UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

Mark one

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________________ to ___________________

Commission File Number 001-09974

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York		13-2866202
(State or Other Jurisdiction of		(IRS. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)		Identification No.)

21 Executive Blvd. Farmingdale, New York		11735
(Address of Principal Executive office)		(Zip Code)

(631) 755-5500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock $0.01 par value		ENZ		The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant has required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 45 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of that chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.)

Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~December~~March 1210, ~~2024~~2025, the Registrant had 52,~~244~~402,~~074~~804 shares of common stock outstanding.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

FORM 10-Q

~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025

INDEX

~~PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION~~	PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets – October 31, 2024 (unaudited) and July 31, 2024	1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets – January 31, 2025 (unaudited) and July 31, 2024	1
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	2
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024(unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited)	6
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	67
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2126
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	2532
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	2532
~~PART II - OTHER INFORMATION~~	PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	2633
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	2633
Item 6.	Exhibits	2633
Signatures		2734

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	October 31, 2024 (unaudited)			July 31, 2024
	January 31, 2025 (unaudited)			July 31, 2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4740,~~735~~297		$	52,371
Cash in escrow		—			5,000
Accounts receivable, net		34,~~842~~245			3,988
Inventories, net		65,~~391~~987			6,832
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,~~693~~688			1,840
Total current assets		5952,~~661~~217			70,031
Property, plant, and equipment, net		12,~~495~~303			12,367
Right-of-use assets		2,~~654~~563			2,836
Other assets		~~481~~427			530
Total assets	$	7567,~~291~~510		$	85,764
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable – trade	$	~~1,269~~672		$	1,376
Dividend payable		5,324			—
Accrued liabilities		5,392			5,714
Accrued liabilities		5,618			5,714
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		817			841
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		827			841
Other current liabilities		73			76
Other current liabilities		76			76
Current liabilities of discontinued operations, net		10,222			16,787
Current liabilities of discontinued operations, net		10,283			16,787
Total current liabilities		17,176			24,794
Total current liabilities		23,397			24,794
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		2,102			2,403
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		2,209			2,403
Long term debt		146			189
Long term debt, net		155			189
Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations, net		1,470			2,266
Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations, net		1,872			2,266
Total liabilities	$	20,894		$	29,652
Total liabilities	$	27,633		$	29,652
Contingencies – see Note 13
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred Stock, $.01 par value; authorized 25,000,000 shares; no shares issued or outstanding		—			—
Common Stock, $.01 par value; authorized 75,000,000 shares; shares issued and outstanding: 52,244,074 at October 31, 2024 and July 31, 2024		521			521
Common Stock, $.01 par value; authorized 75,000,000 shares; shares issued and outstanding: 52,402,804 at January 31, 2025 and 52,244,074 at July 31, 2024		523			521
Additional paid-in capital		~~342~~343,~~981~~159			348,134
Accumulated deficit		(~~297~~299,~~804~~339	)		(294,428	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		12,~~960~~273			1,885
Total stockholders’ equity		4746,~~658~~616			56,112
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7567,~~291~~510		$	85,764

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED) (in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Revenues	$	7,334		$	8,553		$	13,546		$	16,359

Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		3,549			4,329			7,230			8,680
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		—			—			252			—
Research and development		479			580			1,041			1,429
Selling, general and administrative		4,558			5,068			9,441			12,070
Legal and related expense, net		350			761			808			1,835
Total operating costs and expenses		8,936			10,738			18,772			24,014

Operating loss		(1,602	)		(2,185	)		(5,226	)		(7,655	)

Other income (expense), net:
Interest, net		462			893			1,082			1,870
Change in fair value of convertible debentures		—			(383	)		—			(711	)
Other		126			119			250			276
Foreign exchange (loss) gain		(234	)		693			(425	)		(318	)
Total other income, net		354			1,322			907			1,117

Loss before income taxes		(1,248	)		(863	)		(4,319	)		(6,538	)
Income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss from continuing operations		(1,248	)		(863	)		(4,319	)		(6,538	)
Net loss from discontinued operations		(287	)		(2,198	)		(592	)		(3,139	)
Net loss	$	(1,535	)	$	(3,061	)	$	(4,911	)	$	(9,677	)

Net loss per common share – basic and diluted:
Continuing operations	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.13	)
Discontinued operations		(0.01	)		(0.04	)		(0.01	)		(0.06	)
Total net loss per basic and diluted common share	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.19	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted		52,297			50,490			52,271			50,337

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended October 31,
	2024			2023
Revenues	$	6,213		$	7,806
Operating costs and expenses, net:
Cost of revenues		3,681			4,351
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		252			—
Research and development		562			849
Selling, general, and administrative		4,882			7,007
Legal and related expenses		458			1,075
Total operating costs and expenses		9,835			13,282
Operating loss		(3,622	)		(5,476	)
Other income (expense):
Interest, net		620			977
Change in fair value of convertible debentures		—			(328	)
Other		123			158
Foreign exchange loss		(192	)		(1,006	)
Loss before income taxes		(3,071	)		(5,675	)
Income taxes		—			—
Net loss from continuing operations	$	(3,071	)	$	(5,675	)
Net loss from discontinued operations		(305	)		(941	)
Net loss		(3,376	)		(6,616	)
Net loss per common share – basic and diluted:
Continuing operations	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)
Discontinued operations		(0.00	)		(0.02	)
Total net loss per basic and diluted common share	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.13	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		52,244			50,184
Diluted		52,244			50,184

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended October 31,
	Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2024			2023
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Net loss	$	(31,~~376~~535	)	$	(63,~~616~~061	)	$	(4,911	)	$	(9,677	)
Other comprehensive income:
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		75313			~~868~~(700	)		388			168
Comprehensive loss	$	(31,~~301~~222	)	$	(53,~~748~~761	)	$	(4,523	)	$	(9,509	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Three Months Ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock Shares Issued		Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 31, 2024		52,244,074	$	521	$	348,134		$	(294,428	)	$	1,885	$	56,112
Net loss for the three months ended October 31, 2024		—		—		—			(3,376	)		—		(3,376	)
Cash dividend declared		—		—		(5,324	)		—			—		(5,324	)
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		171			—			—		171
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			75		75
Balance at October 31, 2024		52,244,074	$	521	$	342,981		$	(297,804	)	$	1,960	$	47,658
Net loss for the period ended January 31, 2025		—		—		—			(1,535	)		—		(1,535	)
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		178			—			—		178
Vesting of restricted stock units		158,730		2		—			—			—		2
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			313		313
Balance at January 31, 2025		52,402,804	$	523	$	343,159		$	(299,339	)	$	2,273	$	46,616

	Common Stock Shares Issued		Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 31, 2023		49,997,631	$	499	$	344,435	$	(268,350	)	$	1,878		$	78,462
Net loss for the three months ended October 31, 2023		—		—		—		(6,616	)		—			(6,616	)
Vested restricted stock unit issuances		144,530		1		—		—			—			1
Common stock issued for Asset Purchase Agreement bonus payment		347,610		4		481		—			—			485
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		1,075		—			—			1,075
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—		—			868			868
Balance at October 31, 2023		50,489,771	$	504	$	345,991	$	(274,966	)	$	2,746		$	74,275
Net loss for the period ended January 31, 2024		—		—		—		(3,061	)		—			(3,061	)
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		261		—			—			261
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—		—			(700	)		(700	)
Balance at January 31, 2024		50,489,771	$	504	$	346,252	$	(278,027	)	$	2,046		$	70,775

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Six Months Ended January 31, 2025 and 2024

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock Shares Issued		Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 31, 2024		52,244,074	$	521	$	348,134		$	(294,428	)	$	1,885	$	56,112
Net loss for the period ended January 31, 2025		—		—		—			(4,911	)		—		(4,911	)
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		349			—			—		349
Vesting of restricted stock units		158,730		2		—			—			—		2
Payment of cash dividend						(5,324	)							(5,324	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			388		388
Balance at January 31, 2025		52,402,804	$	523	$	343,159		$	(299,339	)	$	2,273	$	46,616

	Common Stock Shares Issued		Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at July 31, 2023		49,997,631	$	499	$	344,435	$	(268,350	)	$	1,878	$	78,462
Net loss for the period ended January 31, 2024		—		—		—		(9,677	)		—		(9,677	)
Vested restricted stock unit issuances		144,530		1		—		—			—		1
Common stock issued for Asset Purchase Agreement bonus payment		347,610		4		481		—			—		485
Share-based compensation charges		—		—		1,336		—			—		1,336
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—		—			168		168
Balance at January 31, 2024		50,489,771	$	504	$	346,252	$	(278,027	)	$	2,046	$	70,775

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended October 31,
	Six Months Ended January 31,
	2024			2023
	2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(34,~~376~~911	)	$	(69,~~616~~677	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Change in fair value of convertible debentures		—			~~328~~711
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant and equipment		~~319~~637			~~270~~537
Share-based compensation charges		~~171~~349			1,~~075~~336
Share-based 401(k) employer match expense		~~109~~213			~~109~~362
Unrealized foreign exchange loss		~~165~~396			~~970~~240
Gain on operating lease termination		—			(554	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(17554	)		21,~~019~~252
Inventories		~~277~~560			~~428~~192
Prepaid expenses and other assets		~~469~~501			~~346~~(272	)
Accounts payable – trade		(~~324~~942	)		(57,~~601~~097	)
Accrued liabilities, other current liabilities and other liabilities		(67,~~783~~265	)		(69,~~702~~342	)
Total adjustments		(56,~~614~~105	)		(612,~~758~~635	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(811,~~990~~016	)		(1322,~~374~~312	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Release of escrowed cash from Asset Purchase Agreement		5,000			—
Capital expenditures		(~~448~~518	)		(~~254~~279	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		4,~~552~~482			(~~254~~279	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments under loan agreement and capital leases		(37	)		(51	)
Payment of cash dividend		(5,324	)		—
Repayments under loan agreement and capital leases		(37	)		(73	)
Cash payments for taxes related to net share settlements of equity awards		(163	)		(467	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(~~200~~5,524	)		(~~518~~540	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		2(16	)		(201	)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(412,~~636~~074	)		(1423,~~166~~132	)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period		52,371			83,373
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period	$	4740,~~735~~297		$	6960,~~207~~241

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025

(unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands except share data)

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation

Enzo Biochem, Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “our” or “Enzo”) has operated as a life sciences company for over 45 years. The primary business of Enzo today is conducted through its Enzo Life Sciences division (“Enzo Life Sciences”), which focuses on labeling and detection technologies from DNA to whole cell analysis, including a comprehensive portfolio of thousands of high-quality products, including antibodies, genomic probes, assays, biochemicals, and proteins. The Company’s proprietary products and technologies play central roles in translational research and drug development areas, including cell biology, genomics, assays, immunohistochemistry, and small molecule chemistry. Enzo strives to enable a healthier world using scientific innovation through drug discovery, development and diagnostic solutions.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Enzo Biochem, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (“Enzo Life Sciences”), Enzo Therapeutics, Inc. (“Enzo Therapeutics”), Enzo Realty LLC (“Enzo Realty”), and Enzo Realty II LLC (“Enzo Realty II”), collectively or with one or more of its subsidiaries referred to as the “Company” or “Companies.” The financial statements also include as discontinued operations the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiary Enzo Clinical Labs, Inc. (“Enzo Clinical Labs”). Effective July 24, 2023, we completed the sale of certain assets used in our clinical services operations to Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, a Delaware corporation (“Labcorp”), and thereby exited the clinical services business. See Note 2.

We have one reportable segment, Products. The consolidated balance sheet as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025, the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss and stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024 and~~2025 ~~2023~~and 2024 (the “interim statements”) are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position and operating results for the interim periods have been made. Certain information and footnote disclosure, normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), have been condensed or omitted. The interim statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024 and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The consolidated balance sheet at July 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date. The results of operations for the three ~~months~~and ~~ended~~six months ~~October~~ended January 31, ~~2024~~2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2025.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Contingencies

Contingencies are evaluated and a liability is recorded when the matter is both probable and reasonably estimable. Gain contingencies are evaluated and not recognized until the gain is realizable or realized.

Foreign Currency Translation/Transactions

The Company has determined that the functional currency for its foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. For financial reporting purposes, assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at current exchange rates and profit and loss accounts are translated at weighted average exchange rates. Resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss and are included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity as accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains or losses resulting from transactions entered into in other than the functional currency are recorded as foreign exchange gains and losses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company determines fair value measurements used in its consolidated financial statements based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants exclusive of any transaction costs, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy. The basis for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest.

Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.

Level 3 Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits with banks and highly liquid money market funds. At ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents in foreign bank accounts of $~~186~~420 and $391, respectively.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company believes the fair value of the aforementioned financial instruments approximates the cost due to the immediate or short-term nature of these items. At ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, the Company had cash deposited in certain financial institutions in excess of federally insured levels. The Company regularly monitors the financial stability of these financial institutions and believes that it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in cash and cash equivalents or restricted cash.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to the Company’s Products segment is mitigated by the diversity of the Company’s customers and their dispersion across many different geographic regions. To reduce risk, the Company routinely assesses the financial strength of these customers and, consequently, believes that its accounts receivable credit exposure with respect to these customers is limited.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The liability method requires that any tax benefits recognized for net operating loss carry forwards and other items be reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that the benefits may not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Under the liability method, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

~~Under~~The ~~the~~Company ~~liability~~carries ~~method,~~a ~~the~~valuation ~~effect~~allowance onequal to domestic and foreign net deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2025 and ~~liabilities~~July 31, 2024. The Company believes that the valuation allowance is necessary as it ofis anot ~~change~~more inlikely than not that the deferred tax ~~rates~~assets iswill ~~recognized~~not be realized in the foreseeable future based on positive and negative evidence available at this time. This conclusion was reached because of uncertainties relating to future taxable income, in terms of both its timing and its sufficiency, which would enable the ~~period~~Company ~~that~~to ~~includes~~realize the ~~enactment~~deferred ~~date~~tax assets.

Effect of New Accounting Pronouncements

Pronouncements Issued but Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amended guidance enhances income tax disclosures primarily related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This guidance requires disclosure of specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and further information on reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amended guidance requires disaggregating income taxes paid (net of refunds received) by federal, state, and foreign taxes. It also requires disaggregating individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amended guidance will be effective for our fiscal year beginning August 1, 2025. The guidance can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact this amended guidance may have on the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07), which requires an enhanced disclosure of significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. This guidance will be effective for our annual period ending July 31, ~~2026~~2025 and our interim periods beginning August 1, 2025. ~~Early adoption is permitted.~~ Upon adoption, we expect the guidance will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Disaggregation on Income Statement Expenses (DISE), which specifies additional disclosure requirements. The new guidance requires additional disclosures, including the composition of certain expense line items (such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation, and “other expenses”) and a separate disclosure for selling expenses. This guidance will be effective for our annual period ending July 31, 2027 and our interim periods beginning August 1, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.

We reviewed all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and have concluded they are not applicable or not expected to be significant to the accounting for our operations.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations or discontinued operations.

Note 2 – Discontinued operations

Prior to July 24, 2023, we operated a clinical laboratory, doing business as Enzo Clinical Labs, which provided reference, molecular and esoteric diagnostic medical testing services in the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut medical communities. Effective July 24, 2023, we completed the sale of certain assets used in the operation of Enzo Clinical Labs and the assignment of certain clinical lab liabilities to ~~Laboratory Corporation of America (“~~Labcorp”) for an aggregate purchase price of $113.25 million in cash. In accordance with the sale, we ceased our clinical services operations. Excluded from the sale of the clinical services assets were its cash and accounts receivable. As a consequence of the sale, we have classified as discontinued operations all income and expenses attributable to the clinical services business for the fiscal year 2025 and 2024 periods presented.

8The following table sets forth the condensed operating results of the discontinued operations for the three and six months ended January 31:

The following table sets forth the condensed operating results of the discontinued operations for the three months ended October 31,

	Three Months Ended January 31						Six Months Ended January 31
	2025			2024			2025			2024
General and administrative expense	$	221		$	813		$	471		$	2,250
Other expense		66			1,385			121			889
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(287	)	$	(2,198	)	$	(592	)	$	(3,139	)

	2024			2023
General and administrative		250			1,437
Other expense (income)		55			(496	)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(305	)	$	(941	)

The following table sets forth the condensed carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations as of the dates indicated:

	October 31, 2024		July 31, 2024
	January 31, 2025		July 31, 2024
Carrying amounts of major current assets included as part of discontinued operations:
Prepaid and other current	$	5368	$	182
Carrying amounts of major current liabilities included as part of discontinued operations:
Accrued liabilities and trade payables		8,~~312~~232		14,979
Operating lease liabilities and other		2,~~024~~058		1,990
Total current liabilities		10,~~336~~290		16,969
Current liabilities of discontinued operations, net	$	10,~~283~~222	$	16,787
Carrying amount of major non-current assets included as part of discontinued operations:
Right-of-use assets	$	1,~~195~~071	$	1,308
Other		6261		75
Total non-current assets		1,~~257~~132		1,383
Carrying amount of major non-current liabilities included as part of discontinued operations:
Operating lease liabilities and other		32,~~129~~602		3,649
Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations, net	$	1,~~872~~470	$	2,266

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025, the cash used in operating activities of the discontinued operations was $67,~~842~~213, primarily for reductions of trade payables and accrued liabilities. During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2023~~2024, the cash used in operating activities of the discontinued operations was $811,~~082~~304, primarily for reductions of trade payables and accrued liabilities.

Note 3 – Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share represents net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of potential common shares, consisting of outstanding stock options, and unvested restricted stock units and performance stock units, is determined using the treasury stock method. As a result of the net loss for the three and six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, diluted weighted average shares outstanding are the same as basic weighted average shares outstanding, and do not include the potential common shares from stock options, restricted stock units, or warrants because to do so would be anti-dilutive.

9For the three and six months ended January 31, 2025, the effect of approximately 2,105,000 and 2,115,000, respectively, of outstanding “out of the money” options to purchase common shares and the effect of approximately zero and 10,700, respectively, of outstanding restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net (loss) per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Also, for the three and six months ended January 31, 2025, the effect of approximately 1,686,000 and 1,270,000 shares related to 1,000,000 warrants was excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because their effect would be anti-dilutive. The warrants relate to the debentures which were repaid in May 2024. The warrants are eligible for any dividends paid on the common stock and are therefore considered to be participating securities which do not have any contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. The impact on net loss per share under the two-class method was not material.

For the three and six months ended ~~October~~January 31, 2024, the effect of ~~approximately~~ approximately 2,~~125~~474,000 and 2,897,000, respectively, of outstanding “out of the money” options to purchase common shares and the effect of approximately 35280,000 and 129,000, respectively, of outstanding restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. ~~Also,~~ ~~for~~During the three and six months ended ~~October~~January 31, 2024, the effect of approximately 1754,~~062,~~000 ~~warrants~~and ~~related~~647,000, torespectively, ~~debentures~~of ~~repaid~~shares inrelated ~~May 2024~~to ~~were~~warrants ~~excluded~~and ~~from~~ the ~~calculation~~effect of ~~diluted~~approximately ~~weighted~~1,535,000 and ~~average~~1,372,000, ~~shares~~respectively ~~outstanding~~of ~~because~~shares ~~their effect would be anti-dilutive. The warrants~~ related to the ~~debentures~~assumed ~~are~~conversion ~~eligible~~of ~~for~~debentures ~~any~~were ~~dividends~~excluded ~~paid~~from on the ~~common~~calculation ~~stock~~of ~~and~~diluted ~~are therefore considered to be participating~~weighted ~~securities~~average ~~which~~shares dooutstanding ~~not~~because ~~have~~their ~~any~~effect ~~contractual~~would ~~obligation~~be ~~to share in the Company’s losses. The impact on net loss per share under the two~~anti-~~class method was not material~~dilutive.

For the three months ended October 31, 2023, the effect of approximately 3,320,000 of outstanding “out of the money” options to purchase common shares and the effect of approximately 54,000 of outstanding restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net (loss) income per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Also for the three months ended October 31, 2023, the effect of approximately 593,000 warrants and the effect of approximately 1,199,000 shares related to the assumed conversion of debentures repaid in May 2024 were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding because their effect would be anti-dilutive.

Note 4 – Revenue Recognition

Products Revenue

The Company generates revenue from the sale of our single-use products used in the identification of genomic information. Revenue is recorded net of sales tax. The Company considers revenue to be earned when all of the following criteria are met: the Company has a contract with a customer that creates enforceable rights and obligations; promised products are identified; the transaction price is determinable; and the Company has transferred control of the promised items to the customer. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in the contract. The transaction price for the contract is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the goods expected to be transferred. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, control of the distinct good or service is transferred. Transfer of control for the Company’s products is generally at shipment or delivery, depending on contractual terms, but occurs when title and risk of loss transfers to the customer which represents the point in time when the customer obtains the use of and substantially all of the remaining benefit of the product. As such, the Company’s performance obligation related to product sales is satisfied at a point in time. The Company recognizes a receivable when it has an unconditional right to payment, which represents the amount the Company expects to collect in a transaction and is most often equal to the transaction price in the contract. Payment terms for shipments to end-user and distributor customers may range from 30 to 90 days. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in revenue, while the related shipping and handling costs are reflected in cost of revenues.

Products revenue by geography is as follows:

	Three Months Ended October 31
	Three Months Ended January 31				Six Months Ended January 31
	2024		2023
	2025		2024		2025		2024
United States	$	34,~~764~~830	$	45,~~635~~166	$	8,594	$	9,801
Europe		1,~~664~~712		2,~~138~~286		3,375		4,424
Asia Pacific		~~785~~792		1,~~033~~101		1,577		2,134
Products revenue	$	67,~~213~~334	$	78,~~806~~553	$	13,546	$	16,359

As of August 1, 2024 and 2023, accounts receivable from continuing operations was $3,988 and $4,808, respectively.

Note 5 – Supplemental disclosure for statement of cash flows

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, interest paid by the Company was $23 and $92184, respectively.

For the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, the net reductions in the measurement of right-of-use assets and ~~liabilities~~operating ~~included~~lease inliabilities, ~~cash~~including ~~flows~~those ~~from~~of ~~operating~~discontinued ~~activities~~operations, was $~~389~~786 and $~~148~~254, respectively and are included in cash flows from operating activities. The changes are included in changes in accrued liabilities, other current liabilities, and other liabilities in the statement of cash flows.

InThe ~~connection~~Company ~~with~~added ~~the~~new ~~completed sale~~ right-of-use ~~certain~~ assets ~~used~~and inoperating ~~the operation~~lease liabilities of ~~Enzo~~$106 ~~Clinical~~and ~~Labs~~$0 atfor the ~~end~~six ofmonths ~~fiscal~~ended ~~2023,~~January ~~$5,000 of escrowed proceeds are included in cash in escrow as of July~~ 31, ~~2024. As~~2025 ofand ~~October 31,~~ 2024, ~~these escrowed proceeds were released to the Company~~respectively.

~~During~~In ~~the~~connection ~~three~~with ~~months ended October 31, 2024,~~ the ~~Company~~completed ~~disbursed $163~~sale ~~for taxes related to net share settlement~~ of acertain ~~bonus~~assets ~~paid~~used in ~~stock~~the operation toof aEnzo ~~senior~~Clinical ~~executive.~~Labs ~~During~~at the ~~three~~end ~~months~~of ~~ended~~fiscal ~~October 31,~~ 2023, ~~the~~$5,000 ~~Company~~of ~~disbursed~~escrowed ~~$467~~proceeds ~~for~~are ~~taxes~~included ~~related~~in tocash ~~net~~in ~~share~~escrow ~~settlement~~as of ~~bonuses~~July ~~paid~~31, in2024. As ~~stock~~of toJanuary a31, ~~senior~~2025, ~~executive~~these ~~and~~escrowed aproceeds ~~former senior~~were ~~executive~~released to the Company.

OnDuring ~~October~~the ~~29,~~six ~~2024,~~months ~~the~~ended ~~Board~~January of31, ~~Directors~~2025, of the Company disbursed ~~declared~~$163 afor ~~cash~~taxes ~~dividend~~related ofto ~~$0.10~~net ~~per~~ share onsettlement ~~its~~of ~~common~~a ~~stock,~~bonus ~~which~~paid ~~was~~in ~~paid~~stock onto ~~December~~a 2,senior ~~2024,~~executive. toDuring the ~~holders~~six ofmonths ~~record~~ended asJanuary of31, 2024, the ~~close~~Company ofdisbursed ~~business~~$467 onfor ~~November~~taxes ~~15,~~related ~~2024.~~to ~~The~~net ~~total~~share ~~dividend~~settlement ~~payable~~of ~~was~~bonuses ~~$5,324~~paid ~~and~~in isstock to a ~~component~~senior ofexecutive ~~the~~and ~~total~~a ~~current~~former ~~liabilities~~senior ~~balance as of October 31, 2024~~executive.

For the six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, tax on capital paid by the Company was $8 and $23, respectively. During the six months ended January 31, 2024, state taxes paid on the gain on the completed sale of certain assets used in the operation of Enzo Clinical Labs were $729.

On October 29, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a cash dividend of $0.10 per share on its common stock, which was paid on December 2, 2024, to the holders of record as of the close of business on November 15, 2024. The total dividend paid was $5,324.

Note 6 – Inventories

Inventories, net consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

	October 31, 2024		July 31, 2024
	January 31, 2025		July 31, 2024
Raw materials	$	1,~~482~~156	$	1,794
Work in process		2,~~386~~415		2,461
Finished products		2,~~523~~416		2,577
	$	65,~~391~~987	$	6,832

Note 7 – Convertible debentures

In May 2023, the Company consummated a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the Purchasers, as defined in the Purchase Agreement, and JGB Collateral, LLC, as collateral agent for the Purchasers (the “Agent”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to the Purchasers (i) 10% Original Issue Discount Secured Convertible Debentures (the “Debentures”) with an aggregate principal amount of $7,608 and (ii) warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), for an exercise price of $2.31 per share, subject to adjustments as set forth in the Warrants, for a total purchase price of $7,000. Pursuant to ASC 825, Fair Value Option, the Company made an irrevocable election at the time of issuance to report the Debentures at fair value with changes in fair value recorded through the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as other income (expense) in each reporting period. During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2023~~2024, the change in fair value expense recorded was $~~328~~711.

Debentures

The Debentures bore interest at a rate of 10% per annum. The Debentures were convertible, at any time after their issuance date at the option of the Purchasers, into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price equal to $3.01 per share (the “Conversion Price”), subject to adjustment as set forth in the Debentures. Following the July 24, 2023 consummation of the Company’s sale of certain assets and assignment of certain liabilities of Enzo Clinical Labs, Inc., to Labcorp pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement dated March 16, 2023, the Company prepaid $4,000 of the outstanding principal amount prior to July 31, 2023. In May 2024, the Company repaid in full the remaining principal balance of $3,609.

Warrants

The Warrants are exercisable for five years from May 19, 2023, at an exercise price of $2.31 per share, subject, with certain exceptions, to adjustments in the event of stock splits, subsequent dilutive offerings and certain fundamental transactions, as more fully described in the Warrant. The Warrants are eligible for any dividends paid on common stock. The warrant holders were paid $100 in dividends in December 2024.

Registration Rights Agreement

In connection with the Purchase Agreement, the Company was obligated to file a registration statement pursuant to which the Purchasers could sell the Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Debentures and the exercise of the warrants in a public offering. There is no right to a conversion of the Debentures into shares as the Debentures have been repaid in full.

Note 8 – Long term debt

In April 2020, the Company’s subsidiary in Switzerland received a loan of CHF 400 (or $400, based on the foreign exchange rate as of July 31, 2020) from the Swiss government under the “Corona Krise” emergency loan program in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This loan is uncollateralized and bears 0% interest. In January 2022, the bank agent of the Swiss government informed our subsidiary that the loan had to be fully amortized within a maximum of eight years and the first of semiannual amortization payments of CHF 33 began in March 2022. Based on this amortization schedule, the loan will be repaid by September 2027. The current portion of this loan is included in other current liabilities and the long term portion in long term debt – net as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024.

Minimum future annual principal payments under this agreement as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 are as follows:

July 31,	Total
2025	$	3937
2026		7773
2027		7773
2028		3836
Total principal payments		~~231~~219
Less: current portion, included in other current liabilities		(7673	)
Long term debt – net	$	~~155~~146

Note 9 – Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. The Company leases buildings, office space, and equipment through operating leases. Generally, a right-of-use asset, representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term, and a lease liability, representing the payment obligation arising from the lease, are recognized on the balance sheet at lease commencement based on the present value of the payment obligation. For operating leases, expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company primarily uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments as the Company’s leases generally do not provide an implicit rate.

The Company has lease agreements with (i) right-of-use asset payments and (ii) non-lease components (e.g., payments related to maintenance fees, utilities, etc.) which have generally been combined and accounted for as a single lease component. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than 1 year to ~~4 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to~~ 3 years. Certain of the Company’s leases have terms that include renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation which are included in the lease liabilities.

12The following table summarizes the Company’s right of use assets and associated liabilities of its continuing operations as of the dates indicated:

The following table summarizes the Company’s right of use assets and associated liabilities as of the dates indicated:

Leases	Balance Sheet Classification	January 31, 2025		July 31, 2024
Assets
Operating	Right-of-use assets	$	2,563	$	2,836
Total lease assets		$	2,563	$	2,836

Liabilities
Current:
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	817	$	841

Non-current:
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, non-current		2,102		2,403
Total lease liabilities		$	2,919	$	3,244

Leases	Balance Sheet Classification	October 31, 2024		July 31, 2024
Assets
Operating	Right-of-use assets	$	2,654	$	2,836
Total lease assets		$	2,654	$	2,836
Liabilities
Current:
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	827	$	841
Non-current:
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, non-current		2,209		2,403
Total lease liabilities		$	3,036	$	3,244

Components of lease cost were as follows:

For the three months ended October 31, components of lease cost were as follows:

	Three months ended January 31,				Six months ended January 31,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Operating lease cost – net (a)	$	92	$	141	$	187	$	281

Lease Cost		2024				2023
Operating lease cost – net (a)		$	95			$	141

(a)

Net of $126 and $252 of sublease income for the three and six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

~~(a) Net of $126 sublease income for the three months ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.~~14

The maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 are as follows:

Maturity of lease liabilities, years ending July 31,	Operating leases
2025	$	~~731~~494
2026		~~886~~906
2027		~~881~~907
2028		~~808~~833
Total lease payments		3,306
2029		44
Less: Interest (a)		(270	)
Total lease payments		3,184
Present value of lease liabilities	$	3,036
Less: Interest (a)		(265	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	2,919

(a)

Primarily calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate.

Lease term and discount rate for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31 ~~were~~ were as follows:

Lease term and discount rate	~~2024~~2025			~~2023~~2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases		3.64 years			4.53 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases		5.23	%		5.1	%

See Note 5 for cash flow information on cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024.

Note 10 – Accrued liabilities and current liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of the date indicated consist of:

	October 31, 2024		July 31, 2024
	January 31, 2025		July 31, 2024
Payroll, benefits and commissions	$	32,~~197~~560	$	3,459
Professional fees		~~434~~578		405
Legal		1,~~472~~462		1,235
Other		~~515~~792		615
	$	5,~~618~~392	$	5,714

Self-Insured Medical Plan

The Company self-funds medical insurance coverage for certain of its U.S. based employees. The risk to the Company is believed to be limited through the use of individual and aggregate stop loss insurance. As of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, the Company had established reserves of $~~158~~85 and $114, respectively, which are included in accrued liabilities for payroll, benefits and commissions, for claims that have been reported but not paid and for claims that have been incurred but not reported. The reserve is based upon the Company’s historical payment trends, claim history and current estimates.

~~Dividend payable~~15

Note 11 – Stockholders’ equity

Controlled Equity Offering

In May 2023, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. as sales agent (“Riley”). Under the Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through Riley, shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Shares”) having an aggregate offering price of up to $30 million. The Company pays Riley a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds received under the Sale Agreement. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of Shares under the Sales Agreement. The offering of Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (a) the sale of all of the Shares subject to the Sales Agreement or (b) the termination of the Sales Agreement by Riley or the Company, as permitted therein. In May 2023, the Company filed with the SEC a “shelf” registration and sales agreement prospectus covering the Sales Agreement. A total of $150 million of securities, including those covered by the Sales Agreement, may be sold under the shelf registration which was declared effective in July 2023. There was no activity with respect to the controlled equity offering during the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 or ~~2023~~2024.

Incentive stock plans

In January 2011, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2011 Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) for the issuance of equity awards, including, among others, options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units for up to 3,000,000 shares of common stock. In January 2018, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2011 Plan (the “Amended and Restated 2011 Plan”) to increase the number of shares of common stock available for grant under the 2011 Plan by 2,000,000 shares of common stock bringing the total number of shares available for grant to 5,000,000 shares of common stock. On October 7, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the amendment and restatement of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan, with an effective date of October 7, 2020 and subject to approval by the Company’s stockholders at the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company. The amendment and restatement of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan was for purposes of, among other things, (i) increasing the shares of common stock available for grant under the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan by an additional 4,000,000 shares of common stock bringing the total number of shares available for grant to 9,000,000 shares of common stock and (ii) extending the term of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan until October 7, 2030. At the fiscal 2020 annual stockholders’ meeting in January 2021, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan.

14The exercise price of options granted under the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan is equal to or greater than fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The Amended and Restated 2011 Plan will terminate at the earliest of (a) such time as no shares of common stock remain available for issuance under the plan, (b) termination of the plan by the Company’s Board of Directors, or (c) October 7, 2030. Awards outstanding upon expiration of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan will remain in effect until they have been exercised or terminated, or have expired. As of January 31, 2025, there were approximately 4,304,000 shares of common stock available for grant under the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan.

The exercise price of options granted under the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan is equal to or greater than fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The Amended and Restated 2011 Plan will terminate at the earliest of (a) such time as no shares of common stock remain available for issuance under the plan, (b) termination of the plan by the Company’s Board of Directors, or (c) October 7, 2030. Awards outstanding upon expiration of the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan will remain in effect until they have been exercised or terminated, or have expired. As of October 31, 2024, there were approximately 4,698,000 shares of common stock available for grant under the Amended and Restated 2011 Plan.

The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option award on the measurement date using a Black-Scholes option pricing model or the fair value of our stock at the date of grant. The fair value of awards is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company expenses restricted stock awards based on vesting requirements, primarily time elapsed.

Listed below are the assumptions used to determine the fair value of options granted during the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended January 31
	2025			2024
Risk free interest rate %		3.03 – 5.35			—
Expected term of option		3.5 years			—
Expected stock price volatility		70	%		—
Expected dividend yield		0	%		—

The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of Daily U.S. Treasury Yield Curve Rates with terms equal to the expected term of the options as of the grant date. The expected term of options is determined using the simplified method, as provided in an SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin, and the expected stock price volatility is based on the Company’s historical stock price volatility.

The amounts of share-based compensation expense recognized in the periods presented are as follows:

	Three months ended October 31,
	Three months ended January 31,				Six months ended January 31,
	2024		2023
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Stock options	$	~~104~~105	$	~~646~~98	$	206	$	743
Restricted stock units		6776		~~429~~163		143		593
	$	~~171~~181	$	~~1,075~~261	$	349	$	1,336

The following table sets forth the amount of expense related to share-based payment arrangements included in specific line items in the accompanying statements of operations:

	Three months ended October 31,
	Three months ended January 31,				Six months ended January 31,
	2024		2023
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Selling, general and administrative	$	~~163~~173	$	~~1,069~~249	$	333	$	1,319
Cost of revenues		8		612		16		17
	$	~~171~~181	$	~~1,075~~261	$	349	$	1,336

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Company recognized in selling, general and administrative expense $519 of share based compensation with respect to stock options and $367 of share based compensation with respect to restricted stock units as a result of the termination of the former CEO.

No excess tax benefits were recognized during the three ~~month~~and ~~periods~~six month periods ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024.

15The following table summarizes stock option activity during the six month period ended January 31, 2025:

The following table summarizes stock option activity during the three month period ended October 31, 2024:

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000s)
Outstanding at July 31, 2024		2,136,870		$	2.31				—
Granted		10,000			1.11
Exercised		—			—
Cancelled or expired		(41,500	)	$	1.72
Outstanding at end of period		2,105,370		$	2.31		2.0 years		—
Exercisable at end of period		1,352,037		$	2.45		1.1 years		—

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000s)
Outstanding at July 31, 2024		2,136,870		$	2.31				—
Granted		5,000			1.11
Exercised		—			—
Cancelled or expired		(1,500	)	$	3.32
Outstanding at end of period		2,140,370		$	2.31		1.4 years		—
Exercisable at end of period		1,372,037		$	2.44		1.4 years		—

As of January 31, 2025, the total future compensation cost related to non-vested options, not yet recognized in the statements of operations, was $253 and the weighted average period over which the remaining expense of these awards is expected to be recognized is approximately seven months. The intrinsic value of stock option awards is the value of the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period in excess of the exercise price multiplied by the number of options that are outstanding.

As of October 31, 2024, the total future compensation cost related to non-vested options, not yet recognized in the statements of operations, was $359 and the weighted average period over which the remaining expense of these awards is expected to be recognized is approximately one and one half years. The intrinsic value of stock option awards is the value of the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period in excess of the exercise price multiplied by the number of options that are outstanding.17

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025:

	Number of RSUs outstanding			Weighted Average Fair Value per Unit at Date of Grant		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		~~Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000s)~~		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000s)
Outstanding at beginning of fiscal year		308,730		$	1.31	~~1.5 years~~	1.5 years		~~352~~	$	352
Granted		—428,691		$	—0.70				—		—
Vested		—(158,730	)	$	—1.26
Cancelled		—		$	—
Outstanding at end of period		~~308~~578,~~730~~691		$	10.3187	~~1.25 years~~	1.25 years	$	~~355~~	$	355
Expected to vest at end of period		~~308~~578,~~730~~691		$	10.3187	~~1.25 years~~	1.25 years	$	~~355~~	$	355

During the three and six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, the ~~Company~~ Company recognized shared based compensation expense for RSUs of $6776 and $~~429~~143, and $163 and $593, respectively. As of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025, the total future compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs, not yet recognized in the statements of operations, was $~~189~~413 and the weighted average period over which the remaining expense of these awards is expected to be recognized is approximately 15 months.

Dividend

Note 12 – Segment reporting

The Company has one reportable segment, Products, which focuses on labeling and detection technologies from DNA to whole cell analysis, including a comprehensive portfolio of thousands of high-quality products, including antibodies, genomic probes, assays, biochemicals, and proteins. The Company’s proprietary products and technologies play central roles in translational research and drug development areas, including cell biology, genomics, assays, immunohistochemistry, and small molecule chemistry. The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment income (loss) before taxes. Costs excluded from segment income (loss) before taxes and reported as “Corporate & Other” consist of corporate general and administrative costs, which are not allocable to the Products segment.

Legal and related expenses incurred to defend the Company’s intellectual property, which may result in settlements recognized in another segment, and other general corporate matters are considered a component of the Corporate & Other segment. Legal and related expenses specific to the Products’ segment’s activities are allocated to that segment.

The following financial information represents the operating results of the reportable segments of the Company for the period indicated:

Three months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025

	Products			Corporate & Other			Consolidated
Revenues	$	67,~~213~~334		$	—		$	67,~~213~~334
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		3,~~681~~549			—			3,~~681~~549
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		252			—			252
Research and development		479			—			479
Research and development		562			—			562
Selling, general and administrative		2,798		$	1,760			4,558
Selling, general and administrative		3,167			1,715			4,882
Legal and related expenses		2			348			350
Legal and related expenses		6			452			458
Total operating costs and expenses		6,828			2,108			8,936
Total operating costs and expenses		7,668			2,167			9,835
Operating income (loss)		506			(2,108	)		(1,602	)
Operating loss		(1,455	)		(2,167	)		(3,622	)
Other income (expense)
Interest		—(1	)		~~620~~463			~~620~~462
Other		—2			~~123~~124			~~123~~126
Foreign exchange loss		(~~192~~234	)		—			(~~192~~234	)
Loss before taxes	$	(1,647	)	$	(1,424	)	$	(3,071	)
Income (loss) before taxes	$	273		$	(1,521	)	$	(1,248	)
Depreciation and amortization included above	$	~~229~~228		$	8793		$	~~316~~321
Share-based compensation included above:
Selling, general and administrative		3233			~~131~~137			~~163~~170
Cost of sales		8			—			8
Total	$	4041		$	~~131~~137		$	~~171~~178
Capital expenditures	$	~~448~~70		$	—		$	~~448~~70

1719

Three months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2023~~2024

	Products			Corporate & Other			Consolidated
Revenues	$	78,~~806~~553			—		$	78,~~806~~553
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		4,~~351~~329			—			4,~~351~~329
Research and development		~~838~~578		$	112			~~849~~580
Selling, general and administrative		3,~~104~~284			31,~~903~~784			75,~~007~~068
Legal and related expenses		3022			~~1,045~~739			~~1,075~~761
Total operating costs and expenses		8,~~323~~213			42,~~959~~525			1310,~~282~~738
Operating loss		(517	)		(4,959	)		(5,476	)
Operating income (loss)		340			(2,525	)		(2,185	)
Other income (expense)
Interest		34			~~943~~859			~~977~~893
Change in fair value of convertible debentures		—			(~~328~~383	)		(~~328~~383	)
Other		2			~~156~~117			~~158~~119
Foreign exchange loss		(1,006	)		—			(1,006	)
Foreign exchange gain		693			—			693
Loss before taxes	$	(1,487	)	$	(4,188	)	$	(5,675	)
Income (loss) before taxes	$	1,069		$	(1,932	)	$	(863	)
Depreciation and amortization included above	$	~~166~~172		$	~~104~~95		$	~~270~~267
Share-based compensation included above:
Selling, general and administrative		2242			~~1,047~~207			~~1,069~~249
Cost of sales		612			—			612
Total	$	2854		$	~~1,047~~207		$	~~1,075~~261
Capital expenditures	$	~~248~~—		$	627		$	~~254~~27

Six months ended January 31, 2025

	Products			Corporate & Other			Consolidated
Revenues	$	13,546			—		$	13,546

Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		7,230			—			7,230
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		252			—			252
Research and development		1,041			—			1,041
Selling, general and administrative		5,965		$	3,476			9,441
Legal and related expenses		8			800			808
Total operating costs and expenses		14,496			4,276			18,772

Operating loss		(950	)		(4,276	)		(5,226	)

Other income (expense)
Interest		(2	)		1,084			1,082
Other		1			249			250
Foreign exchange loss		(425	)		—			(425	)
Loss before taxes	$	(1,376	)	$	(2,943	)	$	(4,319	)

Depreciation and amortization included above	$	457		$	180		$	637

Share-based compensation included above:
Selling, general and administrative		65			268			333
Cost of sales		16			—			16
Total	$	81		$	268		$	349

Capital expenditures	$	518		$	—		$	518

Six months ended January 31, 2024

	Products			Corporate & Other			Consolidated
Revenues	$	16,359			—		$	16,359

Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		8,680			—			8,680
Research and development		1,416		$	13			1,429
Selling, general and administrative		6,383			5,687			12,070
Legal and related expenses		51			1,784			1,835
Total operating costs and expenses		16,530			7,484			24,014

Operating loss		(171	)		(7,484	)		(7,655	)

Other income (expense)
Interest		68			1,802			1,870
Change in fair value of convertible debentures		—			(711	)		(711	)
Other		3			273			276
Foreign exchange loss		(318	)		—			(318	)
Loss before taxes	$	(418	)	$	(6,120	)	$	(6,538	)

Depreciation and amortization included above	$	338		$	199		$	537

Share-based compensation included above:
Selling, general and administrative		65			1,254			1,319
Cost of sales		17			—			17
Total	$	82		$	1,254		$	1,336

Capital expenditures	$	246		$	33		$	279

Note 13 – Contingencies

Settled or Inactive Legal Matters

Ransomware Attack

In April 2023, the Company experienced a ransomware attack (the “ransomware attack”) that impacted certain critical information technology systems, principally of the discontinued operations. The Company later became aware that certain data, including names, test information, and Social Security numbers, was accessed, and in some instances, exfiltrated from the Company’s information technology systems as part of this incident. The investigation identified unauthorized access to or acquisition of clinical test information of approximately 2,470,000 individuals. The Social Security numbers of approximately 600,000 of these individuals may also have been involved. Additionally, the Company determined that some employees’ information may have been involved. The Company provided notice to the individuals whose information may have been involved, as well as to regulatory authorities, in accordance with applicable law.

As a result of the ransomware attack, Enzo was subject to regulatory inquiry from the New York Attorney General, a joint inquiry from the Connecticut and New Jersey Attorneys General and an inquiry from the Utah Attorney General. All inquiries asked questions about the ransomware attack, as well as the corrective actions taken in response. The Company responded to all such inquiries, and there have been no further inquiries from the Utah Attorney General. The matters with the New York, Connecticut and New Jersey Attorneys General are now closed, as they were resolved by agreements with each of the three states effective August 8, 2024. A provision was recorded in the consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2024 based on the settlement terms of the agreements.22

18As a result of the ransomware attack, Enzo was subject to regulatory inquiry from the New York Attorney General, a joint inquiry from the Connecticut and New Jersey Attorneys General and an inquiry from the Utah Attorney General. All inquiries asked questions about the ransomware attack, as well as the corrective actions taken in response. The Company responded to all such inquiries, and there have been no further inquiries from the Utah Attorney General. The matters with the New York, Connecticut and New Jersey Attorneys General are now closed, as they were resolved by agreements with each of the three states effective August 8, 2024. A provision was recorded in the consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2024 based on the settlement terms of the agreements. In September 2024, the Company paid the full settlements totaling $4,500.

Enzo was also subject to regulatory inquiries from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (the “Office for Civil Rights”) regarding the ransomware attack. The Company has responded to all requests. It is not known at this time whether the Office for Civil Rights will seek a penalty against the Company. We are unable to evaluate the likelihood of an outcome, favorable or unfavorable, to the Company or to estimate the amount or range of any potential liability, if any, at this time.

There is also pending class action litigation:

In re Enzo Biochem Data Breach Litigation, No. 2:23-cv-04282 (EDNY)

In the Eastern District of New York (“EDNY”), twenty putative class actions were consolidated alleging various harms stemming from the April 2023 data incident. (“EDNY Federal Action”). Lead counsel was appointed and filed a Consolidated Amended Complaint on November 13, 2023. The complaint sought to certify a federal class as well as several state subclasses. The Consolidated Amended Complaint brings various statutory and common law claims, including negligence, negligence per se, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of implied contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, violation of the New York’s General Business Law § 349, Invasion of Privacy, violations of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act, and violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. AnThe parties have reached a class-wide settlement agreement in the ~~principle~~sum toof ~~settle~~$7,500 ~~the~~and ~~case~~filed ~~has~~an ~~been~~unopposed ~~reached~~motion for preliminary approval with the Court. The ~~Company~~Court ~~expects~~granted tothe ~~have~~motion ~~the~~and ~~agreement~~set ~~formalized~~a ~~before~~final fairness ~~the~~hearing ~~end~~on June 10, 2025. $800 of the ~~2024~~$7,500 ~~calendar~~settlement ~~year~~was paid in March 2025 to cover class action notice costs.

~~Maria~~Other ~~Sgambati~~Settled etor ~~al.,~~Inactive ~~v. Enzo Biochem, Inc., et al., Index No. 619511/2023 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.)~~Matters

This is a putative class action pending in state court alleging various harms stemming from the April 2023 data incident. The complaint seeks to certify a class of New York residents. The complaint brings claims of negligence; negligence per se; breach of implied covenant and good faith and fair dealing; breach of duty; breach of implied contract; and violations of New York’s Deceptive Acts and Practices § 349. The Company has filed a motion to stay this action pending the resolution of the EDNY Federal Action, and the motion was granted by the court. The Company anticipates that the case will be dismissed once the settlement in the federal case receives final approval from the court, likely sometime in 2025.

Louis v. Enzo Biochem, Inc. et al., Index No. 653281/2023 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.)

This is a putative class action pending in state court alleging various harms stemming from the April 2023 data incident. The complaint seeks to certify a class of New York citizens. The complaint brings claims of negligence; negligence per se; breach of duty; breach of implied contract; breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and violations of New York’s Deceptive Acts and Practices § 349. The Company has filed a motion to stay this action pending the resolution of the EDNY Federal Action, and the motion remains pending. The Company anticipates that the case will be dismissed once the settlement in the federal case receives final approval from the court, likely sometime in 2025.

A provision was made in the consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2023 for the above class action litigation matters based on a reasonable estimate of loss and updated as applicable as of October 31, 2024 and July 31, 2024; however, the actual exposure may differ.

Patent Matters

There is currently one case that was originally brought by the Company that is still pending in the Court. In that case, Enzo alleges patent infringement of the ‘197 patent against Becton Dickinson defendants. The claims in that case are stayed.

On September 2, 2021, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) issued a non-final office action in an ex parte reexamination concerning the ‘197 Patent. In the office action, the PTO rejected certain claims of the ‘197 Patent under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103, and for nonstatutory double-patenting. Enzo responded to the office action on January 3, 2022, and the proceeding remains pending. Becton Dickinson requested another ex parte reexamination concerning the ‘197 patent on July 26, 2022. On September 16, 2022, the PTO ordered that ex parte reexamination as to certain claims of the ‘197 patent. Enzo filed a petition to terminate that second reexamination proceeding on November 16, 2022, which was denied on July 26, 2024. The PTO merged the ex parte reexamination proceedings as of August 2, 2024. On September 17, 2024, the PTO issued an office action, rejecting the claims subject to the merged reexamination proceedings.

Arbitration with former executives

The Company terminated the employment of Elazar Rabbani, Ph.D., the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, effective April 21, 2022. Dr. Rabbani was a director of the Company until the Annual Meeting on January 31, 2024, when his term expired. Dr. Rabbani was a party to an employment agreement with the Company that entitled him to certain termination benefits, including severance pay, acceleration of vesting of share-based compensation, and continuation of benefits. Based on the terms of his employment agreement, the Company estimated and accrued a charge of $2,600 in fiscal year 2022. The charge was partially offset by the reversal of bonus accruals. In May 2022, the Company paid Dr. Rabbani $2,123 in severance (the payment constituted taxable income, but the Company did not withhold taxes from the payment). In July 2022, the Company paid Dr. Rabbani’s income and other withholding taxes of $1,024 related to that payment on Dr. Rabbani’s behalf. On July 8, 2022, the Company filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”) seeking, among other things, a declaration that the Company had fully satisfied its contractual obligations to Dr. Rabbani and seeking the tax withholding reimbursement referenced above. On August 4, 2022, Dr. Rabbani filed counterclaims in the arbitration seeking, among other things, a bonus for fiscal year 2021 and additional severance that he asserted was owed to him. At the parties’ joint request, the arbitration has been stayed while the parties work towards resolving the matter. A provision was made in the consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2023 based on a reasonable estimate of loss; however, the actual exposure may differ.

On February 25, 2022, Barry Weiner, the Company’s co-founder and President, notified the Company that he was terminating his employment as President of the Company for “Good Reason,” as defined in his employment agreement. The Company accepted Mr. Weiner’s termination, effective April 19, 2022, but disagreed with Mr. Weiner’s assertion regarding “Good Reason.” On October 24, 2023, the Company and Mr. Weiner reached an agreement resolving the dispute, and a provision was made in the financial consolidated statements as of July 31, 2023 based on the settlement agreement. The Company paid Mr. Weiner $3,600, less applicable withholding taxes, related to the agreement in November 2023.

Other Matters

On or about March 2, 2023, a Verified Complaint was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County captioned Elazar Rabbani (as plaintiff) v. Mary Tagliaferri, et al. (as defendants), Index No. 651120/2023. The Verified Complaint purports to assert causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty and corporate waste under N.Y.B.C.L. § 720, and seeks an accounting and certain injunctive relief. On August 4, 2023, defendants moved to dismiss all the causes of action asserted in the Verified Complaint. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on or about October 4, 2023, adding, among other things, an additional cause of action for violation of N.Y.B.C.L. § 626. On October 23, 2023, defendants filed a reply in further support of their motion to dismiss. On November 6, 2023, plaintiff filed an opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss. On November 17, 2023, defendants filed a reply brief in further support of their motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On or about July 17, 2024, the Court granted, in part, the defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On or about August 16, 2024, plaintiff noticed an appeal from the order granting that dismissal. On or about September 18, 2024, plaintiff filed a Verified Second Amended Complaint. On October 11, 2024, the defendants filed a joint stipulation and letter requesting the court to extend the deadline to respond to the Second Amended complaint from October 18, 2024 to November 18, 2024. On November 15, 2024, the plaintiff discontinued the derivative case and the related appeal (without prejudice).

On or about September 26, 2023, James G. Wolf, individually and as the trustee of the Wolf Family Charitable Foundation, Barbaranne R. Wolf, Stephen Paul Wolf, and Preston M. Wolf (collectively the “Petitioners”) initiated an appraisal action against Enzo in the New York Supreme Court for Suffolk County. Petitioners seek an appraisal of the value of their shares in the Company. The amount of damages sought by the Petitioners is unspecified. On or about August 21, 2024, the Court dismissed the Company’s Second and Third Affirmative Defenses. On or about September 19, 2024, the Court granted the Company permission to move for leave to reargue the Court’s dismissal decision. This matter has been fully briefed by the parties. We do not anticipate a decision until sometime in the first quarter of 2025. The Company intends to vigorously litigate both (i) Petitioners’ alleged entitlement to dissenting shareholder appraisal rights and (ii) the correct valuation of Petitioners’ shares.23

In our discontinued Clinical Labs operations, third-party payers, including government programs, may decide to deny payment or recoup payments for testing that they contend was improperly billed or not medically necessary, against their coverage determinations, or for which they believe they have otherwise overpaid (including as a result of their own error), and we may be required to refund payments that we received. In April 2024, the Company engaged in settlement negotiations ~~for~~ with a government payer in our discontinued operations and reached a verbal settlement. The settlement was finalized in a formal written ~~settlement~~ settlement agreement on August 14, 2024. The settlement resolved allegations that Enzo Clinical Labs, Inc. overbilled the Connecticut Medicaid program for testing services. The settlement was paid in August 2024 for $1,700 to resolve the State of Connecticut’s allegations and $175 was paid to settle ~~the~~ whistleblowers’ legal fees. On September 18, 2024, we received the unsealed complaint filed by the same whistleblowers in the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”) alleging, among other things, that the Company falsely billed Medicaid and Medicare for COVID-19 tests by utilizing inappropriate diagnostic codes to trigger payments for such tests. The SDNY advised the court that the government was not intervening in the case; however, the private plaintiffs are still pursuing the case on the governments’ behalf. The court has ordered that the matter be stayed until January 15, 2025, so that the parties may explore potential settlement of the matter.

20Open and Active Legal Matters

Pending Class Action Litigation

Maria Sgambati et al., v. Enzo Biochem, Inc., et al., Index No. 619511/2023 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.)

This is a putative class action pending in state court alleging various harms stemming from the April 2023 data incident. The complaint seeks to certify a class of New York residents. The complaint brings claims of negligence; negligence per se; breach of implied covenant and good faith and fair dealing; breach of duty; breach of implied contract; and violations of New York’s Deceptive Acts and Practices § 349. The Company has filed a motion to stay this action pending the resolution of the EDNY Federal Action, and the motion was granted by the court. The Company anticipates that the case will be dismissed once the settlement in the EDNY Federal Action receives final approval from the court, likely sometime in 2025.

Louis v. Enzo Biochem, Inc. et al., Index No. 653281/2023 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.)

This is a putative class action pending in state court alleging various harms stemming from the April 2023 data incident. The complaint seeks to certify a class of New York citizens. The complaint brings claims of negligence; negligence per se; breach of duty; breach of implied contract; breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and violations of New York’s Deceptive Acts and Practices § 349. The Company has filed a motion to stay this action pending the resolution of the EDNY Federal Action, and the motion remains pending. The Company anticipates that the case will be dismissed once the settlement in the EDNY Federal Action receives final approval from the court, likely sometime in 2025.

Other Open and Active Legal Matters

On or about September 26, 2023, James G. Wolf, individually and as the trustee of the Wolf Family Charitable Foundation, Barbaranne R. Wolf, Stephen Paul Wolf, and Preston M. Wolf (collectively the “Petitioners”) initiated an appraisal action against the Company in the New York Supreme Court for Suffolk County. Petitioners seek an appraisal of the value of their shares in the Company. The amount of damages sought by the Petitioners is unspecified. On or about August 21, 2024, the Court dismissed the Company’s Second and Third Affirmative Defenses. On or about September 19, 2024, the Court granted the Company permission to move for leave to reargue the Court’s dismissal decision. On or about October 16, 2024, the Company moved for leave to reargue. On or about February 20, 2025, the Court issued a decision granting the Company’s motion for leave to reargue, and, upon reargument, adhered to its original decision. The Company intends to continue to vigorously litigate both (i) Petitioners’ alleged entitlement to dissenting shareholder appraisal rights and (ii) the correct valuation of Petitioners’ shares.

On September 18, 2024, we received an unsealed complaint filed by whistleblowers in the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”) alleging, among other things, that the Company falsely billed Medicaid and Medicare for COVID-19 tests by utilizing inappropriate diagnostic codes to trigger payments for such tests. The SDNY advised the court that the government was not intervening in the case; however, the private plaintiffs are still pursuing the case on the governments’ behalf. The court ordered that the matter be stayed until January 15, 2025, so that the parties may explore potential settlement of the matter. The parties were unable to reach a settlement and the case is proceeding to litigation. The Company anticipates filing a motion to dismiss the complaint (the entire case) and, pursuant to the Court’s instructions, will be submitting a letter to the court regarding that motion by March 21, 2025. The initial conference with the court is scheduled for April 8, 2025. We believe there are meritorious defenses to the claims set forth in the complaint and the Company will vigorously defend itself. A probable settlement amount is not estimable at this time.

The Company terminated the employment of Elazar Rabbani, Ph.D., the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, effective April 21, 2022. Dr. Rabbani was a director of the Company until the Annual Meeting on January 31, 2024, when his term expired. Dr. Rabbani was a party to an employment agreement with the Company that entitled him to certain termination benefits, including severance pay, acceleration of vesting of share-based compensation, and continuation of benefits. Based on the terms of his employment agreement, the Company estimated and accrued a charge of $2,600 in fiscal year 2022. The charge was partially offset by the reversal of bonus accruals. In May 2022, the Company paid Dr. Rabbani $2,123 in severance (the payment constituted taxable income, but the Company did not withhold taxes from the payment). In July 2022, the Company paid Dr. Rabbani’s income and other withholding taxes of $1,024 related to that payment on Dr. Rabbani’s behalf. On July 8, 2022, the Company filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”) seeking, among other things, a declaration that the Company had fully satisfied its contractual obligations to Dr. Rabbani and seeking the tax withholding reimbursement referenced above. On August 4, 2022, Dr. Rabbani filed counterclaims in the arbitration seeking, among other things, a bonus for fiscal year 2021 and additional severance that he asserted was owed to him. At the parties’ joint request, the arbitration has been stayed while the parties work towards resolving the matter. A provision was made in the consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2023 and updated as applicable through the period ended January 31, 2025 based on a reasonable estimate of loss; however, the actual exposure may differ.

The Company (as plaintiff) has brought cases in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (“the Court”), alleging patent infringement against various companies. At this time, all of such cases have been resolved, except for one. There is currently one case that was originally brought by the Company that is still pending in the Court. In that case, Enzo alleges patent infringement of the ‘197 patent against Becton Dickinson defendants. The claims in that case are stayed.

On September 2, 2021, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) issued a non-final office action in an ex parte reexamination concerning the ‘197 Patent. In the office action, the PTO rejected certain claims of the ‘197 Patent for nonstatutory double-patenting. Enzo responded to the office action on January 3, 2022. Becton Dickinson requested another ex parte reexamination concerning the ‘197 patent on July 26, 2022. On September 16, 2022, the PTO ordered that ex parte reexamination as to certain claims of the ‘197 patent. Enzo filed a petition to terminate that second reexamination proceeding on November 16, 2022, which was denied on July 26, 2024. The PTO merged the ex parte reexamination proceedings as of August 2, 2024. On September 17, 2024, the PTO issued an office action, rejecting the claims subject to the merged reexamination proceedings. Enzo filed a response to that office action on December 17, 2024. On February 6, 2025, the PTO issued a final rejection of the claims (2, 5, 18, 20, and 228) in the ex parte reexamination proceedings. The Company is considering appeal options.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-Looking Statements

Our disclosure and analysis in this report, including but not limited to the information discussed in this Item 2, contain forward-looking information (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations and products in research and development may include forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historic or current facts. They typically use words such as “anticipate”, “estimate”, “expect”, “project”, “intend”, “plan”, “believe”, “will”, and other words and terms of similar meaning in connection with any discussion of future operations or financial performance. All forward-looking statements are subject to important factors, risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including industry and economic conditions, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, statements relating to future actions, prospective products or product approvals, future performance or results of current and anticipated products, sales efforts, expenses, interest rates, foreign currency rates, intellectual property matters, the outcome of contingencies, such as legal proceedings, and future financial results. We cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will be realized, although we believe we have been prudent in our plans and assumptions. Achievement of future results is subject to risks, uncertainties and inaccurate assumptions. Should known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could vary materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected. As a result, investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Investors should bear this in mind as they consider forward-looking statements. We do not assume any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement that we make, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future. We are also affected by other factors that may be identified from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, some of which are set forth in Item 1A - Risk Factors in our Form 10-K filing for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our periodic reports on Forms 10-Q, 8-K and 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Although we have attempted to provide a list of important factors which may affect our business, investors are cautioned that other factors may prove to be important in the future and could affect our operating results.

You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors or to assess the impact of each factor or combination of factors on our business. Consequently, you should not consider any such list to be a complete set of all potential risks or uncertainties.

Overview

The Company has operated as a life sciences company for over 45 years. The primary business of Enzo today is conducted through its Enzo Life Sciences division, which focuses on labeling and detection technologies from DNA to whole cell analysis, including a comprehensive portfolio of thousands of high-quality products, including antibodies, genomic probes, assays, biochemicals, and proteins. The Company’s proprietary products and technologies play central roles in translational research and drug development areas, including cell biology, genomics, assays, immunohistochemistry, and small molecule chemistry. The Company monetizes its technology primarily via sales through our global distribution network and licensing. Enzo Life Sciences is operated through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. and its wholly-owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries. Costs excluded from Enzo Life Sciences financial results consist of corporate general and administrative costs and minimal therapeutic research and development expenses. These costs are reported within the consolidated financial statements as “Corporate and Other” (see Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further segment information).

We continue to explore all strategic alternatives to maximize value for the Company’s stockholders, including without limitation, improving the market position and profitability of our services in the marketplace, and enhancing our valuation. We may pursue our goals through organic growth and strategic initiatives. Additionally, we will continue to review information regarding potential acquisitions or joint ventures, and provide information to third parties regarding potential dispositions of assets or business lines, including a potential sale of the Company, from time to time.

Discontinued operations – sale of Clinical Services business to Labcorp

Prior to July 24, 2023, we operated a clinical laboratory, doing business as Enzo Clinical Labs, which provided reference, molecular and esoteric diagnostic medical testing services in the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut medical communities. Effective July 24, 2023, we completed the sale of certain assets used in the operation of Enzo Clinical Labs and the assignment of certain clinical lab liabilities to Laboratory Corporation of America (“Labcorp”) for an aggregate purchase price of $113.25 million in cash. In accordance with the sale, we ceased our clinical services operations. Excluded from the sale of the clinical services assets were its cash and accounts receivable. As a consequence of the sale, we have classified as discontinued operations all income and expenses attributable to the clinical services business for all periods presented.

Ransomware attack

In April 2023, the Company experienced a ransomware attack that impacted certain critical information technology systems, principally of the discontinued operation. In response, we promptly deployed containment measures, including disconnecting our systems from the internet, launching an investigation with assistance from third-party cybersecurity experts, and notifying law enforcement. We adhered to our disaster recovery plan, which enabled us to maintain operations throughout the incident response process. The Company’s facilities remained open, and we continued to provide services to patients and partners. We later became aware that certain data, including names, test information, and Social Security numbers, was accessed, and in some instances, exfiltrated from the Company’s information technology systems as part of this incident. The investigation identified unauthorized access to or acquisition of clinical test information of approximately 2.5 million individuals. The Social Security numbers of approximately 600,000 of these individuals may also have been involved. Additionally, the Company determined that some employees’ information may have been involved. The Company provided notice to the individuals whose information may have been involved, as well as to regulatory authorities, in accordance with applicable law. The Company has incurred, and may continue to incur, related expenses. The Company’s cybersecurity insurance carrier covered up to $3 million of the remediation costs related to the incident and paid service providers from the policy proceeds.

The Company remains subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the incident, including as a result of the data that was accessed or exfiltrated from the Company’s network as noted above. Additionally, security and privacy incidents have led to, and may continue to lead to, additional regulatory scrutiny and class action litigation exposure. See Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements for discussion of litigation in connection with this incident.

NYSE Listing Notice

On January 8, 2025, the Company received a letter from the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) notifying the Company that it is not in compliance with (i) Section 802.01B of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because, as of January 7, 2025, the Company’s 30 trading-day average market capitalization was less than $50 million and its last reported stockholder’s equity as of October 31, 2024 was less than $50 million and (ii) Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Common Stock”) was less than $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. The Company has a period of 18 months to cure the market capitalization and stockholder’s equity deficiencies and a period of six months to cure the average closing stock price deficiency, subject to the NYSE’s acceptance of a plan by the Company to regain compliance. The notice did not result in the immediate delisting of the Common Stock from the NYSE, but the Company may be delisted from the NYSE if it does not regain compliance with the foregoing continued listing standards.

With regard to the average closing stock price deficiency, the Company can regain compliance at any time within the six-month period following receipt of the NYSE's non-compliance notice if, on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period, the Company has (i) a closing share price of at least $1.00 and (ii) an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. Under the NYSE’s listing rules, the price condition will be deemed cured if the price promptly exceeds $1.00 per share and the price remains above that level for at least the following 30 consecutive trading days.

The Company submitted a plan on February 21, 2025 to cure the market capitalization, stockholder’s equity and average closing stock price deficiencies and to return to compliance with the NYSE's continued listing standards. The plan considers all available alternatives to cure the deficiencies identified by the NYSE, which plan is being reviewed by the NYSE. The Common Stock continues to be listed and trade on the NYSE, subject to the Company’s ongoing compliance with the NYSE's other continued listing standards and by the acceptance of the NYSE of this plan.

Results of Operations from Continuing Operations

Three months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 compared to ~~October~~January 31, ~~2023~~2024 (in $000s)

Comparative Financial Data from Continuing Operations for the three months ended ~~October~~January 31,

	2024			2023			Favorable (Unfavorable)			% Change
	2025			2024			Favorable (Unfavorable)			% Change
Revenues	$	67,~~213~~334		$	78,~~806~~553		$	(1,~~593~~219	)		(2014	)
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		3,~~681~~549			4,~~351~~329			~~670~~780			1518
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		252			—			(252	)		**
Research and development		479			580			101			17
Research and development		562			849			287			34
Selling, general and administrative		4,558			5,068			510			10
Selling, general and administrative		4,882			7,007			2,125			30
Legal and related expenses		350			761			411			54
Legal and related expenses		458			1,075			617			57
Total operating costs and expenses		8,936			10,738			1,802			17
Total operating costs and expenses		9,835			13,282			3,447			26
Operating loss		(1,602	)		(2,185	)		583			27
Operating loss		(3,622	)		(5,476	)		1,854			34
Other income (expense):
Interest, net		~~620~~462			~~977~~893			(~~357~~431	)		(3748	)
Fair value adjustment		—			(~~328~~383	)		~~328~~383			100
Other		~~123~~126			~~158~~119			~~(35~~7	)		~~(22~~6	)
Foreign exchange loss		(192	)		(1,006	)		814			81
Foreign exchange (loss) gain		(234	)		693			(927	)		**
Loss before income taxes	$	(31,~~071~~248	)	$	(~~5,675~~863	)	$	~~2,604~~(385	)		46(45	)

not meaningful

Consolidated Results:

The “~~2024~~2025 period” and the “~~2023~~2024 period” refer to the three months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024, respectively.

Revenues were $67.23 million in the ~~2024~~2025 period and $7.8.5 million in the ~~2023~~2024 period, a decrease of approximately $1.62 million or 2014% due to a reduction in orders from certain large customers in the clinical market in the comparable periods and a large order from an industrial customer in the 2023 period which was not repeated in the 2024 period. Overall, we experienced a decline in all geographic areas of our customer base due to declining market demand, primarily in our markets outside of the U.S., related to general continued headwinds in the life sciences tools space and the timing of large orders fulfillment.

The cost of revenues was $3.75 million in the ~~2024~~2025 period and $4.43 million in the ~~2023~~2024 period, a decrease of $0.78 million or 1518% due to lower revenues. The gross profit margin was approximately 4152% and 4449% in the ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 periods, respectively. The ~~2024~~2025 period ~~was negatively impacted by inventory disposals due to a portfolio optimization initiative. The 2023 period~~ gross profit was positively impacted by a ~~decrease in manufacturing headcount, other cost containment measures, and a~~ more profitable mix of products sold and cost containment measures.

22Research and development expenses were $0.5 million in the 2025 period and $0.6 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of $0.1 million or 17%. There was an emphasis on manufacturing effort in the 2025 period. During the 2024 period there was a greater investment in research and development resources and materials consumed.

~~The~~Selling, ~~cost~~general ofand ~~revenues~~administrative –expenses ~~inventory~~were ~~provision was~~ $04.36 million ~~for~~during ~~raw~~the ~~material~~2025 ~~inventory~~period weversus ~~intended~~$5.1 tomillion ~~use~~during inthe ~~manufacturing~~2024 ~~and~~period, ~~sell~~a todecrease ~~laboratory~~of ~~customers~~$0.5 ~~which~~million weor ~~fully~~10%. ~~reserved~~The decrease was in the Products segment as compared to 2024 period~~. This~~ ~~expense~~due ~~represents~~to 4%lower ofheadcount, ~~the~~sales ~~period’s~~commissions, ~~revenues~~and travel expenses.

~~Research~~Legal and ~~development~~related expenses were $0.54 million induring the ~~2024~~2025 period and $0.8 million in the ~~2023~~2024 period, a decrease of $0.34 million or 3454%. ~~There~~During ~~was an emphasis on manufacturing effort in~~ the 2024 period~~. During~~, ~~the~~we ~~2023~~required ~~period~~significantly ~~there~~more ~~was~~legal ~~a greater investment in research~~ expertise and ~~development~~assistance ~~resources~~associated ~~and~~with ~~materials~~corporate ~~consumed~~matters.

~~Selling~~Interest income, ~~general~~net ~~and~~was ~~administrative expenses were~~ $40.95 million ~~during~~ in the ~~2024~~2025 period ~~versus~~compared to $7.0.9 million ~~during~~in the ~~2023~~2024 period, a decrease of $20.14 million or 3048%. ~~The Corporate and Other segment expense decreased $2.2 million during the 2024 period primarily~~ due to ~~severance provisions and accelerated recognition of share-based compensation incurred during~~ the ~~2023 period of approximately $1.5 million related to a former senior officer. The remainder of the~~ decrease in the ~~2024~~ ~~period~~balance isof ~~due~~cash toheld ~~lower~~in ~~share~~a ~~based~~money ~~compensation~~market ~~for directors~~ account and ~~officers~~a ~~and~~decline ~~lower bonus accruals. The Products segment expense~~ in the ~~2024~~interest ~~period~~rate ~~increased~~earned ~~$0.1~~due ~~million compared~~ to ~~2023~~Federal ~~period~~Reserve ~~due~~actions to ~~investments~~lower indiscount ~~sales and marketing~~rates.

~~Legal~~We ~~and~~recorded ~~related~~a ~~expenses~~fair ~~were~~value ~~$0.5~~adjustment ~~million~~charge ~~during~~of ~~the~~approximately ~~2024 period and~~ $10.14 million for in the ~~2023~~Debentures ~~period,~~in ~~a decrease of $0.6 million or 57%. During~~ the ~~2023~~2024 period, webased ~~required~~on ~~significantly~~their ~~more~~fair ~~legal~~value ~~expertise and~~as ~~assistance~~of ~~associated~~January ~~with~~31, ~~the ransomware attack and matters related to two former senior executives’ arbitration~~2024, ~~one of~~ which ~~was~~ ~~settled~~were ~~during~~due ~~the 2023 period~~ and ~~one~~fully ofrepaid ~~which~~in isMay ~~ongoing~~2024.

Interest income, net was $0.6 million in the 2024 period compared to $1.0 million in the 2023 period, a decrease of $0.4 million or 37% due to a decrease in the balance of cash held in a money market account and a decline in the interest rate earned due to Federal Reserve actions to lower discount rates.

We recorded a fair value adjustment charge of approximately $0.3 million for the Debentures based on their fair value as of October 31, 2023, which were due and fully repaid in May 2024.

Other income in both periods is primarily from the subletting of a portion of our office space in New York, NY.

The foreign exchange loss recognized by the Products segment during the ~~2024~~2025 period was $0.2 million compared to a gain of $1.0.7 million in the ~~2023~~2024 period, aan ~~favorable~~unfavorable variance of $0.89 million. The foreign exchange loss in the 2025 period was due to the revaluation of intercompany balances denominated in European currencies into Swiss francs, which appreciated slightly, by our Swiss subsidiary. The 2024 period revaluation gain was due to appreciation of the Swiss franc, Euro and British pound as compared to the U.S dollar, when intercompany balances were higher, especially those denominated in the U.S. dollar.

The foreign exchange loss in the 2024 period was due to the revaluation of intercompany balances denominated in European currencies into Swiss francs, which appreciated slightly, by our Swiss subsidiary. The 2023 period revaluation loss was due to significant depreciation of the Swiss franc, Euro and British pound as compared to the U.S dollar, when intercompany balances were higher, especially those denominated in the U.S. dollar.28

Results of Operations from Continuing Operations

Six months ended January 31, 2025 compared to January 31, 2024
(in $000s)

Comparative Financial Data from Continuing Operations for the six months ended January 31,

	2025			2024			Favorable (Unfavorable)			% Change

Revenues	$	13,546		$	16,359		$	(2,813	)		(17	)

Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenues		7,230			8,680			1,450			17
Cost of revenues – inventory provision		252			—			(252	)		**
Research and development		1,041			1,429			388			27
Selling, general and administrative		9,441			12,070			2,629			22
Legal and related expenses		808			1,835			1,027			56
Total operating costs and expenses		18,772			24,014			5,242			22

Operating loss		(5,226	)		(7,655	)		2,429			32

Other income (expense):
Interest, net		1,082			1,870			(788	)		(42	)
Fair value adjustment		—			(711	)		711			100
Other		250			276			(26	)		(9	)
Foreign exchange loss		(425	)		(318	)		(107	)		(34	)
Loss before income taxes	$	(4,319	)	$	(6,538	)	$	2,219			34

not meaningful

Consolidated Results:

The “2025 period” and the “2024 period” refer to the six months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Revenues were $13.5 million in the 2025 period and $16.4 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of approximately $2.8 million or 17% due to a decline in all geographic areas of our customer base due to declining market demand, primarily in our markets outside of the U.S., related to general continued headwinds in the life sciences tools space and the timing of large orders fulfillment.

The cost of revenues was $7.2 million in the 2025 period and $8.7 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of $1.5 million or 17% due to lower revenues. The gross profit margin was approximately 47% in both the 2025 and 2024 periods.

The cost of revenues – inventory provision was approximately $0.3 million for raw material inventory we intended to use in manufacturing and sell to laboratory customers which we fully reserved in the 2025 period. This provision represents approximately 2% of the 2025 period’s revenues.

Research and development expenses were $1.0 million in the 2025 period and $1.4 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of $0.4 million or 27%. There was an emphasis on manufacturing effort in the 2025 period. During the 2024 period, there was a greater investment in research and development resources and materials consumed.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $9.4 million during the 2025 period versus $12.0 million during the 2024 period, a decrease of $2.6 million or 22%. The Other segment expense declined $2.2 million primarily due to severance provisions and accelerated recognition of share based compensation in the 2024 period related to a former senior officer. The Products segment expense decreased $0.4 million as compared to 2024 period due to lower headcount, sales commissions, travel expenses, and bonus accruals.

Legal and related expenses were $0.8 million during the 2025 period and $1.8 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of $1.0 million or 56%. During the 2024 period, we required significantly more legal expertise and assistance associated with corporate matters.

Interest income, net was $1.1 million in the 2025 period compared to $1.9 million in the 2024 period, a decrease of $0.8 million or 42% due to a decrease in the balance of cash held in a money market account and a decline in the interest rate earned due to Federal Reserve actions to lower discount rates.

We recorded a fair value adjustment charge of approximately $0.7 million for the Debentures in the 2024 period based on their fair value as of January 31, 2024, which were due and fully repaid in May 2024.

Other income in both periods is primarily from the subletting of a portion of our office space in New York, NY.

The foreign exchange loss recognized by the Products segment during the 2025 period was $0.4 million compared to $0.3 million in the 2024 period, an unfavorable variance of $0.1 million. The foreign exchange revaluation loss in both periods was due to the depreciation of the Swiss franc, Euro and British pound as compared to the U.S dollar. Those currencies depreciated more in the 2025 period than in the 2024 period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our aggregate cash and cash equivalents as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 was $4740.73 million and $52.3 million as of July 31, 2024. The decrease of $412.60 million in our cash and cash equivalents balance as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 was primarily due to the period net loss, ~~and by~~ cash used to pay down accrued liabilities, particularly those of the discontinued operations, and the payment of a dividend of $5.3 million, partially offset by the release from escrow of $5.0 million, as discussed below. Based on the current available working capital, management believes the Company has sufficient funds to meet its operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of the filing of this report. Our working capital was $3635.30 million and $45.2 million as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, respectively.

Net cash used in operating activities during the ~~2024~~2025 period was $911.0 million, compared to $1322.43 million during the ~~2023~~2024 period, a favorable variance of $411.43 million, primarily due to the smaller net loss from continuing operations in the 2025 period and the larger paydowns of accounts payable – trade and accrued liabilities in the 2024 period.

23Net cash provided by investing activities during the 2025 period was approximately $4.5 million and represents the release of cash held in escrow from the Labcorp Asset Purchase Agreement which closed in July 2023, partially offset by capital expenditures. Net cash used in investing activities during the 2024 period was approximately $0.3 million for capital expenditures.

Net cash ~~provided~~used byin ~~investing~~financing activities ~~during~~in the ~~2024~~2025 period was ~~approximately~~ $45.65 million and primarily represents the ~~release~~payment of ~~cash~~a ~~held~~$5.3 inmillion ~~escrow~~dividend ~~from the Labcorp Asset Purchase Agreement which closed~~ in ~~July~~ ~~2023,~~December ~~partially offset by capital expenditures~~2024. ~~Net~~Cash ~~cash~~ used in ~~investing activities during~~ the ~~2023~~2024 period ~~was~~amounted ~~approximately~~to $0.3 5 million primarily for ~~capital~~taxes ~~expenditures~~paid on bonuses paid in stock.

Net cash used in financing activities in the 2024 and 2023 periods amounted to $0.2 million and $0.5 million primarily for taxes on bonuses paid in stock.

Labcorp Asset Purchase Agreement and release of Cash in Escrow

We had indemnification obligations to Labcorp under the Asset Purchase Agreement that could have required us to make payments to Labcorp and other related persons for any damages incurred by Labcorp or such related persons as a result of any breaches of our representations, warranties, covenants or agreements contained in the Asset Purchase Agreement, or arising from retained liabilities or certain third-party claims specified in the Asset Purchase Agreement. Generally, our representations and warranties survived for a period of 15 months from the closing date, which was July 24, 2023, other than certain fundamental representations, which survive until the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. There is an indemnification cap with respect to a majority of the Company’s indemnification obligations under the Asset Purchase Agreement with the exception of claims for actual fraud, the breach of any fundamental representations and certain other items, which are subject to a higher indemnification cap (up to the purchase price).

Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, we, Labcorp, and an escrow agent entered into an Escrow Agreement at closing, pursuant to which Labcorp deposited $5 million of the aggregate purchase price of the clinical service business into an escrow account in order to satisfy, in whole or in part, certain of our indemnity obligations, if any, that arose under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Labcorp made no claims and required only a reimbursement of certain legal fees it had incurred, which were immaterial. On October 30~~, 2024, the escrowed funds of $5.0 million were released to the Company and are included in cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2024.~~

Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, we, Labcorp, and an escrow agent entered into an Escrow Agreement at closing, pursuant to which Labcorp deposited $5 million of the aggregate purchase price of the clinical service business into an escrow account in order to satisfy, in whole or in part, certain of our indemnity obligations, if any, that arose under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Labcorp made no claims and required only a reimbursement of certain legal fees it had incurred, which were immaterial. On October 30, 2024, the escrowed funds of $5.0 million were released to the Company.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements” as such term is described in Item 303 of Regulation S-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

General and estimates

The Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon Enzo Biochem, Inc.’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. These estimates and judgments also affect related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.

On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to contractual expense, allowance for expected credit losses, inventory, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Contingencies

Product revenues

Products revenues consist of the sale of single-use products used in the identification of genomic information and are recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which generally occurs upon shipment. Payment terms for shipments to end-user and distributor customers may range from 30 to 90 days. Any claims for credit or return of goods may be made generally within 30 days of receipt. Revenues are reduced to reflect estimated credits and returns, although historically these adjustments have not been material. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in revenue, while the related shipping and handling costs are reflected in cost of products.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are reported at realizable value, net of expected credit losses, which is estimated and recorded in the period of the related revenue.

As of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, Products accounts receivable, net were $34,~~842~~245 and $3,988, respectively. As of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and July 31, 2024, these totals include foreign receivables, net, of $~~847~~881 and $1,185, respectively.

Inventory

The Company values inventory at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. Work-in-process and finished goods inventories consist of material, labor, and manufacturing overhead. Write downs of inventories to net realizable value are based on a review of inventory quantities on hand and estimated sales forecasts based on sales history and anticipated future demand. Unanticipated changes in demand could have a significant impact on the value of our inventory and require additional write downs of inventory which would impact our results of operations.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived depreciable assets of an asset or asset group for impairment if indicators of potential impairment exist. Should indicators of impairment exist, the carrying values of the depreciable assets are evaluated in relation to the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of an asset or asset group. The net book value of the depreciable long lived asset is adjusted to fair value if its expected future undiscounted cash flow is less than its book value.

During the ~~three~~six months ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024 there was no impairment of depreciable long-lived assets used in continuing operations.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s management conducted an evaluation (as required under Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act) of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such term is defined under the Exchange Act), under the supervision and with the participation of each of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. Based on the evaluation of our Disclosure Controls, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025, our Disclosure Controls were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period ended ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

2532

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

There have been no other material developments with respect to previously reported legal proceedings discussed in the annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, other than as noted in Note 13 to these Consolidated Financial Statements as of ~~October~~January 31, ~~2024~~2025.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information00

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.		Exhibit

31.1		Certification of Kara Cannon pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Patricia Eckert pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1		Certification of Kara Cannon pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2		Certification of Patricia Eckert pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101. INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101. SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101. CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) information is being furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.
	(Registrant)
Date: December 16, 2024	by:	/s/ Patricia Eckert
Date: March 17, 2025	by:	/s/ Patricia Eckert
		Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer

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