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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 28, 2025


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-34674

Calix, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Delaware						68-0438710
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2777 Orchard Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(408) 514-3000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, par value $0.025 per share

CALX

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes: x No: o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes: x No: o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer

☒

Accelerated Filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Table of Contents

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes: ☐ No: x

As of July 14, 2025, there were 65,303,995 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.025, outstanding.

Table of Contents

CALIX, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			4

Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)			4

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets			4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss			5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders ’ Equity			6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			7

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements			8

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			19

Overview			19

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates			20

Results of Operations			21

Liquidity and Capital Resources			23

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			25

Item 4. Controls and Procedures			26

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			27

Item 1. Legal Proceedings			27

Item 1A. Risk Factors			27

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			44

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities			44

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures			45

Item 5. Other Information			45

Item 6. Exhibits			46

SIGNATURES			47

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.Financial Statements

CALIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par value)


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)		(See Note 1)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	76,538	$	43,162
Marketable securities	222,430		253,929
Accounts receivable, net	63,076		79,321
Inventory	110,522		102,727
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	89,748		105,596
Total current assets	562,314		584,735
Property and equipment, net	32,415		31,153
Right-of-use operating leases	4,736		6,216
Deferred tax assets	178,817		177,601
Goodwill	116,175		116,175
Other assets	26,949		23,387
	$	921,406	$	939,267
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	23,746	$	20,226
Accrued liabilities	74,122		84,167
Deferred revenue	25,774		26,750
Total current liabilities	123,642		131,143
Long-term portion of deferred revenue	20,111		20,883
Operating leases	2,953		3,720
Other long-term liabilities	2,028		2,581
Total liabilities	148,734		158,327
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.025 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of June 28, 2025 and December 31, 2024	—		—
Common stock, $0.025 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 65,294 shares issued and outstanding as of June 28, 2025, and 66,434 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024	1,633		1,661
Additional paid-in capital	1,166,266		1,170,017
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(115)		(612)
Accumulated deficit	(395,112)		(390,126)
Total stockholders’ equity	772,672		780,940
	$	921,406	$	939,267

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

CALIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024

Revenue	$	241,882	$	198,139	$	462,124	$	424,449
Cost of revenue	105,587		90,536		203,121		194,269
Gross profit	136,295		107,603		259,003		230,180
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing	63,653		52,238		121,712		106,135
Research and development	45,787		44,123		89,767		88,545
General and administrative	26,464		22,598		53,214		48,888


Total operating expenses	135,904		118,959		264,693		243,568
Operating income (loss)	391		(11,356)		(5,690)		(13,388)
Interest income and other income (expense), net:
Interest income, net	2,959		2,960		6,246		5,595
Other income (expense), net	77		(286)		(119)		(421)
Total interest income and other income (expense), net	3,036		2,674		6,127		5,174
Income (loss) before income taxes	3,427		(8,682)		437		(8,214)
Income taxes (benefit)	3,626		(724)		5,423		(359)
Net loss	$	(199)	$	(7,958)	$	(4,986)	$	(7,855)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.00)	$	(0.12)	$	(0.08)	$	(0.12)
Diluted	$	(0.00)	$	(0.12)	$	(0.08)	$	(0.12)
Weighted-average number of shares used to compute
net loss per common share:
Basic	64,525		65,678		65,321		65,509
Diluted	64,525		65,678		65,321		65,509

Net loss	$	(199)	$	(7,958)	$	(4,986)	$	(7,855)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities, net	41		5		213		(206)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net	189		5		284		(108)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	230		10		497		(314)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	31	$	(7,948)	$	(4,489)	$	(8,169)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

CALIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, unaudited)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance as of March 29, 2025	65,695	$	1,643	$	1,160,781	$	(345)	$	(394,913)	$	767,166
Stock-based compensation	—	—		25,766		—		—		25,766
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans, net of forfeitures	608	15		13,336		—		—		13,351
Repurchases of common stock including excise tax	(1,009)	(25)		(33,617)		—		—		(33,642)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(199)		(199)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		230		—		230
Balance as of June 28, 2025	65,294	$	1,633	$	1,166,266	$	(115)	$	(395,112)	$	772,672


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance as of March 30, 2024	65,525	$	1,638	$	1,102,314	$	(983)	$	(360,276)	$	742,693
Stock-based compensation	—	—		15,458		—		—		15,458
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans, net of forfeitures	275	7		4,014		—		—		4,021

Net loss	—	—		—		—		(7,958)		(7,958)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		10		—		10
Balance as of June 29, 2024	65,800	$	1,645	$	1,121,786	$	(973)	$	(368,234)	$	754,224


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2024	66,434	$	1,661	$	1,170,017	$	(612)	$	(390,126)	$	780,940
Stock-based compensation	—	—		45,869		—		—		45,869
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans, net of forfeitures	1,025	26		24,171		—		—		24,197
Repurchases of common stock including excise tax	(2,165)	(54)		(73,791)		—		—		(73,845)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(4,986)		(4,986)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		497		—		497
Balance as of June 28, 2025	65,294	$	1,633	$	1,166,266	$	(115)	$	(395,112)	$	772,672


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2023	65,052	$	1,627	$	1,078,393	$	(659)	$	(360,379)	$	718,982
Stock-based compensation	—	—		32,315		—		—		32,315
Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans, net of forfeitures	862	21		14,813		—		—		14,834
Repurchases of common stock	(114)	(3)		(3,735)		—		—		(3,738)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(7,855)		(7,855)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(314)		—		(314)
Balance as of June 29, 2024	65,800	$	1,645	$	1,121,786	$	(973)	$	(368,234)	$	754,224

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CALIX, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands, unaudited)


	Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(4,986)	$	(7,855)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation	45,357		32,315
Depreciation and amortization	8,613		9,988
Deferred income taxes	(1,285)		(5,284)
Net accretion of available-for-sale securities	(2,137)		(2,716)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	16,245		43,962
Inventory	(7,795)		19,500
Prepaid expenses and other assets	13,752		6,420
Accounts payable	2,284		(23,424)
Accrued liabilities	(10,387)		(26,787)
Deferred revenue	(1,748)		(7,300)
Other long-term liabilities	(1,320)		(1,781)
Net cash provided by operating activities	56,593		37,038
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(8,045)		(9,661)
Purchases of marketable securities	(95,116)		(148,897)
Sales of marketable securities	11,362		48,734
Maturities of marketable securities	117,679		82,805
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	25,880		(27,019)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from common stock issuances related to employee benefit plans	24,197		14,834
Repurchases of common stock	(73,531)		(3,738)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(49,334)		11,096
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	237		(38)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	33,376		21,077
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	43,162		63,409
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	76,538	$	84,486

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CALIX, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Company and Basis of Presentation

Company

Calix, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Calix” or the “Company”) was incorporated in August 1999 and is a Delaware corporation. The Company develops, markets and sells an appliance-based platform, cloud and managed services that focus on the subscriber-facing network, the portion of the network that governs available bandwidth and determines the range and quality of services that can be offered to subscribers. These platform, cloud and managed services enable broadband experience providers (“BXPs”) of all sizes to innovate and transform their businesses. The Company’s BXP customers are empowered to utilize real-time data and insights from the Calix platform to simplify their businesses and deliver experiences that excite their subscribers. These insights enable BXPs to grow their businesses through increased subscriber acquisition, loyalty and revenue, thereby increasing the value of their businesses and contributions to their communities.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including the accounts of Calix, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) can be condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, the financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date.

The results of the Company’s operations can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these interim financial statements may not be the same as those for the full year or any future periods. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company’s fiscal year begins on January 1st and ends on December 31st. Quarterly periods are based on a 4-4-5 calendar with the first quarter ending on the Saturday closest to March 31st. As a result, the Company had one less day in the six months ended June 28, 2025 than for the six months ended June 29, 2024. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP for interim financial reporting requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s significant accounting policies did not change during the six months ended June 28, 2025.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standard

The Company did not adopt any new accounting standards during the six months ended June 28, 2025 that were significant to the Company.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

There have been no additional accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the six months ended June 28, 2025 as compared with the recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, that are significant or expected to be significant to the Company.

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3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The Company has invested its excess cash primarily in money market funds and highly liquid marketable securities such as U.S. treasury securities, corporate debt instruments, commercial paper and U.S. government securities. The Company considers all investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Marketable securities represent highly liquid U.S. treasury securities, corporate debt instruments, commercial paper and U.S. government securities with maturities greater than 90 days at date of purchase. Cash equivalents are stated at amounts that approximate fair value based on quoted market prices. Marketable securities are recorded at their fair values.

Marketable securities with maturities greater than one year are classified as current because management considers all marketable securities to be available for current operations.

The Company’s investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. Such investments are recorded at fair value and unrealized holding gains and losses are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity until realized. Realized gains and losses on sales of marketable securities, if any, are determined on the specific identification method and are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to results of operations as other expense, net. Realized gains and losses were not significant for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	32,747	$	20,664
Money market funds	23,457		4,890
Commercial paper	18,344		10,058

U.S. government securities	1,990		7,550

Total cash and cash equivalents	76,538		43,162
Marketable securities:
Corporate debt securities	123,467		123,701
U.S. government securities	57,673		66,582
Commercial paper	23,543		22,715
U.S. government agency securities	13,890		24,411
Certificates of deposit	3,857		16,520
Total marketable securities	222,430		253,929
	$	298,968	$	297,091

The carrying amounts of the Company’s money market funds approximate their fair values due to their nature, duration and short maturities. The amortized cost and fair value of marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):


As of June 28, 2025	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains (Losses), net		Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	123,099	$	368	$	123,467
U.S. government securities	59,514		149		59,663
Commercial paper	41,899		(12)		41,887
U.S. government agency securities	13,868		22		13,890
Certificates of deposit	3,853		4		3,857
	$	242,233	$	531	$	242,764

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As of December 31, 2024	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains, net		Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	123,519	$	182	$	123,701
U.S. government securities	74,118		14		74,132
Commercial paper	32,766		7		32,773
U.S. government agency securities	24,380		31		24,411
Certificates of deposit	16,505		15		16,520
	$	271,288	$	249	$	271,537

4. Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures its cash equivalents and marketable securities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Company utilizes the following three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-driven valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs to the valuation derived from fair valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. The fair value hierarchy also requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining inputs and determining fair value.

The following tables sets forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on the three-tier fair value hierarchy (in thousands):


As of June 28, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Total
Money market funds	$	23,457	$	—	$	23,457
U.S. government securities	59,663		—		59,663
Corporate debt securities	—		123,467		123,467
Commercial paper	—		41,887		41,887
U.S. government agency securities	—		13,890		13,890
Certificates of deposit	—		3,857		3,857
	$	83,120	$	183,101	$	266,221


As of December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Total
Money market funds	$	4,890	$	—	$	4,890
U.S. government securities	74,132		—		74,132
Corporate debt securities	—		123,701		123,701
Commercial paper	—		32,773		32,773
U.S. government agency securities	—		24,411		24,411
Certificates of deposit	—		16,520		16,520
	$	79,022	$	197,405	$	276,427

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5. Balance Sheet Details

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Accounts receivable	$	63,381	$	79,632
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(305)		(311)
	$	63,076	$	79,321

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Components	$	6,171	$	21,735
Finished goods	104,351		80,992
	$	110,522	$	102,727

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Supplier deposits	$	43,480	$	62,620
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	46,268		42,976
	$	89,748	$	105,596

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Test equipment	$	61,939	$	57,595
Computer equipment	13,677		14,561
Software	11,049		11,146
Leasehold improvements	2,665		2,173
Furniture and fixtures	1,278		1,268
Total	90,608		86,743
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(58,193)		(55,590)
	$	32,415	$	31,153

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Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
Compensation and related benefits	$	32,808	$	36,004
Component inventory held by suppliers	7,768		8,855
Professional and consulting fees	5,148		5,385
Taxes payable	4,178		5,048
Current portion of warranty	3,346		5,288
Customer advances or rebates	3,320		4,882
Operating leases	3,017		4,303
Insurance	1,773		2,019
Freight	1,663		1,640
Product returns	1,657		2,428
Travel and event expenses	1,654		518
Operations	1,014		1,735
Other	6,776		6,062
	$	74,122	$	84,167

Changes in the Company’s accrued warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	6,073	$	7,655	$	7,287	$	8,029
Accruals for product warranty	(908)		392		(1,203)		731
Cost of warranty claims	(272)		(676)		(1,191)		(1,389)

Balance at end of period	$	4,893	$	7,371	$	4,893	$	7,371

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

The Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating leases. Certain of the Company’s operating leases contain renewal options and rent acceleration clauses. Future minimum payments under the non-cancelable operating leases consisted of the following as of June 28, 2025 (in thousands):


Period	Future Minimum Lease Payments
Remainder of 2025	$	2,222
2026	1,725
2027	1,259
2028	709
2029 and thereafter	340

Total future minimum lease payments	6,255
Less imputed interest	(285)
	$	5,970

As of June 28, 2025, the operating lease liability consisted of the following (in thousands):



Accrued liabilities - current portion of operating leases	$	3,017
Operating leases	2,953
	$	5,970

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The Company leases its headquarters office space in San Jose, California under a lease agreement that expires in December 2025. The future minimum lease payments under the lease are $1.3 million and are included in the table above. In December 2024, the Company entered into a new headquarters office lease agreement for 23,000 square feet in San Jose, California. The lease is expected to commence in August 2025 for a term of 90 months. The future minimum lease payments of $8.9 million are not included in the table above.

The weighted average discount rate for the Company’s operating leases as of June 28, 2025 was 4.4%. The weighted average remaining lease term as of June 28, 2025 was 2.5 years.

For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, rent expense was $1.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 29, 2024, rent expense was $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Cash paid within operating cash flows for operating leases was $2.3 million and $2.2 million for the six months ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024, respectively.

Purchase Commitments

The Company’s contract manufacturers (“CMs”) and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”) place orders for component inventory based upon the Company’s build forecasts and pursuant to stated component lead times to ensure adequate component supply. The components are used by the CMs and ODMs to build the products included in the build forecasts. The Company generally does not take ownership of the components held by CMs and ODMs. The Company places purchase orders with its CMs and ODMs in order to fulfill its monthly finished product inventory requirements. The Company incurs a liability when the CMs and ODMs convert the component inventory to a finished product and takes ownership of the finished goods inventory.

The Company has from time to time, and subject to certain conditions, reimbursed certain suppliers for component inventory purchases when this inventory has been rendered excess or obsolete, for example due to manufacturing and engineering change orders resulting from design changes, manufacturing discontinuation of products by its suppliers, or in cases where the Company has committed inventory levels that exceed projected demand. In the event of termination of services with a manufacturing partner, the Company has purchased, and may be required to purchase in the future, certain of the remaining components inventory held by the CM or ODM as well as any outstanding orders pursuant to the contractual provisions with such CM or ODM. The estimated excess and obsolete component liabilities related to manufacturing and engineering change orders, termination of manufacturing partners and other factors are recorded against Supplier Deposits in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” or included in “Accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, because the corresponding component parts have not been received or paid for by the Company. The Company records the related charges in “Cost of revenue” in its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

As of June 28, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $184.4 million and $138.8 million, respectively, of outstanding purchase commitments for inventories to be delivered by its suppliers, including CMs and ODMs.

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. The Company is not currently a party to any legal proceeding that, if determined adversely to the Company, in management’s opinion, is currently expected to individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results or financial condition taken as a whole.

7. Stockholders’ Equity

2019 Equity Incentive Award Plan

Employees and consultants of the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates, as well as members of the Company’s Board of Directors, are eligible to receive awards under the Fourth Amended and Restated 2019 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock or cash-based awards and dividend equivalents to eligible individuals. At the Company’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, the stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2019 Plan by 4.0 million shares. As of June 28, 2025, there were 4.1 million shares available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

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In February 2025, stock option awards exercisable for up to an aggregate of 3.1 million shares of common stock were granted to certain members of the Company’s leadership team with a grant date exercise price of $39.68 per share. The actual number of shares earned is contingent upon achievement of annual corporate financial targets for bookings and non-GAAP net operating income for 2025 (collectively, the “2025 Performance Targets”) during the one-year performance period. The stock option awards will vest, subject to certification by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors upon the achievement of the 2025 Performance Targets, as to 25% of the shares of common stock earned on the one year anniversary of the date of grant, and as to the remaining 75% of the shares of common stock earned, in substantially equal quarterly installments over the subsequent 36 months, subject to the executive’s continuous service with the Company through the respective vesting dates. If the combined non-GAAP net operating income target and the bookings target are achieved below 50% of target, 50% of the shares would be awarded, and the balance would be forfeited. If the combined target is achieved at the minimum threshold of 50% of target, then 75% of the shares would be awarded, with an increasing percentage of shares awarded above the minimum thresholds up to 100% of the granted shares for each target. Each target result is then weighted by 50% and the combined total determines the percent of target shares. The maximum combined award is 100%. The probability of meeting the performance conditions was assessed to be probable as of June 28, 2025, and stock-based compensation expense of $6.7 million was recognized for the three months ended June 28, 2025. For the six months ended June 28, 2025, stock-based compensation expense of $10.9 million was recognized.

During the three months ended June 28, 2025, stock option awards exercisable for up to an aggregate of 0.4 million shares of common stock were granted with a grant date weighted-average exercise price of $43.39 per share. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, stock option awards exercisable for up to an aggregate of 0.6 million shares of common stock were granted with a grant date weighted-average exercise price of $42.02 per share. These stock option awards vest 25% on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and on a quarterly basis thereafter over an additional three years.

During the three months ended June 28, 2025, 0.3 million shares of common stock were issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options at a weighted-average exercise price of $25.15 per share. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, 0.4 million shares of common stock were issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options at a weighted-average exercise price of $25.98 per share. As of June 28, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $93.5 million related to stock options, net of estimated forfeitures, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

During the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, 38,000 restricted stock awards, with a one-year vesting period, were granted to the Company’s Board of Directors with a grant date fair value of $42.65 per share. As of June 28, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.4 million related to restricted stock awards, net of estimated forfeitures, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years.

During the three months ended June 28, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors modified an executive’s stock options to accelerate vesting and extend the exercise period for outstanding grants. As a result, a charge of $4.9 million was recognized for the three months ended June 28, 2025.

Employee Stock Purchase Plans

The Company maintains two plans under which employees can purchase Company common stock - the Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) and the non-executive Stock Purchase and Matching Plan (“SPMP”). In March 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved amending and restating the Third Amended and Restated 2017 Nonqualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “NQ ESPP”) as the SPMP, which better describes the nature of the plan whereby when a non-executive employee buys a share, the Company matches it. The Company’s Board of Directors approval included reserving 2.9 million shares of Company common stock under each of the purchase component and the matching component of the SPMP, with a corresponding decrease in shares authorized in the ESPP of 2.5 million shares. At the Company’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, the stockholders approved an increase to the authorized shares to the SPMP of 1.25 million shares of Common Stock under the matching component, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP of 2.5 million shares. Shares will be issued from the SPMP starting with the August 8, 2025 purchase period.

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation subject to certain Internal Revenue Code limitations.

The offering periods under the ESPP are two six-month offering periods from August 15th through February 14th and February 15th through August 14th of each year. The price of common stock purchased under the ESPP is 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock on the commencement date and the end date of each six-month offering period. As of June 28, 2025, there were 1.6 million shares available for issuance under the ESPP. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, 0.2 million shares were purchased under the ESPP. As of June 28, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million related to the ESPP is expected to be recognized over a remaining service period of 0.1 years.

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The SPMP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions of up to 25% of their eligible recurring compensation. Eligible employees have the right to (a) purchase the maximum number of whole shares of common stock that can be purchased with the elected payroll deductions during each offering period for which the employee is enrolled at a purchase price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the last day of such offering period and (b) receive an equal number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are subject to a risk of forfeiture in the event the employee terminates employment within the one year period immediately following the purchase date. The SPMP provides quarterly offering periods from February 8th through May 7th, May 8th through August 7th, August 8th through November 7th and November 8th through February 7th of each year, with a maximum of 0.35 million shares allocated per purchase period for the combination of the purchase and matching components. As of June 28, 2025, there were 1.8 million shares available for issuance under the NQ ESPP. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, 0.5 million shares were purchased and issued. As of June 28, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $12.0 million related to the NQ ESPP is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average service period of 0.8 years.

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
Cost of revenue	$	764	$	707	$	1,544	$	1,343
Sales and marketing	11,047		4,191		17,516		9,041
Research and development	5,890		4,398		10,971		8,913
General and administrative	7,912		6,162		15,326		13,018
	$	25,613	$	15,458	$	45,357	$	32,315
Income tax benefit recognized	$	3,664	$	2,114	$	5,157	$	5,426

Stock Repurchase Program

The Company maintains a common stock repurchase program. Under the repurchase program, repurchases can be made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, all in accordance with the rules of the SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The specific timing, price and size of the purchases depends on prevailing stock prices, general economic and market conditions and other considerations consistent with the Company’s capital allocation strategy. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire a particular amount of common stock, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. In April 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $100.0 million increase to this program. During the three months ended June 28, 2025, the Company purchased 1.0 million shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $33.6 million at an average price per share of $33.24. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, the Company purchased 2.2 million shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $73.5 million at an average price per share of $33.95. As of June 28, 2025, the remaining authorized balance under this program was $129.4 million.

8. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Contract Asset

Contract assets include amounts recognized as revenue prior to the Company’s contractual right to bill the customer. Amounts are billed in accordance with the agreed-upon contractual terms. Contract assets were $4.5 million as of June 28, 2025 as compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects to bill 47% of the June 28, 2025 balance during 2025.

Contract Liability

Deferred revenue was $45.9 million, $50.8 million and $47.6 million as of June 28, 2025, March 29, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The decrease in the deferred revenue balance for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 was driven by $11.8 million and $16.4 million of revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each respective period, partially offset by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying the Company’s performance obligations.

Remaining performance obligations (“RPOs”) represent contractual commitments that have not yet been fulfilled, which include deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods but exclude variable consideration where the monthly invoicing is based on usage or where actual usage exceeds the minimum commitment. RPOs

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were $346.6 million as of June 28, 2025, and the Company expects to recognize as revenue 39% of this amount over the next 12 months and nearly all of the remainder over the two years thereafter.

Contract Costs

The Company capitalizes certain sales commissions related primarily to multi-year subscriptions and extended warranty support for which the expected amortization period is greater than one year. As of June 28, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unamortized balance of deferred commissions was $17.1 million and $17.9 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 the amount of amortization was $2.7 million and $5.3 million, respectively, compared to $2.1 million and $4.2 million for the three and six months ended June 29, 2024, respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized for these periods.

Concentration of Customer Risk

No customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024.

One customer represented 10% of the Company’s total receivables as of June 28, 2025 and another customer represented 21% of the Company’s total receivables as of December 31, 2024.

9. Segment Information

The Company develops, markets and sells an appliance-based broadband platform, cloud and managed services. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a Company-wide basis, for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The CODM assesses the performance of the single segment and allocates resources based on revenue and measures derived from gross margin and operating loss that is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. In addition, the CODM uses a measure derived from operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss to monitor budget versus actual results to determine the Company’s and management’s performance. The Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The measure of the single segment assets is the consolidated assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The accounting policies of the single segment are the same as described in the significant accounting policies.

Geographic Information:

A summary of revenue disaggregated by geographic region based upon the location of the customers was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
United States	$	219,039	$	182,705	$	430,218	$	392,795
Europe	15,565		6,712		18,094		13,572
Americas ex U.S.	5,881		7,052		11,349		14,187
Rest of world	1,397		1,670		2,463		3,895
	$	241,882	$	198,139	$	462,124	$	424,449

The Company’s property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the following geographical areas (in thousands):


	June 28, 2025		December 31, 2024
United States	$	28,965	$	27,601
China	2,724		2,818
India	726		734
	$	32,415	$	31,153

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Selected Financial Information:

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
Revenue	$	241,882	$	198,139	$	462,124	$	424,449
Adjusted cost of revenue (1)	(104,595)		(88,873)		(201,051)		(191,014)
Adjusted sales and marketing operating expenses (2)	(52,606)		(48,047)		(104,196)		(97,094)
Adjusted research and development operating expenses (3)	(39,897)		(39,725)		(78,796)		(79,632)
Adjusted general and administrative operating expenses (4)	(18,552)		(16,436)		(37,888)		(35,870)
Other segment items (5)	(25,841)		(16,414)		(45,883)		(34,227)
Interest income and other expenses, net	3,036		2,674		6,127		5,174
Income taxes	(3,626)		724		(5,423)		359
Net income (loss)	$	(199)	$	(7,958)	$	(4,986)	$	(7,855)

(1) GAAP cost of revenue adjusted for stock-based compensation and intangible asset amortization.

(2) GAAP sales and marketing operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(3) GAAP research and development operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(4) GAAP general and administrative operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(5) Other segment items consisted of stock-based compensation expense and intangible asset amortization.

10. Income Taxes

The following table presents income taxes and the effective tax rates for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	3,427		$	(8,682)		$	437		$	(8,214)
Income taxes (benefit)	$	3,626		$	(724)		$	5,423		$	(359)
Effective tax rate	105.8		%	8.3		%	1,241.0		%	4.4		%

The Company has historically recorded its interim period provision for income taxes by applying a forecasted annual effective tax rate to year-to-date earnings and adjusting for discrete items. However, due to the level of forecasted provision for income taxes relative to the forecasted pre-tax income used in computing the effective tax rate, the effective tax rate is highly sensitive to fluctuations in pre-tax income and does not provide a reliable estimate for income taxes in the interim period. As such, the Company has computed its provision for income taxes for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024 using an actual year-to-date tax calculation. The Company plans to revert to applying a forecasted annual effective tax rate to year-to-date earnings and adjusting for discrete items once that method is reliably estimable.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 differed from the statutory federal corporate tax rate of 21% primarily due to state taxes, the effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation for executive officers offset by the favorable impact of U.S. federal research tax credits, excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. tax impact of foreign operations.

The Company maintained a valuation allowance of $30.6 million for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, compared to $29.9 million for the three and six months ended June 29, 2024, on certain U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets that the Company believes are not more likely than not to be realized in future periods.

The Company considered scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, historic profitability, projected future taxable income, ongoing tax planning strategies and other matters, including the period over which its deferred tax assets will be recoverable, in assessing the need for and the amount of the valuation allowance. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or if the Company decides to adjust these estimates in the future periods, further adjustments to its valuation allowance may be recorded, which could materially impact the Company’s financial position and net income in the period of the adjustment.

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In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development enacted model rules for a new global minimum tax framework (“Pillar Two”), and certain governments in countries in which the Company operates have enacted local Pillar Two legislation, with an effective date from January 1, 2024. The Company currently does not expect Pillar Two to have a material impact on its financial statements.

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA"), which includes a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses. The OBBA includes numerous changes to existing tax law including extending or making permanent certain business and international tax measures initially established under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which were set to expire. Additionally, the OBBBA permanently eliminates the requirement to capitalize and amortize U.S.-based research and experimental expenditures over five years, making these expenditures fully deductible in the period incurred. The Company expects these provisions to result in a reduction of current income tax liabilities and a corresponding reduction to deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to analyze the OBBBA and its impact on its financial statements and will reflect any impact in the period of enactment.

11. Net Loss Per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):


	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(199)	$	(7,958)	$	(4,986)	$	(7,855)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to compute basic net loss per share	64,525		65,678		65,321		65,509



Basic and diluted net loss per common share	$	(0.00)	$	(0.12)	$	(0.08)	$	(0.12)

Potentially dilutive shares excluded, weighted average	15,086		12,300		14,369		11,863

Potentially dilutive shares have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share when their effect is antidilutive. These antidilutive shares were primarily from stock options.

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ITEM 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This report includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of these provisions, including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items, any statement of or concerning the following: the plans and objectives of management for future operations, proposed new products or licensing, product development, anticipated customer demand or capital expenditures, anticipated growth and trends in our business and industry, future economic and/or market conditions or performance and assumptions underlying any of the above. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of terminology such as “could,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “expects,” “believes,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including those identified in the Risk Factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as in other sections of this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. All forward-looking statements and reasons why results may differ included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements or reasons why actual results might differ.

Overview

We develop, market and sell our appliance-based platform, cloud and managed services that enable service providers of all types and sizes to innovate and transform their businesses. For our customers to successfully transform their businesses into the innovative BXPs of the future, they require actionable data for critical business functions such as network operations, customer support and marketing. However, this data is often trapped in disparate systems or departmental silos. Our platform, which includes Calix Cloud, Unlimited Subscriber and Intelligent Access, gathers, analyzes and applies machine learning to deliver real-time insights seamlessly to each key business function. Our customers utilize these insights to simplify network operations, marketing and customer support and innovate for their customers, business and municipal subscribers by delivering a growing portfolio of SmartLifeTM managed services and experiences. This enables BXPs to grow their businesses through increased subscriber acquisition, loyalty and revenue and to reduce their operating costs, while creating value for their members, investors and the communities they serve.

We market our platform and managed services to communication service providers globally through our direct sales force as well as select resellers. Our customers range from smaller, regional service providers to some of the world’s largest service providers. Customers are defined into small (less than 250,000 subscribers), medium (250,000 to 2.5 million subscribers) or large (greater than 2.5 million subscribers). We have approximately 1,600 active customers that have deployed passive optical, Active Ethernet or point-to-point Ethernet fiber access networks or our subscriber premise systems.

Our revenue and potential revenue growth will depend on our ability to develop, market and sell our platform and managed services to strategically aligned customers of all types such as wireless internet service providers, fiber overbuilders, cable multiple system operators, municipalities and electric cooperatives in the United States and internationally. Our growth is also highly dependent on the speed and willingness of customers to adopt our platform and managed services.

Revenue fluctuations result from many factors, including, but not limited to: increases or decreases in customer orders for our products and services, global economic and geopolitical events and conditions, including tariffs, trade controls, inflation, economic downturns and market, financial or other factors such as government stimulus that may delay or materially impact customer purchasing decisions, non-availability of products due to supply chain challenges, including component and labor shortages and increasing lead times as well as disruptions as a result of pandemics or natural disasters, contractual terms with customers that result in delayed revenue recognition and varying budget cycles and seasonal buying patterns of our customers. More specifically, our customers have in the past spent less in the first quarter as they are finalizing their annual budgets, and in certain regions, customers are challenged by winter weather conditions that inhibit fiber deployment in outside infrastructure. In recent years, as our revenue from our large customers decreased, we have experienced less year-end volatility due to capital budgetary spending or freezing. This, combined with an increase in recurring revenue, has resulted in smaller seasonal fluctuations, and we expect this trend to continue. Our revenue is also dependent upon our customers’ success in growing their subscribers, timing of purchases, capital expenditure plans and decisions to upgrade their networks or adopt new technologies, including adoption of our software and cloud platform solutions, as well as our ability to grow our customer base.

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Cost of revenue is strongly correlated to revenue and tends to fluctuate due to all of the above factors that may cause revenue fluctuations. Factors that have impacted our cost of revenue for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 include: changes in the mix of products delivered, customer location and regional mix, changes in the cost of our inventory, investments to support expansion of cloud and customer support offerings as well as our customer success organization, changes in product warranty, incurrence of retrofit costs, amortization of intangibles, support fees for silicon-related development work for our products, allowances for obligations to our suppliers and inventory write-downs. Factors that we expect may impact our cost of revenue in future periods include the same factors in the prior quarter and changes in trade policies. For example, in April 2025, the U.S. President signed an executive order increasing tariffs on imports from numerous countries, including China and other Asian countries where our sole-source or limited-source suppliers are located. Consequently, absent policy changes, these actions will increase our cost of revenue. We are currently evaluating the actions we may be able to take to mitigate such costs as we navigate this challenging and dynamic operating environment. In addition, we periodically ship by air versus by ocean in order to meet delivery commitments to our customers, which is more costly. Cost of revenue also includes fixed expenses related to our internal operations, which could increase our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue if our revenue declines.

Our gross profit and gross margin fluctuate based on timing of factors such as changes in customer mix and changes in the mix of products demanded and sold (and any related write-downs of existing inventory or accrual for supplier commitments) and have in the past been and may be negatively impacted by increases in mix of revenue from channel sales rather than direct sales or other unfavorable customer or product mix, shipment volumes and any related volume discounts, changes in our product and services costs, pricing decreases or discounts, new product introductions or upgrades to existing products, customer rebates and incentive programs due to competitive pressure or materials shortages, supply constraints, investments to support expansion of cloud and customer support offerings, tariffs or unfavorable changes in trade policies.

Our operating expenses fluctuate based on the following factors among others: changes in headcount and personnel costs, which comprise a significant portion of our operating expenses; variable compensation due to fluctuations in shipment volumes or level of achievement against performance targets; timing of research and development expenses, including investments in innovative solutions and new customer segments, prototype builds and outsourced development resources; investments in marketing programs; asset write-offs; investments in our business and information technology infrastructure; and fluctuations in stock-based compensation expenses due to timing of equity grants or other factors affecting vesting.

Further, as a result of factors contributing to the fluctuations described above among other factors, many of which are outside our control, our quarterly operating results fluctuate from period to period. Comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Management bases its estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial statements may be affected. Our management evaluates its estimates, assumptions and judgments on an ongoing basis.

Our critical accounting policies and estimates, which are revenue recognition and inventory valuation and supplier purchase commitments, are described under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the six months ended June 28, 2025, there have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no additional accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the six months ended June 28, 2025 as compared with the recent accounting pronouncements described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 that are significant or expected to be significant to us.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024

Revenue

The following table sets forth our revenue by customer size (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024		Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Large	$	27,836	$	11,995	$	15,841	132	%	$	49,480	$	28,100	$	21,380	76	%
Medium	39,251		24,366		14,885		61	%	64,112		52,252		11,860		23	%
Small	174,795		161,778		13,017		8	%	348,532		344,097		4,435		1	%
	$	241,882	$	198,139	$	43,743	22	%	$	462,124	$	424,449	$	37,675	9	%

Our revenue increased by $43.7 million and $37.7 million for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2024. After bottoming in the second quarter last year, we have experienced sequential quarterly revenue growth. That growth has been broad based. Specifically, during the second quarter of 2025, the large-customer segment increased $15.8 million primarily due to a North American customer that increased its capital expenditures this year relative to last year and the reclassification of a small customer to the large-customer segment after being acquired by a different large customer. The medium-customer segment increased $14.9 million primarily due to increased shipments to a European customer. The small-customer segment increased by $13.0 million as BXPs focused on adding subscribers.

For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, United States revenue was $219.0 million and $430.2 million, or 91% and 93% of our revenue, compared to $182.7 million and $392.8 million, or 92% and 93% of our revenue for the same periods in 2024. International revenue was $22.8 million and $31.9 million, or 9% and 7% of our revenue, for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, as compared to $15.4 million and $31.7 million, or 8% and 7% of our revenue, for the same periods in 2024. The increase in international revenue for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, as compared to the same periods in 2024, was mainly due to higher shipments to Europe.

No customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 and June 29, 2024.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following table sets forth our gross profit and gross margin (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Gross profit	$	136,295		$	107,603		$	28,692	27	%	$	259,003		$	230,180		$	28,823	13	%
Gross margin	56.3		%	54.3		%					56.0		%	54.2		%

Gross profit increased to $136.3 million and $259.0 million for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, from $107.6 million and $230.2 million during the corresponding periods in 2024. These increases were mainly due to the corresponding increases in revenue. Our gross margin increased by 200 and 180 basis points for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in 2024, primarily related to the continued growth in our platform, cloud and managed services being a greater percentage of our total revenue.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expenses

The following table sets forth our sales and marketing expenses (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Sales and marketing expenses	$	63,653		$	52,238		$	11,415	22	%	$	121,712		$	106,135		$	15,577	15	%
Percent of revenue	26		%	26		%					26		%	25		%

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Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $11.4 million compared with the corresponding period in 2024 primarily due to increases in stock-based compensation of $6.9 million and personnel expenses of $5.9 million, mostly related to incentive compensation. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in marketing expenses of $1.6 million.

Sales and marketing expenses for the six months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $15.6 million compared with the corresponding period in 2024 primarily due to increases in personnel expenses of $8.7 million, mostly related to incentive compensation, stock-based compensation of $8.5 million and travel expenses of $1.2 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in marketing expenses of $1.6 million.

For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue was flat. We expect our investments in sales and marketing will increase slightly in absolute dollars on a year-over-year basis, but decline as a percentage of revenue, as we continue to land new customers and expand our platform, cloud and managed services.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table sets forth our research and development expenses (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Research and development expenses	$	45,787		$	44,123		$	1,664	4	%	$	89,767		$	88,545		$	1,222	1	%
Percent of revenue	19		%	22		%					19		%	21		%
Percentage of gross profit	34		%	41		%					35		%	38		%

Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $1.7 million as compared with the corresponding period in 2024 mainly due to increases in stock-based compensation of $1.5 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.5 million and outside services of $0.3 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in personnel expenses of $0.8 million.

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $1.2 million as compared with the corresponding period in 2024 mainly due to increases in stock-based compensation of $2.1 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.9 million and prototypes and test equipment expenses of $0.9 million. These increases were partially offset by decreases in personnel expenses of $2.2 million and outside services of $0.9 million.

For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, research and development expenses as a percentage of gross profit decreased to 34% from 41% and 35% from 38%, respectively, due to the increase in revenue and gross margin. We expect our investments in research and development to remain relatively flat in absolute dollars in the short term, and decline as a percentage of revenue and gross profit, as we continue to expand the functionality and capabilities of our platform, cloud and managed services.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table sets forth our general and administrative expenses (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
General and administrative expenses	$	26,464		$	22,598		$	3,866	17	%	$	53,214		$	48,888		$	4,326	9	%
Percent of revenue	11		%	11		%					12		%	12		%

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $3.9 million as compared with the corresponding period in 2024 mainly due to increases in stock-based compensation of $1.7 million, personnel expenses of $1.2 million, mostly related to incentive compensation, and professional services expenses of $0.8 million.

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 28, 2025 increased by $4.3 million as compared with the corresponding period in 2024 mainly due to increases in personnel expenses of $2.8 million and stock-based compensation of $2.3 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in professional services expenses of $1.0 million.

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For the three and six months ended June 28, 2025, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue were flat compared to the same periods in 2024. We expect our general and administrative investments to be fairly constant in absolute dollars in the near term and decline as a percentage of revenue.

Interest and Other Expense, net

The following table sets forth our interest and other expense, net (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Interest and other expense, net	$	3,036		$	2,674		$	362	14	%	$	6,127		$	5,174		$	953	18	%
Percent of revenue	1		%	1		%					1		%	1		%

Interest and other expense, net increased by $0.4 million and $1.0 million as compared with the corresponding periods in 2024 mainly due to a larger cash and marketable securities balance.

Income Taxes

The following table sets forth our income taxes (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended										Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent		June 28, 2025			June 29, 2024			Variance in Dollars		Variance in Percent
Income taxes (benefit)	$	3,626		$	(724)		$	4,350	(601)	%	$	5,423		$	(359)		$	5,782	(1,611)	%
Effective tax rate	105.8		%	8.3		%					1,241.0		%	4.4		%

For the three and six ended June 28, 2025, our income tax expense was $3.6 million for an effective tax rate of 105.8%, which differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation for executive officers offset by the favorable impact of U.S. federal research tax credits, excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. tax impact of foreign operations. The effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 28, 2025 are higher than the corresponding periods in 2024 primarily as a result of higher pre-tax earnings with a relatively higher level of non-deductible stock-based compensation for executive officers.

Our income taxes may be subject to fluctuation during the year and in future years as new information is obtained. This may affect the assumptions used to estimate the interim income tax provision, including factors such as actual results differing from our estimates of pre-tax earnings in the various jurisdictions in which we operate, which could impact the recognition of our deferred tax assets, further benefits from stock option exercises, investments in our foreign operations, the recognition or de-recognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We fund our operations and investing activities from cash flow generated from our operations as well as the issuance of common stock under our equity incentive plans. As of June 28, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $299.0 million, which consisted of deposits held at banks and major financial institutions and highly liquid marketable securities such as U.S. government and its agency securities, corporate debt securities and commercial paper.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $56.6 million for the six months ended June 28, 2025 and consisted of a net loss of $5.0 million offset by non-cash charges of $50.5 million and cash flow increases of $11.0 million reflected in the net change in assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation of $45.4 million and depreciation and amortization of $8.6 million partially offset by deferred income taxes of $1.3 million and the net accretion of available-for-sale securities of $2.1 million.

Cash flow increases resulting from the net change in assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a decrease in accounts receivable of $16.2 million due to the linearity of shipments through the quarter and timing of customer payments, a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $13.8 million mainly due to a reduction in our inventory deposits and an increase in accounts payable of $2.3 million due to the timing of inventory receipts. This was partially offset by an increase in inventory of $7.8 million to support increased revenue, a decrease in accrued liabilities of $11.7 million relating to various factors including a decrease in incentive compensation related accruals and a decrease in deferred revenue of $1.7 million.

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Net cash provided by operating activities was $37.0 million for the six months ended June 29, 2024 and consisted of a net loss of $7.9 million offset by non-cash charges of $34.3 million and cash flow increases of $10.6 million reflected in the net change in assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation of $32.3 million and depreciation and amortization of $10.0 million partially offset by deferred income taxes of $5.3 million and the net accretion of available-for-sale securities of $2.7 million. Cash flow increases resulting from the net change in assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a decrease in accounts receivable of $44.0 million and inventory of $19.5 million, both in line with our revenue decline. These changes were partially offset by a decrease in accrued liabilities of $28.6 million relating to various factors including a decrease in our liability for components, a decrease in incentive compensation related accruals and the settlement of a legal matter; a decrease in accounts payable of $23.4 million due to decreased inventory purchases; and a decrease in deferred revenue of $7.3 million primarily due to the recognition of previously deferred revenue and a trend to move customers to monthly from annual billing arrangements.

Investing Activity

For the six months ended June 28, 2025, cash provided by investing activities of $25.9 million consisted of net maturities and sales of marketable securities of $33.9 million partially offset by capital expenditures of $8.0 million, consisting primarily of purchases of test and computer equipment.

For the six months ended June 29, 2024, cash used in investing activities of $27.0 million consisted of net purchases of marketable securities of $17.4 million and capital expenditures of $9.7 million, consisting primarily of purchases of test and computer equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities of $49.3 million for the six months ended June 28, 2025 primarily consisted repurchases of our common stock of $73.5 million partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to our equity plans of $24.2 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $11.1 million for the six months ended June 29, 2024 primarily consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to our equity plans of $14.8 million partially offset by repurchases of our common stock of $3.7 million.

Working Capital and Capital Expenditure Needs

Our material cash commitments include non-cancelable firm purchase commitments, normal recurring trade payables, compensation-related and expense accruals, operating leases and revenue-share obligations. We believe that our outsourced approach to manufacturing provides us significant flexibility in both managing inventory levels and financing our inventory. Furthermore, we have a common stock repurchase program, which had $129.4 million available as of June 28, 2025. In April 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a $100.0 million increase to this program. Our stock repurchase program does not require us to purchase a specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time.

We believe, based on our current operating plan and expected operating cash flows, that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next twelve months. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain other sources of liquidity, we will be forced to limit or terminate our stock repurchase program, limit our development activities, reduce our investment in growth initiatives and/or institute cost-cutting measures, all of which may adversely impact our business and potential growth.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our principal commitments as of June 28, 2025 consisted of contractual obligations under non-cancelable outstanding purchase obligations and operating lease obligations for office space. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of June 28, 2025 (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More Than 5 Years
Non-cancelable purchase commitments (1)	$	294,285	$	187,051	$	79,311	$	27,187	$	736
Operating lease obligations (2)	15,158		3,615		4,847		3,190		3,506
	$	309,443	$	190,666	$	84,158	$	30,377	$	4,242

(1) Represents outstanding purchase commitments to be delivered by our third-party manufacturers or other vendors. See Note 6, “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I,

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Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion regarding our outstanding purchase commitments related to our third-party manufacturers.

(2) Future minimum operating lease obligations in the table above primarily include payments for our office locations, which expire at various dates through 2033, including our new San Jose headquarters lease that will commence in August 2025. See Note 6 “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion regarding our operating leases.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

The primary objectives of our investment activity are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. By policy, we do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. As of June 28, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $299.0 million, which was held primarily in cash, money market funds and highly liquid marketable securities such as U.S. government agency securities and commercial paper. Due to the nature of these money market funds and highly liquid marketable securities, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our cash equivalents and marketable securities because of changes in interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our primary foreign currency exposures are described below.

Economic Exposure

The direct effect of foreign currency fluctuations on our sales and expenses has not been material because our sales and expenses are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, or USD. However, we are indirectly exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates to the extent of our use of foreign CMs whom we pay in USD. Increases in the local currency rates of these vendors in relation to USD could cause an increase in the price of products that we purchase. Additionally, if the USD strengthens relative to other currencies, such strengthening could have an indirect effect on our sales to the extent it raises the cost of our products to non-U.S. customers and thereby reduces demand. A weaker USD could have the opposite effect. The precise indirect effect of currency fluctuations is difficult to measure or predict because our sales are influenced by many factors in addition to the impact of such currency fluctuations.

Translation Exposure

Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in USD and, therefore, most of our revenue is not subject to foreign currency risk. We are directly exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates to the extent such changes affect our expenses related to our foreign assets and liabilities with our subsidiaries in China, India and the United Kingdom, whose functional currencies are Chinese Renminbi, or RMB, Indian Rupee, or INR, and British Pounds Sterling, or GBP.

Our operating expenses are incurred primarily in the United States and Canada (Canadian Dollar, or CAD), in China associated with our research and development operations that are maintained there, in India for our center of excellence and in the United Kingdom for our international sales and marketing activities. Our operating expenses are generally denominated in the functional currencies of our subsidiaries in which the operations are located. The percentages of our operating expenses denominated in the following currencies for the indicated periods were as follows:


	Six Months Ended
	June 28, 2025		June 29, 2024
USD	84	%	85	%
RMB	6	%	6	%
CAD	5	%	4	%
INR	4	%	3	%
GBP	1	%	2	%
	100	%	100	%

If USD had appreciated or depreciated by 10%, relative to RMB, INR, CAD and GBP, our operating expenses for the first six months of 2025 would have decreased or increased by approximately $4.2 million, or approximately 2%.

Foreign exchange rate fluctuations may also adversely impact our financial position as the assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated into USD in preparing our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The effect of foreign exchange

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rate fluctuations on our consolidated financial position for the six months ended June 28, 2025 was a net translation gain of $0.3 million. This gain is recognized as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity through “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).”

Transaction Exposure

We have certain assets and liabilities, primarily accounts receivable and accounts payable (including inter-company transactions) that are denominated in currencies other than the relevant entity’s functional currency. In certain circumstances, changes in the functional currency value of these assets and liabilities create fluctuations in our reported consolidated financial position, cash flows and results of operations. Periodically, we use derivatives to hedge against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. We do not enter into derivatives for speculative or trading purposes. We use foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate variability in gains and losses generated from the re-measurement of certain assets denominated in foreign currencies. These foreign exchange forward contracts typically have maturities of approximately one to two months. As of June 28, 2025, we had no forward contracts outstanding. Transaction gains and losses on these foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are recognized each period within “Other expense, net” in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. During the six months ended June 28, 2025, the net loss we recognized related to these foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities was approximately $0.2 million.

ITEM 4.Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on their evaluation as of June 28, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the participation of our management, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Our disclosure controls and procedures provide our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer reasonable assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will achieve their objectives. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting can or will prevent all human error. Our management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Furthermore, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are internal resource constraints, and the benefit of controls must be weighed relative to their corresponding costs. Because of the limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide complete assurance that all control issues and instances of error, if any, within our company are detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur due to human error or mistake. Additionally, controls, no matter how well designed, could be circumvented by the individual acts of specific persons within the organization. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated objectives under all potential future conditions.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please refer to Note 6 “Commitments and Contingencies – Litigation” of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

We have identified the following additional risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition and/or results of operations. The risks described below include any material changes to and supersede the description of the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2025. Investors should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, before making any investment decision. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

Summary of Material Risks Associated With Our Business

The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

Business and Operational Risks

•The imposition of new duties, tariffs, trade barriers and retaliatory countermeasures implemented by the U.S. and other governments and resulting impact on customer demand may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•If we do not successfully execute our business strategy to increase our sales to new and existing BXPs, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and long-term growth may be negatively impacted.

•We face risks associated with being materially dependent upon third-party vendors; certain factors that affect our business as a result of those dependencies have and could continue to disrupt our business and adversely impact our gross margin and results of operations.

•Cyberattacks or other security incidents that disrupt our or our third-party providers’ operations or compromise data, may expose us to liability, harm our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business.

•If we fail to properly develop, invest in, and manage AI Technologies used in our products and services, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

•If we do not successfully increase our sales through adoption of our platform, cloud and managed service offerings, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and long-term growth may be negatively impacted.

•Changing market and customer requirements may adversely affect the valuation of our inventory as well as our supplier purchase commitments.

•Business and operational risks associated with expanding our international operations could harm our business.

•We may have difficulty evolving and scaling our business and operations to meet customer and market demand, which could harm our financial results or cause us to fail to execute on our business strategies.

•Litigation and regulatory proceedings could harm our business or negatively impact our results of operations.

•We have a history of fluctuations in our gross margin and operating results, which can make it difficult to predict our future performance and could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

•We are exposed to customer credit risks that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

•If we lose any of our key personnel, or are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, our ability to manage our business and continue our growth would be negatively impacted.

•If we experience disruptions with our enterprise resource planning system, we may not be able to effectively transact business or produce financial statements, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Products

•Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected hardware or software defects or software bugs, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

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•If we are unable to ensure that our products interoperate properly and as required within our customers’ networks, our business will be harmed.

•Our estimates regarding warranty or product obligations are highly subjective. If our estimates change, the liability for warranty or product obligations may be increased, impacting future cost of revenue.

•Our business and operations depend on proprietary technologies, and our financial performance may suffer if we cannot protect and enforce our IP rights.

•If we are unable to obtain third-party technology licenses needed for our products and platform solutions, our business and operations will be impaired, and our operating results could be adversely affected.

•Our use of open-source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.

Macroeconomic and Industry Risks

•Our business depends upon the capital spending patterns and decisions of BXPs, and any decrease or delay in capital spending by BXPs due to the timing and availability of capital and other causes would reduce our revenue and harm our business.

•Government-sponsored programs and U.S. federal government shutdowns could impact the timing and buying patterns of BXPs, which may cause fluctuations in our operating results.

•Adverse global economic, market and industry conditions, geopolitical issues and other conditions that impact our increasingly global operations could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and liquidity.

•We face intense competition that could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results.

•Historically, our customer base has been concentrated, and the loss of any of our key customers may adversely impact our revenue and results of operations, and any delays in payment by a key customer could negatively impact our cash flows and working capital.

•Our industry is characterized by rapid technological advancements, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements that meet changing BXP requirements, we could experience lower sales.

•Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales are difficult to predict and may vary substantially, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

Government and Regulatory Risks

•Actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable data privacy and security laws, regulations and standards could impact our business, operations, and expose us to increased liability.

•If we fail to comply with evolving industry standards, sales of our products would be adversely affected.

•Our failure or the failure of our manufacturers to comply with environmental and other legal regulations could adversely impact our results of operations.

•We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in additional international markets.

•Regulatory and physical impacts of climate change and other natural events may affect our customers and our manufacturers, resulting in adverse effects on our operating results.

•Our customers are subject to government regulation, and changes in current or future laws or regulations that negatively impact our customers could harm our business.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Other Risks

•Our stock price may continue to be volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.

•Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of our management and Board of Directors.

•We may need additional capital in the future to finance our business.

•We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, our stockholders’ ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

•Our failure to adequately address and resolve risks and uncertainties associated with acquisitions could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

•We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be utilized to the full value approved or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Repurchases we consummate could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and could have a negative impact on our available cash balance.

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General Risks

•As a public company, we are subject to significant accounting, legal and regulatory requirements; our failure to comply with these requirements may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

•If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our operating results and our stock price.

Business and Operational Risks

The imposition of new duties, tariffs, trade barriers and retaliatory countermeasures implemented by the U.S. and other governments and resulting impact on customer demand may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The implementation of significant changes to U.S. trade policies, sanctions, legislation, treaties and tariffs, including, but not limited to, significant new tariffs on goods imported into the U.S., have introduced uncertainty to our business and will increase the cost of our manufactured products and components sourced outside of the U.S., which will result in an increase to our cost of revenue and a reduction in our gross margin. In response, China announced additional tariffs on U.S. goods and new export control restrictions. The imposition of additional tariffs or other trade barriers by countries outside of the U.S may increase our costs in these markets, and to the extent these increased costs result in increased prices for our customers, the demand for our products may decrease as our customers seek alternative sourcing, making it more difficult for us to sell our products in some markets.

The extent and duration of increased tariffs and the resulting impact on general economic conditions and on our business are uncertain and depend on various factors, such as negotiations between the U.S. and affected countries, the responses of other countries or regions, exemptions or exclusions that may be granted, availability and cost of alternative sources of supply, and demand for our products in affected markets. Other countries where we operate or sell our products may themselves change their own policies on trade as well, which may affect future business and foreign investment in their respective countries. U.S. and foreign policy changes and uncertainty about such changes has resulted in increased market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations. To the extent dissatisfaction with U.S. government policy results in U.S.-based suppliers being disfavored over foreign-based alternatives, it may diminish demand for our products with such customers and cause them to find alternative sourcing or otherwise make it more difficult for us to sell more products to these customers.

As a result of these dynamics, we may find it difficult to predict the impact to our business of these and future changes to the trading relationships between the U.S. or other countries or the impact on our business of new laws or regulations adopted by the U.S. or other countries.

If we do not successfully execute our business strategy to increase our sales to new and existing BXPs, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and long-term growth may be negatively impacted.

Our growth depends upon our ability to increase sales to existing and new service providers of all types and sizes, and the execution of our strategy to increase sales to BXPs involves significant risk. The majority of our revenue is not recurring, and our customers generally have no committed purchase requirements, may cancel orders or cease purchasing our products at any time. If our customers stop purchasing our products for any reason, our business and results of operations would be harmed. If we are unable to increase our sales to new and existing BXPs, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and long-term growth may be negatively impacted. Our strategy includes investing in regional sales teams and select channel partners to sell to smaller regional broadband service providers. A large portion of our current sales are to customers with smaller regional networks and limited capital expenditure budgets. The spending patterns of many of these customers are generally less formal than larger service providers and often characterized by small and sporadic purchases, and the potential revenue from any one of these customers is limited. We rely primarily on channel partners, including value added resellers, internationally and for certain U.S. markets. We face fierce competition for business with key channel partners. If we are unable to engage channel partners, we may fail to grow our sales, or our sales may be reduced. Furthermore, we rely on our channel partners to promote and sell our products. The loss of a key channel partner or the failure of our partners to provide adequate services could have a negative effect on customer satisfaction and could cause harm to our business.

Our selling efforts to larger broadband service providers require substantial investments of technical, marketing and sales resources through lengthy equipment qualification and sales cycles without any assurance of generating sales. We may be required to invest in costly upgrades to meet more stringent performance criteria and interoperability requirements, develop new customer-specific features or adapt our products to meet required standards. We have invested and expect to continue to invest considerable time, effort and expenditures, including investment in product research and development, related to these opportunities without any assurance that our efforts will result in revenue.

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The quality of our support and services offerings is important to sustain and increase our sales to new and existing customers. Our services to customers include services to help them deploy our products within their networks. Once our products are deployed within our customers’ networks, they depend on our customer success, customer support and research and development organizations to resolve any issues relating to those products. If we do not effectively assist our customers in deploying our products, succeed in helping them quickly resolve post-deployment issues, effectively utilize features or enhancements or provide effective support, it could adversely affect our ability to sell our products to existing customers and harm our reputation with potential new customers. As a result, our failure to maintain high quality support and services could result in the loss of customers, which would harm our business.

We face risks associated with being materially dependent upon third-party vendors; certain factors that affect our business as a result of those dependencies have and could continue to disrupt our business and adversely impact our gross margin and results of operations.

We materially depend upon third-party vendors for our complex global supply-chain operations, including for services to develop, design and source components and materials as well as manufacture, transport and deliver our products. If any of these vendors stop providing their services, for any reason, we would have to obtain similar services from other sources, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. We also have limited control over disruptions that may occur at the facilities of those providers, such as supply interruptions, labor shortages, strikes, shipping backlogs at ports and similar disruptions to transportation infrastructure, design and manufacturing failures, quality control issues, systems failures or facility closures arising from pandemics, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or acts of war. In addition, switching development firms or manufacturers could delay the manufacture and availability of products and/or require us to re-qualify our products with our customers, which would be costly and time-consuming. Any interruption in the development, supply or distribution of our products would adversely affect our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers and could result in lost revenue or higher costs, which would negatively impact our gross margin and operating results and harm our business.

Particular risks associated with management of our global supply chain operations include the following:

•Manufacturing constraints, shortages and other disruptions. We do not have internal manufacturing capabilities and we rely solely on a small number of contract manufacturers, or CMs, and original design manufacturers, or ODMs, to manufacture and supply our products. Our business operations and ability to supply our products are highly dependent upon our ability to secure adequate third-party manufacturing capabilities and capacity and to effectively manage those third parties to meet our business needs. Our dependence solely on third-party manufacturers makes us vulnerable to possible supply and capacity constraints and reduces our control over manufacturing disruptions due to component availability, extended lead times, delivery schedules, quality, manufacturing yields and increased costs. Some of these risks occur from time to time in our business. If these disruptions and constraints are prolonged, or if these manufacturers do not have the ability or business continuity plans to fulfill their obligations to us, our business could be disrupted. If we cannot effectively manage our vendors or if we fail to invest adequate resources to manage our supply chain operations, our ability to meet customer orders and generate revenue may be negatively impacted. A substantial portion of our manufacturing is done at facilities outside of the U.S., largely in Asia, which presents increased supply risk, including the risk of supply interruptions, delays, shortages or reductions in manufacturing quality or controls. In addition, these supply interruptions, delays and shortages could impair our ability to meet our customer requirements, require us to pay higher prices or incur expedite fees, which would harm our business and negatively impact our gross margin and results of operations. Our international manufacturing also creates risks and uncertainties associated with regulatory changes or government actions such as local business requirements, trade restrictions and tariffs, economic sanctions or related legislation, which may complicate our export and import activities, be disruptive to the operations of our manufacturers and logistics partners or result in higher product and shipping costs and variability of supply. Manufacturing in Asia further heightens our risk of meeting customer delivery requirements as we rely upon third-party logistics companies to transport and import significant volumes of products to the U.S. where we generate a substantial majority of our revenue. These supply chain risks are further increased by periodic shipping backlogs at ports and similar disruptions to transportation infrastructure.

•Limited sources and sole-sourced supply. We are dependent upon sole-source or limited-source suppliers for some key product components such as chipsets and certain of our application-specific integrated circuit processors and resistor components, including certain components sourced solely through suppliers located in China and other Asian countries. Any of these suppliers could stop producing our components, raise the prices they charge us, be subject to higher product tariffs, epidemics or other conditions that disrupt their operations, cease operations or enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, consequently affecting our operations and results. For example, we have experienced disruptions in our supply of certain components that we source from suppliers in China and other Asian countries due to production disruptions, factory closures and longer lead times for components and from uncertainty around trade and tariff policies between the U.S. and these countries, which has caused delays in our product supply. Being dependent upon a limited number of suppliers constrains our ability to mitigate these disruptions in our supply

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chain, particularly if such disruptions are prolonged. This may adversely affect our ability to obtain components and materials needed to manufacture our products at acceptable prices or at all. These risks would adversely affect our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers, increase costs and in turn harm our business and results of operations.

•Limitations on ability to manage third-party risks. Our business with certain third-party manufacturers may represent a relatively small percentage of their revenue. Consequently, our orders may not be given adequate priority if such manufacturers have to allocate limited capacity among competing customers. This could delay supplies of product to us or limit our ability to ramp product volumes within desired timeframes. If any of our manufacturing partners are unable or unwilling to continue manufacturing our products in required volumes and at high quality levels, we would have to identify, qualify and select acceptable alternative manufacturers. The time it takes to qualify new third-party manufacturers could disrupt our ability to maintain continuous supply of product to meet customer requirements. An alternative manufacturer may not be available to us when needed or may not be in a position to satisfy our production requirements at commercially reasonable prices and quality. In addition, we and/or our manufacturers may not be able to negotiate commercially reasonable terms and sufficient quantities of component supplies with component and materials suppliers to meet our manufacturing needs because our purchase volumes may be too low for us to be considered a priority customer for securing supplies, particularly when there are shortages or limited availability of key components and materials. As a result, suppliers could stop selling to us and our manufacturers at commercially reasonable prices, or at all. While we have worked to mitigate the cost impact from historical price increases, our efforts may not be successful with respect to increases arising from product tariffs recently announced by the U.S. Any such interruption or delay may force us and our manufacturers to seek components or materials from alternative sources, which may not be available, or result in higher prices. Switching suppliers could also force us to redesign our products to accommodate new components and could require us to re-qualify our products with our customers, which would be costly and time consuming. A significant interruption in manufacturing or supply availability for any of these reasons would reduce supply to our customers, which would result in lost revenue and harm our customer relationships.

•Ability to forecast and manage inventory liability with vendors. We have experienced increases in demand from many customers, in part as a result of higher consumer demand for better internet services and improved Wi-Fi. If we underestimate product demand from our customers, our manufacturers may have inadequate component inventory to meet our demand. If we are not able to adequately anticipate demand, this could interrupt our product manufacturing, increase our cost of revenue associated with expedite fees and air freight and/or result in delays or cancellation of customer orders. If we are unable to deliver products timely to our customers, we may lose customer goodwill or our customers may choose to purchase from other vendors, all of which may have a material negative impact on our revenue and operating results. If we overestimate our product demand, our third-party manufacturers may purchase excess components and build excess inventory, and we could be required to pay for these excess parts or products and their storage costs. Long lead times for component supply, which may be exacerbated by higher demand for certain components, and demand for our products has and is expected to continue to impact our ability to accurately forecast our production requirements. We may incur liabilities for certain component inventory purchases that have been rendered excess or obsolete, which may have an adverse effect on our gross margin, financial condition and results of operations.

Cyberattacks or other security incidents that disrupt our or our third-party providers’ operations or compromise data, may expose us to liability, harm our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business.

We rely on our own and third-party hardware, software, technology infrastructure, data centers, digital networks and online sites and services for both internal and customer-facing operations that are critical to our business, or collectively, IT Systems. In addition, as part of our business operations, we collect, store, process, use and/or disclose information, including sensitive data relating to our business, our business partners and our customers, and personal information about individuals such as our employees and our customers’ subscribers, or collectively, Confidential Information. We process Confidential Information to operate our business, including in connection with the provision of our cloud services and by relying on our and our providers’ IT Systems. We also engage third-party providers to support various internal functions, such as human resources, finance, information technology and electronic communications, as well as the development and delivery of our customer-facing products and cloud services, which includes collecting, handling, processing and/or storage of data on our behalf. These internal and external functions involve an array of software and systems, including cloud-based, that enable us to conduct, monitor and/or protect our business, operations, systems and information technology assets. Our cloud-based solutions enable us to host our customers’ subscriber data in third-party data centers.

We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information, including from diverse threat actors such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware),

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malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error and, as a result of malicious code embedded in open-source software, bugs, misconfigurations or exploited vulnerabilities in software or hardware that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT Systems, products or services. Threat actors could steal Confidential Information related to our business, products, employees, customers and our customers’ subscribers; hold data ransom; and/or disrupt our systems and services or those of our supply chain partners, vendors, customers or others. We expect cybersecurity attacks and security breaches to accelerate in the future, including sophisticated supply chain attacks. As we and our third-party providers continue to increase our reliance on virtual environments and communications systems and cloud-based solutions to support our work-from-anywhere culture and overall business needs, our exposures to third-party vulnerabilities and security risks also increase. Because threat actors are increasingly sophisticated and aggressive, our efforts may be inadequate to prevent, detect or recover from future attacks due, for example, to the increased use by attackers of tools and techniques (including artificial intelligence) that are specifically designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period.

We and certain of our third-party providers have been subject to cyberattacks and other security incidents, and we expect such attacks and incidents to continue in varying degrees. There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. Accordingly, while to date no cybersecurity incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future. A cyberattack or incident that affects the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our IT Systems or Confidential Information could result in legal claims or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, negative reputational impacts that cause us to lose existing or future customers, and/or significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs. Even if we and our third-party providers allocate, implement and manage reasonable security and data protection measures, we could still experience significant data loss, unauthorized data disclosure or a breach of our IT Systems, products or those of our third-party providers (for example, data centers) that materially impact our business. The continued growth of our cloud-based platform and managed services portfolio and increased reliance on third-party development partners and third-party software and cloud-based solutions increases the likely risks arising from security breaches or data loss. Any data loss or compromise of our systems that collect and process personal information (including personal information of our customers’ subscribers), or third-party data centers where that personal information is stored, could result in loss of confidence in the security of our offerings and loss of customers or customer goodwill. Further, security incidents could subject us to obligations under privacy and data security laws and regulations around the world (including to notify governmental authorities, regulatory bodies and/or affected individuals), lead to liability given the increasing development of such strict laws and regulations, increase the risk of litigation and governmental or regulatory investigation, require us to notify our customers or other counterparties in relation to such incidents, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Although we maintain insurance that may apply to cybersecurity risks and liabilities, there can be no guarantee that any or all costs or losses incurred will be partially or fully insured or that we will be able to procure applicable insurance in the future on reasonable terms or at all.

If we fail to properly develop, invest in, and manage AI Technologies used in our products and services, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We use artificial intelligence, or AI, machine learning, and automated decision-making technologies, including proprietary AI and machine learning algorithms and models (collectively, AI Technologies) throughout our business, and are making significant investments in this area. For example, with the implementation of our platform-based agentic AI, we will aim to provide both our customer success team and BXP customers with advanced automated tools to augment their operations, accelerate transformation initiatives, and expand their impact independent of traditional resource constraints.

We expect that increased investment will be required in the future to continuously improve our use of AI Technologies. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining and deploying these technologies and there can be no assurance that the usage of or our investments in such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.

In particular, if the models underlying our AI Technologies are: incorrectly designed or implemented; trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data, or on data to which we do not have sufficient rights or in relation to which we and/or the providers of such data have not implemented sufficient legal compliance measures; used without sufficient oversight and governance to ensure their responsible use; and/or adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cybersecurity threats or material performance issues, the performance of our products, services and business, as well as our reputation and the reputations of our customers, could suffer or we could incur liability resulting from the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or civil claims.

With respect to our products or services that incorporate AI Technology, including agentic AI, the market for such products and services is rapidly evolving and unproven in many industries, including our own, and important assumptions about the

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characteristics of targeted markets, pricing, sales cycles, cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our services or products may be inaccurate. We cannot be sure that the market will continue to grow or that it will grow in ways we anticipate. In addition, market acceptance and consumer perceptions of products and services that incorporate AI Technology is uncertain.

If we do not successfully increase our sales through adoption of our platform, cloud and managed service offerings, our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and long-term growth may be negatively impacted.

We have platform, cloud and managed service offerings that are early in their product life cycles and subject to uncertain market demand. If our customers are unwilling to adopt these new offerings, install our new products or deploy our new services, or if we are unable to achieve market acceptance of our products and platform, our business and financial results may be harmed. Moreover, adoption of our platform, cloud and managed service offerings is dependent upon the success of our customers in investing, marketing, selling and deploying broader services to their subscribers, and our ability to differentiate our products from competing or substitutive product and service offerings. For example, our SmartLifeTM managed services include managed Wi-Fi, network security, parental controls and an ecosystem of services from partners, including Arlo and Bark. However, if subscriber demand for such services does not grow as expected or declines, or our customers are unable or unwilling to invest in our platform to deploy and market these services, demand for our products may not grow at rates as we anticipate.

Changing market and customer requirements may adversely affect the valuation of our inventory as well as our supplier purchase commitments.

Customer demand for our products can change rapidly in response to market and technology developments. We may, from time to time, adjust inventory valuations downward or end of life certain of our products in response to our assessment of our business strategy as well as consideration of demand from our customers for specific products or product lines. We also periodically evaluate our supplier purchase commitments, which increased significantly due to extended lead-times during the global pandemic. While our purchase commitments have normalized, the effect of those purchase decisions are still impacting our balance sheet through component inventory and inventory deposits with suppliers. We record a liability for excess and obsolete components based on our estimated future demand for our products, potential obsolescence of technology and product life cycles. If we fail to accurately plan our inventory levels, which becomes more challenging as component lead times increase, we may have to increase write offs for excess or obsolete inventory, or accrue additional liabilities for component inventory held by our suppliers, both of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Business and operational risks associated with expanding our international operations could harm our business.

We are subject to business and operational risks associated with our international operations, including our global supply-chain operations, and our international offices located in Nanjing, China and Bangalore, India as well as dependence upon our international sales operations. In addition, we are exposed to risk arising from our dependence upon third-party development contractors in India. The risks associated with our international operations also include costs of complying with differing and changing laws and regulatory requirements, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties and other trade restrictions; effects of inflation, currency controls and/or fluctuations in currency exchange rates; limited, inadequate or non-existent intellectual property, or IP, protection; and uncertainties associated with political conflicts and instabilities, variable economic conditions, terrorist attacks or acts of war. Our development operations and activities in China and India involve these and other significant risks, including: local labor conditions and regulations; knowledge transfer related to our technology and exposure to misappropriation of IP or Confidential Information, including information that is proprietary to us, our customers and third parties; heightened exposure to changes in the economic, security, political and pandemic conditions; international trade agreements and U.S. tax provisions that could adversely affect our international operations; complexities of managing development timelines and deliverables from abroad; and differences in local business practices and customs that may not align with our expectations and standards.

Along with the foregoing risks, our international sales operations involve risks associated with greater costs and complexity localizing and supporting our products and platform in local markets; evolving privacy regulations, trade regulations, compliance requirements and incremental costs applicable to the qualification, production, sale and delivery of our products; longer collection periods, financial instability and other difficulties impacting collection of accounts receivable in certain jurisdictions; more intense competition including from local equipment suppliers; and our reliance on value added resellers to sell and support our products in international markets given our limited presence and infrastructure outside the U.S. To expand our international operations, we will need to invest resources to attract key talent, build operational infrastructure, execute on our international strategy and drive international market demand for our products. If we invest substantial resources to expand our international operations and are unable to do so successfully or in a timely manner, our financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

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We may have difficulty evolving and scaling our business and operations to meet customer and market demand, which could harm our financial results or cause us to fail to execute on our business strategies.

In order to grow our business, we will need to continually evolve and scale our business and operations to meet customer and market demand. Evolving and scaling our business and operations places increased demands on our management as well as our financial and operational resources to effectively manage organizational change; design scalable processes; accelerate and/or refocus research and development activities; expand our manufacturing, supply chain and distribution capacity; increase our sales and marketing efforts; broaden our customer success, support and services capabilities; maintain or increase operational efficiencies; scale support operations in a cost-effective manner; implement appropriate operational and financial systems; and maintain effective financial disclosure controls and procedures. If we cannot evolve and scale our business and operations effectively, we may not be able to execute our business strategies in a cost-effective manner and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Litigation and regulatory proceedings could harm our business or negatively impact our results of operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to legal claims, litigation and regulatory proceedings related to disputes over commercial, competition, IP, labor and employment and other matters. Regardless of the merits of any such claims, litigation and regulatory proceedings are inherently uncertain, and can be costly, disruptive to our business and operations, harmful to our reputation and distracting to management. In particular, as a technology company, we are subject to IP claims asserting patent, copyright, trademark and/or other infringement claims that are costly to defend and could limit our ability to use some technologies in the future. The risk of such claims is heightened as we expand our products and services and rely on more technologies, including third-party IP rights that we license and incorporate into our products and services. Third parties from whom we license IP may be unable or unwilling to indemnify us for such claims or offer any other remedy to us. Patent infringement claims may be asserted by patent assertion entities and non-practicing entities, or NPEs, that do not conduct business as an operating company and hold and own patents only for the purpose of aggressively pursuing royalties through infringement assertions or patent infringement litigation. Further, in our industry, the number of assertions by NPEs has continued to increase due in part to patent sales by operating companies to NPEs and availability of litigation financing. We have received and expect to continue to receive assertions from NPEs and other third parties alleging that we may be infringing their patents or other IP rights; offering licenses to such IP; and/or threatening litigation. If our products are found to infringe, these claims could also result in the suspension of our ability to import, market and sell our products and services, product shipment delays or requirements to modify our products or enter into costly settlements or licensing agreements. Such royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. Furthermore, we may additionally be financially responsible for claims made against our customers, including costs of litigation and damages awarded, under indemnity obligations which could further negatively impact our results of operations. Protracted litigation could cause us to incur significant defense costs, which would negatively impact our results of operations.

We have a history of fluctuations in our gross margin and operating results, which can make it difficult to predict our future performance and could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

We have a history of fluctuations in our quarterly and annual gross margin and operating results, including fluctuations due to factors outside of our control. Factors that impact variability of our operating results include our ability to predict our revenue and reduce and control our costs, our ability to predict product functions and features desired by our customers, the impact of global economic and geopolitical events and conditions, including tariffs, trade controls, inflation, market instability and economic downturns, our ability to effectively manage our global supply chain operations, our ability to effectively manage third parties upon whom we depend to conduct our business, our customers’ spending patterns and purchasing decisions, the impact of competition, customer adoption of our products, our ability to manage our legal, contractual and regulatory obligations and liabilities and other risk factors identified in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in this “Risk Factors” section. Our gross margin is further impacted by customer, geographic and product mix, the impact of competition on our prices, our ability to manage our costs associated with components and materials, excess and obsolescence, expedite fees and logistics-related activities, contractual commitments and other product costs. Fluctuating results make it difficult to predict our future performance and could cause the market price of our stock to decline. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and cash outlays as we seek to expand our business and operations and target new customer opportunities. Given our growth objectives and the intense competitive pressures we face, our operating expenses may increase at unexpected levels, and we may be unable to maintain positive operating income. Comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide to the market, the market price of our stock would likely decline.

We are exposed to customer credit risks that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We generally extend credit terms for sales to our customers which exposes us to credit risk. If we are unable to collect our accounts receivable balances as anticipated, our operating results and financial condition will be harmed. A number of factors

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contribute to this risk, including our ability to adequately assess a customer’s creditworthiness and financial condition, changes in a customer’s financial condition and/or liquidity, our ability to timely collect our accounts receivable from customers, disagreements with customers on invoiced balances and economic downturns or other unanticipated events impacting a customer’s ability to pay. Furthermore, some of our international customers operate in countries with developing economies, volatile financial markets or currency regulations that impact their ability to make payments in U.S. dollars. While we take measures to pursue collections on our accounts receivable, we have from time to time written down accounts receivable and written off doubtful accounts and may need to do so in future periods. The determination of allowances for doubtful accounts involves significant judgment, and if we underestimate our allowance for doubtful accounts, we will have to make further write-downs. Such write-downs or write-offs could negatively affect our operating results for the period in which they occur and could harm our cash flow or our financial condition.

If we lose any of our key personnel, or are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, our ability to manage our business and continue our growth would be negatively impacted.

Our success depends, in large part, on the continued contributions of our key personnel who are highly skilled and would be difficult to replace. Competition for skilled personnel, particularly in software and cloud development and engineering, is intense. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, or that newly hired personnel will function effectively, both individually and as a group. If we are unable to effectively recruit, hire and utilize new employees to align with our company objectives, execution of our business strategy and our ability to react to changing market conditions may be impeded, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. We operate using a “work-from-anywhere” model, and if we do not continue to effectively manage our distributed workforce, we could face challenges maintaining our corporate culture, which could increase attrition or limit our ability to attract personnel. None of our key personnel are bound by a written employment contract to remain with us for a specified period. In addition, we do not currently maintain key person life insurance covering our key personnel. If we lose the services of any key personnel, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

If we experience disruptions with our enterprise resource planning system, we may not be able to effectively transact business or produce financial statements, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

We operate our Oracle enterprise resource planning, or ERP, system on Oracle’s cloud platform and our software billing application on Salesforce.com. With these implementations, we are highly dependent upon Oracle and Saleforce.com to host, manage and maintain our ERP system and supporting applications. Any disruptions to their business or processes, or delays in their ability to provide services to us, may in turn disrupt our business operations or increase costs. Furthermore, we receive quarterly system updates and enhancements on the cloud platform according to Oracle’s release timeline and change management processes, which if not managed properly may disrupt our business operations and delay our ability to process transactions and produce reports necessary to conduct our business. We are highly dependent upon our ERP system for critical business functions, including order processing and management, supply chain and procurement operations, financial planning, accounting and reporting; accordingly, protracted disruption in functionality or processing capabilities of the ERP system could materially impair our ability to process transactions timely or produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis. If our systems suffer prolonged interruption, our results of operations and cash flows would be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Products

Our products are highly technical and may contain undetected hardware or software defects or software bugs, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Our products, including our platform (cloud, software and systems) and SmartLifeTM managed services, are highly technical and, when deployed, are critical to the operation of many networks. Our products have contained and are subject to defects, bugs or security vulnerabilities, which risks may be exacerbated as we continue to expand our cloud and software portfolio and include services from third-party partners. Some defects in our products may only be discovered after a product has been installed and used by customers and may in some cases only be detected under certain circumstances or after extended use. Any errors, bugs, defects or security vulnerabilities discovered in our products after commercial release could result in loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, loss of customers and increased service and warranty and retrofit costs, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we are subject to claims for security and data breach, product liability, tort or breach of warranty. Our contracts with customers contain provisions relating to warranty disclaimers and liability limitations, which may not be upheld. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage proves inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

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If we are unable to ensure that our products interoperate properly and as required within our customers’ networks, our business will be harmed.

Our products must interoperate with our customers’ existing and planned networks, which often have varied and complex specifications, utilize multiple protocol standards, include software applications and customizations and products from multiple vendors and contain multiple generations of products that have been added over time. As a result, we must continually ensure that our products interoperate properly with these existing and planned networks. To meet these requirements, we must undertake development efforts, including test protocols, which require substantial capital investment and employee resources. We may not accomplish these development goals quickly or cost-effectively, if at all. If we fail to maintain interoperability, we may face substantially reduced demand for our products, which would reduce our revenue opportunities and market share. We rely upon interoperability arrangements with equipment and software vendors for the use or integration of their technology with our products. If these relationships fail, we may have to devote substantially more resources to developing alternative products and processes and our efforts may not be as effective as the combined solutions under our current arrangements. In some cases, these other vendors are either direct competitors or companies that have extensive relationships with our existing and potential customers and influence the purchasing decisions of those customers. Some of our competitors have stronger relationships with some of our interoperability partners, and as a result, our ability to have successful interoperability arrangements with these companies may be harmed, which in turn may harm our ability to successfully sell and market our products.

Our estimates regarding warranty or product obligations are highly subjective. If our estimates change, the liability for warranty or product obligations may be increased, impacting future cost of revenue.

Our products are highly complex, and our product testing may not be adequate to detect all defects, errors, failures and quality issues. Accordingly, our estimates regarding future warranty or product obligations are highly subjective, and if our estimates change, the liability for warranty or product obligations may be increased, impacting future cost of revenue. Quality or performance problems for products covered under warranty could adversely impact our reputation and negatively affect our operating results and financial position. The development and production of new products with high complexity often involves problems with software, components and manufacturing methods. Any significant warranty or other product obligations due to reliability or quality issues arising from defects in software, faulty components or improper manufacturing methods could negatively impact our operating results and financial position due to costs associated with fixing software or hardware defects; high service and warranty expenses; high inventory obsolescence expense; delays in collecting accounts receivable; payment of liquidated damages for performance failures; and loss of customer goodwill and future sales.

Our business and operations depend on proprietary technologies, and our financial performance may suffer if we cannot protect and enforce our IP rights.

Our success and ability to compete depend on proprietary technology. We rely significantly upon patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and other IP laws, IP registration rights and agreements with our employees, customers, partners, suppliers and other parties, to establish and maintain IP rights necessary for our business and operations. U.S. IP laws afford us only limited protection, and the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or at all. Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, and our issued patents may not be enforceable. Our IP rights could be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented, any of which could impair or harm our business and operations and be costly to defend. Our failure to adequately protect our IP rights could result in our competitors offering similar products, resulting in the loss of our competitive advantage and decreased sales.

We and our third-party providers may be unable to adequately prevent unauthorized third-party copying or use of our IP. For example, contractual provisions protecting our IP are subject to breach, and our IP is subject to reverse engineering and unlawful distribution. It may become more difficult to adequately protect our IP as we expand our reliance on third parties for the design, development and/or manufacture of our products. In addition, we may become subject to increased risks arising from or related to security breaches, data loss or theft of our data or our IP, and have greater difficulty protecting our IP as our work-from-anywhere workforce and work product become more distributed. Policing the unauthorized use and distribution of our IP is difficult and costly. Litigation, which could result in substantial costs, diversion of resources and harm to our business, may be necessary to enforce our IP rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights.

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If we are unable to obtain third-party technology licenses needed for our products and platform solutions, our business and operations will be impaired, and our operating results could be adversely affected.

We increasingly rely on technology licensed from third parties for our products and platform solutions. We may not be able to secure or maintain necessary technology licenses from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Third parties may also choose to not renew licenses with us, demand unreasonable license fees or cease to offer technologies that we require. The inability to obtain necessary third-party licenses or to secure reasonable license terms at a cost acceptable to us could harm the competitiveness of our products and solutions, result in lost revenue and adversely affect our operating results. For example, we may be forced to forego product features or platform offerings, including features and offerings we believe are critical to our strategy, accept substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards or incur higher costs, or the time-to-market of our products or product features could be delayed. Furthermore, our ability to utilize third-party technology may be disrupted by disputes over IP rights, including claims of IP infringement, which could prevent us from offering or selling the products that utilize the disputed technology and adversely affect our operating results.

Our use of open-source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.

We incorporate open-source software into our products. The terms of many open-source software licenses have not been interpreted by the courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to sell our products. In such event, we could be required to make our proprietary software generally available to third parties, including competitors, at no cost, to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products, to re-engineer our products or to discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or at all, any of which could adversely affect our revenue and operating expenses.

Macroeconomic and Industry Risks

Our business depends upon the capital spending patterns and decisions of BXPs, and any decrease or delay in capital spending by BXPs due to the timing and availability of capital and other causes would reduce our revenue and harm our business.

Demand for our products depends on the magnitude and timing of capital spending by BXPs as they construct, expand, upgrade and maintain their access networks as well as BXPs’ adoption of our platform and managed services. Capital spending is cyclical in our industry, sporadic among individual BXPs and can change on short notice, which gives us little visibility into changes in spending behavior in any particular quarter. Capital spending for network infrastructure projects could be delayed or canceled in response to factors outside our control, such as reduced consumer spending, challenging capital markets or declining liquidity trends. BXP spending is also affected by reductions in budgets, including as a result of a general economic downturn, delays in purchasing cycles, access to or timing of government funding programs or capital markets, and seasonality and delays in capital allocation decisions. Historically, our customers may spend less or have less deployments in the first quarter due to pending annual budgets or, in certain regions, due to weather conditions that inhibit outside fiber deployment, resulting in weaker demand for our products in the first quarter. Softness in demand in any of our customer markets, including due to macroeconomic conditions beyond our control or uncertainties associated with regulatory reforms, has and could in the future lead to unexpected decline or slowdown in customer capital expenditures. Further, BXPs may pursue capital investment in network technologies other than those offered by us or may choose not to adopt our products and platform solutions in their networks. Reductions in capital expenditures by BXPs would have a material negative impact on our revenue and results of operations and slow our rate of revenue growth. As a consequence, our results for a particular period may be difficult to predict, and our prior results are not necessarily indicative of results in future periods.

Government-sponsored programs and U.S. federal government shutdowns could impact the timing and buying patterns of BXPs, which may cause fluctuations in our operating results.

We sell to broadband service providers and BXPs, including U.S.-based independent operating companies, or IOCs, which rely significantly upon interstate and intrastate access charges and federal and state subsidies in the form of grants and other funding, such as the Federal Communications Commission’s, or FCC’s, Rural Digital Opportunity Fund, the CARES Act Enhanced Alternative Connect America Cost Model, or the American Rescue Plan Act. The FCC and some states may change such payments and subsidies, which could reduce IOC revenue. Furthermore, many IOCs use or expect to use government-supported loan programs or grants, such as U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Utility Service or National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s, or NTAI, BEAD program loans and grants, to finance capital spending. These government-supported loan programs and grants generally include conditions such as deployment criteria, domestic preference provisions and other requirements that apply to the project and selected equipment as conditions for funding. For example, the U.S. government passed The Infrastructure Investment Jobs Act, which charged the NTIA with establishing the BEAD Program and ensuring that BEAD-funded infrastructure projects comply with the Buy America Domestic Content Procurement Preference, or Buy America Preference, of the Build America, Buy America Act, or BABA. In accordance with BABA, the U.S. Department of Commerce has issued a limited, general applicability, nonavailability waiver of the Buy

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America Preference to recipients of Federal financial assistance under the NTIA’s BEAD Program. Notwithstanding this waiver, certain of our products will be required to meet BABA domestic content requirements to enable certain customers to qualify for grant funding under the BEAD Program. Any failure of such products to meet BABA domestic content requirements would result in those products being ineligible for purchase and use by certain customers under the BEAD Program, and could result in lost sales, lost business opportunity, breach of warranty claims, and damage to our reputation and customer relationships.

Changes to the terms or administration of these programs, including uncertainty from government and administrative change, increasing focus on domestic requirements by the U.S. that may require re-assessment of compliance, potential funding limitations that impact our ability to meet program requirements or delays due to U.S. federal government shutdowns could reduce the ability of IOCs to access capital or secure funding under these programs to purchase our products and services and thus reduce our revenue opportunities. In addition, compliance with these requirements may significantly increase our record-keeping, accounting and production costs. As a result of these risks, the domestic content requirements may have a material adverse impact on our U.S. sales, business and results of operations. Customers may curtail purchases if they receive less funding than planned, are negatively impacted by federal government shutdowns or changes in government regulations and subsidies, or as funding winds down, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Adverse global economic, market and industry conditions, geopolitical issues and other conditions that impact our increasingly global operations could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and liquidity.

As a global company, our performance is affected by global economic, market and industry conditions as well as geopolitical issues and other conditions with global reach. In recent years, concerns about the global economic outlook, inflation and increased interest rates have adversely affected market and business conditions in general. Macroeconomic weakness and uncertainty make it more difficult for us to manage our operations and accurately forecast revenue, gross margin and operating expenses. Further, bank failures and other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties, or other third parties, or concerns or rumors about these events, have led to market-wide liquidity problems.

Geopolitical issues, such as armed conflicts, relations between the U.S. and China, tariff and trade policy changes, and increasing potential of conflict involving countries in Asia that are critical to our supply-chain operations, such as Taiwan and China, have resulted in increasing global tensions and create uncertainty for global commerce. New or increased tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy, including new sanctions, have triggered and may continue to trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries or changes in demand from customers displeased with U.S. tariff and trade policy changes. Recent U.S. executive orders have resulted in tariffs on imports from numerous countries, including China and other Asian countries where our sole-source or limited-source suppliers are located. Consequently, absent policy changes, these actions will increase our cost of revenue. To the extent dissatisfaction with U.S. government policy results in U.S.-based suppliers being disfavored over foreign-based alternatives, it may diminish demand for our products with such customers and cause them to find alternative sourcing or otherwise make it more difficult for us to sell more products to these customers. The imposition of additional tariffs or other trade barriers by countries other than the U.S., including China and other Asian countries, will increase our costs in these markets, and to the extent these increased costs result in increased prices for our customers, we expect the demand for products in these markets to decrease as some of our customers seek alternative sources, making it more difficult for us to sell our products in these markets. In addition, inflation in the U.S. has affected businesses across many industries, including ours, by increasing the costs of labor, employee healthcare, components and freight and shipping, which may further constrain our customers’ or prospective customers’ budgets. To the extent there is a sustained general economic downturn, and our platform and services are perceived by customers or potential customers as costly, or too difficult to deploy or migrate to, our revenue may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in spending. Sustained or worsening of global economic conditions and geopolitical issues may increase our cost of doing business, materially disrupt our supply chain operations, cause our customers to reduce or delay spending and intensify pricing pressures. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry. If the economic conditions of the general economy or markets in which we operate worsen from present levels, demand for our products, and our business, financial condition and results of operations, could be adversely affected.

We face intense competition that could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results.

The market for our products is highly competitive, and we expect competition from both established and new companies to increase. Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including our ability to successfully develop new products and solutions that anticipate BXP and market requirements and changes in technology and industry standards; BXP acceptance and adoption of our products and solutions; our ability to differentiate our products from our competitors’ offerings based on performance, features, cost-effectiveness or other factors; our product capabilities to meet customer network requirements and preferences; and our success in marketing and selling our products and platform solutions.

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Many of our current or potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, broader product lines, larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources than we do and are better positioned to acquire and offer complementary products and services. As the broadband access equipment market has undergone and continues to undergo consolidation, our competitors have merged, grown and been able to offer more comprehensive solutions than they individually had offered. Potential customers may also prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than a new supplier, regardless of product performance or features, because the products that we and our competitors offer require a substantial investment of time and funds to qualify and install. The demand on network capacity due to remote workforces may attract new market entrants with competitive or substitutive products, which may lead to increased sales cycles, cause pricing pressure and impact adoption of our platform due to the broader availability of product offerings. Some of our competitors may offer substantial discounts or rebates to win or retain customers. If we are forced to reduce prices to retain existing customers or win new customers, we may be unable to sustain gross margin at desired levels or obtain or sustain profitability. Competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margin, increased sales and marketing expenses and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share, any of which could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results.

Historically, our customer base has been concentrated, and the loss of any of our key customers may adversely impact our revenue and results of operations, and any delays in payment by a key customer could negatively impact our cash flows and working capital.

Although we have not had a greater-than-10%-of-revenue customer in the past four years, a large portion of our sales has been, and in the future may be, to a limited number of customers. Changes in the broadband service provider market, such as financial difficulties, spending cuts or corporate consolidations that impact purchasing decisions by these customers have and may again negatively impact our revenue, and as a result, revenue from such customers may remain flat or decline. There are no assurances that the demand for our products will remain strong from our key customers, and any decrease or delay in purchases of any of our key customers, particularly if prolonged or sustained, or our inability to grow our sales with them, may have a material negative impact on our revenue and results of operations.

In addition, some larger customers may demand discounts and rebates or desire to purchase their access systems and software from multiple providers. As a result of these factors, our future revenue opportunities may be limited, and we may face pricing pressures, which in turn could adversely impact our gross margin and our financial results. The loss of, reduction in, or pricing discounts associated with orders from any larger customer could significantly reduce our revenue and harm our business. Furthermore, delays in payment and/or extended payment terms from any of our larger customers could have a material negative impact on our cash flows and working capital to support our business operations.

Our industry is characterized by rapid technological advancements, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements that meet changing BXP requirements, we could experience lower sales.

Our industry is characterized by rapid technological change, changing needs of BXPs, evolving industry standards and frequent introductions of new products and platform offerings. We invest significant amounts to pursue innovative technologies that we believe will be adopted by BXPs. For example, we have invested and plan to continue to invest resources in our platform offerings. In addition, on an ongoing basis, we expect to reposition our product and service offerings and introduce new offerings as we encounter rapidly changing BXP requirements and increasing competitive pressures. If we cannot increase sales of our new platform and services, keep pace with rapid technological developments to meet customer needs and compete with evolving standards or if the technologies we choose to invest in fail to meet customer needs or are not adopted by customers in the timeframes that we expect, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Developing our products is complex and involves uncertainties, including pricing risks for key materials, component shortages and limited suppliers. We may experience design, manufacturing, software development quality, support, marketing and other difficulties that could delay or prevent the development, introduction or marketing of new products and enhancements. If we fail to meet our development targets, demand for our products will decline. If we are unable to anticipate and develop new products or enhancements to our existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, our products may become technologically obsolete more rapidly than anticipated over time, resulting in lower sales which would harm our business. Furthermore, the introduction of new or enhanced products also requires that we manage the transition from older products in accordance with customer requirements. If we fail to maintain compatibility requirements in our customers’ networks, demand for our products would decline, which would reduce our revenue opportunities and market share.

We use third-party development partners both for their key skills and to augment our employee developers. Using third-party development partners for our broadband platform and managed services allow us to accelerate development and leverage the third parties’ expertise, but increases our risks due to reduced direct control over the third party’s work. This product development approach may cause unforeseen issues in product design, as well as challenges arising from integration and support of third-party features in our products. In addition, our revenue based on the third parties’ product development work may take several years to cover our out-of-pocket expenses, if ever.

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Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales are difficult to predict and may vary substantially, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

The timing of our revenue is difficult to predict. Our sales efforts often involve educating broadband service providers about the use and benefits of our platform (cloud, software and systems) and managed services, and the desirability of transforming into a BXP. BXPs typically undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our platform and managed services, but also those of our competitors and results in a lengthy sales cycle. Sales cycles for larger customers are relatively longer and require considerably more time and expense. We spend substantial time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce sales. In addition, product purchases are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. The timing of revenue related to sales of products and services that have installation requirements may be difficult to predict due to interdependencies that may be beyond our control, such as new customer testing and turn-up protocols or other vendors’ products, services or installations of equipment upon which our products and services rely. Such delays may result in fluctuations in our quarterly revenue. If sales expected from a specific customer for a particular quarter are not realized in that quarter or at all, we may not achieve our revenue forecasts, and our financial results would be adversely affected.

Government and Regulatory Risks

Actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable data privacy and security laws, regulations and standards could impact our business, operations, and expose us to increased liability.

Government authorities in the U.S. and around the world have implemented and are continuing to implement broader and more stringent laws and regulations concerning data protection. The interpretation and application of these data protection laws and regulations are often uncertain and changing, and it is possible that they may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices.

For example, in the U.S., certain states have adopted privacy and security laws and regulations which govern the privacy, processing and protection of personal information. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, the CCPA) requires covered businesses that process the personal information of California residents to, among other things: (i) provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the business’s collection, use and disclosure of their personal information; (ii) receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete and correct their personal information or to opt out of certain disclosures of their personal information; and (iii) enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business’s behalf. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may also be required. Similar laws have been passed in other states, and are continuing to be proposed at the state and federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S. Most of the new or proposed laws include restrictions on processing consumer information for targeted advertising, which could negatively affect our marketing cloud products. The enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. If we are subject to or affected by the CCPA, or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.

Furthermore, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and many state Attorneys General continue to enforce federal and state consumer protection laws against companies for online collection, use, dissemination and security practices that appear to be unfair or deceptive. For example, according to the FTC, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure can constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

The General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR, adopted by the European Union, or EU, and the UK General Data Protection Regulation, or UK GDPR, adopted by the United Kingdom, or UK, (the EU GDPR and UK GDPR hereinafter referred to as the GDPR) and national data protection supplementing laws in these jurisdictions impose specific duties and requirements upon companies that are subject to their provisions and collect, process or control personal data of individuals. Although we currently do not have material operations or business in the EU or the UK, we are in the process of expanding in these jurisdictions, and we have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs in this respect. Furthermore, the GDPR imposes significant penalties for noncompliance which can amount to the greater of €20 million (for the EU GDPR) or £17.5 million (for the UK GDPR) or 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year; thus, any non-compliance with the GDPR could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The EU GDPR and UK GDPR regulate cross-border transfers of personal data out of the European Economic Area, or the EEA, and the UK. There is currently legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers, and we expect this to continue. In particular, we expect the European Commission approval of the current EU-US Data Privacy Framework for data transfers to certified entities in the U.S. to be challenged and international transfers to the U.S. and to other jurisdictions more generally to continue to be subject to enhanced scrutiny by regulators. As the regulatory guidance and enforcement landscape in relation to data transfers further develops, our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected and we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines. We may also have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes. Further, our customers may not use our services in a manner that is compliant with applicable data privacy laws and regulations and our services may not be competitive in certain markets. We and/or our customers are also subject to evolving EU and UK privacy laws on cookies, tracking technologies, e-marketing and electronic communications. Recent European court and regulator decisions are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of marketing activities conducted on behalf of our customers, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities. In addition, security regulations such as the EU’s Network and Information Security 2 Directive (NIS2) and its EU Member State transpositions, and the UK’s Telecommunications (Security) Act 2021 together with its implementing regulations impose further security obligations, including on electronic communications networks and services. We may be required to implement (and contractually commit to) additional security measures to remain a competitive vendor, as customers will need to ensure their vendors are able to meet the obligations that they are themselves subject to, or customers may choose different vendors due to our security measures. This could result in additional costs and require operational changes which could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

In light of the complex and evolving nature of EU, EU Member State and UK privacy and security laws, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with such laws; violations of such laws could result in regulatory investigations, fines, orders to cease/change our use of technologies and/or our processing activities, enforcement notices and assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), as well as lead to civil claims including class actions, and reputational damage.

Complying with new and changing laws could cause us to incur substantial costs in order to market and sell our cloud-based solutions in the U.S. and internationally, deter customers from adopting our cloud-based solutions or require us to redesign our platform in order to meet customer requirements related to such laws. Regulatory actions or claims involving our practices in the collection, storage, processing, use or disclosure of consumer information or other personal data, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation and adversely affect our operating results. The failure or perceived failure to comply may result in government or civil proceedings or actions against us, or could cause us to lose customers, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to comply with evolving industry standards, sales of our products would be adversely affected.

Our products are subject to a significant number of domestic and international standards, which evolve as new technologies are developed and deployed. As we expand into new global markets, we are likely to encounter additional standards. Our products must comply with these standards in order to be widely marketable. In some cases, we are required to obtain certifications or authorizations before our products can be introduced, marketed or sold in new markets or to new customers. For example, our ability to maintain Operations System Modification for Intelligent Network Elements certification for our products will affect our ongoing ability to continue to sell our products to large broadband service providers. In addition, our ability to expand our international operations may be limited by standards in countries or may require us to redesign our products or develop new products to meet local standards. We may not be able to design our products to comply with local requirements, which would impede or prevent our ability to grow our business in those locations. Moreover, as we expand our business and operations globally, we must increase investments to maintain compliance with evolving standards across all of our markets. The costs of complying with evolving standards or failure to obtain timely authorizations or certification could prevent us from selling our products where these standards or regulations apply, which would result in lower revenue and lost market share.

Our failure or the failure of our manufacturers to comply with environmental and other legal regulations could adversely impact our results of operations.

The manufacture, assembly and testing of our products may require the use and disposal of hazardous materials that are subject to environmental, health and safety regulations, or materials subject to laws restricting the use of conflict minerals. We substantially depend upon our third-party manufacturers to comply with these requirements. Any failure by us or our third-party manufacturers to comply with these requirements could result in regulatory penalties, legal claims or disruption of production of our products. In addition, any failure to properly manage the use, transportation, emission, discharge, storage, recycling or disposal of hazardous materials could subject us to increased costs or liabilities. Existing and future environmental regulations and other legal requirements may restrict our use of certain materials to manufacture, assemble and test products. Any of these

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consequences could adversely impact our results of operations by increasing our expenses and/or requiring us to alter our manufacturing processes.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in additional international markets.

Our products are subject to U.S. export and trade controls and restrictions. International shipments of certain of our products may require export licenses or are subject to additional export requirements. In addition, the import laws of other countries may limit our ability to distribute our products, or our customers’ ability to buy and use our products, in those countries. Changes in our products or changes in export and import regulations or duties may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, duties or related legislation, shift in approach to the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could negatively impact our ability to sell, profitably or at all, our products to existing or potential international customers.

Regulatory and physical impacts of climate change and other natural events may affect our customers and our manufacturers, resulting in adverse effects on our operating results.

As emissions of greenhouse gases continue to alter the composition of the atmosphere, affecting large-scale weather patterns and the global climate, any new regulation of greenhouse gas emissions may result in additional costs to our customers and our manufacturers. In addition, the physical impacts of climate change and other natural events, including changes in weather patterns, drought, rising ocean and temperature levels, earthquakes and tsunamis may impact our customers, suppliers and manufacturers and our operations. These potential physical effects may adversely affect our revenue, costs, production and delivery schedules, and cause harm to our results of operations and financial condition.

Our customers are subject to government regulation, and changes in current or future laws or regulations that negatively impact our customers could harm our business.

Many of our customers are subject to state and federal regulation of their businesses, and adoption of regulations that affect providers of broadband Internet access services could impede the penetration of our customers into certain markets. For example, the FCC has jurisdiction over many of our U.S. customers, and FCC regulatory policies that create disincentives for investment in access network infrastructure or impact the competitive environment in which our customers operate may harm our business. Moreover, various international regulatory bodies have jurisdiction over certain of our customers outside the U.S. Changes in any of these standards, laws and regulations, or judgments in favor of plaintiffs in lawsuits against broadband service providers based on changed standards, laws and regulations could adversely affect the development of broadband networks and services. This, in turn, could directly or indirectly adversely impact the industries in which our customers operate.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Other Risks

Our stock price may continue to be volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.

The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile, which means that it could decline substantially within a short period of time and could fluctuate widely in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include those discussed above and others such as quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors; failure to meet any guidance that we have previously provided regarding our anticipated results; changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; failure to meet securities analysts’ estimates; announcements by us or our competitors of new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships, acquisitions or capital commitments; developments with respect to IP rights; our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis; our commencement of, or involvement in, litigation and developments relating to such litigation; changes in governmental regulations; and a slowdown in the communications industry or the general economy.

The stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price and volatility of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Historically, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, there is increased risk that stockholders may initiate securities class action litigation against the company. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of our management and Board of Directors.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management or our Board of Directors. These provisions

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include: (i) a classified Board of Directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our Board of Directors; (ii) no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; (iii) the exclusive right of our Board of Directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the Board of Directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors; (iv) the ability of our Board of Directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer; (v) a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; (vi) the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer or the Board of Directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and (vii) advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board of Directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. We are also subject to certain anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which prohibits a corporation, in general, from engaging in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the Board of Directors has approved the transaction.

We may need additional capital in the future to finance our business.

While our working capital needs to support our business operations and growth have been funded from operating cash flows and through issuance of our common stock under our equity incentive plans, we may need additional capital if our current plans and assumptions change. If our financial position deteriorates, we may not be able to secure a source of financing to support our working capital needs on acceptable terms or at all. If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our then-existing stockholders will suffer dilution. If we raise debt financing, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to obtain and sustain operating income and positive cash flows from operations, our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows to support our operational needs, we may need to cease our common stock repurchase program or seek additional sources of liquidity, including borrowings, to support our working capital needs, even if we believe we have generated sufficient cash flows to support our operational needs. There is no assurance that any other sources of liquidity may be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain other sources of liquidity, we will be forced to limit our development activities, reduce our investment in growth initiatives and institute cost-cutting measures, all of which would adversely impact our business and growth.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, our stockholders’ ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay a cash dividend on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, our stockholders are not likely to receive any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

Our failure to adequately address and resolve risks and uncertainties associated with acquisitions could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may acquire businesses, products or technologies to expand our product offerings and capabilities, customer base and business. We have evaluated and expect to continue to evaluate a wide array of potential strategic transactions. Such investments may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management from current operations, unanticipated costs, and legal and regulatory challenges, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the anticipated benefit of any acquisition may never materialize or the process of integrating acquired businesses, products or technologies may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures.

We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be utilized to the full value approved or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Repurchases we consummate could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and could have a negative impact on our available cash balance.

We have a common stock repurchase program of which $129.4 million was available as of June 28, 2025. Under the repurchase program, repurchases can be made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, all in accordance with the rules of the SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The specific timing, price and size of the purchases will depend on prevailing stock prices, general economic and market conditions, and other considerations consistent with our capital allocation strategy. Stock repurchases could have an impact on our common stock trading prices, increase the volatility of the price of our common stock, or reduce our available cash balance such that we will be required to seek financing to support our operations. The repurchase program does not

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obligate us to acquire a particular amount of common stock, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at our discretion, which may result in a decrease in the trading prices of our common stock. Even if our share repurchase program is fully implemented, it may not enhance long-term stockholder value.

General Risks

As a public company, we are subject to significant accounting, legal and regulatory requirements; our failure to comply with these requirements may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to significant accounting, legal and regulatory requirements, including requirements and rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or SOX, and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank, among other rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, as well as listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE. We incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses and must invest substantial time and resources to comply with public company reporting and compliance requirements, including costs to ensure we have adequate internal controls over accounting and financial reporting, proper documentation and testing procedures among other requirements. We cannot be certain that the actions we have taken to implement internal controls over financial reporting will be sufficient. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement, particularly as we enhance, automate and improve functionality of our processes and internal applications. New laws and regulations as well as changes to existing laws and regulations affecting public companies would likely result in increased costs to us as we respond to their requirements. We continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws and regulations, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our operating results and our stock price.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our management does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company will have been detected. If we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and make it more difficult for us to finance our operations and growth.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We maintain a common stock repurchase program. Our repurchase activity for the three months ended June 28, 2025 was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Total Number of Shares Repurchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Repurchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
March 30 to April 30	1,009	$	33.24	1,009	$	129,379
May 1 to May 31	—	—		—	129,379
June 1 to June 28	—	—		—	129,379
	1,009			1,009

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

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ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. Other Information

During the three months ended June 28, 2025, no director or officer of the Company (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted, terminated or modified a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits


Exhibit Number						Description

3.1						Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Calix, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.3 to Amendment No. 7 to Calix’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2010 (File No. 333-163252) and incorporated by reference).

3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws of Calix, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.5 to Amendment No. 7 to Calix’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 23, 2010 (File No. 333-163252) and incorporated by reference).

31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Calix, Inc. Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Calix, Inc. Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Calix, Inc. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS						XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	CALIX, INC. (Registrant)

Date: July 22, 2025	By:	/s/ Michael Weening
		Michael Weening
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: July 22, 2025	By:	/s/ Cory Sindelar
		Cory Sindelar
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

CALIX, INC 10-Q