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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended January 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission file number 001-37492

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		11-2622630
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 250
San Jose, CA		95118
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(408) 708-9808

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading symbol		Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share		ANIX		NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒

No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒

No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

	Large accelerated filer ☐				Accelerated filer ☐
	Non-accelerated filer ☒		Smaller reporting company ☒		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐

No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

On March 11, 2025 the registrant had outstanding 32,196,862 shares of Common Stock, par value $.01 per share, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.		1

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) as of January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024	1

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024	2

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024	4

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.		16

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.		19

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.		19

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		20

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.		20

Item 1A. Risk Factors.		20

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.		20

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.		20

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.		20

Item 5. Other Information.		20

Item 6. Exhibits.		20

SIGNATURES		21

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	January 31, 2025			October 31, 2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,053		$	1,271
Short-term investments		16,202			18,653
Receivables		-			173
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,431			1,265
Total current assets		18,686			21,362

Operating lease right-of-use asset		220			229

Total assets	$	18,906		$	21,591

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	600		$	525
Accrued expenses		1,363			1,946
Operating lease liability		36			29
Total current liabilities		1,999			2,500

Operating lease liability, non-current		194			203
Total liabilities		2,193			2,703

Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)		-			-

Equity:
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $100 per share; 19,860 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding		-			-
Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $100 per share; 140 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding		-			-
Preferred stock, value		-			-
Common stock, par value $.01 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 32,196,862 shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024		322			322
Additional paid-in capital		261,470			260,432
Accumulated deficit		(243,934	)		(240,750	)
Treasury stock, 2,000 shares at cost		(6	)		(6	)
Total shareholders’ equity		17,852			19,998
Noncontrolling interest (Note 2)		(1,139	)		(1,110	)
Total equity		16,713			18,888

Total liabilities and equity	$	18,906		$	21,591

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	2025			2024
	For the Three Months Ended January 31,
	2025			2024

Revenue	$	-		$	-

Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $397 and $489, respectively)		1,552			1,349
General and administrative expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $658 and $771, respectively)		1,834			2,260
Total operating costs and expenses		3,386			3,609

Loss from operations		(3,386	)		(3,609	)

Interest income		173			319

Net loss		(3,213	)		(3,290	)

Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(29	)		(35	)

Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(3,184	)	$	(3,255	)

Net loss per common share attributable to common shareholders:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.10	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted		32,197			31,446

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2025 (UNAUDITED)


	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders’ Equity			Non- controlling Interest			Total Equity
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders’ Equity			Non- controlling Interest			Total Equity

Balance, October 31, 2024		32,196,862	$	322	$	260,432		$	(240,750	)	$	(6	)	$	19,998		$	(1,110	)	$	18,888
Stock option compensation to employees and directors		-		-		1,031			-			-			1,031			-			1,031
Stock options issued to consultants		-		-		24			-			-			24			-			24
Common stock issued to consultants
Common stock issued to consultants, shares
Common stock issued in an at-the-market offering, net of offering expenses
Common stock issued in an at-the-market offering, net of offering expenses, shares
Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options
Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options, shares
Expenses related to an at-the-market offering		-		-		(17	)		-			-			(17	)		-			(17	)
Net loss		-		-		-			(3,184	)		-			(3,184	)		(29	)		(3,213	)

Balance, January 31, 2025		32,196,862	$	322	$	261,470		$	(243,934	)	$	(6	)	$	17,852		$	(1,139	)	$	16,713

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2024 (UNAUDITED)

	Shares		Par Value		Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit			Shareholders’ Equity			controlling Interest			Total Equity
	Common Stock				Additional					Total			Non-
	Shares		Par Value		Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit			Shareholders’ Equity			controlling Interest			Total Equity

Balance, October 31, 2023		31,145,219	$	311	$	252,222	$	(228,196	)	$	24,337		$	(966	)	$	23,371
Balance		31,145,219	$	311	$	252,222	$	(228,196	)	$	24,337		$	(966	)	$	23,371
Stock option compensation to employees and directors		-		-		1,108		-			1,108			-			1,108
Stock options issued to consultants		-		-		56		-			56			-			56
Common stock issued to consultants		29,336		1		95		-			96			-			96
Common stock issued in an at-the-market offering, net of offering expenses of $68		555,820		6		2,190		-			2,196			-			2,196
Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options		24,000		-		67		-			67			-			67
Net loss		-		-		-		(3,255	)		(3,255	)		(35	)		(3,290	)

Balance, January 31, 2024		31,754,375	$	318	$	255,738	$	(231,451	)	$	24,605		$	(1,001	)	$	23,604
Balance		31,754,375	$	318	$	255,738	$	(231,451	)	$	24,605		$	(1,001	)	$	23,604

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

	2025			2024
	For the three months ended January 31,
	2025			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Net loss	$	(3,213	)	$	(3,290	)
Stock option compensation to employees and directors		1,031			1,108
Stock options issued to consultants		24			56
Common stock issued to consultants		-			96
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset		9			13
Amortization of discount on held-to-maturity securities		(252	)		-
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Receivables		173			(121	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(166	)		212
Accounts payable		75			158
Accrued expenses		(583	)		(528	)
Operating lease liability		(2	)		(13	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(2,904	)		(2,309	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Disbursements to acquire short-term investments		(12,997	)		(20,020	)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments		15,700			20,149
Net cash provided by investing activities		2,703			129

Cash flows from financing activities:
Net (expenses) proceeds from an at-the-market offering		(17	)		2,196
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		-			67
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(17	)		2,263

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(218	)		83
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		1,271			915
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,053		$	998

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1. BUSINESS AND FUNDING

Description of Business

As used herein, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “Anixa” means Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Anixa Biosciences, Inc. is a biotechnology company developing therapies and vaccines that are focused on critical unmet needs in oncology. Our therapeutics program consists of the development of a chimeric endocrine receptor-T cell therapy, a novel form of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (“CAR-T”) technology, initially focused on treating ovarian cancer, which is being developed at our subsidiary, Certainty Therapeutics, Inc. (“Certainty”). Our vaccine programs include (i) the development of a vaccine against breast cancer, initially focused on triple negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), the most lethal form of breast cancer, (ii) the development of a vaccine against ovarian cancer, and (iii) a vaccine discovery program utilizing the same mechanism as our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines, to develop additional cancer vaccines to address many intractable cancers, including high incidence malignancies in lung, colon and prostate.

Our subsidiary, Certainty, is developing immuno-therapy drugs against cancer. Certainty holds an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Wistar Institute (“Wistar”), the nation’s first independent biomedical research institute and a leading NCI designated cancer research center, relating to Wistar’s chimeric endocrine receptor targeted therapy technology. We have initially focused on the development of a treatment for ovarian cancer, but we also may pursue applications of the technology for the development of treatments for additional solid tumors. The license agreement requires Certainty to make certain cash and equity payments to Wistar upon achievement of specific development milestones. With respect to Certainty’s equity obligations to Wistar, Certainty issued to Wistar shares of its common stock equal to five percent (5%) of the common stock of Certainty, such equity stake subject to dilution by further funding of Certainty’s activities by the Company. Due to such Company funding, Wistar’s equity stake in Certainty was 4.3% as of January 31, 2025.

Certainty, in collaboration with the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc. (“Moffitt”), has begun human clinical testing of the CAR-T technology licensed by Certainty from Wistar aimed initially at treating ovarian cancer. After receiving authorization from the FDA, we commenced enrollment of patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial and treated the first patient in August 2022. Further, in May 2023 and August 2023, we treated the second and third patients in the trial, respectively, at the same dose level as the first patient, and the treatment was well-tolerated by the patients. In February 2024, May 2024 and June 2024, we treated the three patients, respectively, of the second dose cohort, where the patients were administered a three-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first cohort. The treatment at this dose level has also been well-tolerated by the patients. While the dose levels in the first two cohorts were expected to be sub-therapeutic, two of the six patients exhibited some anecdotal signs of efficacy. Both have shown possible signs of tumor necrosis, and one is still alive nearly 2 years past initial treatment. In the case of this patient, due to the encouraging results with her initial treatment, we sought single patient Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application permission from the FDA to re-dose her. This re-dosing was approved by the FDA, and we administered her second treatment in October 2024. This second treatment appears to have been well-tolerated by the patient. From November 2024 to February 2025, we treated three patients in the third dose cohort, where they were administered a ten-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first dose cohort. Consistent with the lower dose cohorts, the treatment appears to have been well-tolerated by the patients. As of March 11, 2025, we are preparing to enroll patients in the 4^th dose cohort, where we will be administering a 30-times higher dose than the original dose cohort.

This study is a dose-escalation trial with two arms based on route of delivery—intraperitoneal or intravenous—to determine the maximum tolerated dose in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and to assess persistence, expansion and efficacy of the modified T cells. The study is being conducted at Moffitt and will consist of up to 24 to 48 patients who have received at least two prior lines of chemotherapy. The study is estimated to be completed in two to three years depending on multiple factors including when the maximum tolerated dose is reached, the rate of patient enrollment, the significance of efficacy data and how long we maintain the two different delivery methods.

We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (“Cleveland Clinic”) relating to certain breast cancer vaccine technology developed at Cleveland Clinic. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. Utilizing this technology, we are working in collaboration with Cleveland Clinic to develop a method to vaccinate women against breast cancer, focused initially on TNBC. The focus of this vaccine is a specific protein, α-lactalbumin, that is only expressed during lactation in a healthy woman’s mammary tissue. This protein disappears when the woman is no longer lactating, but reappears in many forms of breast cancer, especially TNBC. Studies have shown that vaccinating against this protein prevents breast cancer in mice.

In October 2021, following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA”) authorization to proceed, we commenced dosing patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine. This study, which is being fully funded by a U.S. Department of Defense grant to Cleveland Clinic, is a multiple-ascending dose Phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) of the vaccine in patients with early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer as well as monitor immune response. The study is being conducted at Cleveland Clinic. During the course of the Phase 1 study, participants will receive three vaccinations, each two weeks apart, and will be closely monitored for side effects and immune response. The first segment of the study, Phase 1a, will consist of approximately 24 patients who have completed treatment for early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer within the past three years and are currently tumor-free but at high risk for recurrence. Studies show that 42% of TNBC patients will have a recurrence of their cancer, with most of the recurrences occurring in the first two to three years after standard of care treatment. In January 2023, the number of participants in each dose cohort was expanded, and as of August 2023, we had completed vaccinating all patients in these expanded cohorts. In December 2023, we presented the immunological data collected to date at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. The data presented show that in the vaccinated women who had been tested to date, various levels of antigen-specific T cell responses were observed at all dose levels. Subsequently, we began vaccinating participants in additional dose cohorts at varying dose levels of the different key components of the vaccine. Further, in November 2023, we commenced vaccination of participants in the second segment of the trial, Phase 1b, that includes participants who have never had cancer, but carry certain mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2, that indicate a greater risk of developing TNBC in the future, and have elected to have a prophylactic mastectomy. Finally, in January 2024, we commenced vaccination of participants in the third segment of the trial, Phase 1c, that includes post-operative TNBC patients that have residual disease following treatment and are currently undergoing treatment with pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). In November 2024, we presented the most recent data from each of the three arms of the trial at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Annual Meeting. Key findings presented include i) patients exhibited antigen-specific immune responses at all dose levels and in all three patient groups (Phase 1a, 1b and 1c), ii) patients receiving our vaccine in combination with Keytruda are not showing any additional or more severe adverse side effects, and iii) no adverse side effects were seen other than varying degrees of injection site irritation. These findings are promising, and as we continue the Phase 1 trial, we are preparing to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in the neo-adjuvant setting (pre-surgery) to determine possible therapeutic effect of the vaccine. We anticipate commencing the Phase 2 trial in 2025.

We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by Cleveland Clinic relating to certain ovarian cancer vaccine technology. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. This technology pertains to among other things, the use of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of ovarian cancers which express the anti-Mullerian hormone receptor 2 protein containing an extracellular domain (“AMHR2-ED”). In healthy tissue, this protein regulates growth and development of egg-containing follicles in the ovary. While expression of AMHR2-ED naturally and markedly declines during menopause, this protein is expressed at high levels in the ovaries of postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer. Researchers at Cleveland Clinic believe that a vaccine targeting AMHR2-ED could prevent the occurrence of ovarian cancer.

In May 2021, Cleveland Clinic was granted acceptance for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology into the National Cancer Institute’s (“NCI”) PREVENT program. The NCI is a part of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). The PREVENT program is a peer-reviewed agent development program designed to support pre-clinical development of innovative interventions and biomarkers for cancer prevention and interception towards clinical trials. The scientific and financial resources of the PREVENT program are being used for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology to perform virtually all pre-clinical research and development, manufacturing and IND enabling studies. This work is being performed at NCI facilities, by NCI scientific staff and with NCI financial resources and will require no material financial expenditures by the Company, nor the payment of any future consideration by the Company to NCI.

In May 2024, based on the positive clinical results to date in the development of our breast cancer vaccine, we entered into a Joint Development and Option Agreement with Cleveland Clinic to collaborate in efforts to develop additional vaccines for the prevention or treatment of cancers. Working with Cleveland Clinic researchers, we are focusing on the same novel scientific mechanism as in our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines, and working to discover additional retired proteins that may be associated with other forms of cancer, specifically high incidence malignancies in the lung, colon and prostate.

Over the next several quarters, we expect the development of our therapeutics and vaccines to be the primary focus of the Company. As part of our legacy operations, the Company remains engaged in limited patent licensing activities of its various patent portfolios. We do not expect these activities to be a significant part of the Company’s ongoing operations nor do we expect these activities to require material financial resources or attention of senior management.

Over the past several years, our revenue was derived from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies, including revenue from the settlement of litigation. We have not generated any revenue to date from our vaccine or therapeutics programs. In addition, while we pursue our vaccine and therapeutics programs, we may also make investments in and form new companies to develop additional emerging technologies. We do not expect to begin generating revenue with respect to any of our current vaccine or therapy programs in the near term. We hope to achieve a profitable outcome by eventually licensing our technologies to large pharmaceutical companies that have the resources and infrastructure in place to manufacture, market and sell our technologies as vaccines or therapeutics. The eventual licensing of any of our technologies may take several years, if it is to occur at all, and may depend on positive results from human clinical trials.

Funding and Management’s Plans

Based on currently available information as of March 11, 2025, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our activities for at least the next twelve months. The Company had approximately $18,686,000 of total current assets at January 31, 2025 compared to approximately $21,362,000 at October 31, 2024 which is a reduction of approximately $2,676,000 for the three months ended January 31, 2025. Therefore, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments to operate its business, as currently contemplated, for significantly longer than 12 months from the date of this Report. We have implemented a business model that conserves funds by collaborating with third parties to develop our technologies. During the three months ended January 31, 2025, we did not issue any shares under our at-the-market equity offering. Under our at-the-market equity program, which is currently effective and may remain available for us to use in the future, as of January 31, 2025, we may sell approximately $97 million of common stock.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles in annual financial statements have been omitted or condensed. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024. The accompanying October 31, 2024 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of our financial position as of January 31, 2025, and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods represented. The results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year.

Noncontrolling Interest

Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the three months ended January 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Balance, October 31, 2024	$	(1,110	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(29	)
Balance, January 31, 2025	$	(1,139	)

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.

Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time.

Our revenue arrangements provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research and consulting and other expenses paid to third-parties. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and other direct costs associated with developing our therapeutics and vaccines. We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.

At each balance sheet date, management estimates prepaid and accrued research and development costs by discussing progress or stage of completion of activities with internal personnel and external service providers, and comparing this information to payments made, invoices received, and the agreed-upon contractual fee to be paid for such services in the applicable contract or statements of work.

In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.

Investment Policy

The Company’s investment policy is designed to optimize returns while managing risk and liquidity. The policy allows for investments in a diversified range of financial instruments, including U.S. government debt securities with fixed maturities and contractual cash flows, as well as alternative investments such as Bitcoin and Bitcoin-based exchange traded funds (collectively, the “Bitcoin Assets”).

The Company acquires U.S. government debt securities that it has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of any applicable discount which is amortized to interest income, and are accounted for as held-to-maturity securities. The Company’s Bitcoin Assets are measured at fair value based on quoted prices on active exchanges. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value of Bitcoin Assets as gains or losses in the statement of operations during the period in which they occur.

3. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company maintains stock equity incentive plans under which the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards, or stock units to employees, directors and consultants.

Stock Option Compensation Expense

We account for stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants using the accounting guidance in ASC 718, Stock Compensation. We estimate the fair value of service-based stock options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period of the grant. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to service-based stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $1,031,000 and $1,108,000 during the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024.

The compensation cost for service-based stock options granted to consultants is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (the vesting period of the stock option) which is one to three years. We recorded stock-based consulting expense related to stock options granted to consultants of approximately $24,000 and $56,000 during the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Stock Option Activity

During the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, we granted options to purchase 1,355,000 shares and 1,335,000 shares of common stock, respectively, to employees and consultants, with exercise prices ranging from $2.37 to $4.39 per share, pursuant to the 2018 Share Plan. During the three months ended January 31, 2025, no stock options were exercised. During the three months ended January 31, 2024, stock options to purchase 24,000 shares of common stock were exercised on a cash basis, with aggregate proceeds of approximately $67,000.

Stock Option Plans

During the three months ended January 31, 2025, we had two stock option plans: the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. 2010 Share Incentive Plan (the “2010 Share Plan”) and the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Share Plan”), which were adopted by our Board of Directors on July 14, 2010 and January 25, 2018, respectively. The 2018 Share Plan was approved by our shareholders on March 29, 2018.

2010 Share Plan

The 2010 Share Plan provided for the grant of nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. In accordance with the provisions of the 2010 Share Plan, the plan terminated with respect to the ability to grant future awards on July 14, 2020. Information regarding the 2010 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2025 is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF OPTION ACTIVITY

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Options outstanding at October 31, 2024		986,968	$	2.77
Options outstanding and exercisable at January 31, 2025		986,968	$	2.77	$	566

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable under the 2010 Share Plan as of January 31, 2025:

Range of Exercise Prices		Number Outstanding and Exercisable		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price
$	0.67 - $2.27		316,000		2.5	$	1.11
$	2.58 - $3.13		251,968		1.1	$	2.93
$	3.46 - $5.30		419,000		3.2	$	3.93

2018 Share Plan

The 2018 Share Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. As of January 31, 2025, the 2018 Share Plan had 645,000 shares available for future grants. Information regarding the 2018 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2025 is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF OPTION ACTIVITY

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Options outstanding at October 31, 2024		11,171,094		$	3.74
Granted		1,355,000			2.37
Forfeited/expired		(25,000	)		3.96
Options outstanding at January 31, 2025		12,501,094		$	3.59	$	1,093
Options exercisable at January 31, 2025		8,260,549		$	3.56	$	391

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable under the 2018 Share Plan as of January 31, 2025:

		Options Outstanding						Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices		Number Outstanding		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number Exercisable		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price
$	2.09 - $3.87		6,663,879		6.5	$	3.06		5,168,886		5.5	$	3.22
$	4.02 - $5.30		5,837,215		7.4	$	4.20		3,091,663		7.2	$	4.13

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company maintains the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) which permits eligible employees to purchase shares at not less than 85% of the market value of the Company’s common stock on the offering date or the purchase date of the applicable offering period, whichever is lower. The ESPP was adopted by our Board of Directors on August 13, 2018 and approved by our shareholders on September 27, 2018. During the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, no shares were purchased under the ESPP.

Warrants

As of January 31, 2025, we had warrants outstanding to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock at $6.56 per share, issued during fiscal year 2021 and expiring on March 22, 2026.

Information regarding the Company’s warrants for the three months ended January 31, 2025 is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF WARRANTS ACTIVITY

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Warrants outstanding at October 31, 2024		300,000	$	6.56
Warrants outstanding and exercisable at January 31, 2025		300,000	$	6.56	$	0

The following table summarizes information about the Company’s outstanding and exercisable warrants as of January 31, 2025:

SCHEDULE OF OUTSTANDING AND EXERCISABLE

Range of

Exercise Prices

Number

Outstanding and

Exercisable

Weighted Average

Remaining

Contractual Life

(in years)

Weighted

Average

Exercise Price

6.56

300,000

1.1

6.56

Stock Awards

During the three months ended January 31, 2025, we did not issue any stock awards. During the three months ended January 31, 2024, we issued 29,336 shares of common stock to consultants providing investor relations services, and recorded expense of approximately $96,000.

Treasury stock

As of January 31, 2025, the Company held 2,000 shares of its common stock as treasury stock. These shares were repurchased during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, at an average cost of $3.17 per share for a total cost of approximately $6,000. The repurchases were made as part of a stock buyback program approved by our Board of Directors on July 11, 2024. The treasury shares are accounted for under the cost method and are recorded as a reduction in shareholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company may reissue treasury shares for stock option exercises, acquisitions, or other corporate purposes.

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

US GAAP defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. We have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1 – Financial instruments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Financial instruments whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets.

Level 3 – Financial instruments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the instrument.

The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2025 (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds:
Cash equivalents	$	912	$	-	$	-	$	912
Bitcoin exchange traded funds:
Short-term investments		-		10		-		10
U.S. treasury bills:
Short-term investments		-		16,192		-		16,192
Total financial assets	$	912	$	16,202	$	-	$	17,114

The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds:
Cash equivalents	$	1,170	$	-	$	-	$	1,170
U.S. treasury bills:
Short-term investments		-		18,653		-		18,653
Total financial assets	$	1,170	$	18,653	$	-	$	19,823

Our non-financial assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are property and equipment and other assets which are measured using fair value techniques whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these measurements. Cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value.

5. ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses consist of the following as of:

SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

	January 31,		October 31,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Payroll and related expenses	$	515	$	1,126
Accrued royalty and contingent legal fees		626		626
Accrued other		222		194
Accrued expenses	$	1,363	$	1,946

6. NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK

Basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all periods presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, were stock options to purchase 13,488,062 and 12,497,094 shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase 300,000 and 300,000 shares, respectively.

7. EFFECT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED AND ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to provide more disaggregated expense information about a public entity’s reportable segments. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We began a detailed assessment of the impact that this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, and our analysis is currently ongoing.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to require disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively, with an option to apply them retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 for public entities. We began a detailed assessment of the impact that this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, and our analysis is currently ongoing.

In March 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We began a detailed assessment of the impact that this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, and our analysis is currently ongoing.

8. INCOME TAXES

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset due to our historical pre-tax losses and the uncertainty regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets.

We have substantial net operating loss carryforwards for Federal and California income tax returns. These net operating loss carryforwards could be subject to limitations under Internal Revenue Code section 382, the effects of which have not been determined by the Company. We have no unrecognized income tax benefits as of January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 and we account for interest and penalties related to income tax matters, if any, in general and administrative expenses.

9. LEASES

We lease approximately 2,000 square feet of office space at 3150 Almaden Expressway, San Jose, California (our principal executive offices) from an unrelated party pursuant to an operating lease that, as amended, will expire on September 30, 2027, with an option to extend the lease an additional two years. The base rent is approximately $5,000 per month and the lease provides for annual increases of approximately 3% and an escalation clause for increases in certain operating costs. The lease, as amended, resulted in a right-of-use asset and lease liability of approximately $250,000 with a discount rate of 12%. Rent expense was approximately $16,000 and $17,000, respectively, for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024.

For operating leases, the lease liability is initially and subsequently measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments. The remaining 56-month lease term as of January 31, 2025 for the Company’s lease includes the noncancelable period of the lease and the additional two-year option period that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment when indications of impairment are present.

As of January 31, 2025, the annual minimum future lease payments of our operating lease liability were as follows (in thousands):

SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM LEASE PAYMENTS

For Years Ended October 31,	Operating Leases
2025 (remaining)	$	47
2026		63
2027		64
2028		66
2029		63
Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted		303
Less: Imputed interest		73
Present value of future minimum lease payments	$	230

Balance as of January 31, 2025:
Operating lease liability	$	36
Operating lease liability, non-current		194
Total	$	230

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES

Litigation Matters

Other than lawsuits related to the enforcement of our patent rights, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any pending litigation or legal proceeding against us that would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition.

License Commitments

As of January 31, 2025, our commitments under certain technology license agreements related to our therapeutic and vaccine development programs for the next twelve months, were approximately $150,000.

Research & Development Agreements

We have entered into certain research and development agreements with various collaboration partners and third-party vendors related to i) the manufacturing of materials necessary for the expected Phase 2 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine, ii) the discovery of new vaccine targets in high incidence malignancies in prostate, lung and colon and iii) the further development of our CAR-T technology. As of January 31, 2025, future payments the Company may make under these agreements, dependent upon, among other things, development of analytical methods, formulation feasibility studies, stability testing and results of manufacturing processes, may be approximately $3.7 million and such payments may be made over up to a five-year period.

11. SEGMENT INFORMATION

We follow the accounting guidance of ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” (“ASC 280”). Reportable operating segments are determined based on the management approach. The management approach, as defined by ASC 280, is based on the way that the chief operating decision-maker organizes the segments within an enterprise for making operating decisions and assessing performance. While our results of operations are primarily reviewed on a consolidated basis, the chief operating decision-maker manages the enterprise in three reportable segments, each with different operating and potential revenue generating characteristics: (i) Cancer Vaccines, (ii) CAR-T Therapeutics, and (iii) Other. The following represents selected financial information for our segments for the three months ended January 31, 2025 and 2024 and as of January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 (in thousands):

SCHEDULE OF SEGMENT INFORMATION

	2025			2024
	For the Three Months Ended January 31,
	2025			2024
Net loss:
Cancer Vaccines	$	(2,018	)	$	(1,756	)
CAR-T Therapeutics		(1,177	)		(1,525	)
Other		(18	)		(9	)
Total	$	(3,213	)	$	(3,290	)
Net income (loss)	$	(3,213	)	$	(3,290	)

Total operating costs and expenses	$	3,386		$	3,609
Less non-cash stock-based compensation		(1,055	)		(1,260	)
Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation	$	2,331		$	2,349
Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense:
Cancer Vaccines	$	1,467		$	1,213
CAR-T Therapeutics		848			1,128
Other		16			8
Total	$	2,331		$	2,349
Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash share based compensation	$	2,331		$	2,349

	January 31, 2025		October 31, 2024
Total assets:
Cancer Vaccines	$	11,863	$	12,917
CAR-T Therapeutics		6,885		8,535
Other		158		139
Total	$	18,906	$	21,591
Total assets	$	18,906	$	21,591

Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is the measurement the chief operating decision-maker uses in managing the enterprise.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical facts, but rather reflect our current expectations concerning future events and results. We generally use the words “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “likely,” “will” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements, including those concerning our expectations, involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are cautioned not to unduly rely on such forward-looking statements when evaluating the information presented in this Report.

GENERAL

We discuss the description of our business in the Notes to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three months ended January 31, 2025 compared with three months ended January 31, 2024

Revenue

We had no revenue during the three-month periods ended January 31, 2025 and 2024.

We have not generated any revenue to date from our therapeutics or vaccine programs. In addition, while we pursue our therapeutics and vaccine programs, we may also make investments in and form new companies to develop additional emerging technologies. We do not expect to begin generating revenue with respect to any of our current therapy or vaccine programs in the near term. We hope to achieve a profitable outcome by eventually licensing our technologies to large pharmaceutical companies that have the resources and infrastructure in place to manufacture, market and sell our technologies as therapeutics or vaccines. The eventual licensing of any of our technologies may take several years, if it is to occur at all, and may depend on positive results from human clinical trials.

Research and Development Expenses

During the three months ended January 31, 2025, research and development expenses related to the development of our cancer vaccines and CAR-T therapeutics consisted of approximately $975,000 and $577,000, respectively. During the three months ended January 31, 2024 research and development expenses related to the development of our cancer vaccines and CAR-T therapeutics consisted of approximately $720,000 and $629,000, respectively.

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $203,000 to approximately $1,552,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025, from approximately $1,349,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2024. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to an increase in outside research and development expenses related to our breast cancer vaccine program of approximately $88,000, an increase in license fees related to our ovarian cancer CAR-T therapeutic of approximately $80,000, an increase in employee compensation and related costs, other than stock-based compensation expense, of approximately $69,000, and an increase in outside research and development expenses related to our new vaccine discovery program of approximately $56,000, offset by a decrease in employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $59,000, and a decrease in consultant stock-based compensation expense of approximately $33,000.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $426,000 to approximately $1,834,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025, from approximately $2,260,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2024. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in investor and public relations expense of approximately $291,000, a decrease in employee compensation and related costs, other than stock-based compensation expense, of approximately $70,000, a decrease in director stock-based compensation of approximately $67,000, and a decrease in legal and other professional fees of approximately $57,000, offset by an increase in employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $48,000.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by approximately $146,000 to approximately $173,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025, from approximately $319,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2024, primarily due to a decrease in the amount of short-term investments held and a decrease in interest rates.

Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest

The net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, representing Wistar’s ownership interest in Certainty’s net loss, decreased by approximately $6,000 to approximately $29,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025 from approximately $35,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2024, as Certainty’s net loss decreased.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.

During the three months ended January 31, 2025, cash used in operating activities was approximately $2,904,000. Cash provided by investing activities was approximately $2,703,000, resulting from the maturities of short-term investments of approximately $15,700,000, offset by purchases of short-term investments totaling approximately $12,997,000. Cash used in financing activities was approximately $17,000, due to expenses related to maintaining our at-the-market equity offering program. As a result, our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments at January 31, 2025 decreased approximately $2,669,000 to approximately $17,255,000 from approximately $19,924,000 at the end of fiscal year 2024.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In preparing these financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates and make changes accordingly.

We believe that, of the significant accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, the following accounting policies require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments:

	●	Revenue Recognition,
	●	Stock-Based Compensation, and
	●	Research and Development Expenses.

Revenue Recognition

Stock-Based Compensation

The compensation cost for service-based stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (the vesting period of the stock option) which is one to four years. For employee options vesting if the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeds certain price targets, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period.

For stock awards granted to employees and directors that vest at date of grant we recognize expense based on the grant date market price of the underlying common stock. For restricted stock awards vesting upon achievement of a price target of our common stock, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest).

The Black-Scholes pricing model and the Monte Carlo Simulation we use to estimate fair value requires valuation assumptions of expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yield. The expected term of stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. For employees we use the simplified method, which is a weighted average of the vesting term and contractual term, to determine expected term. The simplified method was adopted since we do not believe that historical experience is representative of future performance because of the impact of the changes in our operations and the change in terms from historical options. For consultants we use the contract term for expected term. Under the Black-Scholes pricing model, we estimated the expected volatility of our shares of common stock based upon the historical volatility of our share price over a period of time equal to the expected term of the grants. We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the implied yield available on the applicable grant date of a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the expected term of the underlying grants. We made the dividend yield assumption based on our history of not paying dividends and our expectation not to pay dividends in the future.

We will reconsider use of the Black-Scholes pricing model and the Monte Carlo Simulation if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in future periods, the compensation expense that we record may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period.

Research and Development Expenses

We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.

In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.

EFFECT OF RECENTLY ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS

We discuss the effect of recently issued pronouncements in Note 7 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this Report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13(a)-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended January 31, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities. None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information. None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

	31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, dated March 11, 2025.
	31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, dated March 11, 2025.
	32.1	Statement of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code, dated March 11, 2025.
	32.2	Statement of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code, dated March 11, 2025.
	101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
	101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
	101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
	101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
	101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
	101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
	104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC.

	By:	/s/ Dr. Amit Kumar
		Dr. Amit Kumar
		Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
March 11, 2025		(Principal Executive Officer)

	By:	/s/ Michael J. Catelani
		Michael J. Catelani
		President, Chief Operating Officer and
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and
March 11, 2025		Accounting Officer)

Anixa Biosciences Inc 10-Q