, 2021. During the period ended December 31, 2020, Rhodium operated through its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries. The financial statements and results of operations in this section are presented on a consolidated and combined basis for Rhodium and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries as of the period ended December 31, 2020 and on a consolidated basis for Rhodium and its wholly owned subsidiaries for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The consolidated accounts of Rhodium Holdings include its wholly-owned subsidiary, Air HPC LLC (“Air HPC”), formed as a Delaware limited liability company on October 23, 2020, and AIR HPC’s majority-owned subsidiary, Jordan HPC LLC (“Jordan HPC”), formed as a Delaware limited liability company on October 23, 2020, and the consolidated accounts of Rhodium JV include its wholly-owned subsidiary, Rhodium 2.0 LLC (“Rhodium 2.0”), formed as a Delaware limited liability company on December 17, 2020, and its majority-owned subsidiary, Rhodium 30MW LLC (“Rhodium 30MW”), formed as a Delaware limited liability company on April 1, 2020. Unless otherwise indicated, the historical financial information presented in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” does not give pro forma effect to the transactions described under “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Master Reorganization Agreement.”

Overview

We are an industrial-scale digital asset and technology company utilizing our proprietary technologies to mine bitcoin. Our strategy is to create innovative technologies to be the most sustainable and cost-efficient producer of bitcoin in the industry. We believe we can achieve this through our fully integrated infrastructure technology platform, access to sustainable and low-cost power and directly owning and operating our own customized mining sites. Our fully integrated infrastructure platform includes our flagship liquid-cooling system, efficiency optimization software and end-to-end management software. Our uniquely designed infrastructure affords us the ability to maintain low operating costs and manage energy consumption, which provides significant advantages in driving profitability across a variety of bitcoin market conditions.

Bitcoin Mining Growth

We began mining bitcoin in September 2020. From September 30, 2020 through September 30, 2021, we placed approximately 80 MW online to power approximately 22,600 miners and mined 2,132 bitcoin with a hash rate capacity as of September 30, 2021 of 1.8 EH/s.

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Recent Developments

Acquisition of Miners

Since inception, we have received or entered into agreements to purchase a total of approximately 98,800 Whatsminer M30S++, M31S+, M30S and M31S miners from our supplier. We expect to have approximately 33,600, or 34%, of these miners online by the end of 2021 with a total hash rate capacity equal to 2.7 EH/s, with the additional miners allocated for future development projects.

Corporate Reorganization

On June 30, 2021, we effected our Corporate Reorganization. Please see “Prospectus Summary — Corporate Reorganization” and “Corporate Reorganization” elsewhere in this prospectus.

In connection with this offering, Rhodium will enter into a Master Reorganization Agreement pursuant to which (i) Rhodium will amend and restate its organizational documents to give the holders of shares of Common Stock of Rhodium one vote on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote generally for each share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock held of record, (ii) Rhodium will issue shares of Class B common stock to Imperium, and (iii) Rhodium will issue shares of Class A common stock (assuming a public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) to the investors in connection with the SAFE Transactions. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Master Reorganization Agreement.”

SAFE Transactions

Between June 2, 2021 and October 19, 2021, we entered into simple agreements for future equity, or the SAFEs, with certain investors, pursuant to which we issued rights to such investors to receive shares of our Class A common stock upon the occurrence of a subsequent financing or listing event for an aggregate purchase price of $86.9 million. Each SAFE provides that, upon the closing of this offering, the rights will convert into shares of Class A common stock.

Bridge Loan and Subsequent Reduction of Debt

On June 17, 2021, we entered into a series of promissory notes with certain holders (collectively, the “Bridge Loan Holders”) whereby the Bridge Loan Holders agreed to lend us an aggregate amount not to exceed $30 million (collectively, the “Bridge Loan”). The proceeds were used to place a deposit on securing an additional 22,020 miners from our supplier. We intend to repay the Bridge Loan in full prior to the completion of this offering. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — Debt Agreements” for more information.

Warrant Purchase Agreements

On July 2, 2021, in connection with the Bridge Loan, we entered into warrant purchase agreements with affiliates of the Bridge Loan Holders (the “Warrant Holders”) whereby we issued warrants, dated October 1, 2021, to purchase approximately 730,000 shares of our Class A common stock to the affiliates of the Bridge Loan Holders in exchange for approximately $91,000 covering 25% of the outstanding coverage of the Bridge Loan (collectively, the “Warrant Purchase Agreements”). See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — Debt Agreements” for more information. The Warrant Holders were granted registration rights under the Warrant Purchase Agreements. For a description of registration rights with respect to our Class A common stock, see the information under the heading “Shares Eligible for Future Sale — Registration Rights.”

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COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has been unpredictable and unprecedented and is likely to continue to result in significant national and global economic disruption, which may adversely affect us. Based on our current assessment, however, we do not expect any material impact on our long-term development, our operations or our liquidity due to the worldwide spread of COVID-19. However, we are actively monitoring this situation and the possible effects on our financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers and industry.

Lease and Electricity Supply Agreement for Second Texas Site

On August 31, 2021, we entered into the Datacenter Lease with Temple Green, pursuant to which Temple Green has agreed to provide us with data center site hosting and power supply services to us at our second Texas site. On October 8, 2021, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Datacenter Lease with Temple Green in order to update the legal description of the property. Under the Datacenter Lease, Temple Green has agreed to engineer and construct our site capable of hosting up to 225 MW (including 40 MW under a nonbinding letter of intent) of server and cooling load and associated electrical infrastructure in exchange for our promise to pay a fixed monthly lease and share a percentage of yearly profits as defined, payment for which will begin on the date our site commences operations (subject to satisfactory credit support). The initial term of the Datacenter Lease is ten years and we have the sole option to extend for up to two five-year periods.

On August 31, 2021, we also entered into the Electricity Supply Agreement with an affiliate of NetZero, to provide electricity to this second Texas site. NetZero has agreed to provide us with sufficient energy to operate our second Texas site at pre-determined maximum amounts during the term of the Datacenter Lease.

Our Business Model

Mining Equipment

We own specialized computers (“miners”) configured for the purpose of validating transactions on the bitcoin network blockchain (referred to as “mining”). We do not host other miners. All of the miners we currently own were manufactured by one supplier and incorporate ASIC chips specialized to solve blocks on the bitcoin blockchain using the 256-bit secure hashing algorithm (“SHA-256”) in return for bitcoin cryptocurrency rewards.

We have entered into and facilitated agreements with vendors to supply mining equipment for our bitcoin mining operations that require significant, partially refundable, deposits payable several months in advance of delivery and additional advance payments in monthly installments thereafter. We pre-paid a significant portion of the purchase price for these new miners as partially refundable deposits, with delivery scheduled to occur in installments through July 2022, and the remainder of the purchase price for these new miners is payable in installments, with payment due in advance of the scheduled delivery dates set forth in the applicable purchase agreement. We have financed $2 million of miners through a finance lease, which we expect will be substantially repaid or fully repaid prior to the consummation of this offering. See “— Equipment Financing Transactions.”

As of September 30, 2021, we placed approximately 80 MW online to power approximately 22,600 miners with a hash rate capacity of 1.8 EH/s.

Sites

We mine bitcoin at our initial Texas site, which is specifically designed for housing advanced mining equipment. We perform all deployment, maintenance, repair and other infrastructure services necessary to operate and maintain our miners. Our second Texas site is currently under construction and is expected to become operational in the summer of 2022. See “Business — Sites and Equipment.”

As the demand for bitcoin increases and bitcoin becomes more widely accepted, there is an increasing demand for professional-grade, scalable infrastructure to support growth of the blockchain ecosystem. We continually evaluate our mining performance, including our ability to access additional megawatts of electric power and to expand our total mining hash rates. We may explore additional sites and mining arrangements in connection with our short-, medium- and long-term strategic planning.

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In June 2021, we purchased land and buildings in Texas through the local county foreclosure process that are currently used for shipping and receiving, offices, and research and development. The value of these purchases was less than $1 million.

Supply of Electrical Power

We secure our electric power through 10-year, fixed cost agreements with our electricity providers. We have two different electricity providers, one for each of our Texas sites. As of September 30, 2021, all of our energy provided by our electricity providers comes from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (“ERCOT”) grid pursuant to contracts between each of our electricity providers and ERCOT, which has a blend of energy sources, many of which are non-carbon emitting. The amount of electricity generated by non-carbon emitting sources as a percentage of total electricity generated by the ERCOT grid per day fluctuates based on the ERCOT grid daily changes in energy generation. As of September 30, 2021, this amount has reached as high as 41%.

Payments to Our Electricity Providers

Our Initial Texas Site. Our subsidiaries, Rhodium JV LLC and AIR HPC LLC (together, the “Colocation Subsidiaries”) have entered into colocation agreements with the power supplier for our initial Texas site (collectively, the “Colocation Agreements”). The Colocation Agreements describe a payment to the power supplier based on a percentage of the after tax cash profits (“Colocation Payments”) the Colocation Subsidiaries. These payments are separate from the electricity payments due to our power providers under the hosting agreements, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Earnings are first generated at the operating subsidiary level. At our discretion, a percentage of the earnings may then be distributed based on ownership of the operating subsidiary, via a dividend, to the Colocation Subsidiaries. The Colocation Subsidiaries are only contractually obligated to make a Colocation Payment to the power suppliers upon the payment of a dividend from the operating subsidiaries. The Colocation Subsidiaries exist as holding companies for the receipt of dividends from underlying operating subsidiaries and payment to our power suppliers for the Colocation Payments, if any. The Colocation Subsidiaries and any Colocation Payments are applicable only to our operations at our initial Texas site and are not applicable to future growth or expansion at other sites.

The Colocation Payments are determined based on a calculation, as contractually defined through the formula set forth in the relevant Colocation Agreement. Generally, the Colocation Payments are our power supplier’s portion of the dividend income received by our Colocation Subsidiaries from our underlying operational subsidiaries. The dividends received by the Colocation Subsidiaries may be adjusted for certain cash needs, either incurred or expected, which is determined at our discretion. Specifically, the Colocation Subsidiaries are required to make calculated payments, as defined by the Colocation Agreements, on the cash available for debt services and distributions (“CADSD”).

The Colocation Payments are included in our cost of revenue. However, as of December 31, 2020, there were no Colocation Payments accrued or paid. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, $1.6 million in Colocation Payments were accrued under these Colocation Agreements.

Under the Colocation Agreements, the power supplier has agreed to provide an aggregate of up to 125 MW of power to our projects located at our initial Texas site and to perform all maintenance necessary to operate all of our miners. In addition to paying the power supplier a portion of each project’s Colocation Payments, for 100 MW we have an unconditional minimum power purchase obligation that operates as a “take-or-pay” arrangement pursuant to which we are obligated to pay a minimum power commitment of 80%, regardless if our projects actually draw power. The term of each of the Colocation Agreements is ten years, subject to certain termination rights of the company, and we have an option to extend the duration thereafter and hold the right to cancel after three years without consent from the power supplier. In addition to the 125 MW, we have another 30 MW of option contracts at the same terms which have not yet been exercised by us. We may or may not choose to exercise said options at a later date.

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For additional information regarding the Colocation Agreements, please see Note 11 to the audited historical financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our Second Texas Site. On August 31, 2021, we entered into the Datacenter Lease and Electricity Supply Agreement for our second Texas site. On October 8, 2021, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Datacenter Lease in order to update the legal description of the property. Pursuant to these agreements, we have agreed to pay $1,087 per month in base rent. Additionally, we have agreed to a profit-sharing arrangement whereby we agree to pay a percentage of profits generated by our subsidiary to an affiliate of NetZero between 3% and 8% during the initial ten years. For additional information regarding these payments, please see Note 14 to the unaudited historical financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

Equipment Financing Transactions

On October 1, 2020, we entered into a finance lease with Arctos Capital that was used to fund the purchase of 1,900 miners, for a total financed amount of approximately $2.8 million at 15.0% interest per annum payable over a 12-month term. The outstanding lease liability balance of approximately $2.4 million as of December 31, 2020, is recorded within Lease liability in the respective consolidated and combined balance sheet. The outstanding lease liability balance of approximately $1.9 million as of June 30, 2021, is recorded within Lease liability in the respective condensed consolidated balance sheet. The right-of-use asset balance of approximately $2.1 million as of December 31, 2020, is recorded within Right-of-use asset, net in the respective consolidated and combined balance sheet. The right-of-use asset balance of approximately $0.7 million as of June 30, 2021, is recorded within Right-of-use asset, net in the respective consolidated balance sheet. Payments of $145,000 were due monthly with the remaining balance due at maturity on October 1, 2021. The remaining balance of approximately $2 million was paid in September 2021.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Economic Conditions

Market Price of Bitcoin

Our business is heavily dependent on the spot price of bitcoin. The prices of cryptocurrencies, specifically bitcoin, have experienced substantial volatility, and high or low prices may have little or no relationship to identifiable market forces, may be subject to rapidly changing investor sentiment and may be influenced by factors such as technology, regulatory void or changes, fraudulent actors, manipulation and media reporting. Bitcoin (as well as other cryptocurrencies) may have value based on various factors, including their acceptance as a means of exchange by consumers and producers, scarcity and market demand.

Halving

Further affecting the digital asset mining industry, and particularly relevant to the bitcoin blockchain, is the fact that the cryptocurrency reward for solving a block is subject to periodic incremental halving. Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in cryptocurrencies using a proof-of-work consensus algorithm. At a predetermined block, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.”

For bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 bitcoin currency rewards per block. The bitcoin blockchain has undergone halving three times since its inception as follows: (1) on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000; (2) on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000; and (3) on May 11, 2020 at block 630,000, when the reward was reduced to its current level of 6.25 bitcoin per block. The next halving for the bitcoin blockchain is anticipated to occur in March 2024 at block 840,000. This process will reoccur until the total amount of bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million and the theoretical supply of new bitcoin is exhausted, which is expected to occur around 2140. Many factors influence the price of bitcoin, and potential increases or decreases in prices in advance of or following a future halving are unknown.

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Blockchain Difficulty

The increase in bitcoin difficulty and hash rate proportionally reduces the mining proceeds of the equipment and eventually requires bitcoin mining operations to upgrade their mining equipment to remain profitable and stay ahead of other bitcoin mining operations.

Electricity Costs

Electricity costs are our largest operating cost. We have structured our contractual obligations with our power supplier to appropriately manage risks related to electricity costs by (1) securing low cost, fixed rate power for long-term, multi-year contracts and (2) structuring our Colocation Payments to be on an after-tax cash basis in order to better align incentives with our power supplier.

Equipment Costs

The cost of new miners can be unpredictable, and could also be significantly higher than our historical cost for new miners. As a result, at times, we may obtain miners and other hardware from third parties at higher prices, to the extent they are available. For example, beginning in the second half of 2020 and continuing through October 2021, we observed a significant appreciation in the market price of bitcoin, as well as an increase in the per-unit price of the miners we use to mine bitcoin. While we cannot know definitively if these two phenomena are linked, we have seen a measurable increase in the prices for new miners offered by third-party manufacturers during periods of increased market prices for bitcoin, and such prices may continue to track the volatility in the market price of bitcoin.

Competition

In addition to factors underlying mining business growth and profitability, our success greatly depends on our ability to compete with other mining operations.

The bitcoin mining industry is constantly evolving, and cryptocurrency miners can range from individual enthusiasts to professional mining operations with dedicated mining sites. We compete with other companies that focus all or a portion of their activities on mining activities at scale. We face significant competition in every aspect of our business, including, but not limited to, the acquisition of new miners, the ability to raise capital, obtaining low-cost electricity, obtaining access to energy sites with reliable sources of power and evaluating new technology developments in the industry.

To stay competitive in the evolving bitcoin mining industry, both against new entrants into the market and existing competitors, we anticipate that we will have to continue to expand our existing miner fleet, which could include purchasing the latest generation of miners, as well as innovating to develop and implement new technologies and mining solutions.

Differentiation, Innovation and Expansion of Our Platform

Our investments in research and development differentiates us from our peers, in particular our ability to manage electricity sourcing, construct and implement proprietary liquid-cooled mining sites and enable efficient performance of commercially available mining equipment through our proprietary management software.

Partnership Ecosystem

Our success will depend on whether we can expand our ecosystem of strategic partners with additional manufacturers of mining equipment. The bitcoin mining business requires access to the latest generation miners. Our management team regularly evaluates current and future hardware for reliability, performance and cost efficiency. These partnerships enable at-scale access to new equipment at competitive prices, which in turn helps secure the profitability of our mining fleet for the long term.

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Limited Operating History

We have a limited operating history and there is limited historical financial information upon which to base an evaluation of our performance. Our prospectus must be considered in light of the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stages of operations. As we are recently incorporated, our interim financial statements for the period ended June 30, 2020 presented below does not present results for the full six-month period. As a result, information presented for the periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2021, respectively, may not be directly comparable.

Key Business Metrics, Non-GAAP Measure

We monitor and evaluate the following key business metrics to measure performance, identify trends, develop and refine growth strategies and make strategic decisions. In addition to the performance metrics described below, we rely on Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. See “— Adjusted EBITDA” for the definition of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation to our most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

Mining Hash Rate Capacity

We estimate the mining hash rate capacity of our mining fleet by multiplying the manufacturer specified hash rate per model by the total number of miners per model on site at the end of the period. The method by which we measure our hash rate capacity may differ from how other operators present such measure.

Our hash rate capacity as of December 31, 2020 was 708.2 PH/s. Our hash rate capacity as of June 30, 2021 was 1.4 EH/s. Our hash rate capacity as of September 30, 2021 was 1.8 EH/s.

Bitcoin Mined

We measure the production of our mining activities in a given period as bitcoin mined. As such, we believe that the number of bitcoin that we mine is a useful metric for investors to measure our mining activity without the influence of bitcoin price volatility from period to period. Additionally, for a given period, we calculate the average bitcoin mined per day and the maximum bitcoin produced per day. We believe these metrics are meaningful to investors because when compared, they show periodic production capacity growth.

During the period ended December 31, 2020, we mined 284.64 bitcoin. During the period ended December 31, 2020, the maximum bitcoin produced per day was 4.78, which was mined on December 25, 2020. The average bitcoin mined per day in this period was 1.04. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we mined 1,031 bitcoin. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, the maximum bitcoin produced per day was 7.75, which was mined on April 21, 2021. The average bitcoin mined per day in this six-month period was 5.7.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, further adjusted by the removal of one-time transaction costs, impairment of digital currencies, realized gains and losses on the sale of digital currencies, SAFE discount, and expenses related to stock-based compensation.

The above items are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA measure because these items are non-cash in nature, or because the amount and timing of these items is unpredictable, not driven by core results of operations and renders comparisons with prior periods and competitors less meaningful. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as provides a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business performance. Moreover, we have included Adjusted EBITDA in this prospectus because it is a key measurement used internally by management to make operating decisions, including those related to operating expenses, evaluate performance and perform strategic and financial planning. However, you should be aware that when evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. The presentation of this measure should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Further, this non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on GAAP results and

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using Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies because not all companies calculate this measure in the same fashion. You should review the reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the period ended December 31, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2021:

	Period ended December 31, 2020			Six months ended June 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	(531	)	$	14,912
Adjustments:
Interest expense		422			560
Income tax provision (benefit)		(181	)		4,088
Depreciation and amortization		2,953			6,284
Impairment of digital currencies		68			14,396
Realized gain/loss on digital currencies (gain)		(351	)		(9,051)
SAFE Discount		—			9,740
Adjusted EBITDA	$	2,380		$	40,929

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Our revenue consists entirely of revenue recognized from our bitcoin mining activities. Bitcoin mining activities generate both block rewards (bitcoin rewards, currently 6.25 bitcoin per block) as well as miner transaction fees paid to us by the bitcoin network for processing bitcoin transactions (which are currently less than 0.5 bitcoin per block). Over time, it is possible transaction fees may become larger than block rewards.

We recognize revenue daily at the spot price of bitcoin when mined. We then track any gain or loss from the time the bitcoin was mined to the time when it was ultimately sold or exchanged. The sale or exchange generally results in a realized gain or loss at the time of sale or exchange. The proceeds related to the sale or exchange of bitcoin is our primary source of cash generation.

We participate in “mining pools” organized by mining pool operators in which we share our mining power with the hash rate generated by other miners participating in the pool to earn cryptocurrency rewards. The mining pool operator provides a service that coordinates the computing power of the independent mining enterprises participating in the mining pool. Fees may be paid to the mining pool operator to cover the costs of maintaining the pool. The pool uses software that coordinates the pool members’ mining power, identifies new block rewards, records how much hash rate each participant contributes to the pool and assigns cryptocurrency rewards earned by the pool among its participants in proportion to the hash rate each participant contributed to the pool in connection with solving a block. Revenues from cryptocurrency mining are impacted by volatility in bitcoin prices, as well as increases in the bitcoin blockchain’s total hash rate resulting from the growth in the overall quantity and quality of miners working to solve blocks on the bitcoin blockchain and the difficulty index associated with the secure hashing algorithm employed in solving the blocks.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenue consists primarily of electric power costs related to the mining operations of earning bitcoin including other utilities, labor, insurance whether incurred directly from self-mining operations or reimbursed, any payments due under colocation agreements, but excluding depreciation and amortization, which are separately stated in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. For the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to December 31, 2020, we did not incur any costs of revenue related to other utilities, labor, insurance or amounts due under colocation agreements.

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Gain (loss) from sales of digital assets

Gain (loss) from sales of digital assets consists of gains (losses) primarily on the sale of bitcoin.

Research and development expense

We invest in research and development to build capabilities to extend our blockchain platform management and software solutions and to manage our mining fleet more efficiently, as well as continue to innovate to increase efficiency.

Selling, general and administrative expense

Selling, general and administrative expenses include compensation and benefits expenses, professional fees and other personnel related expenses and may include insurance, amortization of intangibles, depreciation of property and equipment, asset impairments, franchise taxes and bank fees, if applicable.

Non-operating income (expense), net

Non-operating income (expense), net includes interest income, interest expense, other non-operating expenses, net and realized gains (losses) on sale of digital assets.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of U.S. federal, state and local income taxes, if any. For the period ended December 31, 2020, our income tax benefit was approximately $0.2 million. For the period ended June 30, 2021 our income tax expense was approximately $4.1 million. We evaluate our ability to recognize our deferred tax assets quarterly by considering all positive and negative evidence available as proscribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) under its general principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes. Our annual statutory federal income tax rate at December 31, 2020 is 21%. We currently only operate in Texas, which does not have a state income tax. However, Texas does have a franchise tax based on the company’s taxable margin, which is taxed at a rate of 0.75%.

Results of Operations

We have experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations. At December 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $9.1 million, total equity of approximately $4.3 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $0.3 million. At June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $25.1 million, total equity of approximately $53.6 million and retained earnings of approximately $53.6 million. To date, we have in large part relied on debt and equity financing to fund our operations.

Our current focus is on growing our cryptocurrency mining operation, with the goal of mining bitcoin. As discussed under “Business,” we utilize specialized ASIC miners.

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Results of Operations for the Six Months ended June 30, 2021 and the Period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020

The following table sets forth selected historical operating data for the period indicated:

	Rhodium
	For the six months ended June 30, 2021			For the period from April 1 (inception) to June 30, 2020
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Revenue, net – digital asset mining	$	48,181		$	—
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization		3,995			—
Cost of revenue – colocation payment expense		1,555			—
Selling, general and administrative		3,951			100
Depreciation and amortization		6,284			211
Impairment of digital assets		14,396			—
Total costs and operating expenses		30,181			311
Operating profit (loss)		18,000			(311	)
Other income (expense)
Realized gain on sale of digital assets		9,051			—
Interest expense		(560	)		(25	)
SAFE discount		(9,740	)		—
Other income, net		2,249			—
Total other income (expense)		1,000			(25	)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes		19,000			(336	)
Provision for income taxes		(4,088	)		85
Net income (loss)	$	14,912		$	(251	)

Summary of Mining Results

Revenues

Digital asset mining revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2021 totaled approximately $48.2 million. Revenues from digital asset mining are impacted significantly by volatility in bitcoin prices, as well as increases in the Network Hash Rate resulting from the growth in the overall quantity and quality of miners working to solve blocks on the bitcoin blockchain and the difficulty index associated with the secure hashing algorithm employed in solving the blocks.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Network Hash Rate decreased as a result of, among other factors, the increased number of miners working to solve blocks on the bitcoin blockchain during that period, many of which made use of newer, more efficient ASIC chips that are specially designed to solve blocks using the SHA-256 set of cryptographic hash functions employed on the bitcoin blockchain. As of June 30, 2021, the average Network Hash Rate working on the bitcoin blockchain was 91.5 EH/s. The cumulative difficulty index increase during the period from January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021 was 7.2%.

We did not have any revenues for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020, as we had not yet commenced primary mining operations.

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Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue and cost of revenue as a percentage of digital asset mining revenue for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020 was $0 and 0%, respectively, as we had not yet commenced primary mining operations.

Cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2021 of approximately $5.6 million consisted primarily of electricity costs and colocation payments, but excluded depreciation and amortization, which are separately stated. The cost of revenue for the period from January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021 as a percentage of digital asset mining revenue totaled 11.5%. We did not have any cost of revenue for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 totaled approximately $4.0 million. Compensation-related expense was approximately $1.8 million. Legal fees were approximately $0.21 million due to the Corporate Reorganization and capital raising efforts. Selling, general and administrative expense for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020 was $0.1 million.

Research and Development Expense

We did not have any research and development costs during this period or the prior period.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense in the period from January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021 totaled approximately $6.3 million, primarily comprised of depreciable equipment levels of miners, which we depreciate over a three-year estimated usable lives using the straight-line method. Depreciation and amortization expense for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020 was $0.2 million.

Impairment of Digital Assets

Impairment of digital assets of approximately $14.4 million was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2021. No impairment of digital assets was recognized for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020.

Other Income and Expense

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, interest income and interest expense was a net expense of approximately $0.6 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded a gain on the sale of digital assets of approximately $9.1 million.

Total other income increased by $1.0 million, primarily driven by an increase in realized gain on sale of digital assets of $9.1 million and an increase in other income, net of $2.2 million, partially offset by an increase in SAFE discount of expense of $9.7 million.

Income Taxes

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded income tax benefit of $4.1 million. Income tax expense for the period from April 1, 2020 (inception) to June 30, 2020 was $0.1 million.

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Results of Operations for the Period ended December 31, 2020

The following table sets forth selected historical operating data for the period indicated:

	Rhodium
	Period from April 1, 2020 (Inception) to December 31, 2020
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Revenue, net – digital asset mining	$	5,150
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue, excluding colocation expense, depreciation and amortization		623
Cost of revenue – colocation expense		—
Selling, general and administrative		2,380
Depreciation and amortization

Rhodium Enterprises, Inc. S-1