UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 0-50765

VILLAGE BANK AND TRUST FINANCIAL CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Virginia		16-1694602
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)


13319 Midlothian Turnpike, Midlothian, Virginia		23113
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 804-897-3900

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbols(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $4.00 par value	VBFC	The Nasdaq Stock Market

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒ No◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒ No◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ◻	Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ◻

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recent completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $2627,~~087~~436,000.

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 15, ~~2024~~2025 was 1,~~492~~498,~~879~~097.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

~~Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be used in conjunction with the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K~~None.

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp.

Form 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	14
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	27
Item 1C	Cybersecurity	27
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	27
Item 2.	Properties	29
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	29

Part II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 6.	Reserved	30
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	4948
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	4948
Item 9.	Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	~~102~~97
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	~~102~~97
Item 9B.	Other Information	~~102~~97
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	~~103~~98

Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	~~103~~98
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	~~103~~102
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	~~103~~114
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	~~103~~116
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	~~103~~117

Part IV
Item 15.	~~Exhibit~~Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	~~104~~118
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	106
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	120

Signatures		~~107~~121

Table of Contents

PART I

In addition to historical information, the following report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp.’s actual results to differ materially from those anticipated. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date of the report. For discussion of factors that may cause our actual future results to differ materially from those anticipated, please see Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. (“Company”) was incorporated in January 2003 and was organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia as a bank holding company. The Company has three wholly owned subsidiaries: Village Bank (the “Bank”), Southern Community Financial Capital Trust I, and Village Financial Statutory Trust II. The Bank has one active wholly owned subsidiary: Village Bank Mortgage Corporation (the “Mortgage Company”), a full service mortgage banking company. The Company is the holding company of and successor to the Bank. Effective April 30, 2004, the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of the Bank in a statutory share exchange transaction. Unless the context suggest otherwise, the terms “we”, “us” and “our” refer collectively to the Company, the Bank, and the Mortgage Company.

The Bank is the primary operating business of the Company. The Bank offers a wide range of banking and related financial services, including checking, savings, certificates of deposit and other depository services, and commercial, real estate and consumer loans, primarily in the Richmond, Virginia and Williamsburg, Virginia metropolitan areas. The Bank was organized in 1999 as a Virginia chartered bank to engage in a general banking business to serve the communities in and around Richmond, Virginia and expanded its services to Williamsburg, Virginia in 2017. Deposits with the Bank are insured to the maximum amount provided by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Bank offers a comprehensive range of financial services and products and specializes in providing customized financial services to small and medium sized businesses, professionals, and individuals. The Bank provides its customers with personal customized service utilizing modern technology and delivery channels.

Bank revenues are derived from interest and fees received in connection with loans, deposits, and mortgage services. Administrative and operating expenses are the major expenses, followed by interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Revenues from the Mortgage Company consist primarily of gains from the sale of loans and loan origination fees and its major expenses consist of personnel, occupancy, data processing, and other operating expenses. In ~~2023~~2024, revenue (after intercompany eliminations) generated by the Bank totaled $3643.31 million and the Mortgage Company generated $23.62 million in revenue.

Segment Reporting

The Company has two reportable segments: traditional commercial banking and mortgage banking. For more financial data and other information about each of the Company’s operating segments, refer to Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under “Segment Information – Commercial Banking Segment” and “Segment Information – Mortgage Banking Segment”, and to Note 19 “Segment Reporting” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Business Strategy

We ~~are~~have ~~pursuing~~pursued strategies ~~that~~aimed weat ~~believe~~helping ~~will help~~ us achieve ~~our goal of delivering~~ long-term total shareholder returns that rank in the top quartile of a nationwide peer group. To achieve this goal, we ~~strive~~strived to deliver a top quartile return on equity, produce sustainable earnings growth, achieve best quartile earnings volatility in our industry and deliver best quartile asset quality in the worst part of the economic cycle. Our ~~current~~ business strategies include the following:

● Build full service banking relationships with high quality local companies by being problem solvers and business builders, not just bankers. We will continue to field a team of bankers and leaders who are both great bankers and exceptional business people. We will have the capital, capabilities and connections to help business owners achieve their goals and overcome obstacles to their success. We target win-win outcomes. We expect to be disciplined lenders

Table of Contents

exceptional business people. We will have the capital, capabilities and connections to help business owners achieve their goals and overcome obstacles to their success. We target win-win outcomes. We expect to be disciplined lenders during the good times so that during difficult times we can support our good clients, win high quality relationships and recruit talented bankers while other banks focus on their own challenges. Real estate lending will continue to be an important part of our business. We intend to be diligent in managing overall portfolio concentrations, and we will focus on real estate sectors and sponsors that we expect to perform better during difficult times. We target wealth building real estate investors. We will understand the needs and goals of our business clients and their owners so that we can help them fulfill those needs and achieve those goals. We will target deposit only relationships as actively as we will target full loan and deposit relationships. Wherever possible and prudent, we will purchase products and services from the companies that do business with us to support our clients and thank them for their business.

●

Build long-term, mutually beneficial banking relationships with individuals and families in our market area. We will offer the basic financial products and services individuals and families in our communities need backed by exceptionally professional and caring service. We offer convenience and flexibility through in person, online, mobile and telephonic options for enrolling in new services, handling transactions and seeking service. We want to help our clients thrive on their journey through life. Through our own team members and business partners, we will help clients develop plans for handling the big moments they will encounter along the way. We will use technology to understand our clients, serve their needs and grow our business.

●

Grow the Mortgage Company’s profitability and positive contribution to our brand. We intend to add loan officers and production teams, more fully identify and serve the mortgage needs of bank clients, appropriately leverage available grant programs, offer portfolio mortgage products, and enhance our marketing efforts to grow mortgage banking revenues. We plan to continue to treat mortgage banking as a specialty line of business. We will continue to differentiate ourselves by treating the homeowners, realtors, builders and financial advisors who refer their clients to us with exceptionally professional and caring service.

●	Build and sustain the economics of our balance sheet, income statement and business model:

o

Defend and expand our Net Interest Margin by improving the mix of both assets and funding wherever possible.

o

Build and grow other non-interest income services to leverage our return on assets (“ROA”) and return on equity (“ROE”).

o

Streamline and rationalize our processes and organization to improve productivity and efficiency.

o

Include a prudent amount of debt in our holding company capital structure to leverage a strong ROA into an even stronger ROE.

●

Achieve excellence in risk management. We strive to achieve best quartile performance on credit quality metrics in the worst part of the business cycle and sustainable earnings growth over the long term. Risk taking is a fundamental part of banking. Top performing banks are very good at identifying, understanding, measuring, monitoring, managing, mitigating and getting paid for the risks the organization takes. We are committed to building and sustaining the culture, talent, tools, policies, processes and discipline needed to be a top performer in our risk management functions.

●

Be the place where exceptional people want to work. We are committed to achieving great things and need teammates who share that commitment. We will sustain our fun, fulfilling and rewarding work environment built on trust and teamwork. We know that we will achieve our goals by fielding a team of champions, not by building our business around individual stars. We are a meritocracy where every individual knows he or she can make a difference every day, where their individual contributions are valued, where we invest in our teammates, and where we hold people accountable. We will invest in technology to leverage the talents of our associates and provide the flexibility to allow them to manage their work and life priorities effectively. We will offer benefits and resources intended to help our team members be fit to thrive on their journey through life. When we make difficult business decisions, we will do so with sensitivity to and understanding of the consequences of those decisions.

Table of Contents

●

Make a lasting difference in our communities. We will invest our work, wisdom and wealth to help our communities prepare young people for success in life, help families navigate the complex maze of modern life and support and honor the individuals who serve and protect us. We believe that we can be particularly effective in serving our many stakeholders by being a leader in education and workforce development initiatives in our community because success in these areas will help individuals and families provide for themselves and will provide businesses with the talented employees they need to grow and prosper.

We strongly believe that there is a continuing need for banks like Village with deep community roots and that a well-run community based bank can generate attractive returns for shareholders over the long term.

Market Area

The Company, the Bank, and the Mortgage Company are headquartered in Chesterfield County and primarily serve the Central Virginia region and the Richmond and Williamsburg metropolitan statistical areas. We currently conduct business from nine full-service branch banking offices, and a mortgage loan production office in Central Virginia in the counties of Chesterfield, Hanover, Henrico, Powhatan, James City, and the city of Richmond.

Banking Services

Deposit Services. Deposits are a major source of our funding. The Bank offers a full range of deposit services that are typically available in most banks and other financial institutions including checking accounts, savings accounts and other time deposits of various types, ranging from daily money market accounts to longer term certificates of deposit and Individual Retirement Accounts. These deposit accounts are offered at rates competitive with other institutions in our market area. We service our deposit clients in our full-service branches, at drive-up windows, at our ATMs, through our customer care team and through technology such as online banking, mobile banking applications and remote deposit capture for business clients. We have not applied for permission to establish a trust department and offer trust services. The Bank is not a member of the Federal Reserve System. Deposits are insured under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 (the “FDI Act”) to the limits provided thereunder.

Lending Services. We offer a full range of short-to-medium term commercial and personal loans. We also provide a wide range of real estate finance services. Our primary focus is on making loans in the Central Virginia and greater Williamsburg markets where we have branch banking offices. We offer residential construction-to-permanent financing to clients of the Mortgage Company.

●

Commercial Business Lending. We make secured and unsecured loans to small- and medium-sized businesses for purposes such as funding working capital needs (including inventory and receivables), business expansion (including acquisition of real estate and improvements) and purchase of equipment and machinery. We also make loans under Small Business Administration and state sponsored business loan programs. In our underwriting, we evaluate the earnings and cash flows of the business, guarantor support and both the need for and the protection offered by the collateral for the loan.

●

Commercial Real Estate Acquisition, Development, Construction and Mortgage Lending. We make loans to our clients for the purposes of acquiring, developing, constructing and owning commercial real estate. These properties may be owner-occupied or may be held for investment purposes and repaid from rental income or from the sale of the property.

●

Consumer Lending. Consumer loans include secured and unsecured loans for financing automobiles, home improvements, education and personal investments. We also originate fixed and variable rate mortgage loans and real estate construction and acquisition loans. Residential loans originated by our mortgage company are usually sold in the secondary mortgage market.

● Loan Participations. We sell loan participations in the ordinary course of business when a loan originated by us exceeds our legal lending limit or we otherwise deem it prudent to share the risk with another lending institution. Additionally, we purchase loan participations from other banks, usually without recourse against that bank. We underwrite purchased loan participations in accordance with normal underwriting practices.

Table of Contents

Additionally, we purchase loan participations from other banks, usually without recourse against that bank. We underwrite purchased loan participations in accordance with normal underwriting practices.

●

Loan Purchases. We purchase Federal Rehabilitated Student Loan portfolios when approved by the board of directors. These loans are guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education (“DOE”) which covers approximately 98% of the principal and interest. These loans are serviced by a third party servicer that specializes in handling these types of loans.

We also purchase the guaranteed portion of United State Department of Agriculture Loans (“USDA”) which are guaranteed by the USDA for 100% of the principal and interest. The originating institution holds the unguaranteed portion of the loan and services the loan. These loans are typically purchased at a premium. In the event of a loan default or early prepayment the Bank may need to write off any unamortized premium.

Lending Limit. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, our legal lending limit for loans to one borrower was approximately $1213,~~974~~973,000.

Competition

We encounter strong competition from other local commercial banks, credit unions, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market mutual funds, financial technology companies, and other financial institutions. A number of these competitors are well-established. Competition for loans is keen, and pricing is important. Most of our competitors have substantially greater resources and higher lending limits than ours and offer certain services, such as extensive and established branch networks and trust services, which we do not provide at the present time. Deposit competition also is strong, and we may have to pay higher interest rates to attract deposits. Nationwide banking institutions and their branches have increased competition in our markets, and federal legislation adopted in 1999 allows non-banking companies, such as insurance and investment firms, to establish or acquire banks. We believe that the Company can capitalize on recent merger activity to attract customers from the acquired institutions.

At June 30, ~~2023~~2024, the latest date such information is available from the FDIC, the Bank’s deposit market share in Chesterfield County was 4.2836%, 54.0299% in Hanover County, 1011.9888% in Powhatan County, 1.1312% in the Richmond metropolitan statistical area, 10.4099% in Henrico County and 0.5163% in James City County.

Supervision and Regulation

We are subject to extensive regulation by certain federal and state agencies and receive periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities. As a consequence, our business is affected by state and federal legislation and regulations.

The discussion below is only a summary of the principal laws and regulations that comprise the regulatory framework applicable to us. The descriptions of these laws and regulations, as well as descriptions of laws and regulations contained elsewhere herein, do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to applicable laws and regulations.

General. The Company is qualified as a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "BHC Act"), and is registered as such with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve"). As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve and is required to file various reports and additional information with the Federal Reserve. The Company is also registered under the bank holding company laws of Virginia and is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the Bureau of Financial Institutions of the Virginia State Corporation Commission (the "BFI"). The Bank is a Virginia chartered bank and is not a member of the Federal Reserve System. The Bank is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the FDIC and the BFI.

The Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) was signed into law on July 21, 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly restructured the financial regulatory regime in the United States and has had a broad impact on the financial services industry as a result of the significant regulatory and compliance changes required under the act.

Table of Contents

in the United States and has had a broad impact on the financial services industry as a result of the significant regulatory and compliance changes required under the act.

The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (the “EGRRCPA”), which became effective May 24, 2018, amended the Dodd-Frank Act to provide regulatory relief for certain smaller and regional financial institutions, such as the Company and the Bank. The EGRRCPA, among other things, provides financial institutions with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets with relief from certain capital requirements and exempts banks with less than $250 billion in total consolidated assets from the enhanced prudential standards and the company-run and supervisory stress tests required under the Dodd-Frank Act.

The Dodd-Frank Act has had, and may in the future have, a material impact on the Company’s operations, particularly through increased compliance costs resulting from new and possible future consumer and fair lending regulations. The future changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may affect the profitability of business activities, require changes to certain business practices, impose more stringent regulatory requirements, or otherwise adversely affect the business and financial condition of the Company and the Bank. These changes may also require the Company to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.

Reporting Obligations Under Securities Laws. The Company is subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including the requirement to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) annual, quarterly and other reports on the financial condition and performance of the organization. The Company’s common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and, as a result, the Company is subject to the rules and listing standards adopted by The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC (“Nasdaq”). The Company is also affected by the corporate responsibility and accounting reform legislation signed into law on July 30, 2002, known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “SOX Act”), and the related rules and regulations. The SOX Act includes provisions that, among other things, require that periodic reports containing financial statements that are filed with the SEC be accompanied by chief executive officer and chief financial officer certifications as to the accuracy and compliance with law, additional disclosure requirements and corporate governance and other related rules. The Company has expended considerable time and money in complying with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, and with the SOX Act, and expects to continue to incur additional expenses in the future.

Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve has jurisdiction under the BHC Act to approve any bank or non-bank acquisition, merger or consolidation proposed by a bank holding company. The BHC Act, and other applicable laws and regulations, generally limit the activities of a bank holding company and its subsidiaries to that of banking, managing or controlling banks, or any other activity that is so closely related to banking or to managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto.

In determining whether a particular activity is permissible, the Federal Reserve must consider whether the performance of such an activity reasonably can be expected to produce benefits to the public that outweigh possible adverse effects. Despite prior approval, the Federal Reserve may order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity or to terminate ownership or control of any subsidiary when the Federal Reserve has reasonable cause to believe that a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company may result from such an activity.

Support of Subsidiary Institutions. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, and previously under Federal Reserve policy, the Company is required to act as a source of financial strength for the Bank and to commit resources to support the Bank. This support can be required at times when it would not be in the best interest of the Company’s shareholders or creditors to provide it. In the event of the Company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by us to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of the Bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. The Company has periodically raised capital and contributed it to the Bank to support the Bank’s operations.

Privacy Legislation. Several laws, including the Right To Financial Privacy Act and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, provide protections against the transfer and use of customer information by financial institutions. Financial Institutions generally are prohibited from disclosing customer information to non-affiliated third parties, unless the customer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions must disclose their specific privacy policies to their customers annually and must conduct an internal risk assessment of their ability to protect customer information.

Table of Contents

~~opportunity~~In toOctober ~~object~~2024, ~~and~~the ~~has~~Consumer ~~not~~Financial ~~objected~~Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) issued a final rule regarding personal financial data rights that is designed to ~~such~~promote ~~disclosure~~“open banking.” ~~Financial~~The ~~institutions~~final ~~must~~rule ~~disclose~~requires, ~~their~~among ~~specific~~other ~~privacy~~things, ~~policies~~that data providers, including any financial institution, make available to ~~their~~consumers ~~customers~~and ~~annually~~certain authorized third parties, upon request, certain covered transaction, account, and ~~must~~payment ~~conduct~~information. anOn ~~internal~~the ~~risk~~same ~~assessment~~day ofthe ~~their~~final ~~ability~~rule was released, certain industry participants filed a complaint against the CFPB challenging the final rule. This legal challenge has since been paused to ~~protect~~allow ~~customer~~time ~~information~~for the CFPB to assess the rule and determine whether it aligns with the agency’s current policy objectives.

Mergers and Acquisitions. The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, as amended (the “Interstate Banking Act”), generally permits well capitalized and adequately managed bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state, and preempts all state laws restricting the ownership by a bank holding company of banks in more than one state. The Interstate Banking Act also permits a bank to merge with an out-of-state bank and convert any offices into branches of the resulting bank if both states have not opted out of interstate branching; and permits a bank to acquire branches from an out-of-state bank if the law of the state where the branches are located permits the interstate branch acquisition. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, a bank holding company or bank must be well capitalized and well managed to engage in an interstate acquisition. Bank holding companies and banks are required to obtain prior Federal Reserve approval to acquire more than 5% of a class of voting securities, or substantially all of the assets, of a bank holding company, bank or savings association. The Interstate Banking Act and the Dodd-Frank Act permit banks to establish and operate de novo interstate branches to the same extent a bank chartered by the host state may establish branches. Virginia law permits branching across state lines, provided there is reciprocity with the state in which the out-of-state bank is based.

Limits on the Payment of Dividends. The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and its other subsidiaries. Virtually all of the Company’s cash revenues will result from dividends paid to it by the Bank, which is subject to laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends that it can pay. Under Virginia law, a bank may not declare a dividend in excess of its accumulated retained earnings without approval by the BFI. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Bank’s retained earnings were $1117,~~271~~283,000. In addition, the Bank may not declare or pay any dividend if, after making the dividend, the Bank would be "undercapitalized," as defined in FDIC regulations.

The FDIC and the state have the general authority to limit the dividends paid by insured banks if the payment is deemed an unsafe and unsound practice. Both the FDIC and the state have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsound and unsafe banking practice.

In addition, the Company is subject to certain regulatory requirements to maintain capital at or above regulatory minimums. These regulatory requirements regarding capital affect our dividend policies. Regulators have indicated that holding companies should generally pay dividends only if the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends, and the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. In addition, the Federal Reserve has issued guidelines that bank holding companies should inform and consult with the Federal Reserve in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period (e.g., quarter) for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the organization’s capital structure.

Insurance of Accounts, Assessments and Regulation by the FDIC. Our deposits are insured by the FDIC up to the limits set forth under applicable law, currently $250,000. We are subject to the deposit insurance assessments of the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). The deposit insurance assessment base is average total assets minus average tangible equity. The FDIC uses a “financial ratios method” based on CAMELS composite ratings to determine assessment rates for small established institutions with less than $10 billion of assets, such as the Bank. The CAMELS rating system is a supervisory rating system designed to take into account and reflect all financial and operational risks that a bank may face, including capital adequacy, asset quality, management capability, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity to market risk (“CAMELS”). CAMELS composite ratings set a maximum assessment for CAMELS 1 and 2 rated banks, and set minimum assessments for lower rated institutions.

In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase the assessment base rate schedules uniformly by two basis points beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023.

The FDIC is authorized to prohibit any DIF-insured institution from engaging in any activity that the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the respective insurance fund. Also, the FDIC may initiate enforcement actions against banks, after first giving the institution’s primary regulatory authority an opportunity to take such action. The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any depository institution if it determines, after a hearing, that the

Table of Contents

institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or any condition imposed in writing by the FDIC. It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process for the permanent termination of insurance if the institution has no tangible capital. If deposit insurance is terminated, the deposits at the institution at the time of termination, less subsequent withdrawals, shall continue to be insured for a period from six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC. We are aware of no existing circumstances that could result in termination of our deposit insurance.

Capital Adequacy. Both the Company and the Bank are required to comply with the capital adequacy standards established by the Federal Reserve, in the case of the Company, and the FDIC, in the case of the Bank. The Federal Reserve and the FDIC have adopted rules to implement the Basel III capital framework as outlined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the “Basel Committee”) and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Basel III Capital Rules”). The Basel III Capital Rules implement minimum capital ratios and establish risk weightings that are applied to many classes of assets held by community banks, including applying higher risk weightings to certain commercial real estate loans.

The Basel III Capital Rules require banks and bank holding companies to comply with the following minimum capital ratios: (1) a ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%); (2) a ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%); (3) a ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5%); and (4) a leverage ratio of 4%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to balance sheet exposures plus certain off-balance sheet exposures (computed as the average for each quarter of the month-end ratios for the quarter). The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking organizations with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the minimum plus the conservation buffer face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

The Company meets the eligibility criteria of a small bank holding company in accordance with the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement (the “SBHC Policy Statement”). Under the SBHC Policy Statement, qualifying bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $3 billion, such as the Company, have additional flexibility in the amount of debt they can issue and are also exempt from the Basel III Capital Rules. The SBHC Policy Statement does not apply to the Bank and the Bank must comply with the Basel III Capital Rules. The Bank must also comply with the capital requirements set forth in the “prompt corrective action” regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the FDI Act, as described below.

On September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule required by the EGRRCPA that permits qualifying banks and bank holding companies that have less than $10 billion in consolidated assets to elect to be subject to a 9% leverage ratio that would be applied using less complex leverage calculations (commonly referred to as the community bank leverage ratio or “CBLR”). Under the rule, which became effective on January 1, 2020, banks and bank holding companies that opt into the CBLR framework and maintain a CBLR of greater than 9% are not subject to other risk-based and leverage capital requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules and would be deemed to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” framework. The Bank elected not to opt into the CBLR framework as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Bank does not expect to opt into the CBLR framework in 2024.

Prompt Corrective Action. Federal banking agencies have broad powers to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems of insured depository institutions. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized.” These terms are defined under uniform regulations issued by each of the federal banking agencies regulating these institutions. An insured depository institution that is less than adequately capitalized must adopt an acceptable capital restoration plan, is subject to increased regulatory oversight and is increasingly restricted in the scope of its permissible activities.

To be well capitalized under these regulations, a bank must have the following minimum capital ratios: (1) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6.5%; (2) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%; (3) a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%; and (4) a leverage ratio of at least 5.0%. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s common equity Tier 1 capital ratio was 13.82%, its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 13.82%, its total risk-based capital ratio was 14.45% and its leverage ratio was 11.56%. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2024, the Bank met the minimum ratios to be classified as well capitalized. More information concerning our regulatory ratios at December 31, 2024 is included in Note 13 to the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

~~ratio~~bank ofmay atpurchase ~~least~~from ~~10.0%;~~affiliates, ~~and~~except ~~(4) a~~for ~~leverage~~real ~~ratio~~and ofpersonal atproperty ~~least~~exempted ~~5.0%.~~by ~~At December 31, 2023,~~ the ~~Bank’s~~Federal ~~common~~Reserve; ~~equity Tier 1 capital ratio was 13.86%, its Tier~~(4) 1the ~~risk-based~~amount ~~capital~~of ~~ratio~~loans ~~was~~or ~~13.86%,~~extensions ~~its~~of ~~total~~credit ~~risk-based~~to ~~capital~~third ~~ratio~~parties ~~was~~collateralized ~~14.49%~~by ~~and~~the ~~its~~securities ~~leverage~~or ~~ratio~~debt ~~was~~obligations ~~11.14%. Accordingly, as~~ of ~~December~~affiliates; (5) ~~31,~~transactions ~~2023,~~involving the ~~Bank~~borrowing ~~met~~or ~~the~~lending ~~minimum~~of ~~ratios~~securities toand beany ~~classified~~derivative astransaction ~~well~~that ~~capitalized.~~results ~~More~~in ~~information~~credit ~~concerning~~exposure ~~our~~to ~~regulatory~~an ~~ratios~~affiliate; atand ~~December~~(6) ~~31,~~a ~~2023~~bank’s isguarantee, ~~included~~acceptance inor ~~Note 13~~letter toof ~~the~~credit ~~“Notes to~~issued ~~Consolidated~~on ~~Financial~~behalf ~~Statements” contained in Item 8~~ of ~~this~~an ~~Form 10-K~~affiliate.

As described above, on September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule required by the EGRRCPA that permits qualifying banks and bank holding companies that have less than $10 billion of consolidated assets to elect to opt into the CBLR framework. Banks opting into the CBLR framework and maintaining a CBLR of greater than 9% would be deemed to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” framework. The Bank elected not to opt into the CBLR framework as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates. Both the Company and the Bank are subject to the provisions of Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act. Section 23A places limits on the amount of: (1) a bank’s loans or extensions of credit, including purchases of assets subject to an agreement to repurchase, to affiliates; (2) a bank’s investment in affiliates; (3) assets a bank may purchase from affiliates, except for real and personal property exempted by the Federal Reserve; (4) the amount of loans or extensions of credit to third parties collateralized by the securities or debt obligations of affiliates; (5) transactions involving the borrowing or lending of securities and any derivative transaction that results in credit exposure to an affiliate; and (6) a bank’s guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit issued on behalf of an affiliate.

The total amount of the above transactions is limited in amount, as to any one affiliate, to 10% of a bank’s capital and surplus and, as to all affiliates combined, to 20% of a bank’s capital and surplus. In addition to the limitation on the amount of these transactions, each of the above transactions must also meet specified collateral requirements. The Bank must also comply with other provisions designed to avoid acquiring low-quality assets from its affiliates.

The Company and the Bank are also subject to the provisions of Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act which, among other things, prohibits an institution from engaging in the above transactions with affiliates unless the transactions are on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the institution or its subsidiaries, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with nonaffiliated companies.

The Bank is also subject to restrictions on extensions of credit to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. These extensions of credit (1) must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with third parties, and (2) must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features.

The Dodd-Frank Act also provides that an insured depository institution may not purchase an asset from, or sell an asset to a bank insider (or their related interests) unless (1) the transaction is conducted on market terms between the parties, and (2) if the proposed transaction represents more than 10% of the capital stock and surplus of the insured institution, it has been approved in advance by a majority of the institution’s non-interested directors.

Incentive Compensation Policies and Restrictions. In July 2010, the federal banking agencies issued guidance that applies to all banking organizations supervised by the agencies (thereby including both the Company and the Bank). Pursuant to the guidance, to be consistent with safety and soundness principles, a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should: (1) provide employees with incentives that appropriately balance risk and reward; (2) be compatible with effective controls and risk management; and (3) be supported by strong corporate governance including active and effective oversight by the banking organization’s board of directors. Monitoring methods and processes used by a banking organization should be commensurate with the size and complexity of the organization and its use of incentive compensation. At December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we had not been made aware of any instances of non-compliance with this guidance. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the appropriate federal regulators to establish standards prohibiting as an unsafe and unsound practice any compensation plan of a bank holding company or bank that provides an insider or other employee with “excessive compensation” or that could lead to a material financial loss to such firm. These standards have not yet been established.

Table of Contents

The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC, the exchange on which our common stock is listed, enacted a listing rule that became effective in 2023 requiring listed companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The Company has adopted a clawback policy compliant with such rule, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit 97 to this Form 10-K.

Anti-Money Laundering Laws and Regulations. The Company is subject to several federal laws that are designed to combat money laundering, terrorist financing, and transactions with persons, companies or foreign governments designated by U.S. authorities (“AML laws”). This category of laws includes the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, and the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020.

The AML laws and their implementing regulations require insured depository institutions, broker-dealers, and certain other financial institutions to have policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and terrorist financing. The AML laws and their regulations also provide for information sharing, subject to conditions, between federal law enforcement agencies and financial institutions, as well as among financial institutions, for counter-terrorism purposes. Federal banking regulators are required, when reviewing bank holding company acquisition and bank merger applications, to take into account the effectiveness of the anti-money laundering activities of the applicants. To comply with these obligations, the Company has implemented appropriate internal practices, procedures, and controls.

Table of Contents

Federal banking regulators are required, when reviewing bank holding company acquisition and bank merger applications, to take into account the effectiveness of the anti-money laundering activities of the applicants. To comply with these obligations, the Company has implemented appropriate internal practices, procedures, and controls.

Reporting Terrorist Activities. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), which is a division of the Department of the Treasury, is responsible for helping to insure that United States entities do not engage in transactions with “enemies” of the United States, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. OFAC has sent, and will send, our banking regulatory agencies lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts. If the Bank finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, it must freeze such account, file a suspicious activity report and notify the FBI. The Bank has appointed an OFAC compliance officer to oversee the inspection of its accounts and the filing of any notifications. The Bank actively checks high-risk OFAC areas such as new accounts, wire transfers and customer files. The Bank performs these checks utilizing software, which is updated each time a modification is made to the lists provided by OFAC and other agencies of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons.

Mortgage Banking Regulation. The Mortgage Company is subject to the rules and regulations by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veteran Affairs and state regulatory authorities with respect to originating, processing, servicing and selling mortgage loans. Those rules and regulations, among other things, establish standards for loan origination, prohibit discrimination, provide for inspections and appraisals of property, require credit reports on prospective borrowers and, in some cases, restrict certain loan features, and fix maximum interest rates and fees. In addition to other federal laws, mortgage origination activities are subject to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Truth-in-Lending Act, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, and the Home Ownership Equity Protection Act, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. These laws prohibit discrimination, require the disclosure of certain basic information to mortgagors concerning credit and settlement costs, limit payment for settlement services to the reasonable value of the services rendered and require the maintenance and disclosure of information regarding the disposition of mortgage applications based on race, gender, geographical distribution and income level.

Other Safety and Soundness Regulations. There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on depository institutions by federal law and regulatory policy that are designed to reduce potential loss exposure to the depositors of such depository institutions and to the FDIC insurance funds in the event the depository institution becomes in danger of default or is in default. The Federal banking agencies also have broad powers under current Federal law to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems of insured depository institutions. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized, as defined by the law. Federal regulatory authorities also have broad enforcement powers over us, including the power to impose fines and other civil and criminal penalties, and to appoint a receiver in order to conserve the assets of any such institution for the benefit of depositors and other creditors. At December 31, 2024, the Bank met the ratio requirements to be classified as a well capitalized financial institution.

Loans-to-One Borrower. Under applicable laws and regulations the amount of loans and extensions of credit which may be extended by a bank to any one borrower, including related entities, generally may not exceed 15% of the sum of the capital, surplus, and loan loss reserve of the institution.

Consumer Financial Protection. The Company is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, laws governing flood insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, foreclosure laws, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans and providing other services. If the Company fails to comply with these laws and regulations, it may be subject to various penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in failure to obtain any required bank

Table of Contents

~~the~~regulatory ~~assets~~approval offor ~~any~~merger ~~such~~or ~~institution~~acquisition ~~for~~transactions the ~~benefit~~Company ofmay ~~depositors~~wish ~~and~~to ~~other~~pursue ~~creditors.~~or Atbeing ~~December 31,~~prohibited ~~2023,~~from ~~the~~engaging ~~Bank~~in ~~met~~such ~~the~~transactions ~~ratio~~even ~~requirements~~if toapproval beis ~~classified~~not ~~as a well capitalized financial institution~~required.

The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new agency, the Consumer Financial Protection~~. The~~ ~~Company~~Bureau, isand ~~subject~~giving toit aresponsibility ~~number~~for ofimplementing, ~~federal~~examining, and ~~state~~enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws. ~~that~~The ~~extensively~~CFPB ~~govern~~focuses ~~its~~on ~~relationship~~(i) ~~with~~risks ~~its~~to ~~customers.~~consumers ~~These~~and ~~laws~~compliance ~~include~~with the ~~Equal~~federal ~~Credit~~consumer ~~Opportunity~~financial ~~Act~~laws, (ii) the ~~Fair~~markets ~~Credit~~in ~~Reporting~~which ~~Act,~~firms ~~the~~operate ~~Truth~~and inrisks ~~Lending~~to ~~Act,~~consumers ~~the~~posed ~~Truth~~by activities in ~~Savings~~those ~~Act~~markets, ~~the~~(iii) ~~Electronic~~depository ~~Fund~~institutions ~~Transfer~~that ~~Act,~~offer ~~the~~a ~~Expedited~~wide ~~Funds~~variety ~~Availability~~of ~~Act,~~consumer ~~the~~financial ~~Home~~products ~~Mortgage~~and ~~Disclosure Act~~services, ~~the~~and ~~Fair~~(iv) ~~Housing~~non-depository ~~Act,~~companies ~~the~~that ~~Real~~offer ~~Estate~~one ~~Settlement~~or ~~Procedures~~more ~~Act,~~consumer ~~the~~financial ~~Fair~~products ~~Debt~~or ~~Collection~~services. ~~Practices~~The ~~Act,~~CFPB ~~the~~has ~~Service~~broad ~~Members~~rule ~~Civil~~making ~~Relief~~authority ~~Act,~~for ~~laws~~a ~~governing~~wide ~~flood~~range ~~insurance,~~of ~~federal~~consumer ~~and~~financial ~~state~~ laws ~~prohibiting~~that ~~unfair~~apply ~~and~~to ~~deceptive~~all ~~business~~banks, ~~practices~~including, ~~foreclosure~~among ~~laws~~other things, ~~and~~the ~~various~~authority ~~regulations~~to ~~that~~prohibit ~~implement~~“unfair, ~~some~~deceptive or ~~all~~abusive” ofacts ~~the~~and ~~foregoing~~practices. ~~These~~Abusive ~~laws~~acts ~~and~~or ~~regulations~~practices ~~mandate~~are ~~certain~~defined ~~disclosure~~as ~~requirements~~those ~~and~~that ~~regulate~~materially ~~the~~interfere ~~manner~~with ina ~~which~~consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial ~~institutions~~product ~~must~~or ~~deal~~service ~~with~~or ~~customers~~take ~~when~~unreasonable ~~taking~~advantage ~~deposits,~~of ~~making~~a ~~loans,~~consumer’s ~~collecting~~(i) ~~loans~~lack ~~and~~of ~~providing~~financial ~~other~~savvy, ~~services.~~(ii) Ifinability to protect himself in the ~~Company~~selection ~~fails~~or touse ~~comply~~of ~~with~~consumer ~~these~~financial ~~laws~~products ~~and~~or ~~regulations~~services, itor ~~may~~(iii) bereasonable ~~subject~~reliance toon ~~various~~a ~~penalties.~~covered ~~Failure~~entity to ~~comply~~act ~~with~~in the consumer’s ~~protection~~interests. ~~requirements~~The ~~may~~CFPB ~~also~~can ~~result~~issue incease-and-desist ~~failure~~orders toagainst ~~obtain~~banks ~~any~~and ~~required~~other ~~bank~~entities ~~regulatory~~that ~~approval~~violate ~~for~~consumer ~~merger~~financial orlaws. ~~acquisition~~The ~~transactions~~CFPB ~~the~~may ~~Company~~also ~~may~~institute ~~wish~~a tocivil ~~pursue~~action oragainst ~~being~~an ~~prohibited~~entity ~~from~~in ~~engaging~~violation of federal consumer financial law in ~~such~~order ~~transactions~~to ~~even~~impose ifa ~~approval~~civil ispenalty ~~not~~or ~~required~~injunction.

~~The~~In ~~Dodd-Frank~~February ~~Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new agency~~2025, the ~~Consumer~~Trump ~~Financial~~administration ~~Protection~~halted ~~Bureau~~the (“CFPB~~”),~~’s ~~and giving it responsibility for implementing~~operations, ~~examining,~~ and ~~enforcing~~its ~~compliance~~employees ~~with~~were ~~federal~~instructed ~~consumer protection laws. The CFPB focuses on (i) risks~~ to ~~consumers~~cease ~~and~~all ~~compliance~~supervision ~~with the federal consumer financial laws, (ii) the markets in which firms operate~~ and ~~risks~~examination to consumers posed by activities in those markets, (iii) depository institutions that offer a wide variety of consumer financial products and services, and (iv) non-depository companies that offer one or more consumer financial products or servicesactivity. As ~~The CFPB has broad rule making authority for~~ a ~~wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks~~result, ~~including, among other things,~~ the ~~authority~~future to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of ~~a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (i) lack of financial savvy, (ii) inability to protect himself in~~ the ~~selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or (iii) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The~~ CFPB ~~can issue cease-~~and~~-desist~~ ~~orders~~its ~~against~~impact ~~banks~~on ~~and~~our ~~other~~business ~~entities~~are ~~that violate consumer financial laws~~uncertain. ~~The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or injunction.~~

In October 2023, the CFPB proposed a new rule that would require a provider of payment accounts or products, such as the Bank, to make certain data available to consumers upon request regarding the products or services they obtain from the provider. The proposed rule is intended to give consumers control over their financial data, including with whom it is shared, and encourage competition in the provision of consumer financial products and services. For banks with less than $850 million in total assets, such as the Bank, compliance would be required approximately four years after adoption of the final rule.

Community Reinvestment. The requirements of the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) are applicable to the Company and the Bank. The CRA imposes on financial institutions an affirmative and ongoing obligation to meet the credit needs of their local communities, including low and moderate income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of those institutions. A financial institution’s efforts in meeting community credit needs currently are evaluated as part of the examination process pursuant to 12 assessment factors. These factors also are considered in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or facility. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve,” or “substantial non-compliance.” The Bank was rated “satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.

On October 24, 2023, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised ~~rules~~rule substantially ~~alter~~alters the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA, with material aspects taking effect January 1, 2026 and revised data reporting requirements taking effect January 1, 2027. Among other things, the revised rule evaluates lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, apply a metrics-based benchmarking approach to assessment, and clarify eligible CRA activities. The final rule has been subject to an injunction since March 29, 2024, and the effective dates will be extended pending resolution of the lawsuit.

Cybersecurity. In March 2015, federal regulators issued two related statements regarding cybersecurity. One statement indicates that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. The other statement indicates that a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If the Company fails to observe the regulatory guidance, it could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

Table of Contents

~~things,~~portion ~~the~~of ~~revised~~its ~~rules~~customer ~~evaluate~~base, ~~lending~~in ~~outside~~the ~~traditional~~ordinary ~~assessment~~course ~~areas~~of ~~generated~~business, by(ii) ~~the~~business ~~growth~~line(s), ofincluding ~~non-branch~~associated ~~delivery~~operations, ~~systems~~services, ~~such~~functions, asand ~~online~~support, ~~and~~that ~~mobile~~upon ~~banking,~~failure ~~apply~~would result in a ~~metrics-based~~material ~~benchmarking~~loss ~~approach~~of torevenue, ~~assessment~~profit, ~~and~~or ~~clarify~~franchise ~~eligible~~value, ~~CRA~~or ~~activities.~~(iii) ~~The~~operations, ~~final~~including ~~rules~~associated ~~are~~services, ~~likely~~functions toand ~~make~~support, itas ~~more~~applicable, ~~challenging~~the ~~and/~~failure or ~~costly~~discontinuance ~~for~~of ~~the~~which ~~Bank~~would topose ~~receive~~ a ~~rating~~threat ofto atthe ~~least~~financial ~~“satisfactory”~~stability onof ~~its~~the ~~CRA~~United ~~evaluation~~States.

On November 18, 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule, effective April 1, 2022, imposing new notification requirements for cybersecurity incidents. The rule requires financial institutions to notify their primary federal regulator as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the institution determines that a cybersecurity incident has occurred that has materially disrupted or degraded, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the institution’s: (i) ability to carry out banking operations, activities, or processes, or deliver banking products and services to a material portion of its customer base, in the ordinary course of business, (ii) business line(s), including associated operations, services, functions, and support, that upon failure would result in a material loss of revenue, profit, or franchise value, or (iii) operations, including associated services, functions and support, as applicable, the failure or discontinuance of which would pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States.

In July 2023, the SEC issued a final rule to enhance and standardize disclosures regarding cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance, and incident reporting by public companies that are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. Specifically, the final rule requires current reporting about material cybersecurity incidents, periodic disclosures about a registrant’s policies and procedures to identify and manage cybersecurity risk, management’s role in implementing cybersecurity policies and procedures, and the board of directors’ cybersecurity expertise, if any, and its oversight of cybersecurity risk. See Item 1C. Cybersecurity of this Form 10-K for a discussion of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance.

To date, we have not experienced a significant compromise, significant data loss or any material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, but our systems and those of our customers and third-party service providers are under constant threat and it is possible that we could experience a significant event in the future. Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, as well as due to the expanding use of Internet banking, mobile banking and other technology-based products and services by us and our customers.

Future Legislation and Regulation. Congress may enact legislation from time to time that affects the regulation of the financial services industry, and state legislatures may enact legislation from time to time affecting the regulation of financial institutions chartered by or operating in those states. Federal and state regulatory agencies also periodically propose and adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. The substance or impact of pending or future legislation or regulation, or the application thereof, cannot be predicted, although enactment of the proposed legislation could impact the regulatory structure under which we operate and may significantly increase costs, impede the efficiency of internal business processes, require an increase in regulatory capital, require modifications to business strategy, and limit the ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner.

Table of Contents

Employees

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Company and its subsidiaries had a total of ~~141~~133 full-time employees and 43 part-time employees. None of the Company’s employees is covered by a collective bargaining agreement. The Company considers its relations with its employees to be good.

The Company has a Code of Ethics for directors, officers and all employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, which is applicable to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other principal financial officers. The Code addresses such topics as protection and proper use of Company assets, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, accuracy and preservation of records, accounting and financial reporting and conflicts of interest. A copy of the Code will be provided, without charge, to any shareholder upon written request to the Secretary of the Company, whose address is 13319 Midlothian Turnpike, Midlothian, Virginia 23113.

Additional Information

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Electronic copies of our SEC filings are available on the SEC’s Internet site (http://www.sec.gov).

The Company’s Internet address is http://www.villagebank.com. At that address, we make available, free of charge, the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (see “Investor Relations” section of website), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

Table of Contents

In addition, we will provide, at no cost, paper or electronic copies of our reports and other filings made with the SEC (except for exhibits). Requests should be directed to Donald M. Kaloski, Jr., Chief Financial Officer, Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp., 13319 Midlothian Turnpike, Midlothian, VA 23113.

The information on the websites listed above is not and should not be considered to be part of this annual report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference in this document.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent to our business. Investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on, or that management currently deems immaterial, may also impair our business and operations. If any of the following risks adversely affects our business, financial condition or results of operations, the value of our common stock could decline.

The Merger with TowneBank may distract management of the Company from its other responsibilities.

The Merger could cause management of the Company to focus its time and energies on matters related to the Merger that otherwise would be directed to the Company’s business and operations. Any such distraction on the part of management of the Company, if significant, could affect its ability to service existing business and develop new business and may adversely affect the business and earnings of the Company.

Termination of the Agreement with TowneBank could negatively impact the Company.

Each of the Company’s and TowneBank’s obligation to consummate the Merger remains subject to a number of conditions which must be fulfilled to consummate the Merger, and there can be no assurance that all of the conditions will be satisfied, or that the Merger will be completed on the proposed terms, within the expected timeframe, or at all. Any delay in completing the Merger could cause the Company not to realize some or all of the benefits that the Company expects to achieve if the Merger is successfully completed within its expected timeframe. If the Agreement is terminated, the Company’s business may be impacted adversely by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the Merger, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the Merger. Additionally, if the Agreement is terminated, the market price of the Company’s common stock could decline to the extent that the current market prices reflect a market assumption that the Merger will be completed. TowneBank and/or the Company may be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the Merger or to proceedings commenced against either company to perform obligations under the Agreement. If the Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, including circumstances involving a change in recommendation by the Company’s board of directors, the Company may be required to pay to TowneBank a termination fee of $4.8 million.

In addition, the Company has incurred and will incur substantial expenses in connection with the negotiation and completion of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement. If the Merger is not completed, the Company would have to recognize these expenses and would have committed substantial time and resources by management, without the Company’s shareholders receiving cash proceeds from the Merger. In addition, failure to consummate the Merger also may result in negative reactions from the financial markets or from the Company’s customers, vendors and employees.

The Agreement with TowneBank limits the ability of the Company to pursue alternatives to the Merger.

The Agreement contains customary “no-shop” provisions that, subject to limited exceptions, limit the ability of the Company to initiate, solicit, endorse, encourage or knowingly facilitate any inquiries or proposals with respect to any competing third-party proposals to acquire all or a significant part of the Company. In addition, under certain circumstances, if the Agreement is terminated and the Company consummates a similar transaction with a party other than TowneBank, the Company must pay to TowneBank a fee of $4.8 million. These provisions might discourage a potential competing acquirer that might have an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of the Company from considering or

Table of Contents

proposing the acquisition even if it were prepared to pay consideration, with respect to the Company or its shareholders, with a higher per share market price than that proposed in the Merger.

The Company will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the Merger is pending.

Uncertainty about the effects of the Merger on employees and customers may have an adverse effect on the Company. These uncertainties may impair the Company’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the Merger is completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with the Company to seek to change existing business relationships with the Company. Retention of certain employees by the Company may be challenging while the Merger is pending, as certain employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with the Company or the combined company following the Merger. If key employees depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with the Company or the combined company following the Merger, the Company’s business could be harmed. In addition, the Company has agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course prior to the closing of the Merger and from taking certain specified actions without the consent of TowneBank. These restrictions may prevent the Company from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the Merger.

Shareholder litigation could prevent or delay the completion of the Merger or otherwise negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Shareholders of the Company and/or TowneBank may file lawsuits against the Company, TowneBank and/or the directors and officers of either company in connection with the Merger. One of the conditions to the closing is that no order, decree or injunction by any court or governmental entity of competent jurisdiction that would enjoin or prohibit the completion of the Merger be in effect. If any plaintiff were successful in obtaining an injunction prohibiting the Company or TowneBank from completing the Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the Agreement, then such injunction may delay or prevent the effectiveness of the Merger and could result in significant costs to the Company, including any cost associated with the indemnification of the Company’s directors and officers. The Company may incur costs in connection with the defense or settlement of any shareholder lawsuits filed in connection with the Merger. Shareholder lawsuits may divert management attention from management of the Company’s business or operations. Such litigation could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and could prevent or delay the completion of the Merger.

Risk Related to the Company’s Lending Activities

Our credit standards and on-going credit assessment processes might not protect us from significant credit losses.

We take credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. We manage credit risk through a program of underwriting standards, the review of certain credit decisions and an ongoing process of assessment of the quality of the credit already extended. In addition, our credit administration function employs risk management techniques intended to promptly identify problem loans. While these procedures are designed to provide us with the information needed to implement policy adjustments where necessary and to take appropriate corrective actions, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding future undue credit risk, and credit losses will occur in the future and they may be significant.

Table of Contents

Our allowance for credit losses may be insufficient.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for credit losses on loans, reserve for unfunded commitments, and the allowance on securities. The allowance for credit losses on loans is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for ~~loan~~credit losses charged to earnings. Credit losses on loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is probable. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The level of the allowance for credit losses on loans reflects management’s evaluation of the level of loans outstanding, the level of nonperforming loans, historical loan loss experience, delinquency trends, underlying collateral values, the amount of actual losses charged to the reserve in a given period and assessment of present and anticipated economic conditions. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses on loans inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Although we believe the allowance for credit losses on loans is a reasonable estimate of expected losses in the loan portfolio, we cannot precisely predict such losses or be certain that the allowance for credit losses on loans will be adequate in the future. Deterioration of economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside our control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans. In addition, bank regulatory agencies and our auditors periodically review our allowance for credit losses on loans and may require an increase in the provision for loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Further, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses on loans, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses on loans.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 326, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses” (ASC 326), which replaces existing accounting principles for the recognition of loan losses based on losses that have been incurred with a requirement to record an allowance for credit losses that represents expected credit losses over the lifetime of all loans in the Corporation’s portfolio. Under ASC 326, the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses will be based on reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and loan performance. While the adoption of ASC 326 will not affect ultimate loan performance or cash flows of the Company from making loans, the period in which expected credit losses affect net income of the Company may not be similar to the recognition of loan losses under current accounting guidance, and recognizing an allowance based on expected credit losses may create more volatility in the level of our allowance for credit losses and our results of operations, including based on volatility in economic forecasts and our expectations of loan performance in future periods, as actual results may differ materially from our estimates. If we are required to materially increase our level of allowance for credit losses for any reason, such increase could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. Nonperforming assets, (which include nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned, but exclude loans past due 90 days and still accruing as these loans are rehabilitated student loans which have a 98% guarantee by the DOE of principal and interest), were $291,000, or 0.04% of total assets, as of December 31, 2023. When we receive collateral through foreclosures and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the related loan to the then fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, which may result in a loss. An increased level of nonperforming assets also increases our risk profile and may impact the capital levels regulators believe are appropriate in light of such risks. We utilize various techniques such as workouts, restructurings and loan sales to manage problem assets. Increases in or negative changes in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management and staff, which can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities, including generation of new loans. There can be no assurance that we will avoid increases in nonperforming loans in the future.

Table of Contents

conditions. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses on loans inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. Although we believe the allowance for credit losses on loans is a reasonable estimate of expected losses in the loan portfolio, we cannot precisely predict such losses or be certain that the allowance for credit losses on loans will be adequate in the future. Deterioration of economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside our control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans. In addition, bank regulatory agencies and our auditors periodically review our allowance for credit losses on loans and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Further, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses on loans, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for credit losses on loans.

Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. Nonperforming assets, (which include nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned, but exclude loans past due 90 days and still accruing as these loans are rehabilitated student loans which have a 98% guarantee by the DOE of principal and interest), were $332,000, or 0.04% of total assets, as of December 31, 2024. When we receive collateral through foreclosures and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the related loan to the then fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, which may result in a loss. An increased level of nonperforming assets also increases our risk profile and may impact the capital levels regulators believe are appropriate in light of such risks. We utilize various techniques such as workouts, restructurings and loan sales to manage problem assets. Increases in or negative changes in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management and staff, which can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities, including generation of new loans. There can be no assurance that we will avoid increases in nonperforming loans in the future.

We have a high concentration of loans secured by real estate, and a downturn in the local real estate market could materially and negatively affect our business.

We offer a variety of secured loans, including commercial lines of credit, commercial term loans, real estate, construction, residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, consumer and other loans. Many of these loans are secured by real estate (both residential and commercial) located principally in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, 8182.1514% of all loans were secured by mortgages on real property. A major change in the real estate market, such as deterioration in the value of this collateral, or in the local or national economy, could adversely affect our customers’ ability to pay these loans, which in turn could impact us. If there is a decline in real estate values, especially in our market area, the collateral for loans would deteriorate and provide significantly less security. The ability to recover on defaulted loans by selling the real estate collateral could then be diminished and we would be more likely to suffer losses.

A portion of our loan portfolio consists of construction and land development loans, and a decline in real estate values and economic conditions would adversely affect the value of the collateral securing the loans and have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

At December 31, ~~2023~~2024, approximately 89.2635% of our loan portfolio, or $4757,~~495~~869,000, consisted of construction and land development loans. Construction financing typically involves a higher degree of credit risk than financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate and improved, income producing real estate. Risk of loss on a construction or land development loan is largely dependent upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development, the marketability of the property, and the bid price and estimated cost (including interest) of construction or development. If the estimate of construction or development costs proves to be inaccurate, we may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to permit completion of the project. If the estimate of the value proves to be inaccurate, we may be confronted, at or prior to the maturity of the loan, with a project whose value is insufficient to assure full repayment. When lending to builders and developers, the cost breakdown of construction or development is provided by the builder or developer. Although our underwriting criteria are designed to evaluate and minimize the risks of each construction or land development loan, there can be no guarantee that these practices will have safeguarded against material delinquencies and losses to our operations. In addition, construction and land development loans are dependent on the successful completion of the projects they finance. Loans secured by vacant or unimproved land are generally riskier than loans secured by improved property. These loans are more susceptible to adverse conditions in the real estate market and local economy.

We have a significant concentration of credit exposure in commercial real estate, and loans with this type of collateral are viewed as having more risk of default.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $290,590,000 in loans secured by commercial real estate, representing approximately 50.54% of total loans outstanding at that date. The real estate consists primarily of non-owner-operated properties and other commercial properties. These types of loans are generally viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans. They are also typically larger than residential real estate loans and consumer loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property to service the debt. It may be more difficult for commercial real estate borrowers to repay their loans in a timely manner, as commercial real estate borrowers’ abilities to repay their loans frequently depends on the successful rental of their properties. Cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions, and a downturn in the local economy or in occupancy rates in the local economy where the property is located could increase the likelihood of default. Some degree of instability in the commercial real estate markets is expected in the coming quarters as loans are refinanced in markets with higher vacancy rates under current economic conditions. The outlook for commercial real estate remains dependent on the broader economic environment and, specifically, how major subsectors respond to a higher interest rate environment and higher prices for commodities, goods and services. Because our loan portfolio contains a number of commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in our percentage of non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Table of Contents

~~Our~~of ~~banking~~each ~~regulators~~construction ~~generally~~or ~~give~~land ~~commercial~~development ~~real~~loan, ~~estate~~there ~~lending~~can ~~greater~~be ~~scrutiny,~~no ~~and~~guarantee ~~may~~that ~~require~~these ~~banks~~practices ~~with~~will ~~higher~~have ~~levels~~safeguarded ofagainst ~~commercial~~material ~~real~~delinquencies ~~estate~~and ~~loans~~losses to ~~implement~~our ~~improved~~operations. ~~underwriting~~In addition, ~~internal~~construction ~~controls,~~and ~~risk~~land ~~management~~development ~~policies~~loans ~~and~~are ~~portfolio~~dependent ~~stress~~on ~~testing,~~the assuccessful ~~well~~completion asof ~~possibly~~the ~~higher~~projects ~~levels~~they offinance. ~~allowances~~Loans ~~for~~secured ~~losses~~by ~~and~~vacant ~~capital~~or asunimproved aland ~~result~~are ofgenerally ~~commercial~~riskier ~~real~~than ~~estate~~loans ~~lending~~secured ~~growth~~by ~~and~~improved ~~exposures,~~property. ~~which~~These ~~could~~loans ~~have~~are amore ~~material~~susceptible to adverse ~~effect~~conditions onin ~~our~~the ~~results~~real ofestate ~~operations~~market and local economy.

We have a significant concentration of credit exposure in commercial real estate, and loans with this type of collateral are viewed as having more risk of default.

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $317,821,000 in loans secured by commercial real estate, representing approximately 51.36% of total loans outstanding at that date. The real estate consists primarily of non-owner-operated properties and other commercial properties. These types of loans are generally viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans. They are also typically larger than residential real estate loans and consumer loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property to service the debt. It may be more difficult for commercial real estate borrowers to repay their loans in a timely manner, as commercial real estate borrowers’ abilities to repay their loans frequently depends on the successful rental of their properties. Cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions, and a downturn in the local economy or in occupancy rates in the local economy where the property is located could increase the likelihood of default. Some degree of instability in the commercial real estate markets is expected in the coming quarters as loans are refinanced in markets with higher vacancy rates under current economic conditions. The outlook for commercial real estate remains dependent on the broader economic environment and, specifically, how major subsectors respond to a higher interest rate environment and higher prices for commodities, goods and services. Because our loan portfolio contains a number of commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in our percentage of non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our banking regulators generally give commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny, and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement improved underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for credit losses and capital as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our focus on lending to small to mid-sized community-based businesses may increase our credit risk.

Most of our commercial business and commercial real estate loans are made to small business or middle market customers. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and have a heightened vulnerability to economic conditions. If general economic conditions in the market area in which we operate negatively impact this important customer sector, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. Moreover, a portion of these loans have been made by us in recent years and the borrowers may not have experienced a complete business or economic cycle. The deterioration of our borrowers’ businesses may hinder their ability to repay their loans with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely upon independent appraisals to determine the value of the real estate which secures a significant portion of our loans, and the values indicated by such appraisals may not be realizable if we are forced to foreclose upon such loans.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio consists of loans secured by real estate. We rely upon independent appraisers to estimate the value of such real estate. Appraisals are only estimates of value and the independent appraisers may make mistakes of fact or judgment which adversely affect the reliability of their appraisals. In addition, events occurring after the initial appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to increase or decrease. As a result of any of these factors, the real estate securing some of our loans may be more or less valuable than anticipated at the time the loans were made. If a default occurs on a loan secured by real estate that is less valuable than originally estimated, we may not be able to recover the outstanding balance of the loan and will suffer a loss.

Table of Contents

We are exposed to risk of environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title.

In the course of our business we may foreclose and take title to real estate, potentially becoming subject to environmental liabilities associated with the properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs or we may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. Costs associated with investigation or remediation activities can be substantial. If we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. These costs and claims could adversely affect our business.

Risk Related to Market Interest Rates

Our business is subject to interest rate risk, and variations in interest rates may negatively affect financial performance.

Changes in the interest rate environment may reduce our profits. It is expected that we will continue to realize income from the differential or “spread” between the interest earned on loans, securities, and other interest earning assets, and interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest bearing liabilities. Net interest spreads are affected by the difference between the maturities and repricing characteristics of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. In addition, loan volume and yields are affected by market interest rates on loans, and rising interest rates generally are associated with a lower volume of loan originations. Management cannot ensure that it can minimize our interest rate risk. While an increase in the general level of interest rates may increase the loan yield and the net interest margin, it may adversely affect the ability of certain borrowers with variable rate loans to pay the interest and principal of their obligations. Also, when the difference between long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates is small or when short-term interest rates exceed long-term interest rates, our margins may decline and our earnings may be adversely affected. Accordingly, changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect the net interest spread, asset quality, loan origination volume and our overall profitability.

Table of Contents

changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect the net interest spread, asset quality, loan origination volume and our overall profitability.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Industry and Markets

We face strong and growing competition from financial services companies and other companies that offer banking and other financial services, which could negatively affect our business.

We encounter substantial competition from other financial institutions in our market area and competition is increasing. Ultimately, we may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. Many competitors offer the same banking services that we offer in our service area. These competitors include national, regional and community banks. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including finance companies, mutual and money market fund providers, brokerage firms, insurance companies, credit unions, financial subsidiaries of certain industrial corporations, financial technology (“fintech”) companies and mortgage companies. In particular, the activity of fintech companies has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to continue to grow. Fintech companies have and may continue to offer bank or bank-like products and some fintech companies have applied for bank charters. In addition, other fintech companies have partnered with existing banks to allow them to offer deposit products to their customers. Increased competition may result in reduced business for us.

Additionally, banks and other financial institutions with larger capitalization and financial intermediaries not subject to bank regulatory restrictions have larger lending limits and are thereby able to serve the credit needs of larger customers. Areas of competition include interest rates for loans and deposits, efforts to obtain loans and deposits, and range and quality of products and services provided, including new technology-driven products and services. If we are unable to attract and retain banking customers, we may be unable to continue to grow loan and deposit portfolios and our results of operations and financial condition may otherwise be adversely affected.

Table of Contents

Consumers may decide not to use banks to complete their financial transactions.

Technology and other changes are allowing parties to complete financial transactions through alternative methods that historically have involved banks. The activity and prominence of so-called marketplace lenders and other technological financial service companies have grown significantly over recent years and are expected to continue growing. In addition, consumers can now maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts, mutual funds, digital wallets or general-purpose reloadable prepaid cards. Consumers can also complete transactions, such as paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. If we are unable to address the competitive pressures that we face, we could lose market share, which could result in reduced net revenue and profitability and lower returns. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to operate profitably may be dependent on our ability to integrate or introduce various technologies into our operations.

The market for financial services, including banking and consumer finance services, is increasingly affected by advances in technology, including developments in telecommunications, data processing, computers, automation, online banking and tele-banking. Our ability to compete successfully in our market may depend on the extent to which we are able to exploit such technological changes. If we are not able to afford such technologies, properly or timely anticipate or implement such technologies, or effectively train our staff to use such technologies, our business, financial condition or operating results could be adversely affected.

Table of Contents

Changes in economic conditions, especially in the areas in which we conduct operations, could materially and negatively affect our business.

Our business is directly impacted by economic conditions, legislative and regulatory changes, changes in government monetary and fiscal policies, and inflation, all of which are beyond our control. A deterioration in economic conditions, whether caused by global, national or local concerns, especially within our market area, could result in the following potentially material consequences: loan delinquencies increasing; problem assets and foreclosures increasing; demand for products and services decreasing; low cost or non-interest bearing deposits decreasing; and collateral for loans, especially real estate, declining in value, in turn reducing customers’ borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans. An economic downturn could result in losses that materially and adversely affect our business.

We may be adversely impacted by changes in market conditions.

We are directly and indirectly affected by changes in market conditions. Market risk generally represents the risk that values of assets and liabilities or revenues will be adversely affected by changes in market conditions. As a financial institution, market risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with our operations and activities, including loans, deposits, securities, short-term borrowings, long-term debt and trading account assets and liabilities. A few of the market conditions that may shift from time to time, thereby exposing us to market risk, include fluctuations in interest rates, equity and futures prices, and price deterioration or changes in value due to changes in market perception or actual credit quality of issuers. Our investment securities portfolio, in particular, may be impacted by market conditions beyond our control, including rating agency downgrades of the securities, defaults of the issuers of the securities, lack of market pricing of the securities, and inactivity or instability in the credit markets. Any changes in these conditions, in current accounting principles or interpretations of these principles could impact our assessment of fair value and thus the determination of other-than-temporary impairment of the securities in the investment securities portfolio.

Table of Contents

Our mortgage banking revenue is cyclical and is sensitive to the level of interest rates, changes in economic conditions, decreased economic activity, and slowdowns in the housing market, any of which could adversely impact our profits.

Mortgage banking income, net of commissions, represented approximately 3442.1433% of total noninterest income, excluding ~~loans~~loss on sale of investment securities, net, for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The success of our mortgage company is dependent upon our ability to originate loans and sell them to investors at or near current volumes. Loan production levels are sensitive to changes in the level of interest rates and changes in economic conditions. Any sustained period of decreased activity caused by fewer refinancing transactions, higher interest rates, housing price pressure or loan underwriting restrictions would adversely affect our mortgage originations and, consequently, could significantly reduce our income from mortgage banking activities. As a result, these conditions would also adversely affect our results of operations.

Risk Related to Liquidity

Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

Liquidity is the ability to meet cash flow needs on a timely basis at a reasonable cost. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy generally. Factors that could reduce our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in the economy, difficult credit markets or the liquidity needs of our depositors. A substantial majority of our liabilities are demand, savings, interest checking and money market deposits, which are payable on demand or upon several days’ notice, while a substantial portion of our assets are loans, which cannot be called or sold in the same time frame. We may not be able to replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary in the future, especially if a large number of our depositors sought to withdraw their accounts, regardless of the reason. Our access to deposits may be negatively impacted by, among other factors, changes in interest rates which could promote increased competition for deposits, including from new fintech competitors, or provide customers with alternative investment options. Additionally, negative news about us or the banking industry in general could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of our company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits. Furthermore, as many regional banking organizations experienced in 2023, the failure of other financial institutions may cause deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks so as to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, move deposits to banks deemed “too big to fail” or remove deposits from the banking system entirely. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 35.84% of our deposits were uninsured and we rely on these deposits for liquidity. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

our company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits. Furthermore, as many regional banking organizations experienced in 2023, the failure of other financial institutions may cause deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks so as to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, move deposits to banks deemed “too big to fail” or remove deposits from the banking system entirely. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 34.62% of our deposits were uninsured and we rely on these deposits for liquidity. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unrealized losses in our securities portfolio could affect liquidity.

As market interest rates ~~have~~ increased in 2022 and 2023, we ~~have~~ experienced significant unrealized losses on our available for sale securities portfolio. Unrealized losses related to available for sale securities are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive ~~income~~loss in our consolidated balance sheets and reduce the level of our book capital and tangible common equity. However, such unrealized losses do not affect our regulatory capital ratios. We actively monitor our available for sale securities portfolio and we do not currently anticipate the need to realize material losses from the sale of securities for liquidity purposes. Furthermore, we believe it is unlikely that we would be required to sell any such securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity. Nonetheless, our access to liquidity sources could be affected by unrealized losses if securities must be sold at a loss; tangible capital ratios continue to decline from an increase in unrealized losses or realized credit losses; the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) or other funding sources reduce capacity; or bank regulators impose restrictions on us that impact the level of interest rates we may pay on deposits or our ability to access brokered deposits. Additionally, significant unrealized losses could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of our company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company executed a securities repositioning and balance sheet deleveraging strategy by selling available for sale securities with a total book value of $55,195,000 and a weighted average yield of 1.48% at a pre-tax loss of $4,986,000. The net proceeds from the sale were used to reduce FHLB borrowings by $15.0 million costing 5.57% and the remaining funds were reinvested back into the securities portfolio with a weighted average yield of 5.48%, with a duration of 3.4 years, and a weighted average life of 5.0 years. The transaction was structured to improve the forward run rate on earnings, add interest rate risk protection to a higher level for longer and potential down rate environments, while improving tangible common equity and maintaining our strong liquidity position. The Company projects the transaction to be 19.5% accretive to earnings per share, 39 basis points accretive to net interest margin, 24 basis points accretive to return on assets, 217 basis points accretive to return on tangible common equity and 20 basis points accretive to tangible common equity to assets ratio, with a projected short earnback period of just over 2.5 years.

Recent negative developments affecting the banking industry, and resulting media coverage, have eroded customer confidence in the banking system.

The closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in March 2023, and First Republic Bank in May 2023, and concerns about similar future events, have generated significant market volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, regional banks. More recently, concerns about commercial real estate concentrations at regional and community banks have exacerbated this volatility. These market developments have negatively impacted customer confidence in the safety and soundness of regional and community banks. As a result, customers may choose to maintain deposits with larger financial institutions or invest in higher yielding short-term fixed income securities, all of which could materially adversely impact the Company’s liquidity, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital and results of operations. While federal bank regulators took action to ensure that depositors of the failed banks had access to their deposits, including uninsured deposit accounts, there is no guarantee that such actions will be successful in restoring customer confidence in regional and community banks and the banking system more broadly. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that regional bank failures or bank runs similar to the ones that occurred in 2023 will not occur in the future and, if they were to occur, they may have a material and adverse impact on customer and investor confidence in regional and community banks, negatively impacting the Company’s liquidity, capital, results of operations and stock price.

Table of Contents

$15.0 million costing 5.57% and the remaining funds were reinvested back into the securities portfolio with a weighted average yield of 5.48%, with a duration of 3.4 years, and a weighted average life of 5.0 years. The transaction was structured to improve the forward run rate on earnings, add interest rate risk protection to a higher level for longer and potential down rate environments, while improving tangible common equity and maintaining our strong liquidity position.

Risk Related to the Company’s Operations

We are dependent on key personnel and the loss of one or more of those key personnel may materially and adversely affect our operations.

We are a relationship-driven organization, and currently depend heavily on the services of a number of key management and business development personnel. These officers have primary contact with our customers and are extremely important in maintaining personalized relationships with our customer base and producing new business, which is a key aspect of our business strategy and earnings momentum. The unexpected loss of key personnel could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The success of our strategy depends on our ability to identify and retain individuals with experience and relationships in our markets.

In order to be successful, we must identify and retain experienced key management members and sales staff with local expertise and relationships. Competition for qualified personnel is intense and there is a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of and experience in the community banking and mortgage industry in our chosen geographic market. Even if we identify individuals that we believe could assist us in building our franchise, we may be unable to recruit these individuals away from their current employers. In addition, the process of identifying and recruiting individuals with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategy is often lengthy. Our inability to identify, recruit and retain talented personnel could limit our growth and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully implement and manage our growth strategy, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategy if we are unable to identify attractive markets, locations or opportunities to expand in the future. In addition, the ability to manage growth successfully depends on whether we can maintain adequate capital levels, cost controls and asset quality, and successfully integrate any acquired branch offices or banks. We cannot assure you that any integration efforts relating to our growth strategy will be successful. In implementing our growth strategy by opening new branches or acquiring branches or banks, we expect to incur increased personnel, occupancy and other operating expenses. In the case of new branches, we must absorb those higher expenses while we begin to generate new deposits; there is also further time lag involved in redeploying new deposits into attractively priced loans and other higher yielding earning assets.

We may consider acquiring other businesses or expanding into new product lines that we believe will help us fulfill our strategic objectives. We expect that other banking and financial companies, some of which have significantly greater resources, will compete with us to acquire financial services businesses. This competition could increase prices for potential acquisitions that we believe are attractive. Acquisitions may also be subject to various regulatory approvals. If we fail to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, we will not be able to consummate acquisitions that we believe are in our best interests.

When we enter into new markets or new lines of business, our lack of history and familiarity with those markets, clients and lines of business may lead to unexpected challenges or difficulties that inhibit our success. Our plans to expand could depress earnings in the short run, even if we efficiently execute a growth strategy leading to long-term financial benefits.

We are subject to a variety of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, and the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders.

We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, unauthorized transactions by employees, operational errors, clerical or record-keeping errors, and errors resulting from faulty or disabled computer or communications systems.

Table of Contents

We are subject to a variety of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, and the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders.

Reputational risk, or the risk to our earnings and capital from negative public opinion, could result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending practices, corporate governance, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can adversely affect our ability to attract and keep customers and employees and can expose us to litigation and regulatory action.

Further, if any of our financial, accounting, or other data processing systems fail or have other significant issues, we could be adversely affected. We depend on internal systems and outsourced technology to support these data storage and processing operations. Our inability to use or access these information systems at critical points in time could unfavorably impact the timeliness and efficiency of our business operations. We could be adversely affected if one of our employees causes a significant operational break-down or failure, either as a result of human error or where an individual purposefully sabotages or fraudulently manipulates our operations or systems. We are also at risk of the impact of natural disasters, terrorism and international hostilities on our systems and from the effects of outages or other failures involving power or communications systems operated by others. We may also be subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control (for example, computer viruses or electrical or communications outages), which may give rise to disruption of service to customers and to financial loss or liability. In addition, there have been instances where financial institutions have been victims of fraudulent activity in which criminals pose as customers to initiate wire and automated clearinghouse transactions out of customer accounts. Although we have policies and procedures in place to verify the authenticity of our customers, we cannot guarantee that such policies and procedures will prevent all fraudulent transfers. Such activity can result in financial liability and harm to our reputation.

If any of the foregoing risks materialize, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Failure to maintain effective systems of internal and disclosure control could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.

Effective internal and disclosure controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud and to operate successfully as a public company. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed. As part of our ongoing monitoring of internal control, we may discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control that require remediation. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Our inability to maintain the operating effectiveness of the controls described above could result in a material misstatement to our financial statements or other disclosures, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, any failure to maintain effective controls or to timely effect any necessary improvement of our internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from fraud or error, harm our reputation or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.

Table of Contents

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about clients and counterparties and our financial condition could be adversely affected if we rely on misleading information.

In deciding whether to extend credit or to enter into other transactions with clients and counterparties, we may rely on information furnished to us by or on behalf of clients and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information, which we do not independently verify. We also may rely on representations of clients and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. For example, in deciding whether to extend credit to clients, we may assume that a client’s audited financial statements conform with GAAP and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of that client. Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted to the extent we rely on financial statements that do not comply with GAAP or are materially misleading.

We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

Third parties provide key components of our business operations such as data processing, recording and monitoring transactions, online banking interfaces and services, internet connections and network access. While we have selected these third party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. Any problem caused by these third parties, including poor performance of services, failure to provide services, disruptions in communication services proved by a vendor and failure to handle current or higher volumes, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct our business, and may harm our reputation. Financial or operational difficulties of a third party vendor could also hurt our operations if those difficulties interface with the vendor’s ability to serve us. Replacing these third party vendors could also create significant delay and expense. Accordingly, use of such third parties creates an unavoidable inherent risk to our business operations.

Our information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect and store sensitive data, including proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in systems and on networks. The secure processing, maintenance and use of this information is critical to operations and our business strategy. While we have policies and procedures designed to protect our networks, computers and data from failure, interruption, damage or unauthorized access, there can be no assurance that a breach will not occur or, if it does, that it will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failure, interruption, damage or security breach of our communications and information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Risk Related to the Company’s Regulatory Environment

Changes in accounting standards could impact reported earnings.

From time to time there are changes in the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some instances, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in the restatement of prior period financial statements. For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements and their effect on us, see “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, corporate governance, executive compensation and financial accounting, or reporting, including changes in them or our failure to comply with them, may adversely affect us.

We are subject to extensive regulation and supervision that govern almost all aspects of our operations. These laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on our business activities, limit the dividends or distributions that we can pay, restrict the ability of institutions to guarantee our debt and impose certain specific accounting requirements that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to

Table of Contents

~~earnings~~We oroperate ~~reductions~~ in ~~our~~a ~~capital~~highly ~~than~~regulated ~~GAAP.~~industry ~~Compliance~~and ~~with~~the laws and regulations ~~can~~that begovern ~~difficult~~our ~~and~~operations, ~~costly~~corporate governance, executive compensation and financial accounting, or reporting, including changes toin ~~laws~~them ~~and~~or ~~regulations~~our ~~often~~failure ~~impose~~to ~~additional~~comply ~~compliance~~with ~~costs~~them, may adversely affect us.

We are currently facing increased regulation and supervision of our industry as a result of the financial crisis in the banking and financial markets. The Dodd-Frank Act instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes. Other changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies or supervisory guidance, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such additional regulation and supervision has increased, and may continue to increase, our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities. Further, our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, even if the failure was inadvertent or reflects a difference in interpretation, could subject us to restrictions on our business activities, fines and other penalties, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, capital base and the price of our securities. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive or otherwise adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Regulatory capital standards may have an adverse effect on our profitability, lending, and ability to pay dividends on our securities.

We are subject to capital adequacy guidelines and other regulatory requirements specifying minimum amounts and types of capital that we must maintain. From time to time, regulators implement changes to these regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. If we fail to meet these minimum capital guidelines and/or other regulatory requirements, our financial condition would be materially and adversely affected. The Basel III Capital Rules require bank holding companies and their subsidiaries to maintain significantly more capital as a result of higher required capital levels and more demanding regulatory capital risk weightings and calculations. While the Company is exempt from these capital requirements under the Federal Reserve’s SBHC Policy Statement, the Bank is not exempt and must comply. The Bank must also comply with the capital requirements set forth in the “prompt corrective action” regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the FDI Act. Satisfying capital requirements may require us to limit our banking operations, retain net income or reduce dividends to improve regulatory capital levels, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

~~Increasing~~Scrutiny ~~scrutiny~~ and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

~~Companies~~We ~~are~~face ~~facing increasing~~ scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to ESG practices and disclosure. In March 2024, the SEC adopted rules requiring public companies, such as the Company, to provide climate-related disclosures in their annual reports and registration statements. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors ~~are~~may also ~~increasingly~~focus ~~focused~~ on these practices, especially as they relate to climate risk, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, and racial and social justice issues. Increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure.

Risk Related to the Company’s Common Stock

Our common stock is thinly traded which may limit the ability of shareholders to sell their shares and may increase price volatility.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VBFC.” Our common stock is thinly traded and has substantially less liquidity than the average trading market for many other publicly traded companies. Mr. Lehman’s significant share ownership also limits the number of shares available to other investors and the liquidity of our common stock. We cannot assure you that a more active trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. The development of a liquid public market depends on the existence of willing buyers and sellers, the presence of which is not within our control. The number of active buyers and sellers of our common stock at any particular time

Table of Contents

~~may~~Risk beRelated ~~limited. Therefore, our shareholders may not be able~~ to ~~sell their shares at~~ the ~~volume,~~Company’s ~~prices,~~Common ~~or times that they desire. Shareholders should be financially prepared and able to hold shares for an indefinite period.~~Stock

Our common stock is thinly traded which may limit the ability of shareholders to sell their shares and may increase price volatility.

In addition, thinly traded stocks can be more volatile than more widely traded stocks. Our stock price has been volatile in the past and several factors could cause the price to fluctuate substantially in the future. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections, developments related to our business, operations, stock performance of other companies deemed to be peers, news reports of trends, concerns, irrational exuberance on the part of investors, and other issues related to the financial services industry. Our stock price may fluctuate significantly in the future, and these fluctuations may be unrelated to our performance. General market declines or market volatility in the future, especially in the financial institutions sector of the economy, could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price may not be indicative of future market prices.

Our ability to pay dividends is limited, and we may be unable to pay future dividends.

Our ability to pay dividends is limited by regulatory restrictions and our need to maintain sufficient capital. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company also will be limited by the Bank's obligations to maintain sufficient capital, earnings and liquidity and by other general restrictions on its dividends under federal and state bank regulatory requirements. Under Virginia law, a bank may not declare a dividend in excess of its accumulated retained earnings without approval by the BFI. Any future financing arrangements that we enter into may also limit our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. If we do not satisfy these regulatory requirements or arrangements, we will be unable to pay dividends on our common stock. Further, even if we have earnings and available cash in an amount sufficient to pay dividends to our shareholders, the board of directors, in its sole discretion, may decide to retain them and therefore not pay dividends in the future.

If we fail to pay interest on or otherwise default on our subordinated notes and subordinated debt securities, we will be prohibited from paying dividends or distributions on our common stock.

As of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we had $5,700,000 of subordinated notes and $8,764,000 of subordinated debt securities outstanding. The agreements under which the subordinated notes and subordinated debt securities were issued prohibit us from paying any dividends on our common stock or making any other distributions to our shareholders upon our failure to make any required payment of principal or interest or during the continuance of an event of default under the applicable agreement. Events of default generally consist of, among other things, certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or liquidation relating to us. If we were to fail to make a required payment of principal or interest on our subordinated notes or subordinated debt securities, it could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our common stock.

Our governing documents and Virginia law contain anti-takeover provisions that could negatively impact our shareholders.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws and the Virginia Stock Corporation Act contain certain provisions designed to enhance the ability of our board of directors to deal with attempts to acquire control of the Company. These provisions, among others, provide that a plan of merger, share exchange, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or similar transaction must be approved and recommended by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the directors in office or by the affirmative vote of 80% or more of all of the votes entitled to be cast on such transaction by each voting group entitled to vote, and limit the ability of shareholders to call a special meeting. These provisions and the ability to set the voting rights, preferences and other terms of any series of preferred stock that may be issued, may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may discourage takeovers (which certain shareholders may deem to be in their best interest). To the extent that such takeover attempts are discouraged, temporary fluctuations in the market price of our common stock resulting from actual or rumored takeover attempts may be inhibited. These provisions also could discourage or make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest, even though such transactions may be favorable to the interests of shareholders, and could potentially adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Table of Contents

vote, and limit the ability of shareholders to call a special meeting. These provisions and the ability to set the voting rights, preferences and other terms of any series of preferred stock that may be issued, may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may discourage takeovers (which certain shareholders may deem to be in their best interest). To the extent that such takeover attempts are discouraged, temporary fluctuations in the market price of our common stock resulting from actual or rumored takeover attempts may be inhibited. These provisions also could discourage or make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest, even though such transactions may be favorable to the interests of shareholders, and could potentially adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our largest shareholder, Kenneth R. Lehman, has significant influence over our business through his share ownership and his interests may not align with the interests of other holders of our common stock.

According to the Form 4 filed by Mr. Lehman with the SEC on December 16, 2020, Mr. Lehman owns 768,379 shares, or approximately 51.4729%, of the Company’s outstanding common stock. Due to this ownership, he is able to influence the outcome of any matter submitted to a vote of our shareholders. In addition, Mr. Lehman previously served on the boards of directors of the Company and the Bank and management regularly seeks guidance and perspective from him given his extensive industry experience. Mr. Lehman owns significant shares of other financial institutions, some of which may compete with us. These affiliations may create conflicts of interest that could incentivize him to take or approve actions with respect to other institutions that may have a negative impact on us (e.g. marketing efforts, product pricing, lending policies, business combination transactions, etc.). While we believe Mr. Lehman’s significant investment in the Company provides some protection in this regard, Mr. Lehman’s interests may not directly align with the interests of other holders of our common stock.

If Mr. Lehman acquires more than 66.67% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, it will cause the acceleration of benefits under certain of our employment and benefit agreements, which will cause us to incur additional compensation expenses.

Certain of our employment and benefit agreements include customary provisions that provide for additional or accelerated compensation in the event of a change of control of the Company. If Mr. Lehman acquires more than 66.67% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, it will cause the acceleration of benefits under some of these agreements. As described above, to the Company’s knowledge, Mr. Lehman owned approximately 51.4729% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

Our change of control agreements provide for “double-trigger” acceleration of change of control benefits, which means the benefits are only payable if the employee experiences a qualifying termination of employment in connection with a change of control. Mr. Lehman’s acquisition of more than 66.67% of the Company’s outstanding common stock would not automatically result in the payment or acceleration of change of control benefits under these agreements. However, under certain circumstances, if the Company were to terminate these employees or the employees were to voluntarily resign following Mr. Lehman’s acquisition of more than 66.67% of the Company’s outstanding common stock, the Company would incur significant additional expenses.

Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may result in operational changes and expenditures that could significantly impact our business.

The current and anticipated effects of climate change are creating an increasing level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, political and social attention to the issue of climate change has increased. Federal and state legislatures and regulatory agencies have continued to propose and advance numerous legislative and regulatory initiatives seeking to mitigate the effects of climate change. These climate-related initiatives could include increasing supervisory expectations with respect to banks’ risk management practices, accounting for the effects of climate change in stress testing scenarios and systemic risk assessments, revising expectations for credit portfolio concentrations based on climate-related factors and encouraging investment by banks in climate-related initiatives and lending to communities disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. To the extent that these initiatives lead to the promulgation of new regulations or supervisory guidance applicable to us, we would likely experience increased compliance costs and other compliance-related risks.

The lack of empirical data surrounding the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change render it impossible to predict how specifically climate change may impact our financial condition and results of operations; however, the physical effects of climate change may also directly impact us. Specifically, unpredictable and more frequent weather disasters may adversely impact the value of real property securing the loans in our loan portfolio. Additionally, if insurance obtained by borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, or if insurance coverage is otherwise unavailable to borrowers, the collateral securing loans may be negatively impacted by climate change, which could impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact regional and local economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on customers and impact the communities in which we operate.

Table of Contents

Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, trade restrictions and tariffs, public health issues, and other external events could significantly impact our business.

Severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, trade restrictions and tariffs, public health issues, and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business. In addition, such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue, and/or cause us to incur additional expenses. The occurrence of any such event in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Overview

The cybersecurity threat environment is volatile and dynamic, requiring a robust and dynamic framework to reduce and mitigate cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity risk includes exposure to failures or interruptions of service or security breaches resulting from malicious technological attacks that impact the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our or third parties’ operations, systems, or data. We seek to mitigate cybersecurity risk and associated reputational and compliance risk by, among other things

●

maintaining privacy policies, management oversight, accountability structures, and technology design processes to protect private and personal data;

●

actively monitoring and mitigating cybersecurity threats and risks with a three lines of defense structure to provide oversight, governance, challenge and testing;

●

using a third-party cybersecurity oversight program;

●

maintaining oversight of our information security program by senior management, our board-level Risk Committee, and our Board of Directors; and

We had no material cybersecurity incidents in ~~2023~~2024.

Risk Management and Strategy

Our cybersecurity risk management strategy is integrated into our enterprise risk management framework and is embedded in each of our three lines of defense. We use a combination of management expertise and Board oversight, as discussed below, as well as outside partners to assist us in overseeing our cybersecurity risk management program. We deploy safeguards designed to protect customer information and our own corporate information and technology. We have programs and processes in place designed to mitigate known attacks, and we use both internal and external resources to scan for vulnerabilities in our applications, systems, and platforms. We implement backup and recovery systems and require the same of our third-party service providers.

Table of Contents

~~industry~~We ~~groups,~~deploy ~~including~~safeguards ~~other~~designed ~~peer institutions, as needed,~~ to ~~help~~protect uscustomer ~~evaluate~~information ~~potential future threats~~ and ~~trends,~~our ~~particularly~~own ~~with~~corporate ~~respect to emerging~~ information ~~security~~ and ~~fraud risks~~technology. We ~~generally~~ have ~~agreements~~programs and processes in place ~~with~~designed ~~our service providers that include requirements related~~ to ~~cybersecurity~~mitigate ~~and~~known ~~data privacy. We cannot guarantee~~attacks, ~~however,~~and ~~that~~we ~~such~~use ~~agreements~~both ~~will~~internal ~~prevent~~and aexternal ~~cyber~~resources ~~incident from impacting our systems or information. Additionally, we may not be able~~ to ~~obtain~~scan ~~adequate~~for orvulnerabilities ~~any~~in ~~reimbursement from~~ our ~~service~~applications, ~~providers~~systems, inand ~~the event we should suffer any such incidents~~platforms. ~~Due~~We toimplement ~~applicable~~backup ~~laws~~ and ~~regulations~~recovery orsystems ~~contractual~~and ~~obligations,~~require wethe ~~may~~same beof ~~held responsible for cyber incidents attributed to~~ our third-party service providers ~~in relation to any data that we share with them~~.

We use independent third-party service providers to perform penetration testing of our infrastructure to help us better understand the effectiveness of our controls, improve our defenses, and conduct assessments of our program for compliance with regulatory requirements and industry guidelines. We also engage with outside risk experts and industry groups, including other peer institutions, as needed, to help us evaluate potential future threats and trends, particularly with respect to emerging information security and fraud risks. We generally have agreements in place with our service providers that include requirements related to cybersecurity and data privacy. We cannot guarantee, however, that such agreements will prevent a cyber incident from impacting our systems or information. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain adequate or any reimbursement from our service providers in the event we should suffer any such incidents. Due to applicable laws and regulations or contractual obligations, we may be held responsible for cyber incidents attributed to our service providers in relation to any data that we share with them.

While to date, we have not experienced a significant compromise, attack, or loss of data related to cybersecurity attacks, due to the nature of our business, we are under constant threat of an attack and could experience a significant cybersecurity event in the future. Potential risks we could face from a cybersecurity event are discussed in “Risk Factors” above.

Governance

Through established governance structures, including our incident response plan, we have processes and procedures to help facilitate appropriate and effective oversight of cybersecurity risk. These processes and procedures enable our three lines of defense and management to review and manage cybersecurity risks, monitor threats, and provide for further escalation to executive management, our board-level Risk Committee, or to the full Board, as appropriate.

Role of the Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors plays a critical role in the oversight of risk, including risks from cybersecurity threats, and has established a risk oversight structure that seeks to ensure that cybersecurity risks are identified, monitored, assessed, and mitigated appropriately. In that regard, our Board is actively engaged in the oversight of our cyber risk profile, which includes risks from cybersecurity threats, enterprise cyber strategy, and key cyber initiatives. Our Board regularly receives reports on such matters from our Information Security Officer, and other relevant personnel. Our Board also meets with our internal and external auditors, and federal and state regulators to review and discuss reports on risk, examination, and regulatory compliance matters.

Our Board Risk Committee is responsible for assisting the Board in its oversight of risk, including cybersecurity threats, and for overseeing our enterprise risk management framework. The Board Risk Committee actively engages with our Chief Risk Officer and other members of management to discuss major risk exposures, establish risk management principles, and determine our risk appetite, and regularly reports on its activities, and makes recommendations to, the full Board. The Board Risk Committee receives a quarterly summary analysis of cybersecurity risks, threats, and incidents. In addition, the Board Risk Committee is engaged, as needed, in accordance with our Incident Response Plan.

Role of Management

Our cybersecurity risk management program is built on three lines of defense, which collectively are designed to assess, identify, assess, and manage our material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Chief Risk Officer is responsible for implementing our enterprise risk management framework and reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer.

Our first line of defense is our employees. Employees receive training, at least annually, on information security. In addition, our Information Security Officer provides ongoing information security education and awareness for teammates, such as online training classes, mock phishing attacks and information security awareness materials.

The second line of defense independently evaluates, monitors, and challenges our risk mitigation efforts to proactively identify cybersecurity risks, including early-stage engagement and risk management with emerging threats. Second line teammates provide effective challenge to the cybersecurity risk management efforts of the first line through ongoing engagement in problem incidents, regular reviews of cybersecurity risk reporting, and inquiries into the sufficiency of risk management activities. Our second line of defense leads our Management Risk and Compliance Committee, which governs our technology and operational risk tolerances, including cybersecurity and third- and fourth party provider risks. This

Table of Contents

~~committee~~Our ~~includes~~first ~~the~~line ~~Information~~of ~~Security~~defense ~~Officer~~is our employees. Employees receive training, ~~the~~at ~~SVP~~least ofannually, ITon ~~and~~information ~~the~~security. In ~~Chief~~addition, ~~Risk~~our Information Security Officer. ~~The~~provides ~~Committee~~ongoing isinformation ~~responsible~~security education and awareness for ~~escalating~~teammates, ~~key~~such ~~risks~~as toonline ~~our~~training ~~Executive~~classes, ~~Leadership~~mock ~~Team.~~phishing attacks and information security awareness materials.

Internal Audit serves as the third line of defense and provides independent assurance on how effectively we are mitigating, managing, and challenging our cybersecurity risks.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our executive and administrative offices are owned by the Bank and are located at 13319 Midlothian Turnpike, Midlothian, Virginia 23113 in Chesterfield County. The current location also houses the principal office of the Mortgage Company.

In addition to its executive offices, the Bank owns six full service branch buildings including the land and leases an additional three full service branch buildings. Three of our branch offices are located in Chesterfield County, with two branch offices in Hanover County, one in Henrico County, one in Powhatan County, one in the city of Richmond and one in James City County.

Our properties are maintained in good operating condition and we believe they are suitable and adequate for our operational needs. Management believes that, upon expiration of each of the Company’s leases, it will be able to extend the lease on satisfactory terms or relocate to another acceptable location.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of its operations, the Company is a party to various legal proceedings. As of the date of this report, there are no pending or threatened proceedings against the Company that, if determined adversely, would have a material effect on the business, results of operations, or financial position of the Company.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable

Table of Contents

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market and Dividend Information

Shares of the Company’s common stock trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VBFC”.

The Company declared quarterly cash dividends totaling $0.6672 and $0.5866 per common share for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, respectively. All dividends paid are limited by the requirement to meet capital requirements issued by the regulatory authorities, and future declarations are subject to financial performance and regulatory guidelines.

The amount and declaration of future cash dividends are subject to the Board of Directors’ approval. In making its decision on the payment of dividends, the Board of Directors considers operating results, financial condition, capital adequacy, regulatory requirements, shareholder returns, market conditions and other factors. A discussion of certain restrictions and limitations on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company, and the ability of the Company to pay dividends to shareholders of its common stock, is set forth in Item 1 – “Business” under “Supervision and Regulation.”

Holders

At March 15, ~~2024~~2025, there were 1,~~492~~498,~~879~~097 shares of common stock outstanding held by approximately ~~871~~841 shareholders of record.

For information concerning the Company’s Equity Compensation Plans, see Item 12 – “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.”

Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company did not repurchase any of its common stock during ~~2023~~2024 or ~~2022~~2023.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

~~Click or tap here to enter text.~~

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion is intended to assist readers in understanding and evaluating the financial condition, changes in financial condition and the results of operations of the Company, consisting of the parent company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, the Bank. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and other financial information contained elsewhere in this report.

Caution About Forward-Looking Statements

In addition to historical information, this report may contain forward-looking statements. For this purpose, any statement, that is not a statement of historical fact may be deemed to be a forward-looking statement. These forward-looking statements may include statements regarding profitability, liquidity, allowance for credit losses, interest rate sensitivity, market risk, growth strategy and financial and other goals. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “believes,” “expects,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “anticipates,” “forecasts,” “intends” or other words of similar meaning. You can also identify them by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from historical results or those anticipated by such statements.

Table of Contents

There are many factors that could have a material adverse effect on the operations and future prospects of the Company including, but not limited to:

●

the merger of the Company and the Bank with and into TowneBank (the “Merger”) may not be consummated in a timely manner or at all, which may adversely affect the Company’s business and the price of the Company’s common stock;

●

the Company and TowneBank may fail to satisfy other conditions to the consummation of the Merger or fail to meet expectations regarding the timing and consummation of the Merger;

●

an event, change or other circumstance could give rise to the termination of the Merger;

●

the announcement or pendency of the Merger could adversely affect the Company’s business relationships, results of operations, employees and business generally;

●

the proposed Merger may disrupt current plans and operations of the Company and cause difficulties in the Company’s employee retention;

●

the proposed Merger may divert management’s attention from the Company’s ongoing business operations;

●

legal proceedings may be instituted against the Company related to the Merger;

●

the amount of unexpected costs, fees, expenses and other charges related to the Merger;

●

changes in assumptions underlying the establishment of allowances for credit losses, and other estimates;

●

the risks of changes in interest rates on levels, composition and costs of deposits, loan demand, and the values and liquidity of loan collateral, securities, and interest sensitive assets and liabilities;

●

the ability to maintain adequate liquidity by retaining deposit customers and secondary funding sources, especially if the Company’s or banking industry’s reputation becomes damaged;

●

the effects of future economic, business and market conditions;

●

legislative and regulatory changes, including the Dodd-Frank Act and other changes in banking, securities, and tax laws and regulations and their application by our regulators, and changes in scope and cost of FDIC insurance and other coverages;

●

our inability to maintain our regulatory capital position;

●

the Company’s computer systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions despite security measures implemented by the Company;

●

changes in market conditions, specifically declines in the residential and commercial real estate market, volatility and disruption of the capital and credit markets, and soundness of other financial institutions with which we do business;

●

risks inherent in making loans such as repayment risks and fluctuating collateral values;

●

changes in operations of the Mortgage Company as a result of the activity in the residential real estate market;

●

exposure to repurchase loans sold to investors for which borrowers failed to provide full and accurate information on or related to their loan application or for which appraisals have not been acceptable or when the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor;

●

governmental monetary and fiscal policies;

● geopolitical conditions, including trade restrictions and tariffs, acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, or actions taken by the U.S. or other governments in response to trade restrictions and tariffs, acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, negatively impacting business and economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad;

●

changes in accounting policies, rules and practices;

●

reliance on our management team, including our ability to attract and retain key personnel;

●

competition with other banks and financial institutions, and companies outside of the banking industry, including those companies that have substantially greater access to capital and other resources;

●

demand, development and acceptance of new products and services;

●

problems with technology utilized by us;

●

the occurrence of significant natural disasters, including severe weather conditions, floods, health related issues, and other catastrophic events;

●

changing trends in customer profiles and behavior; and

●

other factors described from time to time in our reports filed with the SEC.

Table of Contents

For additional information on factors that could materially influence the forward-looking statements included in this report, see the risk factors in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this report. These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained herein, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made. In addition, past results of operations are not necessarily indicative of future results.

Merger Agreement

On September 23, 2024, the Company, the Bank and TowneBank entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Agreement”), which provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement, the Company and the Bank will merge with and into TowneBank (the “Merger”), with TowneBank being the surviving corporation in the Merger. Under the terms of the Agreement, shareholders of the Company will receive $80.25 per share in cash for each share of the Company’s common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Merger.

The Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby have been approved by the shareholders of the Company, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), and the Bureau of Financial Institutions of the State Corporation Commission of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Merger remains subject to other customary closing conditions. The Company and TowneBank anticipate closing the Merger at the end of the first quarter of 2025.

General

The Company’s primary source of earnings is net interest income and income from mortgage banking activities, and its principal market risk exposure is interest rate risk. The Company is not able to predict market interest rate fluctuations and its asset/liability management strategy may not prevent interest rate changes from having a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

31Although we endeavor to minimize the credit risk inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio, we must necessarily make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of the loan portfolio based on our experience and evaluation of economic conditions. If such assumptions or judgments prove to be incorrect, the current allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover loan losses and additions to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary, which would have a negative impact on net income.

Table of Contents

Although we endeavor to minimize the credit risk inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio, we must necessarily make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of the loan portfolio based on our experience and evaluation of economic conditions. If such assumptions or judgments prove to be incorrect, the current allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover loan losses and additions to the allowance may be necessary, which would have a negative impact on net income.

Results of Operations

The following presents management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition of the Company at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, and results of operations for the Company for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Summary

The Company recorded net income of $17,~~918~~017,000, or $14.2969 per fully diluted share, in ~~2023~~2024, compared to net income of $81,~~305~~918,000, or $51.6229 per fully diluted share, in ~~2022~~2023.

On January 1, 2023, the Commercial Banking Segment adopted the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology for estimating credit losses, which resulted in an increase of $150,000 in the allowance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 to $3.52 million. The allowance for credit losses included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.24 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $277,000.

As of December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was $4.03 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.70 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $328,200. As of December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses was $3.73 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.42 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $306,000.

Net interest income

Net interest income, which represents the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest incurred on interest-bearing liabilities, is the Company’s primary source of earnings. Net interest income can be affected by changes in market interest rates as well as the level and composition of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Net interest spread is the difference between the average rate earned on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net yield on interest-earning assets (“net interest margin” or “NIM”) is calculated by dividing tax equivalent net interest income by average interest-earning assets. Generally, the net interest margin will exceed the net

Table of Contents

~~interest~~During ~~spread~~the ~~because~~year ended December 31, 2023, the Company executed a ~~portion~~securities repositioning and balance sheet deleveraging strategy by selling available for sale securities with a total book value of ~~interest~~$55,195,000 and a weighted average yield of 1.48% at a pre-~~earning~~tax ~~assets~~loss ~~are~~of ~~funded~~$4,986,000. The net proceeds from the sale were used to reduce FHLB borrowings by ~~various~~$15.0 ~~noninterest-bearing~~million ~~sources~~costing 5.57% and the remaining funds were reinvested back into the securities portfolio with a weighted average yield of 5.48%, ~~principally~~with ~~noninterest-bearing~~a ~~deposits~~duration of 3.4 years, and ~~shareholders’~~a weighted average life of 5.0 years. The transaction was structured to improve the forward run rate on earnings, add interest rate risk protection to a higher level for longer and potential down rate environments, while improving tangible common equity and maintaining our strong liquidity position.

Net interest income


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Average interest-earning assets	$	~~692~~709,~~895~~512		$	~~701~~692,~~304~~895		$	(816,~~409)~~617
Interest income	$	3339,~~274~~990		$	2733,~~487~~274		$	56,~~787~~716
Yield on interest-earning assets		45.8064	%		34.9280	%		0.8884	%
Average interest-bearing liabilities	$	~~419~~437,~~661~~158		$	~~405~~419,~~193~~661		$	1417,~~468~~497
Interest expense	$	712,~~986~~591		$	17,~~781~~986		$	64,~~205~~605
Cost of interest-bearing liabilities		12.9088	%		01.4490	%		10.4698	%
Net interest income	$	2527,~~288~~399		$	25,~~706~~288		$	~~(418)~~2,111
Net interest margin		3.6586	%		3.6765	%		(0.~~02)~~21	%

The following are variances of note for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to the year ended December 31, ~~2022~~2023:

● NIM ~~contracted~~increased by ~~two~~21 basis points to 3.6586% for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to 3.6765% for the year ended December 31, ~~2022~~2023. The compression was driven by the following:

o The yield on our earning assets increased by 8884 basis points, 4to 5.8064% for the twelve months ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 compared to 34.9280% for the twelve months ended December 31, ~~2022~~2023. The increase in our yield on earning assets continues to be a result of improvement in our earning asset mix as well as the impact of the rise in interest rates during ~~2022 and~~ 2023. ~~We expect to see continued improvement in the yield on earning assets as a portion of our securities portfolio continues to mature over the next several quarters~~ and ~~those lower yielding assets are re-deployed in higher earning assets and as a result of the impact of the balance sheet repositioning completed during the year~~2024.

o ~~Total~~The ~~Paycheck~~increased ~~Protection~~yield ~~Program~~on ~~(“PPP”)~~earning ~~income~~assets ~~recorded~~was offset by the ~~Commercial~~cost ~~Banking~~of ~~Segment~~interest-bearing ~~was~~liabilities $9increasing by 98 basis points to 2.88% for the twelve months ended December 31,~~400~~ 2024 compared to 1.90% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The increase in our cost of funds was driven by an increase in the rate paid on variable rate debt and market pressures on deposit rates. The rate paid on money market deposit accounts increased 118 basis points to 3.15% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $1.97% for the twelve months ended December 31,~~058~~ 2023,~~000~~ and the rate paid on time deposits increased 170 basis points to 3.46% for the twelve months ended December 31, ~~2022~~2024 compared to 1.76% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the rate on time deposits was impacted heavily by the addition of $20.0 million in brokered time deposits at a weighted average rate of 4.89% during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, $15.0 million in brokered time deposits at a weighted average rate of 4.93% matured and were not replaced due to core deposit growth during the period.

o The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased by 146 basis points to 1.90% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 compared to 0.44% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The increase in our cost of interest bearing liabilities was driven by an increase in the rate paid on variable rate debt and continued market pressures on deposit rates. Average borrowings increased by approximately $33.2 million, from the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, with a weighted average cost of 4.65% during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The rate paid on money market deposit accounts increased 170 basis points to 1.97% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 compared to 0.27% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. While we expect there will be continued pressure on our funding base, we anticipate the velocity of those increases to slow down in 2024.

o While the rate paid on interest bearing liabilities increased by 146 basis points for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, overall cost of funds increased by 93 basis points, 1.19% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 vs. 0.26% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The lower increase in cost of funds was driven by our strong non-interest bearing deposits level, which remained near 40% of our deposit base.

Table of Contents

o

While the rate paid on interest bearing liabilities increased by 98 basis points for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, overall cost of funds increased by 67 basis points, 1.86% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 compared to 1.19% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The lower increase in cost of funds was driven by our strong non-interest bearing deposits level, which remained near 38% of our deposit base.

The following table illustrates average balances of total interest-earning assets and total interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated, showing the average distribution of assets, liabilities, shareholders’ equity and related income, expense and corresponding weighted-average yields and rates (dollars in thousands). The average balances used in these tables and other statistical data were calculated using daily average balances. We have no tax exempt assets for the periods presented.

Average Balance Sheets, Income and Expense, Yields and Rates


	Year Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024						Year Ended December 31, ~~2022~~2023
			Interest						Interest
	Average		Income/		Yield		Average		Income/		Yield
	Balance		Expense		Rate		Balance		Expense		Rate
Loans
Commercial	$	8694,~~065~~034	$	56,~~507~~500	6.4091	%	$	8786,~~882~~065	$	45,~~898~~507	56.5740	%
Real estate - residential		~~107~~130,~~593~~854		68,~~288~~023	58.8419	%		91107,~~629~~593		46,~~164~~288	45.5484	%
Real estate - commercial		~~285~~307,~~752~~188		1315,~~412~~779	46.6986	%		~~279~~285,~~513~~752		1213,~~718~~412	4.5569	%
Real estate - construction		4950,~~481~~240		23,~~255~~317	48.5682	%		4149,~~036~~481		12,~~499~~255	34.6556	%
Student loans		1914,~~716~~788		1,~~326~~005	69.7308	%		2319,~~601~~716		1,~~039~~326	46.4073	%
Consumer		4,~~270~~460		~~332~~372	78.7834	%		34,~~709~~270		~~221~~332	57.9678	%
Loans net of deferred fees		~~552~~601,~~877~~564		2934,~~120~~996	5.2782	%		~~527~~552,~~370~~877		2429,~~539~~120	45.6527	%
Loans held for sale		56,~~582~~790		~~373~~444	6.6854	%		5,~~078~~582		~~237~~373	46.6768	%
Investment securities		~~124~~84,~~315~~598		3,~~198~~621	24.5728	%		~~127~~124,~~503~~315		23,~~244~~198	12.7657	%
Federal funds and other		1016,~~121~~560		~~583~~929	5.7661	%		4110,~~353~~121		~~467~~583	15.1376	%
Total interest earning assets		~~692~~709,~~895~~512		3339,~~274~~990	45.8064	%		~~701~~692,~~304~~895		2733,~~487~~274	34.9280	%
Allowance for credit losses		(3,~~295~~619)						(3,~~461~~295)
Cash and due from banks		1110,~~279~~638						1511,~~224~~279
Premises and equipment, net		11,~~845~~661						11,~~727~~845
Other assets		2324,~~454~~163						2123,~~961~~454
Total assets	$	~~736~~752,~~178~~355					$	~~746~~736,~~755~~178

Interest bearing deposits
Interest checking	$	7971,~~744~~479	$	~~425~~526	0.5374	%	$	8779,~~423~~744	$	~~105~~425	0.1253	%
Money market		~~197~~220,~~720~~552		36,~~896~~956	13.9715	%		~~192~~197,~~626~~720		~~528~~3,896	01.2797	%
Savings		4231,~~559~~128		6850	0.16	%		5142,~~077~~559		7968	0.1516	%
Certificates		5165,~~587~~152		~~906~~2,255	13.7646	%		5951,~~452~~587		~~367~~906	01.6276	%
Total deposits		~~371~~388,~~610~~311		59,~~295~~787	12.4252	%		~~390~~371,~~578~~610		15,~~079~~295	01.2842	%
Borrowings
Long-term debt - trust
preferred securities		8,~~789~~790		~~608~~637	67.9225	%		8,~~776~~789		~~291~~608	36.3292	%
FHLB advances		3334,~~356~~202		1,~~571~~626	4.7175	%		~~164~~33,356		81,571	4.6571	%
Subordinated debt, net		5,~~699~~700		~~503~~536	89.8340	%		5,~~675~~699		~~403~~503	78.1083	%
Other borrowings		~~207~~155		95	43.3523	%		—207		—9	—4.35	%
Total interest bearing liabilities		~~419~~437,~~661~~158		712,~~986~~591	12.9088	%		~~405~~419,~~193~~661		17,~~781~~986	01.4490	%
Noninterest bearing deposits		~~249~~240,~~711~~284						~~276~~249,~~742~~711
Other liabilities		24,~~944~~130						32,~~484~~944
Total liabilities		~~672~~681,~~316~~572						~~685~~672,~~419~~316
Equity capital		6370,~~862~~783						6163,~~336~~862
Total liabilities and capital	$	~~736~~752,~~178~~355					$	~~746~~736,~~755~~178


Net interest income before provision for loan losses			$	25,288					$	25,706
Net interest income before provision for credit losses			$	27,399					$	25,288
Interest spread - average yield on interest earning assets, less average rate on interest bearing liabilities					2.9076	%					32.4890	%
Net interest margin (net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets)					3.6586	%					3.6765	%

Table of Contents

Interest income and interest expense are affected by changes in both average interest rates and average volumes of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The following table analyzes changes in net interest income attributable to changes in the volume of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities compared to changes in interest rates. Nonaccrual loans are included in average loans outstanding. The changes in interest due to both rate and volume have been allocated to changes due to volume and changes due to rate in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the changes in each (dollars in thousands).


	~~2023~~2024 vs. ~~2022~~2023
	Increase (Decrease)
	Due to Changes in
	Volume		Rate		Total
Interest income
Loans	$	12,~~243~~709	$	3,~~338~~167	$	45,~~581~~876
Loans held for sale		2579		~~111~~(8)		~~136~~71
Investment securities		(55392)		~~1,009~~815		~~954~~423
Fed funds sold and other		~~(26)~~361		~~142~~(15)		~~116~~346
Total interest income		12,~~187~~757		43,~~600~~959		56,~~787~~716

Interest expense
Deposits
Interest checking		(838)		~~328~~139		~~320~~101
Money market accounts		14		3,354		3,368
Money market		493		2,567		3,060
Savings accounts		(14)		3		(11)
Savings		(18)		—		(18)
Certificates of deposit		(42)		581		539
Certificates		288		1,061		1,349
Total deposits		~~(50)~~725		43,~~266~~767		4,~~216~~492
Borrowings
Long-term debt		—		317		317
Long-term debt - trust preferred securities		—		29		29
FHLB Advances		~~1,563~~40		—15		~~1,563~~55
Subordinated debt, net		~~100~~33		—		~~100~~33
Other borrowings		—(2)		9(2)		9(4)
Total interest expense		~~1,613~~796		43,~~592~~809		64,~~205~~605
Net interest income	$	~~(426)~~1,961	$	8150	$	~~(418)~~2,111

Provision for (recovery of) credit losses

On January 1, 2023, the Commercial Banking Segment adopted the CECL methodology for estimating credit losses, which resulted in an increase of $150,000 in the allowance for credit losses on January 1, 2023. The allowance for credit losses included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.24 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $277,000.

As of December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was $4.03 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.70 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $328,200.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for loans of $128,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was the result of loan growth supported by stable macroeconomic conditions and credit quality remaining strong. Non-performing loans as a percentage of loans were consistent, 0.05% at December 31, 2024 compared to 0.05% at December 31, 2023.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $21,800 for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was driven by an increase in the total commitments outstanding at December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses was $3.73 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.42 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $306,000.

The Company is utilizing a third-party model to tabulate its estimate of current expected credit losses, using a weighted average remaining maturity (“WARM”) methodology. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on similar risk characteristics by call report code. The Company primarily utilizes the short-term natural rate of unemployment forecast based on the Federal Open Market Committee’s projection of unemployment for its reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, and collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent

Table of Contents

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for loans of $21,000 for the ~~existence~~year ~~and~~ended ~~effect~~December of31, ~~any~~2023, ~~concentrations~~which was the result of loan growth being offset by improved credit ~~and~~metrics ~~changes~~as innon-performing ~~the~~loans ~~levels~~as a percentage of ~~such~~loans ~~concentrations~~decreased from 0.12% at December 31, 2022 to 0.05% at December 31, 2023, and the ~~effect~~impact of ~~other~~$162,000 ~~external~~in ~~factors~~net-recoveries (ifor the period.e. ~~competition~~The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $29,000 ~~legal~~for ~~and~~the ~~regulatory~~year ~~requirements)~~ended onDecember 31, 2023, which was driven by an increase in the ~~level~~total ofcommitments ~~estimated~~outstanding ~~credit~~at ~~losses~~December 31, 2023.

The ~~Company~~allowance ~~recorded a provision~~ for credit losses ~~for~~on loans ofto ~~$21,000~~total ~~for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was the result of loan growth being offset by improved credit metrics as non-performing~~ loans asratio ~~a percentage of loans decreased from 0.12%~~ at ~~December~~the ~~31,~~Company ~~2022~~is to 0.0560% atas of December 31, ~~2023,~~2024 ~~and~~compared to the ~~impact~~peer average of ~~$162,000 in net-recoveries for the period~~1.13%. ~~The~~Management ~~Company~~considers ~~recorded~~this alevel ~~provision~~of ~~for~~allowance ~~credit~~sufficient ~~losses~~and ~~for~~appropriate ~~unfunded~~based ~~commitments~~on ~~of $29,000 for~~ the ~~year~~current ~~ended~~economic ~~December 31~~conditions, ~~2023,~~projections ~~which~~for ~~was~~unemployment, ~~driven~~current byasset anquality ~~increase~~and inassessment of the ~~total~~Company’s ~~balance~~loan ~~outstanding~~portfolio atwhen ~~December~~compared ~~31,~~to ~~2023~~peer data.

While current economic challenges due to higher inflation and the speed at which interest rates have been rising remain a risk to credit quality, we believe our current level of allowance for credit losses is sufficient.

The following information is presented prior to the adoption of ASC 326.

The amount of the allowance for loan losses was determined by an evaluation of the level of loans outstanding, the level of non-performing loans, historical loan loss experience, delinquency trends, underlying collateral values, the amount of actual losses charged to the reserve in a given period and assessment of present and anticipated economic conditions.

The level of the allowance reflected changes in the size of the portfolio or in any of its components as well as management’s continuing evaluation of industry concentrations, specific credit risks, loan loss experience, current loan portfolio quality, and present economic, political and regulatory conditions. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of the allowance is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond the Company’s control, including the performance of the Company’s loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications.

The Company recorded a recovery of provision for loan loss expense of $300,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The recovery of provision for loan loss expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 resulted from reductions in qualitative factors driven by improving economic factors, improved credit metrics, and a reduction in loan deferrals.

The allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2022 included an amount that could not be identified to individual types of loans referred to as the unallocated portion of the allowance. We recognize the inherent imprecision in estimates of losses due to various uncertainties and the variability related to the factors used in calculation of the allowance. The allowance for loan losses included an unallocated portion of approximately $60,000 at December 31, 2022.

For more financial data and other information about the provision for credit losses refer to section, “Balance Sheet Analysis” under this Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, and Note 4 “Allowance for Credit Losses” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

36Noninterest income (loss)

~~Table~~Noninterest income (loss) includes service charges and fees on deposit accounts, fee income related to loan origination, gains and losses on sale of ~~Contents~~mortgage loans and securities held for sale. The most significant noninterest income item has been mortgage banking income, net of commissions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Noninterest income

Noninterest income includes service charges and fees on deposit accounts, fee income related to loan origination, gains and losses on sale of mortgage loans and securities held for sale. The most significant noninterest income item has been mortgage banking income, net of commissions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.


	For the Year Ended
	December 31,				Change
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023		$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Service charges and fees	$	2,~~738~~643	$	2,~~625~~738	$	~~113~~(95)	4.(3.5)	%
Mortgage banking income, net		12,~~690~~523		31,~~427~~690		~~(1,737)~~833	~~(50~~49.7)3	%
Loss on sale of investment securities		(4,986)		—		(4,986)	100.0	%
Loss on sale of investment securities, net		(74)		(4,986)		4,912	(98.5)	%
Gain on sale of SBA loans		—		79		(79)	100.0	%
Other		794		522		272	52.1	%
Other		522		471		51	10.8	%
Total noninterest income (loss)	$	5,886	$	(36)	$	5,922	(16,450.0)	%
Total noninterest income	$	(36)	$	6,602	$	(6,638)	(100.5)	%

The ~~decrease~~increase in noninterest income of $65,~~638~~922,000 for the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, was the result of the following:

● The $4,~~986~~912,000 decrease in loss on sale of investment securities was the result of the balance sheet reposition strategy ~~noted~~completed ~~earlier~~during the year ended December 31, 2023.

● The $~~113~~95,000 ~~increase~~decrease in service charges and fees was driven ~~primarily~~ by anlower ~~increase in~~ interchange fee income, asincreased ~~consumer~~charge-offs ~~and~~related ~~business~~to ~~spending~~deposits ~~picked~~accounts upand ~~during~~lower ~~the~~fees ~~year~~related ~~ended~~to ~~December~~insufficient ~~31,~~funds ~~2023~~transactions.

● The ~~decrease~~$833,000 increase in mortgage banking income, net isduring ~~a result of lower mortgage originations and sales compared to~~ the ~~prior~~ year. ~~Mortgage~~ended ~~originations~~December ~~during~~31, ~~2023~~2024 ~~continued~~was ~~to be~~ impacted by ~~higher mortgage rates and~~ the ~~historically low inventory of homes for sale.~~following:

●o ~~The~~Result ~~gain on sale~~ of ~~U.S~~efforts ~~Small~~to ~~Business~~expand ~~Administration~~revenue ~~(“SBA”)~~opportunities ~~loans~~and ~~decreased~~improve asgross amargins ~~result of the Company making the strategic decision to hold~~ on toloans ~~new~~sold, ~~SBA production for the year ended 2023 as the premiums associated with the sale of the guaranteed strips did not warrant selling the guaranteed strips.~~and

o The fair value of forward sales commitments associated with the Mortgage Banking Segment’s loans held for sale and interest rate lock commitments was adjusted to properly reflect the timing of income recognition in the life cycle of the interest rate lock commitments and loans held for sale, which resulted in a $233,900

~~Noninterest expense~~36

Noninterest expense includes all expenses of the Company with the exception of interest expense on deposits and borrowings, provision for credit losses and income taxes. Some of the primary components of noninterest expense are salaries and benefits, occupancy and equipment costs and professional and outside services. Over the last two years, the

Table of Contents

~~most~~increase ~~significant~~to ~~noninterest~~net ~~expense~~income ~~item~~for ~~has~~the ~~been~~period. ~~salaries~~This ~~and~~increase ~~benefits,~~was ~~representing~~a ~~58%~~one-time adjustment and ~~62%~~is ofnot ~~noninterest~~expected ~~expense~~to inbe ~~2023~~recurring. ~~and~~Mortgage ~~2022,~~revenue ~~respectively~~is expected to normalize going forward.

●	The $272,000 increase in other income was primarily because of the recognition of $186,000 in death benefits related to the death of a former executive and dividends received from the FHLB related to the higher outstanding balance of advances during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Noninterest expense


	For the Year Ended
	December 31,				Change
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023		$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Salaries and benefits	$	1314,~~389~~225	$	13,~~768~~389	$	~~(379)~~836	(26.8)2	%
Occupancy		1,~~242~~217		1,~~216~~242		26(25)	(2.10)	%
Equipment		1,~~112~~314		1,~~102~~112		10202	018.92	%
Supplies		~~162~~196		~~158~~162		434	221.50	%
Data processing		1,~~943~~934		1,~~389~~943		~~554~~(9)	39(0.95)	%
Professional and outside services		12,~~598~~574		1,~~387~~598		~~211~~976	1561.21	%
Advertising and marketing		~~404~~363		~~386~~404		18(41)	4(10.71)	%
FDIC insurance premium		~~298~~340		~~237~~298		6142	2514.71	%
Other operating expense		2,~~889~~310		2,~~670~~889		~~219~~(579)	8(20.20)	%
Total noninterest expense	$	2324,~~037~~473	$	2223,~~313~~037	$	~~724~~1,436	36.2	%

● The $~~379~~836,000 ~~decrease~~increase in salaries and benefits expense was driven primarily by ~~lower~~annual ~~expenses~~merit ~~related~~increases toand ~~the~~increased ~~decreased~~benefits ~~mortgage production for the year ended December 31, 2023~~costs.

● ~~Data~~Equipment ~~processing~~expenses increased by $~~554~~202,000 as a result of ~~the~~increased ~~rollout~~costs ofassociated ~~our~~with ~~updated~~new ~~online~~hardware and ~~mobile~~associated ~~banking~~software ~~platform during the latter half of 2022~~costs.

● Professional and outside expenses increased by $~~211~~976,000 asprimarily adue ~~result~~to ~~of increased costs associated with the implementation of new licensed software products~~$932,000 ~~consultant~~in ~~fees,~~merger ~~and~~related ~~increased~~expenses ~~fees~~during ~~associated~~the ~~with debit and credit card usage~~period.

● Other operating expenses ~~increased~~decreased by $~~219~~579,000 primarily as a result of ana ~~increase~~decrease in check and card fraud during the year ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

Income taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate, income tax as a percent of pre-tax income, may vary significantly from the statutory rate due to permanent differences and available tax credits. Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, was $~~247~~1,645,000 and $1247,~~990,~~000, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1118.499% and 1911.34%, respectively. The ~~decrease~~increase in the effective tax rate was primarily related to ana ~~increase~~decrease in the tax credit received related to state taxes attributed to the Company and the mortgage banking segment. The Bank is not subject to Virginia income taxes, and instead is subject to a franchise tax based on bank capital.

The Company has a net deferred tax asset which is included in other assets on the balance sheet. For more financial data and other information about income taxes refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 9 “Income Taxes” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

Balance Sheet Analysis

Investment securities

At December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, all of our investment securities were classified as available for sale.

The following table presents additional information pertaining to the composition of our investment securities portfolio at amortized cost, by maturity (dollars in thousands).


	December 31, ~~2023~~2024
			Weighted
	Amortized		Average
	Cost		Yield 1
U.S. Government agency obligations
Maturing less than one year	$	19,990		1.50	%
Maturing one to five years	$	17		4.79	%
Maturing one to five years		23		5.38	%
Maturing five to ten years		596		4.41	%
Maturing five to ten years		351		3.50	%
Total U.S. Government agency obligations		613		4.42	%
Maturing more than ten years		326		5.65	%
Total U.S. Government agency obligations		20,690		1.60	%
Mortgage-backed securities
Maturing one to five years		9,782		5.34	%
Maturing less than one year		2,130		4.26	%
Maturing five to ten years		5,570		4.85	%
Maturing one to five years		7,615		4.72	%
Maturing more than ten years		61,923		3.52	%
Maturing five to ten years		5,458		4.89	%
Total Mortgage-backed securities		77,275		3.85	%
Maturing more than ten years		56,612		3.52	%
Total Mortgage-backed securities		71,815		3.77	%
Municipals
Maturing more than 10 years		2,~~264~~261		2.17	%
Total Municipals		2,~~264~~261		2.17	%
Subordinated debt
Maturing one to five years		1,~~000~~250		98.2133	%
Maturing five to ten years		1110,~~449~~462		4.5659	%
Total Subordinated debt		1211,~~449~~712		4.9499	%

Total investment securities	$	~~112~~86,~~678~~401		3.5290	%


1 The weighted average yield is calculated based on the relative amortized costs of the securities.

For more financial data and other information about investment securities refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 2 “Investment Securities Available for Sale” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Loans

One of management’s objectives is to maintain the high quality of the loan portfolio. The Company seeks to achieve this objective by maintaining rigorous underwriting standards coupled with regular evaluation of the creditworthiness of and the designation of lending limits for each borrower. The portfolio strategies include seeking industry, loan type and loan size diversification in order to minimize credit concentration risk. Management also focuses on originating loans in markets with which the Company is familiar.

Approximately 81% of all loans are secured by mortgages on real property located principally in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Approximately 3% of the loan portfolio consists of rehabilitated student loans purchased by the Bank from 2014 to 2017 (see discussion following). The Company’s commercial and industrial loan portfolio represents approximately 15% of all loans. Loans in this category are typically made to individuals and small and medium-sized businesses, and range between $250,000 and $2.5 million. Based on underwriting standards, commercial and industrial loans may be secured in whole or in part by collateral such as liquid assets, accounts receivable, equipment, inventory, and real property. The collateral securing any loan may depend on the type of loan and may vary in value based on market conditions. The remainder of our loan portfolio is in consumer loans which represent less than 1% of the total.

3938

Table of Contents

The following tables present the composition of our loan portfolio at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


	December 31, ~~2023~~2024				December 31, ~~2022~~2023
	Amount		%		Amount		%
Construction and land development
Residential	$	1019,~~471~~283	13.8212	%	$	910,~~727~~471	1.8182	%
Commercial		3738,~~024~~586	6.4423	%		3537,~~400~~024	6.5744	%
		4757,~~495~~869	89.2635	%		4547,~~127~~495	8.3826	%
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		~~122~~130,~~666~~216	21.3304	%		~~119~~122,~~643~~666	2221.2233	%
Non-owner occupied		~~154~~169,~~855~~635	2627.9341	%		~~153~~154,~~610~~855	2826.5393	%
Multifamily		1217,~~743~~656	2.2286	%		1112,~~291~~743	2.1022	%
Farmland		~~326~~314	0.0605	%		73326	0.0106	%
		~~290~~317,~~590~~821	5051.5436	%		~~284~~290,~~617~~590	5250.8654	%
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		2124,~~557~~497	3.7596	%		1821,~~421~~557	3.4275	%
Secured by 1-4 family residential,
First deed of trust		9594,~~638~~674	1615.6330	%		6795,~~495~~638	1216.5463	%
Second deed of trust		1113,~~337~~460	12.9717	%		711,~~764~~337	1.4497	%
		~~128~~132,~~532~~631	2221.3543	%		93128,~~680~~532	1722.4035	%
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		8693,~~203~~144	1415.9905	%		9086,~~348~~203	1614.7899	%
Guaranteed student loans		1713,~~923~~261	32.1214	%		2017,~~617~~923	3.8312	%
Consumer and other		4,~~265~~138	0.7467	%		4,~~038~~265	0.7574	%

Total loans		~~575~~618,~~008~~864	100.00	%		~~538~~575,~~427~~008	100.00	%
Deferred fees and costs, net		~~803~~611				~~588~~803
Less: allowance for credit losses		(3,~~423~~696)				(3,~~370~~423)
	$	~~572~~615,~~388~~779			$	~~535~~572,~~645~~388

The following table presents the maturity and sensitivity of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


					Due After
			Due After		Five Years
			One Year		Through		Due After					Due After One Year
	Due in One		Through		Fifteen		Fifteen							Adjustable
	Year or Less		Five Years		Years		Years		Totals		Fixed Rates		Rates
Construction and land development
Residential	$	13,273	$	5,981	$	29	$	—	$	19,283	$	6,010	$	—
Commercial		17,890		13,684		7,012		—		38,586		16,648		4,048
		31,163		19,665		7,041		—		57,869		22,658		4,048
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		17,479		70,657		33,566		8,514		130,216		110,979		1,758
Non-owner occupied		21,714		119,319		26,906		1,696		169,635		145,215		2,706
Multifamily		2,321		15,335		—		—		17,656		13,122		2,213
Farmland		300		14		—		—		314		—		14
		41,814		205,325		60,472		10,210		317,821		269,316		6,691
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		23,239		1,258		—		—		24,497		1,258		—
Secured by 1-4 family residential,
First deed of trust		12,877		71,544		7,689		2,564		94,674		50,082		31,715
Second deed of trust		954		959		4,160		7,387		13,460		12,369		137
		37,070		73,761		11,849		9,951		132,631		63,709		31,852
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		32,625		37,394		21,098		2,027		93,144		59,434		1,085
Guaranteed student loans		13,261		—		—		—		13,261		—		—
Consumer and other		3,096		1,042		—		—		4,138		1,042		—

Total loans	$	159,029	$	337,187	$	100,460	$	22,188	$	618,864	$	416,159	$	43,676

Table of Contents

The following table presents the maturity and sensitivity of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


					Due After
			Due After		Five Years
			One Year		Through		Due After					Due After One Year
	Due in One		Through		Fifteen		Fifteen							Adjustable
	Year or Less		Five Years		Years		Years		Totals		Fixed Rates		Rates
Construction and land development
Residential	$	10,471	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,471	$	—	$	—
Commercial		21,573		8,616		6,835		—		37,024		15,451		—
		32,044		8,616		6,835		—		47,495		15,451		—
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		15,325		60,828		37,791		8,722		122,666		106,940		401
Non-owner occupied		13,881		95,235		44,018		1,721		154,855		136,531		4,443
Multifamily		3,234		9,509		—		—		12,743		7,409		2,100
Farmland		300		26		—		—		326		—		26
		32,740		165,598		81,809		10,443		290,590		250,880		6,970
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		20,277		1,155		125		—		21,557		1,280		—
Secured by 1-4 family residential,
First deed of trust		8,733		69,690		15,719		1,496		95,638		57,813		29,092
Second deed of trust		1,004		1,072		4,202		5,059		11,337		10,180		153
		30,014		71,917		20,046		6,555		128,532		69,273		29,245
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		27,561		39,442		17,143		2,057		86,203		54,669		3,973
Guaranteed student loans		17,923		—		—		—		17,923		—		—
Consumer and other		2,542		1,720		3		—		4,265		1,723		—

Total loans	$	142,824	$	287,293	$	125,836	$	19,055	$	575,008	$	391,996	$	40,188

For more financial data and other information about loans refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 3 “Loans” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

Allowance for Credit losses

We monitor and maintain an allowance for credit losses to absorb an estimate of expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The following table presents the credit loss experience on loans for the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


			Provision for		~~Provision for~~
			(Recovery of)	~~Impact of~~	~~(Recovery of)~~								Ratio of Net		~~Ratio of Net~~
	Beginning		Credit Losses	~~adopting~~	~~Credit Losses~~				Ending		~~Ending~~Average		~~Average~~(Charge-offs) to		~~(Charge-offs) to~~
	Balance		on Loans	~~ASC 326~~	~~on Loans~~Charge-offs		~~Charge-offs~~Recoveries		~~Recoveries~~Balance		~~Balance~~Loans		Average Loans		~~Average Loans~~
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Construction and land development
Residential	$	7986	$	338	$	4—	$	—	$	—124	$	8613,347	$—	~~8,153~~%	—	%
Commercial		~~192~~228		34(3)		2—		—		—225		~~228~~36,894	—	~~41,328~~%	—	%
		~~271~~314		3735		6—		—		—349		~~314~~50,241	—	~~49,481~~%	—	%
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		~~867~~409		~~(475)~~54		17—		—		—463		~~409~~126,279	—	~~119,678~~%	—	%
Non-owner occupied		1,~~289~~467		~~192~~68		~~(14)~~—		—		—1,535		1163,~~467~~660	—	~~153,506~~%	—	%
Multifamily		3344		738		4—		—		—82		4417,011	—	~~12,385~~%	—	%
Farmland		—3		—(2)		3—		—		—1		3237	—	~~183~~%	—	%
		21,~~189~~923		~~(276)~~158		10—		—		—2,081		1307,~~923~~187	—	~~285,752~~%	—	%
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		1140		24(14)		5—		—10		—36		4022,514	0.04	~~18,459~~%	—	%
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust		~~131~~293		76(5)		83—		—3		3291		~~293~~95,541	0.00	~~79,584~~%	~~0.00~~	%
Second deed of trust		4399		25(101)		15—		—115		16113		9912,799	0.90	~~9,550~~%	~~0.17~~	%
		~~185~~432		~~125~~(120)		~~103~~—		—128		19440		~~432~~130,854	0.10	~~107,593~~%	~~0.02~~	%
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		~~576~~640		115		~~(110)~~—		—41		~~173~~696		~~640~~94,034	0.04	~~86,065~~%	~~0.20~~	%
Student loans		52		—		35		(30)		—		57		19,716	(0.15)	%
Guaranteed student loans		57		6		(25)		—		38		14,788	(0.17)	%
Consumer and other		3736		(58)		7—		~~(3)~~1		—29		364,460	0.02	~~4,270~~%	~~(0.07)~~	%
Unallocated		6021		~~(9)~~42		~~(30)~~—		—		—63		21—	—	—%	—	%

	$	3,~~370~~423	$	~~(127)~~128	$	21(25)	$	~~(33)~~170	$	~~192~~3,696	$	3601,~~423~~564	$0.02	~~552,877~~%	~~0.03~~	%

Table of Contents


			~~Provision for~~			Provision for							~~Ratio of Net~~
	~~Beginning~~		~~(Recovery of)~~	Impact of		(Recovery of)			~~Ending~~		~~Average~~		~~(Charge-offs) to~~			Ratio of Net
	~~Balance~~	Beginning	~~Loan Losses~~	adopting	~~Charge-offs~~	Credit Losses	~~Recoveries~~		~~Balance~~		~~Loans~~	Ending	~~Average Loans~~	Average		(Charge-offs) to
Year Ended December 31, 2022
		Balance		ASC 326		on Loans		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Balance		Loans		Average Loans
Construction and land development
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Residential	$	57	$	22	$	—	$	—	$	79	$	7,269		—	%
Construction and land development
Commercial		229		(37)		—		—		192		33,767		—	%
Residential	$	79	$	3	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	86	$	8,153		—	%
		286		(15)		—		—		271		41,036		—	%
Commercial		192		34		2		—		—		228		41,328		—	%
Commercial real estate
		271		37		6		—		—		314		49,481		—	%
Owner occupied		833		34		—		—		867		121,507		—	%
Commercial real estate
Non-owner occupied		1,083		206		—		—		1,289		143,941		—	%
Owner occupied		867		(475)		17		—		—		409		119,678		—	%
Multifamily		35		(2)		—		—		33		13,409		—	%
Non-owner occupied		1,289		192		(14)		—		—		1,467		153,506		—	%
Farmland		2		(2)		—		—		—		656		—	%
Multifamily		33		7		4		—		—		44		12,385		—	%
		1,953		236		—		—		2,189		279,513		—	%
Farmland		—		—		3		—		—		3		183		—	%
Consumer real estate
		2,189		(276)		10		—		—		1,923		285,752		—	%
Home equity lines		12		(59)		—		58		11		19,371		0.30	%
Consumer real estate
Secured by 1-4 family residential
Home equity lines		11		24		5		—		—		40		18,459		—	%
First deed of trust		123		3		—		5		131		62,214		0.01	%
Secured by 1-4 family residential
Second deed of trust		47		(311)		(27)		334		43		10,044		3.06	%
First deed of trust		131		76		83		—		3		293		79,584		0.00	%
		182		(367)		(27)		397		185		91,629		0.40	%
Second deed of trust		43		25		15		—		16		99		9,550		0.17	%
Commercial and industrial loans
		185		125		103		—		19		432		107,593		0.02	%
(except those secured by real estate)		486		180		(157)		67		576		87,882		(0.10)	%
Commercial and industrial loans
Student loans		65		18		(31)		—		52		23,601		(0.13)	%
(except those secured by real estate)		576		1		(110)		—		173		640		86,065		0.20	%
Consumer and other		29		10		(2)		—		37		3,709		(0.05)	%
Guaranteed student loans		52		—		35		(30)		—		57		19,716		(0.15)	%
Unallocated		422		(362)		—		—		60		—		—	%
Consumer and other		37		(5)		7		(3)		—		36		4,270		(0.07)	%

Unallocated		60		(9)		(30)		—		—		21		—		—	%
	$	~~3,423~~	$	~~(300)~~	$	~~(217)~~	$	~~464~~	$	~~3,370~~	$	~~527,370~~		~~0.05~~	%
	$	3,370	$	(127)	$	21	$	(33)	$	192	$	3,423	$	552,877		0.03	%

Table of Contents

For more financial data and other information about loans refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 4 “Allowance for Credit Losses” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Asset quality

The following table summarizes asset quality information at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


	December 31,			December 31,
	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023
Nonaccrual loans	$	~~291~~332		$	~~654~~291
Foreclosed properties		—			—
Total nonperforming assets	$	~~291~~332		$	~~654~~291

Restructured loans (not included in nonaccrual loans above)	$	—		$	~~5,088~~—

Loans past due 90 days and still accruing (1)	$	~~2,228~~874		$	12,~~725~~228

Nonaccrual loans to total loans (2)		0.05	%		0.1205	%

Nonperforming assets to loans (2)		0.05	%		0.1205	%

Nonperforming assets to total assets		0.04	%		0.0904	%

Allowance for credit losses on loans to
Loans, net of deferred fees and costs		0.5960	%		0.6359	%
Loans, net of deferred fees and costs (excluding guaranteed loans)		0.61	%		0.6561	%
Nonaccrual loans		1,~~176~~113.2925	%		~~515~~1,176.29	%

(1)	All loans 90 days past due and still accruing are rehabilitated student loans which have a 98% guarantee by the DOE.

(2)	Loans are net of unearned income and deferred cost.

42Nonperforming assets totaled $332,000 at December 31, 2024, compared to $291,000 at December 31, 2023. Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2024 consisted entirely of $332,000 in nonaccrual loans, compared to $291,000 at December 31, 2023.

~~Table~~The following table presents an analysis of ~~Contents~~the changes in nonperforming assets for 2024 (in thousands).

Nonperforming assets totaled $291,000 at December 31, 2023, compared to $654,000 at December 31, 2022. Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2023 consisted entirely of $291,000 in nonaccrual loans, compared to $654,000 at December 31, 2022.

The following table presents an analysis of the changes in nonperforming assets for 2023 (in thousands).


	Nonaccrual
	Loans		OREO		Total
Balance December 31, 2022	$	654	$	—	$	654
Additions		16		—		16
Loans placed back on accrual		(300)		—		(300)
Repayments		(79)		—		(79)
Charge-offs		—		—		—
Balance December 31, 2023	$	291	$	—	$	291
Additions		163		—		163
Loans placed back on accrual		(10)		—		(10)
Repayments		(112)		—		(112)
Charge-offs		—		—		—
Balance December 31, 2024	$	332	$	—	$	332

Nonperforming restructured loans are included in nonaccrual loans. Until a nonperforming restructured loan has performed in accordance with its restructured terms for a minimum of six months, it will remain on nonaccrual status.

Interest is accrued on outstanding loan principal balances, unless the Company considers collection to be doubtful. Commercial and unsecured consumer loans are designated as nonaccrual when the Company considers collection of expected principal and interest doubtful. Mortgage loans and most other types of consumer loans past due 90 days or more may remain on accrual status if management determines that concern over our ability to collect principal and interest is not significant. When loans are placed in nonaccrual status, previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed against interest income in the current period and interest is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash is received. Interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

There were no individual allowances associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $291,000 and $654,000 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, that were considered collateral dependent. 41

~~Cumulative~~Table ~~interest~~of income that would have been recorded had nonaccrual loans been performing would have been $86,000 and $87,000 for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Student loans totaling $2,228,000 and $1,725,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were past due 90 days or more and interest was still being accrued as principal and interest on such loans have a 98% guarantee by the DOE. The 2% not covered by the DOE guarantee is provided for in the allowance for credit losses.Contents

not significant. When loans are placed in nonaccrual status, previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed against interest income in the current period and interest is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash is received. Interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

There was $79,000 in loans with an individual allowance of $15,000 that were collateral dependent associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $332,000 at December 31, 2024. There were no individual allowances associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $291,000 at December 31, 2023, that were considered individually evaluated.

Cumulative interest income that would have been recorded had nonaccrual loans been performing would have been $96,000 and $86,000 for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Student loans totaling $874,000 and $2,228,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were past due 90 days or more and interest was still being accrued as principal and interest on such loans have a 98% guarantee by the DOE. The 2% not covered by the DOE guarantee is provided for in the allowance for credit losses.

Deposits

The following table gives the composition of our deposits at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


	December 31, ~~2023~~2024				December 31, ~~2022~~2023
	Amount		%		Amount		%
Demand accounts	$	~~247~~240,~~624~~529	4038.98	%	$	~~255~~247,~~236~~624	40.9	%
Interest checking accounts		7672,~~289~~104	1211.6	%		9076,~~252~~289	1412.46	%
Money market accounts		~~195~~223,~~249~~325	3236.31	%		~~179~~195,~~036~~249	2832.73	%
Savings accounts		3932,~~633~~442	6.5.3	%		5539,~~695~~633	86.95	%
Time deposits of $250,000 and over		9,145	1.5	%		4,740	0.8	%
Time deposits over $250,000		14,365	2.3	%		9,145	1.5	%
Other time deposits		3736,~~405~~657	65.29	%		3937,~~784~~405	6.32	%
Total	$	~~605~~619,~~345~~422	100.0	%	$	~~624~~605,~~743~~345	100.0	%

Total deposits ~~decreased~~increased by $1914,~~398~~077,000, or 32.1033%, from December 31, ~~2022~~2023. Variances of note are as follows:

● Noninterest bearing demand account balances decreased $7,~~612~~095,000, or 2.87%, from December 31, ~~2022,~~2023 and represented 4038.918% of total deposits ~~at December 31, 2023~~ compared to 40.859% as of December 31, ~~2022~~2023. The decrease in noninterest bearing demand deposits was driven by a combination of consumers and businesses drawing down balances due to higher costs associated with continued pressure from inflation.

43●Low cost relationship deposits (i.e. interest checking, money market, and savings) balances increased $16,700,000, or 5.37%, from December 31, 2023. The increase in low-cost relationship deposits from the prior periods was the result of seasonal relationship growth as well as some deposits moving from non-interest bearing to interest bearing.

●Time deposits increased by $4,472,000, or 9.61%, from December 31, 2023. The increase was the result of the Commercial Bank Segment issuing $20.0 million in brokered time deposits, at a weighted average rate of 4.89%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 to replace the noninterest-bearing reduction. As of December 31, 2024, $15.0 million in brokered time deposits have matured and were not replaced as a result of core deposit growth.

Table of Contents

noninterest bearing demand accounts was driven by a combination of consumers and businesses drawing down balances due to increased pressure from high inflation, making year-end tax payments, as well as investing in higher yielding products.

● Low cost relationship deposits (i.e. interest checking, money market, and savings) balances decreased $13,812,000, or 4.25%, from December 31, 2022. The decrease in these accounts was primarily driven by the same combination of factors as the noninterest bearing demand accounts.

● Time deposits increased by $2,026,000, or 4.55%, from December 31, 2022. The increase in time deposits was primarily driven by our prior strategy earlier in the year to lock in lower cost time deposits with maturities of less than 12 months to help reduce the volatility in our interest expense.

The following table presents the average deposits balances and average rate paid for the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


	Average Balance				Average Cost Rate

	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023		~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Noninterest bearing deposits	$	~~249~~240,~~711~~284	$	~~276~~249,~~742~~711
Interest checking		7971,~~744~~479		8779,~~423~~744	0.5374	%	0.1253	%
Money market		~~197~~220,~~720~~552		~~192~~197,~~626~~720	13.9715	%	01.2797	%
Savings		4231,~~559~~128		5142,~~077~~559	0.16	%	0.1516	%
Certificates
Less than $250,000		4238,~~191~~014		5342,~~488~~191	13.4995	%	01.6149	%
$250,000 or more		927,~~396~~138		59,~~964~~396	2.9477	%	02.6994	%
Total interest bearing deposits		~~371~~388,~~610~~311		~~390~~371,~~578~~610	12.4252	%	01.2842	%
Total deposits	$	~~621~~628,~~321~~595	$	~~667~~621,~~320~~321	01.8556	%	0.1685	%

The following table presents (in thousands) the scheduled maturities of time deposits greater than $250,000 which is the maximum FDIC insurance limit.



	December 31,		December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Months to maturity:
Three or less	$	19,~~268~~245	$	~~480~~1,268
Over three through six		32,~~889~~925		13,~~093~~889
Over six through twelve		31,~~449~~654		23,~~630~~449
Over twelve		~~539~~541		~~537~~539
Total	$	914,~~145~~365	$	49,~~740~~145

The variety of deposit accounts that we offer has allowed us to be competitive in obtaining funds and has allowed us to respond with flexibility to, although not to eliminate, the threat of disintermediation (the flow of funds away from depository institutions such as banking institutions into direct investment vehicles such as government and corporate securities). Our ability to attract and retain deposits, and our cost of funds, has been, and is expected to continue to be, significantly affected by money market conditions.

Borrowings

We utilize borrowings to supplement deposits to address funding or liability duration needs. For more financial data and other information about borrowings refer to Note 8 “Borrowings” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. For more financial data and other information about loans refer to Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

and other information about loans refer to Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Capital resources

Shareholders’ equity at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 was $6773,~~556~~739,000 compared to $6167,~~111~~556,000 at December 31, ~~2022~~2023. The $6,~~445~~183,000 increase in shareholders’ equity during the twelve months ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, was primarily due to the recognition of net income of $17,~~918~~017,000, from December 31, ~~2022~~2023 to December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and ~~the $5,268,000 decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss~~ was ~~primarily~~offset by the ~~result~~payment of ~~the balance sheet repositioning noted earlier and rate movements during the year ended December 31~~$1, ~~2023~~077,000 ~~which resulted~~ in ~~improved~~cash ~~valuations~~dividends onduring the ~~remaining~~same ~~available for sale securities portfolio~~period.

Table of Contents

The following table presents the composition of regulatory capital and the capital ratios of the Bank at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).


	December 31,			December 31,
	~~2023~~2024			~~2022~~2023
Tier 1 capital
Total bank equity capital	$	7783,~~151~~405		$	7077,~~731~~151
Net unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		5,~~603~~713			105,~~862~~603
Defined benefit postretirement plan		10			1910
Total Tier 1 capital		8289,~~764~~128			8182,~~612~~764

Tier 2 capital
Allowance for credit losses		34,~~729~~024			3,~~370~~729
Tier 2 capital deduction		—			—
Total Tier 2 capital		34,~~729~~024			3,~~370~~729

Total risk-based capital		8693,~~493~~152			8486,~~982~~493

Risk-weighted assets	$	~~596~~644,~~946~~746		$	~~573~~596,~~976~~946

Average assets	$	~~742~~771,~~655~~298		$	~~745~~742,~~120~~655

Capital ratios
Leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average assets)		11.1456	%		1011.9514	%
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (CET 1)		13.8682	%		1413.2286	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		13.8682	%		1413.2286	%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets		14.4945	%		14.8149	%
Equity to total assets		1011.5006	%		910.7850	%

For more financial data and other information about capital resources refer to Note 13 “Shareholders’ Equity and Regulatory Matters” and Note 15 “Trust Preferred Securities” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Liquidity

Liquidity represents the ability of a company to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss, and the ability to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves monitoring our sources and uses of funds in order to meet our day-to-day cash flow requirements while maximizing profits. Liquidity management is made more complicated because different balance sheet components are subject to varying degrees of management control. For example, the timing of maturities of our investment portfolio is fairly predictable and subject to a high degree of control at the time investment decisions are made. However, net deposit inflows and outflows are far less predictable and are not subject to the same degree of control.

45At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our liquid assets, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and investment securities available for sale, totaled $97,797,000 and $123,299,000, or 12.93% and 16.74% of total assets, respectively. Investment securities traditionally provide a secondary source of liquidity since they can be converted into cash in a timely manner.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $222.6 million in uninsured deposits, which represents 35.84% of total deposits. Total liquidity sources at December 31, 2024 equal $185.7 million, or 83.4% of uninsured deposits.

The Company’s internal policy limits wholesale deposits (i.e., brokered deposits and internet listing services) to 20 percent of total funding, representing $145.2 million of additional availability as of December 31, 2024. The Company had $5.0 million and zero wholesale deposits as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The use of wholesale

Table of Contents

Atdeposits ~~December 31,~~in ~~2023~~conjunction ~~and~~with ~~2022,~~the ~~our~~above ~~liquid~~liquidity ~~assets,~~sources ~~consisting~~would ofgive ~~cash,~~the ~~cash~~bank ~~equivalents and investment securities available for sale, totaled~~ $~~123,299,000~~330.9 ~~and $150~~million,~~531,000,~~ or 16148.747% ~~and 20.81% of total assets~~, ~~respectively. Investment securities traditionally provide a secondary source of liquidity since they can be converted into cash~~ in auninsured ~~timely~~deposit ~~manner~~coverage.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $209.1 million in uninsured deposits, which represents 34.62% of total deposits. Total liquidity sources at December 31, 2023 equal $149.5 million, or 71.5% of uninsured deposits.

The Company’s internal policy limits wholesale deposits (i.e., brokered deposits and internet listing services) to 15 percent of total funding, representing $110.5 million of additional availability as of December 31, 2023. The Company had zero wholesale deposits as of December 31, 2023. The use of wholesale deposits in conjunction with the above liquidity sources would give the bank $260.0 million, or 124.3%, in uninsured deposit coverage.

Our holdings of liquid assets plus the ability to maintain and expand our deposit base and borrowing capabilities serve as our principal sources of liquidity. We plan to meet our future cash needs through the liquidation of temporary investments, the generation of deposits, and from additional borrowings. In addition, we will receive cash upon the maturity and sale of loans and the maturity of investment securities. We maintain three federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks totaling $22.8 million for which there were no borrowings against the lines at December 31, 2023.

We are also a member of the FHLB, from which applications for borrowings can be made. The FHLB requires that securities, qualifying mortgage loans, and stock of the FHLB owned by the Bank be pledged to secure any advances from the FHLB. The unused borrowing capacity currently available from the FHLB at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 was $35.4 million, based on the Bank’s qualifying collateral available to secure any future borrowings. However, we are able to pledge additional collateral to the FHLB in order to increase our available borrowing capacity up to 25% of assets, which would result in a total remaining credit availability of $144.3 million as of December 31, 2024.

Liquidity provides us with the ability to meet normal deposit withdrawals, while also providing for the credit needs of customers. We are committed to maintaining liquidity at a level sufficient to protect depositors, provide for reasonable growth, and fully comply with all regulatory requirements.

At December 31, ~~2023~~2024, we had commitments to originate $~~136~~139,~~583~~661,000 of loans. Fixed commitments to incur capital expenditures were less than $100,000 at December 31, ~~2023~~2024. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature or reprice in the 12-month period ending December 31, 2024 total $~~38,603,000~~45.1 million. We believe that a significant portion of such deposits will remain with us. We further believe that deposit growth, loan repayments and other sources of funds will be adequate to meet our foreseeable short-term and long-term liquidity needs.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

An important element of asset/liability management is the monitoring of our sensitivity to interest rate movements. In order to measure the effects of interest rates on our net interest income, management takes into consideration the expected cash flows from the securities and loan portfolios and the expected magnitude of the repricing of specific asset and liability categories. We evaluate interest sensitivity risk and then formulate guidelines to manage this risk based on management’s outlook regarding the economy, forecasted interest rate movements and other business factors. Our goal is to maximize and stabilize the net interest margin by limiting exposure to interest rate changes.

Contractual principal repayments of loans do not necessarily reflect the actual term of our loan portfolio. The average lives of mortgage loans are substantially less than their contractual terms because of loan prepayments and because of enforcement of due-on-sale clauses, which gives us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event, among other things, the borrower sells the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. In addition, certain borrowers increase their equity in the security property by making payments in excess of those required under the terms of the mortgage.

The sale of fixed rate loans is intended to protect us from precipitous changes in the general level of interest rates. The valuation of adjustable rate mortgage loans is not as directly dependent on the level of interest rates as is the value of fixed rate loans. As with other investments, we regularly monitor the appropriateness of the level of adjustable rate mortgage loans in our portfolio and may decide from time to time to sell such loans and reinvest the proceeds in other adjustable rate investments.

Table of Contents

loans in our portfolio and may decide from time to time to sell such loans and reinvest the proceeds in other adjustable rate investments.

Impact of inflation and changing prices

The Company’s financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require the Company to measure financial position and operating results primarily in terms of historical dollars. Changes in the relative value of money due to inflation or recession are generally not considered. The primary effect of inflation on the operations of the Company is reflected in increased operating costs. In management’s opinion, changes in interest rates affect the financial condition of a financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond the control of the Company, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities.

Table of Contents

financial condition of a financial institution to a far greater degree than changes in the inflation rate. While interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond the control of the Company, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities.

LIBOR and Other Benchmark Rates

The administrator of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) announced that the most commonly used U.S. dollar LIBOR settings would cease to be published or cease to be representative after June 30, 2023.

The Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, enacted in March 2022, provides a statutory framework to replace LIBOR with a benchmark rate based on the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”) for contracts governed by U.S. law that have no or ineffective fallbacks. We have a number of borrowings and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR. As a result of the announced discontinuation of LIBOR on June 30, 2023, the Company replaced the LIBOR leg of the calculated floating rate for these instruments with the corresponding term SOFR plus the applicable tenor spread adjustment as per the guidelines outlined within the final rulings under the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

This transition did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

General

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company and the Bank are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. The Company’s financial position and results of operations are affected by management’s application of accounting policies, including estimates, assumptions and judgments made to arrive at the carrying value of assets and liabilities, and amounts reported for revenues, expenses and related disclosures. Different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in the Company’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations.

The more critical accounting and reporting policies include the Company’s accounting for the allowance for credit losses. The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding the Company’s consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, the Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in detail in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

The following is a summary of the Company’s critical accounting policies that are highly dependent on estimates, assumptions, and judgments.

Table of Contents

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for credit losses on loans, reserve for unfunded commitments, and the allowance on securities.

The allowance for credit losses on loans is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for credit losses charged to earnings. Credit losses on loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is probable. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The allowance for credit losses on loans, in management’s judgement, represents the current estimate of expected credit losses over the term of loans held for investment, and is recorded at an amount that, in management’s judgement, reduces the recorded investment in loans to the net amount expected to be collected. Management’s judgment in determining the adequacy of the allowance is based on evaluations of the collectability of loans while taking into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions which may affect a borrower’s ability to repay, overall portfolio quality, and review of specific potential losses. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The Company utilizes a third-party model to tabulate its estimate of current expected credit losses, using a WARM methodology. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on similar risk characteristics by call report code. The Company primarily utilizes the short-term natural rate of unemployment forecast based on the Federal Open Market Committee’s projection of unemployment for its reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses using a statistical regression analysis. For the periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, projections of expected credit losses are based on a reversion to the long-run mean for the national unemployment rate. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, and collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements) on the level of estimated credit losses.46

Table of Contents

adequacy of the allowance is based on evaluations of the collectability of loans while taking into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions which may affect a borrower’s ability to repay, overall portfolio quality, and review of specific potential losses. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The Company utilizes a third-party model to tabulate its estimate of current expected credit losses, using a weighted average remaining maturity methodology. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on similar risk characteristics by call report code. The Company primarily utilizes the short-term natural rate of unemployment forecast based on the Federal Open Market Committee’s projection of unemployment for its reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses using a statistical regression analysis. For the periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, projections of expected credit losses are based on a reversion to the long-run mean for the national unemployment rate. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, and collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements) on the level of estimated credit losses.

Loans that do not share common risk characteristics with other loans are evaluated individually and are not included in the collective analysis. The allowance for credit losses on loans that are individually evaluated may be estimated based on their expected cash flows, or, in the case of loans for which repayment is expected substantially through the operation or sale of collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, may be measured based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell.

The Company records a reserve, reported in other liabilities, for expected credit losses on commitments to extend credit that are not unconditionally cancelable by the Company. The reserve for unfunded commitments is measured based on the principles utilized in estimating the allowance for credit losses on loans and an estimate of the amount of unfunded commitments expected to be advanced. Changes in the reserve for unfunded commitments are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

The fair value of investment securities available for sale is estimated based on quoted prices for similar assets determined by bid quotations received from independent pricing services. For those debt securities whose fair value is less than their amortized cost basis, we consider our intent to sell the security, whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery and if we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, we may consider whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred and the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition. If, however, the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more-likely-than-not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery, the Company evaluates unrealized losses to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost basis is a result of a credit loss, which occurs when the amortized cost basis of the security exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security, or other factors such as changes in market interest rates. If a credit loss exists, an allowance for credit losses is recorded that reflects the amount of the impairment related to credit losses, limited by the amount by which the security’s amortized cost basis exceeds its fair value. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded in net income in the period of change and are included in provision for credit losses. Changes in the fair value of debt securities available for sale not resulting from credit losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). The Company regularly reviews unrealized losses in its investments in securities and cash flows expected to be collected from impaired securities based on criteria including the extent to which market value is below amortized cost, the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, the Company’s intention with regard to holding the security to maturity and the likelihood that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery.

4847

Table of Contents

the security exceeds the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security, or other factors such as changes in market interest rates. If a credit loss exists, an allowance for credit losses is recorded that reflects the amount of the impairment related to credit losses, limited by the amount by which the security’s amortized cost basis exceeds its fair value. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded in net income in the period of change and are included in provision for credit losses. Changes in the fair value of debt securities available for sale not resulting from credit losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). The Company regularly reviews unrealized losses in its investments in securities and cash flows expected to be collected from impaired securities based on criteria including the extent to which market value is below amortized cost, the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, the Company’s intention with regard to holding the security to maturity and the likelihood that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery.

New accounting standards

For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements and their effect on us, see “New Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements and related footnotes of the Company are presented following.

4948

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp.

Midlothian, Virginia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and its subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for the allowance for credit losses in 2023 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, including all related amendments.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

Table of Contents

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Table of Contents

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans Collectively Evaluated for Losses

As described in Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4 – Allowance for Credit Losses to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for credit losses on January 1, 2023, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended. The allowance for credit losses on loans (ACLL) is a valuation allowance that represents management’s best estimate of expected credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost considering available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing collectability over the loans’ contractual terms. Loans which share common risk characteristics are pooled and collectively evaluated by the Company using historical data, as well as assessments of current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. The Company’s ACLL related to collectively evaluated loans made up the total recorded ACLL of $3.47 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The collectively evaluated ACLL consists of quantitative and qualitative components.

The quantitative component consists of loss estimates derived from a weighted average remaining maturity (“WARM”) model using external observations of historical loan losses adjusted for estimated attrition and forecasts of future conditions over a reasonable and supportable period. These estimates consider large amounts of data in tabulating loss and attrition rates and require complex calculations as well as management judgment in the selection of appropriate inputs.

In addition to the quantitative component, the collectively evaluated ACLL also includes a qualitative component which aggregates management’s assessment of available information relevant to assessing collectability that is not captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Factors considered by management in developing its qualitative estimates include: changes in lending policies and procedures, changes in international, national, regional and local economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in the experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the Company’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements, etc.) on the level of credit losses.

Management exercised significant judgment when estimating the ACLL on collectively evaluated loans. We identified the estimation of the collectively evaluated ACLL as a critical audit matter as auditing the collectively evaluated ACLL involved especially complex and subjective auditor judgment in evaluating management’s assessment of the inherently subjective estimates.

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

●

Substantively testing management’s process for measuring the collectively evaluated ACLL, including:

o Evaluating conceptual soundness, assumptions, and key data inputs of the ~~Corporation~~Company’s WARM methodology, including the identification of loan pools, the calculation of loss rate inputs, and the calculation of attrition rate inputs for each pool.

o

Evaluating the methodology and testing the accuracy of incorporating reasonable and supportable forecasts in the collectively evaluated ACLL estimate.

o

Evaluating the completeness and accuracy of data inputs used as a basis for the qualitative factors.

o

Evaluating the qualitative factors for directional consistency in comparison to prior periods and for reasonableness in comparison to underlying supporting data.

Table of Contents

o

Testing the mathematical accuracy of the ACLL for collectively evaluated loans including both the quantitative and qualitative components of the calculation.

/s/ Yount, Hyde & Barbour, P.C.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

Richmond, Virginia

March 2226, ~~2024~~2025

5250

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	December 31,		December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	1014,~~383~~261	$	1210,~~062~~383
Federal funds sold		74,~~331~~367		47,~~616~~331
Total cash and cash equivalents		1718,~~714~~628		1617,~~678~~714
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value		~~105~~79,~~585~~169		~~133~~105,~~853~~585
Restricted stock, at cost		2,~~985~~993		12,~~564~~985
Loans held for sale		4,~~983~~299		24,~~268~~983
Loans
Outstandings		~~575~~618,~~008~~864		~~538~~575,~~427~~008
Allowance for credit losses		(3,~~423~~696)		(3,~~370~~423)
Deferred costs, net		~~803~~611		~~588~~803
Total loans, net		~~572~~615,~~388~~779		~~535~~572,~~645~~388
Premises and equipment, net		11,~~760~~406		11,~~748~~760
Bank owned life insurance		13,~~120~~019		1213,~~798~~120
Accrued interest receivable		3,~~827~~507		3,~~651~~827
Other assets		47,~~254~~365		54,~~065~~254
Total Assets	$	~~736~~756,~~616~~165	$	~~723~~736,~~270~~616

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Deposits
Noninterest bearing demand	$	~~247~~240,~~624~~529	$	~~255~~247,~~236~~624
Interest bearing		~~357~~378,~~721~~893		~~369~~357,~~507~~721
Total deposits		~~605~~619,~~345~~422		~~624~~605,~~743~~345
Long-term debt - trust preferred securities		8,764		8,764
Subordinated debt, net		5,700		5,~~692~~700
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		45,000		2045,000
Accrued interest payable		~~210~~453		70210
Other liabilities		43,~~041~~087		24,~~890~~041
Total liabilities		~~669~~682,~~060~~426		~~662~~669,~~159~~060

Shareholders’ equity
Common stock, $4 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 1,492,879 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 1,482,790 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022		5,908		5,868
Common stock, $4 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 1,498,097 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 1,492,879 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023		5,940		5,908
Additional paid-in capital		55,~~486~~807		55,~~167~~486
Retained earnings		1117,~~775~~715		1011,~~957~~775
Stock in directors rabbi trust		(~~467~~439)		(~~689~~467)
Directors deferred fees obligation		~~467~~439		~~689~~467
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(5,~~613~~723)		(105,~~881~~613)
Total shareholders’ equity		6773,~~556~~739		6167,~~111~~556

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	~~736~~756,~~616~~165	$	~~723~~736,~~270~~616

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5351

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Income

Years Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

(in thousands, except per share data)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Interest income
Loans	$	2935,~~493~~440	$	2429,~~776~~493
Investment securities		3,~~198~~621		23,~~244~~198
Federal funds sold		~~583~~929		~~467~~583
Total interest income		3339,~~274~~990		2733,~~487~~274

Interest expense
Deposits		59,~~295~~787		15,~~079~~295
Borrowed funds		2,~~691~~804		~~702~~2,691
Total interest expense		712,~~986~~591		17,~~781~~986

Net interest income		2527,~~288~~399		25,~~706~~288
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		50		(300)
Provision for credit losses		150		50
Net interest income after provision for (recovery of) credit losses		25,238		26,006
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		27,249		25,238

Noninterest income
Noninterest income (loss)
Service charges and fees		2,~~738~~643		2,~~625~~738
Mortgage banking income, net		12,~~690~~523		31,~~427~~690
Loss on sale of investment securities, net		(~~4,986~~74)		—(4,986)
Gain on sale of Small Business Administration loans		—		79
Other		794		522
Other		522		471
Total noninterest income (loss)		5,886		(36)
Total noninterest income (loss)		(36)		6,602

Noninterest expense
Salaries and benefits		1314,~~389~~225		13,~~768~~389
Occupancy		1,~~242~~217		1,~~216~~242
Equipment		1,~~112~~314		1,~~102~~112
Supplies		~~162~~196		~~158~~162
Data processing		1,~~943~~934		1,~~389~~943
Professional and outside services		12,~~598~~574		1,~~387~~598
Advertising and marketing		~~404~~363		~~386~~404
FDIC insurance premium		~~298~~340		~~237~~298
Other operating expense		2,~~889~~310		2,~~670~~889
Total noninterest expense		2324,~~037~~473		2223,~~313~~037

Income before income tax expense		28,~~165~~662		102,~~295~~165
Income tax expense		~~247~~1,645		~~1,990~~247

Net income	$	17,~~918~~017	$	81,~~305~~918

Earnings per share, basic	$	14.2969	$	51.6229
Earnings per share, diluted	$	14.2969	$	51.6229

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5452

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income ~~(Loss)~~

Years Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

(in thousands)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Net income	$	17,~~918~~017	$	81,~~305~~918
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period		1,671		(12,843)
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during the period		(213)		1,671
Tax effect		~~(351)~~45		~~2,697~~(351)
Net change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities available for sale, net of tax		1,320		(10,146)
Net change in unrealized holding (losses) gains on securities available for sale, net of tax		(168)		1,320

Reclassification adjustment
Reclassification adjustment for losses realized in income		~~4,986~~74		—4,986
Tax effect		(~~1,047~~16)		—(1,047)
Reclassification for gains included in net income, net of tax		3,939		—
Reclassification for losses included in net income, net of tax		58		3,939

Minimum pension adjustment		14—		14
Tax effect		~~(5)~~—		(5)
Minimum pension adjustment, net of tax		9—		9

Total other comprehensive income (loss)		5,268		(10,137)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income		(110)		5,268

Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	7,186	$	(1,832)
Total comprehensive income	$	6,907	$	7,186

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5553

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Years Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

(in thousands)


									Directors		Accumulated
			Additional				Stock in		Deferred		Other
	Common		Paid-in		Retained		Directors		Fees		Comprehensive
	Stock		Capital		Earnings		Rabbi Trust		Obligation		Loss		Total

Balance, December 31, 2021	$	5,822	$	54,814	$	3,509	$	(730)	$	730	$	(744)	$	63,401

Vesting of restricted stock		43		(43)		—		41		(41)		—		—
Exercise of stock options		3		15		—		—		—		—		18
Stock based compensation		—		381		—		—		—		—		381
Cash dividends declared ($0.58 per share)		—		—		(857)		—		—		—		(857)
Net income		—		—		8,305		—		—		—		8,305
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(10,137)		(10,137)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	5,868	$	55,167	$	10,957	$	(689)	$	689	$	(10,881)	$	61,111

Vesting of restricted stock		40		(40)		—		222		(222)		—		—
Stock based compensation		—		359		—		—		—		—		359
Cash dividends declared ($0.66 per share)		—		—		(981)		—		—		—		(981)
Impact of adoption of ASC 326		—		—		(119)		—		—		—		(119)
Net income		—		—		1,918		—		—		—		1,918
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		5,268		5,268
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	5,908	$	55,486	$	11,775	$	(467)	$	467	$	(5,613)	$	67,556

Vesting of restricted stock		32		(32)		—		28		(28)		—		—
Stock based compensation		—		353		—		—		—		—		353
Cash dividends declared ($0.72 per share)		—		—		(1,077)		—		—		—		(1,077)
Net income		—		—		7,017		—		—		—		7,017
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(110)		(110)
Balance, December 31, 2024	$	5,940	$	55,807	$	17,715	$	(439)	$	439	$	(5,723)	$	73,739

See accompanying notes consolidated financial statements.

5654

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

(in thousands)


	Year Ended
	December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income	$	17,~~918~~017	$	81,~~305~~918
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		~~604~~661		~~546~~604
Amortization of debt issuance costs		8—		328
Deferred income taxes		~~101~~(360)		~~146~~101
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		50		(300)
Provision for credit losses		150		50
Loss on sale of investment securities		~~4,986~~74		—4,986
Gain on sale of Small Business Administration loans		—		(79)
Gain on sales of loans held for sale		(3,024)		(2,409)
Gain on sales of loans held for sale		(2,409)		(4,751)
Stock compensation expense		353		359
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		—		3
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans		117,489		112,720
Stock compensation expense		359		381
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale		(113,781)		(113,026)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans		112,720		169,995
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on securities, net		(261)		(221)
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale		(113,026)		(162,371)
Income recognized from death benefit on bank owned life insurance		(185)		—
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on securities, net		(221)		58
Increase in bank owned life insurance		(362)		(322)
Increase in bank owned life insurance		(322)		(304)
Net change in:
Interest receivable		~~(176)~~320		(~~406~~176)
Other assets		(~~649~~2,722)		~~2,582~~(649)
Interest payable		~~140~~243		2140
Other liabilities		~~874~~(976)		~~(3,570)~~874
Net cash provided by operating activities		4,~~957~~636		104,~~269~~957

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of available for sale securities		(381,~~747~~582)		(6538,~~488~~747)
Proceeds from the sale of available for sale securities		~~50,079~~426		—50,079
Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns of available for sale securities		1827,~~829~~620		1318,~~433~~829
Net increase in loans		(3643,~~666~~519)		(1236,~~665~~666)
Purchases of premises and equipment, net		(~~616~~307)		(~~473~~616)
Purchase of restricted stock, net		(1,421)		(870)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance		648		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,542)		(66,063)
Purchase of restricted stock, net		(8)		(1,421)
Net cash used in investing activities		(16,722)		(8,542)

Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—		18
Cash dividends paid		(1,077)		(981)
Cash dividends paid		(981)		(857)
Net increase (decrease) in deposits		14,077		(19,398)
Net decrease in deposits		(19,398)		(39,305)
Net decrease in other borrowings		—		25,000
Net increase in other borrowings		25,000		20,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		13,000		4,621
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		4,621		(20,144)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		1,036		(75,938)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		914		1,036
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		1617,~~678~~714		9216,~~616~~678

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	1718,~~714~~628	$	1617,~~678~~714

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash payments for interest	$	712,~~846~~348	$	17,~~779~~846
Cash payments for taxes	$	~~608~~1,419	$	~~1,960~~608
Supplemental Schedule of Non-Cash Activities
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale	$	6,658	$	(12,843)
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities available for sale	$	(139)	$	6,658
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	263
Minimum pension adjustment	$	—	$	14
Minimum pension adjustment	$	14	$	14

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5755

Table of Contents

Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and Subsidiary

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years Ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. and subsidiary (the “Company”) conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practice within the banking industry. The following is a description of the more significant of those policies:

Business

The Company is the holding company of Village Bank (the “Bank”). The Bank opened to the public on December 13, 1999 as a traditional community bank offering deposit and loan services to individuals and businesses in the Richmond, Virginia metropolitan area. In 2017, the Bank entered the Williamsburg, Virginia market by opening a full service branch. Village Bank Mortgage Corporation (the “Mortgage Company”) is a full service mortgage banking company wholly-owned by the Bank.

The Bank is subject to regulations of certain federal and state agencies and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial banking activities, the Bank’s business is susceptible to being affected by state and federal legislation and regulations.

The majority of the Company’s real estate loans are collateralized by properties in the Richmond, Virginia metropolitan area. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of those loans collateralized by real estate is particularly susceptible to changes in market conditions in the Richmond area.

Basis of presentation and consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Mortgage Company. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year financial statements to conform to current year presentation. The results of the reclassifications are not considered material.

New Accounting Standards Adopted

InOn ~~June~~December ~~2016~~31, 2024, the ~~Financial~~Company adopted Accounting Standards ~~Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards~~ Update (“ASU”) ~~2016~~2023-1307, ~~“Financial~~Segment ~~Instruments—Credit~~Reporting ~~Losses~~ (Topic ~~326~~280): ~~Measurement~~– ofImprovements ~~Credit~~to ~~Losses~~Reportable onSegment ~~Financial Instruments~~Disclosures.” ~~The~~These amendments inrequired ~~this~~that ~~ASU,~~a ~~among~~public ~~other~~entity ~~things~~disclose, ~~require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based~~ on ~~historical~~an ~~experience,~~annual ~~current conditions,~~ and ~~reasonable~~interim ~~and~~basis, ~~supportable~~significant ~~forecasts.~~segment ~~Among~~expenses ~~other~~that ~~things,~~are ~~the~~regularly ~~ASU~~provided ~~also~~to ~~amended~~ the ~~impairment~~chief ~~model~~operating ~~for~~decision ~~available~~maker ~~for sale securities~~ and ~~addressed~~included ~~purchased~~within ~~financial~~each ~~assets~~reported ~~with~~measure ~~deterioration. The~~of ~~company~~segment ~~adopted~~profit ~~ASU~~or ~~2016-13 as of January 1~~loss, ~~2023 in accordance with the~~ required ~~implementation~~other ~~date~~segment ~~and~~items ~~recorded~~by ~~the~~reportable ~~impact~~segment ofto ~~adoption~~be todisclosed ~~retained~~and ~~earnings,~~a ~~net~~description of ~~deferred~~their ~~income taxes~~composition, asand required bydisclosure of the ~~standard.~~title ~~This~~and ~~standard~~position isof ~~commonly~~the ~~referred~~chief tooperating asdecision ~~the~~maker ~~current~~and ~~expected~~an ~~credit~~explanation ~~loss~~of ~~(“CECL”)~~how ~~methodology.~~they Asuse athe ~~result~~reported ofmeasure ~~adoption~~ of ~~Accounting~~segment ~~Standards~~profit ofor ~~Codification~~loss ~~(“ASC”)~~in ~~326,~~assessing ~~the~~segment ~~Company~~performance ~~recorded~~and adeciding ~~net~~how ~~decrease~~ to ~~retained~~allocate ~~earnings~~resources. ofThe ~~$119,000,~~amendments ~~net~~were ofapplied ~~taxes,~~retrospectively ~~which consisted of adjustments~~ to ~~the~~all ~~allowance~~prior ~~for~~periods ~~credit~~presented ~~losses~~and ondid ~~loans~~not ashave ~~well~~a asmaterial aneffect ~~adjustment~~on to the Company’s ~~reserve~~consolidated ~~for~~financial ~~unfunded loan commitments~~statements. ~~Subsequent~~Refer to ~~adoption,~~Note ~~the~~19 ~~Company will record adjustments to its allowance~~ for ~~credit~~more ~~losses~~information ~~and~~about ~~reserves for unfunded commitments through~~ the ~~provision~~Company’s ~~for~~segment ~~credit losses in the consolidated statements of income~~disclosure.

Table of Contents

forecasting of current expected credit losses. For the periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, projections of expected credit losses are based on a reversion to the long-run mean for the national unemployment rate. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, changes in collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements) on the level of estimated credit losses. The Company’s CECL implementation process was overseen by the Chief Financial Officer and included an assessment of data availability and gap analysis, data collection, consideration and analysis of multiple loss estimation methodologies, an assessment of relevant qualitative factors and correlation analysis of multiple potential loss drivers and their impact on the Company’s historical loss experience. During 2022, the Company calculated its current expected credit losses model in parallel to its incurred loss model to further refine the methodology and model. In addition, the Company utilized internal personnel who were not involved in the development of the model to perform a comprehensive model validation.

The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326 adoption (in thousands):


	December 31,		January 1,		January 1,
	2022		2023		2023
	As Previously Reported		Impact of		As Reported
	(Incurred Loss)		CECL Adoption		Under CECL
Assets:
Loans
Construction and land development
Residential	$	79	$	3	$	82
Commercial		192		34		226
		271		37		308
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		867		(475)		392
Non-owner occupied		1,289		192		1,481
Multifamily		33		7		40
Farmland		—		—		—
		2,189		(276)		1,913
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		11		24		35
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust		131		76		207
Second deed of trust		43		25		68
		185		125		310
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		576		1		577
Student loans		52		—		52
Consumer and other		37		(5)		32
Unallocated		60		(9)		51
Allowance for credit losses		3,370		(127)		3,243

Liabilities
Allowance for credit losses on unfunded credit exposure		—		277		277

Total Allowance for credit losses	$	3,370	$	150	$	3,520

Table of Contents

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures,” which removed the recognition and measurement guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and added disclosures on the financial effect and subsequent performance of certain types of modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. Upon adoption of the standard, the Company recorded a reduction of $8,000 in the allowance for credit losses for the impact of changes in methodology used to estimate the allowance for credit losses for non-collateral dependent TDRs. There was no impact to the valuation of loans previously classified as collateral dependent TDRs. The allowance for loan and lease losses for modified loans is determined in a manner consistent with the methodology for loans under ASC 326.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheets dates and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the allowance for credit losses and its related provision, including ~~impaired~~individually evaluated loans, and the valuation of deferred tax assets.

Table of Contents

Securities

At the time of purchase, debt securities are classified into the following categories: held to maturity, available for sale or trading. Debt securities that the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity. Held to maturity securities are stated at amortized cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on purchase using a method that approximates the effective interest method. Investments classified as trading or available for sale are stated at fair value. Changes in fair value of trading investments are included in current earnings while changes in fair value of available for sale investments are excluded from current earnings and reported, net of taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss). Presently, the Company does not maintain a portfolio of trading or held to maturity securities.

Restricted stock, at cost. The Company is required to maintain an investment in the capital stock of certain correspondent banks. The Company’s investment in these securities is recorded at cost.

Interest income is recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses for securities classified as available-for-sale are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

6057

Table of Contents

Mortgage Banking and Derivatives

Loans held for sale. The Company, through the Bank’s mortgage banking subsidiary, the Mortgage Company, originates residential mortgage loans for sale in the secondary market. Residential mortgage loans held for sale are sold to the permanent investor with the mortgage servicing rights released. The Company uses fair value accounting for its entire portfolio of loans held for sale (“LHFS”) in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 - Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures. Fair value of the Company’s LHFS is based on observable market prices for identical instruments traded in the secondary mortgage loan markets in which the Company conducts business and totaled $54.03 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, of which $4.83 million is related to unpaid principal, and totaled $25.30 million as of December 31, ~~2022~~2023, of which $24.28 million is related to unpaid principal. The Company’s portfolio of LHFS is classified as Level 2.

Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Forward Sales Commitments. The Company, through the Mortgage Company, enters into commitments to originate residential mortgage loans in which the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding, termed interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”). Such rate lock commitments on mortgage loans to be sold in the secondary market are considered to be derivatives. Upon entering into a commitment to originate a loan, the Company protects itself from changes in interest rates during the period prior to sale by requiring a firm purchase agreement from a permanent investor before a loan can be closed (forward sales commitment). The Company locks in the loan and rate with an investor and commits to deliver the loan if settlement occurs on a best efforts basis, thus limiting interest rate risk. Certain additional risks exist if the investor fails to meet its purchase obligation; however, based on historical performance and the size and nature of the investors the Company does not expect them to fail to meet their obligation. The Company determines the fair value of IRLCs based on the price of the underlying loans obtained from an investor for loans that will be delivered on a best efforts basis while taking into consideration the probability that the rate lock commitments will close. The fair value of these derivative instruments is reported in “Other Assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and totaled $~~271~~134,000, with a notional amount of $76.59 million and total positions of 2721, and at December 31, ~~2022~~2023, totaled $~~142~~271,000, with a notional amount of $97.95 million and total positions of 3127. Changes in fair value are recorded as a component of mortgage banking income, net in the Consolidated ~~Income~~Statements ~~Statement~~of Income for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and December 31, ~~2022~~2023. The Company’s IRLCs are classified as Level 2. At December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and December 31, ~~2022~~2023, each IRLC and all LHFS were subject to a forward sales commitment on a best efforts basis.

The Company uses fair value accounting for its forward sales commitments related to IRLCs and LHFS under ASC 825-10-15-4(b). The fair value of forward sales commitments is reported in “Other ~~Liabilities~~Assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, ~~2023~~2024, and totaled $~~506~~63,000, with a notional amount of $1211.31 million and total positions of 4731, and at December 31, ~~2022~~2023, totaled $~~207~~506,000, with a notional amount of $12.13 million and total positions of 3847.

Transfers of financial assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) the assets have been isolated from the Bank and put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Bank does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets. Our transfers of financial assets are limited to commercial loan participations sold, which were insignificant for ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023 and the sale of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market; the extent of which are disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Loans

Loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income. Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to interest income over the life of the loan as an adjustment to the loan’s yield over the term of the loan.

Table of Contents

A loan’s past due status is based on the contractual due date of the most delinquent payment dates. Interest is accrued on outstanding principal balances, unless the Company considers collection to be doubtful. Commercial and unsecured consumer loans are designated as nonaccrual when payment is delinquent 90 days or at the point which the Company considers collection doubtful, if earlier. Mortgage loans and most other types of consumer loans past due 90 days or more may remain on accrual status if management determines that such amounts are collectible. When loans are placed in nonaccrual status, previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed against interest income in the current period and interest is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash is received as long as the remaining recorded investment in the loan is deemed fully collectible. Loans may be placed back on accrual status when, in the opinion of management, the circumstances warrant such action such as a history of timely payments subsequent to being placed on nonaccrual status, additional collateral is obtained or the borrowers cash flows improve.

Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. The total contractual amount of standby letters of credit, whose contract amounts represent credit risk, was approximately $12,~~202~~449,000 at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and approximately $~~922~~1,202,000 at December 31, ~~2022~~2023.

Below is a summary of the current loan segments:

Construction and land development loans consist primarily of loans for the purchase or refinance of unimproved lots or raw land. Additionally, the Company finances the construction of real estate projects typically where the permanent mortgage will remain with the Company. Specific underwriting guidelines are delineated in the Bank’s loan policies. Construction and land development loans carry risks that the project will not be finished according to schedule, the project will not be finished according to budget and the value of the collateral may, at any point in time, be less than the principal amount of the loan. Construction loans also bear the risk that the general contractor, who may or may not be a loan customer, may be unable to finish the construction project as planned because of financial pressure unrelated to the project.

Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial and industrial loans, in addition to those specific to real estate loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on cash flows, collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. Commercial real estate loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business or a real estate project, in addition to other risks associated with the ownership of real estate, because the repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business or project.

Consumer real estate loans include consumer purpose 1-to-4 family residential properties and home equity loans. Consumer purpose loans have underwriting standards that are heavily influenced by statutory requirements, which include, but are not limited to, documentation requirements, limits on maximum loan-to-value percentages, and collection remedies. Loans to finance 1-4 family investment properties are primarily dependent upon rental income generated from the property and secondarily supported by the borrower’s personal income. The Company typically originates residential mortgages through our mortgage company and these loans are sold to secondary mortgage market correspondents. Consumer real estate loans carry risks associated with the continued credit-worthiness of the borrower and changes in the value of the collateral.

Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and prudently expand its business. Management examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of borrowers to repay their obligations as agreed. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory or marketable securities and may incorporate personal guarantees; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the ~~repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its~~

6259

Table of Contents

repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Government guaranteed balances represent Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans originated by the Bank according to SBA guidelines.

We also purchase the guaranteed portion of United ~~State~~States Department of Agriculture Loans (“USDA”) which are guaranteed by the USDA for 100% of the principal and interest. The originating institution holds the unguaranteed portion of the loan and services the loan. These loans are typically purchased at a premium. In the event of a loan default or early prepayment the Bank may need to write off any unamortized premium. These loans are included in the commercial and industrial loan segment.

Consumer and other loans are generally small loans spread across many borrowers and are underwritten after determining the ability of the consumer borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. The underwriting standards are influenced by credit history, ability to repay, and loan-to-value. Consumer loans may be secured or unsecured and are comprised of revolving lines, installment loans and other consumer loans. Consumer and other loans carry risks associated with the continued credit-worthiness of the borrower and the value of the collateral, or lack thereof. Consumer loans are more likely than real estate loans to be immediately adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy.

Guaranteed student loans The Bank purchases Federal Rehabilitated Student Loan portfolios when approved by the Board of Directors. These loans are guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education (“DOE”) which covers approximately 98% of the principal and interest. These loans are serviced by a third party servicer that specializes in handling these types of loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for credit losses on loans, reserve for unfunded commitments, and the allowance on securities.

The allowance for credit losses on loans is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for ~~loan~~credit losses charged to earnings. Credit losses on loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is probable. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The Company utilizes a third-party model to tabulate its estimate of current expected credit losses, using a ~~WARM~~weighted average remaining maturity methodology. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on similar risk characteristics by call report code. The Company primarily utilizes the short-term natural rate of unemployment forecast based on the Federal Open Market Committee’s projection of unemployment for its reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses using a statistical regression analysis. For the periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, projections of expected credit losses are based on a reversion to the long-run mean for the national unemployment rate. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, and collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements) on the level of estimated credit losses.

6360

Table of Contents

Other real estate owned

Real estate acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at estimated fair value less estimated selling costs establishing a new cost basis. There were no assets held as other real estate owned (“OREO”) as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and December 31, ~~2022~~2023. Subsequent to the date of acquisition, it is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, adjusted for net selling costs. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed as incurred. Costs relating to the development and improvement of such property are capitalized when appropriate, whereas those costs relating to holding the property are expensed.

Assets held for sale

There were no assets held for sale at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023. The Company periodically evaluates the value of assets held for sale and records an impairment charge for any subsequent declines in fair value less selling costs.

Premises and equipment

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of buildings and improvements is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets of 39 years. Depreciation of equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from three to seven years. Amortization of premises (leasehold improvements) is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the lease or estimated lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

The Company recognizes the unfunded status of its Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”) as a liability in its Consolidated Balance Sheets, measured at the projected benefit obligation as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023. Net periodic pension costs are recorded each period based on actuarially determined amounts in accordance with GAAP and recognized in salaries and employment benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Actuarial determinations of net periodic pension cost are based on assumptions related to discount rates, employee compensation and mortality and interest crediting rates. Other changes in the status of the plan are recorded in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive income.

Income taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of “temporary differences” by applying enacted tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The effect on recorded deferred income taxes of a change in tax laws or rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. To the extent that available evidence about the future raises doubt about the realization of a deferred income tax asset, a valuation allowance is established. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

6461

Table of Contents

Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits are classified as taxes other than income in the ~~statement~~consolidated statements of income. The Company has no uncertain tax positions.

Consolidated statements of cash flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, due from banks (including cash items in process of collection), interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are purchased and sold for one-day periods. Cash flows from loans originated by the Bank for investment and deposits are reported net.

Comprehensive income

Total comprehensive income ~~(loss)~~ consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, the accumulated other comprehensive ~~income~~ (loss) was comprised of unrealized (losses) on securities available for sale of ($5,~~603~~714,000) and ($105,~~862~~604,000), and unfunded pension liability of ($109,000) and ($199,000) net of tax, respectively.

Earnings per common share

Basic earnings per common share represent net income available to common shareholders, which represents net income less dividends paid or payable to preferred stock shareholders, divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, inclusive of unvested restricted shares (Note 10). For diluted earnings per common share, net income available to common shareholders is divided by the weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding for each period plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of stock options, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. The effects of stock options and warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. Stock options and warrants are antidilutive if the underlying average market price of the stock that can be purchased for the period is less than the exercise price of the option or warrant. Potential dilutive common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and warrants and are determined using the treasury stock method.

Stock incentive plan

On May 26, 2015, the Company’s shareholders approved the adoption of the Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) authorizing the issuance of up to 60,000 shares of common stock. On May 19, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan authorizing the issuance of up to 120,000 shares of common stock. On May 21, 2024, the Company’s shareholders approved the adoption of the Village Bank and Trust Financial Corp. 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) authorizing the issuance of up to 100,000 shares of common stock. See Note 14 for more information on the ~~2015~~2024 Plan.

Fair values of financial instruments

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The price in the principal (or most advantageous) market used to measure the fair value of the asset or liability (exit price) shall not be adjusted for transaction costs. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets and liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are independent, knowledgeable, able to transact and willing to transact. See Note 18 for the methods and assumptions the Company uses in estimating fair values of financial instruments.

6562

Table of Contents

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue as it is earned in accordance with ASU 2014-09. The following discussion is of revenues that are within the scope of ~~the~~ this guidance:

●

Debit and credit interchange fee income - Card processing fees consist of interchange fees from consumer debit and credit card networks and other card related services. Interchange fees are based on purchase volumes and other factors and are recognized as transactions occur.

●

Service charges on deposit accounts - Revenue from service charges on deposit accounts is earned through deposit-related services, as well as overdraft, non-sufficient funds, account management and other deposit related fees. Revenue is recognized for these services either over time, corresponding with deposit accounts’ monthly cycle, or at a point in time for transactional related services and fees.

●

Service charges on loan accounts - Revenue from loan accounts consists primarily of fees earned on prepayment penalties. Revenue is recognized for the services at a point in time for transactional related services and fees.

●

Gains/Losses on sale of OREO - The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of OREO to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer.

●

Gains/Losses on sale of assets held for sale – The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of assets held for sale when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of assets held for sale to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probably. Once these criteria are met, the asset held for sale is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon transfer of control of the property to the buyer.

Segments

The Company has two reportable segments: traditional commercial banking and mortgage banking. Revenues from commercial banking operations consist primarily of interest earned on loans and securities and fees from deposit services. Mortgage banking operating revenues consist principally of interest earned on mortgage LHFS, gains on sales of loans in the secondary mortgage market, and loan origination fee income, net of commissions paid.

The commercial banking segment provides the mortgage banking segment with the short-term funds needed to originate mortgage loans through a warehouse line of credit and charges the mortgage banking segment interest based on the commercial banking segment’s cost of funds. Additionally, the mortgage banking segment leases premises from the commercial banking segment. These transactions are eliminated in the consolidation process. See additional information at Note 19, Segment Reporting.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In ~~December~~November ~~2023~~2024, the ~~FASB~~Financial ~~issued~~Accounting ~~ASU~~Standards ~~2023-09,~~Board ~~“Income Taxes~~ (~~Topic 740~~“FASB”): ~~Improvements~~issued ~~to Income Tax Disclosures.” The amendments in this~~ ASU ~~require~~2024-04, anDebt—Debt ~~entity~~with toConversion ~~disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation~~ and ~~provide~~Other ~~additional~~Options ~~information~~(Subtopic ~~for~~470-20): ~~reconciling~~Induced ~~items~~Conversions ~~that meet a quantitative threshold, which is greater than five percent~~ of ~~the~~Convertible ~~amount~~Debt ~~computed by multiplying pretax income by the entity’s applicable statutory rate, on an annual basis~~Instruments.” ~~Additionally, the amendments in this~~ ASU ~~require~~2024-04 anclarifies ~~entity~~requirements tofor ~~disclose~~determining ~~the~~whether ~~amount~~certain ofsettlements ~~income taxes paid (net~~ of ~~refunds~~convertible ~~received)~~debt ~~disaggregated by federal~~instruments, ~~state,~~including ~~and~~convertible ~~foreign~~debt ~~taxes~~instruments ~~and~~with ~~the~~cash ~~amount~~conversion offeatures ~~income~~or ~~taxes~~convertible ~~paid~~debt ~~(net~~instruments ~~of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions~~ that are ~~equal~~not tocurrently orconvertible, ~~greater~~should ~~than~~be ~~five~~accounted ~~percent~~for ofas ~~total~~an ~~income~~induced ~~taxes paid (net of refunds received)~~conversion. ~~Lastly,~~This ~~the amendments in this~~ ASU ~~require~~is aneffective ~~entity~~for toall ~~disclose~~entities ~~income~~for ~~(or~~annual ~~loss)~~reporting ~~from~~periods ~~continuing~~beginning ~~operations~~after ~~before~~December ~~income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal~~15, ~~state~~2025, and ~~foreign.~~interim ~~This~~reporting ~~ASU~~periods iswithin ~~effective~~those ~~for~~ annual reporting periods. ~~beginning~~The ~~after~~Company ~~December~~does ~~15,~~not ~~2024.~~expect ~~Early~~the adoption isof ~~permitted.~~ASU ~~The~~2024-04 ~~amendments~~to ~~should~~have bea ~~applied~~material impact on aits consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” ASU 2024-03 requires public companies to disclose, in the notes to the financial statements, specific information about certain costs and expenses at each interim and annual reporting period. This includes disclosing amounts related to employee compensation,

Table of Contents

~~prospective~~depreciation, ~~basis;~~and ~~however~~intangible asset amortization. In addition, ~~retrospective~~public ~~application~~companies will need to provide qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The FASB subsequently issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date”, which amends the effective date of ASU 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in ASU 2024-03 in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU 2024-03 is permitted. Implementation of ASU 2024-03 may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU ~~2023~~2024-0603 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In ~~November~~March ~~2023~~2024, the FASB issued ASU ~~2023~~2024-0702, “~~Segment~~Codification ~~Reporting~~Improvements ~~(Topic~~– ~~280):~~Amendments ~~Improvements~~ to ~~Reportable~~Remove ~~Segment~~References ~~Disclosures.” The amendments in this ASU are intended~~ to ~~improve~~the ~~reportable~~Concepts ~~segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses~~Statements”. This ASU ~~requires~~contains ~~disclosure~~amendments ofto ~~significant~~the ~~segment~~Codification ~~expenses~~ that ~~are~~remove ~~regularly~~references ~~provided~~ to ~~the~~various ~~chief~~Concepts ~~operating~~Statements. ~~decision~~In ~~mark~~most ~~(CODM)~~instances, anthe ~~amount~~references ~~for~~are ~~other~~extraneous ~~segment items by reportable segment~~ and anot ~~description of its composition, all annual disclosures~~ required byto ~~FASB~~understand ~~ASU~~or ~~Topic~~apply ~~280~~the inguidance. ~~interim~~In ~~periods~~other ~~as well~~instances, ~~and~~ the ~~title~~references ~~and~~were ~~position~~used ofin ~~the~~prior ~~CODM~~Statements ~~and~~to ~~how~~provide ~~the~~guidance ~~CODM~~in ~~uses~~certain ~~the~~topical ~~reported measures~~areas. ~~Additionally,~~This ~~this~~ ASU ~~requires~~is ~~that~~effective atfor ~~least~~fiscal ~~one~~years ofbeginning ~~the~~after ~~reported~~December ~~segment~~15, ~~profit~~2024. ~~and~~Early ~~loss~~adoption ~~measures~~is ~~should~~permitted. beThe ~~the~~amendments ~~measure~~should ~~that~~be isapplied ~~most~~prospectively ~~consistent~~to ~~with~~all ~~the~~new ~~measurement~~transactions ~~principles~~recognized ~~used~~on inor anafter ~~entity’s~~the ~~consolidated~~date ~~financial~~that ~~statements.~~the ~~Lastly,~~entity ~~this~~first ~~ASU~~applies ~~requires~~the ~~public~~amendments ~~business~~or ~~entities~~retrospectively ~~with~~to athe ~~single~~beginning ~~reportable~~of ~~segment~~the toearliest ~~provide~~comparative ~~all~~period ~~disclosures~~presented ~~required~~in bywhich ~~these~~the amendments inwere ~~this~~first ~~ASU and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280~~applied. ~~This~~If ~~ASU~~an isentity ~~effective~~adopts ~~for~~the ~~fiscal~~amendments ~~years beginning after December 15~~retrospectively, ~~2023,~~it ~~and~~should ~~interim~~adjust ~~periods~~the ~~within~~opening ~~fiscal~~balance ~~years~~of ~~beginning~~retained ~~after~~earnings ~~December~~as ~~15,~~of ~~2024.~~the ~~Early~~beginning ~~adoption~~of isthe ~~permitted.~~earliest ~~The~~comparative ~~amendments~~period ~~should be applied retrospectively~~presented. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU ~~2023~~2024-0602 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In ~~October~~March ~~2023~~2024, the FASB issued ASU ~~2023~~2024-0601, “~~Disclosure~~Compensation ~~Improvements:~~– ~~Codification~~Stock ~~Amendments~~Compensation in(Topic ~~Response~~718): toScope ~~the~~Application ~~SEC’s~~of ~~Disclosure~~Profits ~~Update~~Interest and ~~Simplification~~Similar ~~Initiative.~~Awards”. This ASU ~~incorporates~~provides ~~certain~~an ~~U.S.~~illustrative ~~Securities~~example ~~and~~intended ~~Exchange Commission (SEC) disclosure requirements into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The amendments in the ASU are expected~~ to ~~clarify~~demonstrate orhow ~~improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare~~ entities ~~subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities~~ that ~~were~~account ~~not~~for ~~previously~~profits ~~subject~~interest ~~to the requirements,~~ and ~~align~~similar ~~the~~awards ~~requirements~~would indetermine ~~the~~whether ~~Codification~~a ~~with~~profits ~~the~~interest ~~SEC’s~~award ~~regulations.~~should ~~For~~be ~~entities~~accounted ~~subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements and~~ for ~~entities~~in ~~required~~accordance ~~to file or furnish financial statements~~ with orTopic to718. ~~the~~This ~~SEC~~ASU inis ~~preparation~~effective for ~~the~~annual ~~sale~~periods ofbeginning orafter ~~for~~December ~~purposes~~15, ~~of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer~~2024, ~~the~~and ~~effective~~interim ~~date~~periods ~~for~~within ~~each~~those ~~amendment~~annual ~~will~~periods. beEarly ~~the~~adoption ~~date~~is ~~on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules~~permitted. ~~For~~If ~~all~~an ~~other~~entity ~~entities,~~adopts the amendments ~~will~~in bean ~~effective~~interim ~~two years later. However~~period, ifit bymust ~~June~~adopt ~~30,~~them ~~2027,~~as ~~the~~of ~~SEC has not removed~~ the ~~related~~beginning ~~disclosure~~of ~~from its regulations,~~ the ~~amendments~~annual ~~will~~period bethat ~~removed~~includes ~~from~~that ~~the~~interim ~~Codification~~period. ~~and~~Transition ~~not~~can ~~become~~be ~~effective~~done ~~for~~either ~~any~~retrospectively ~~entity~~or prospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU ~~2023~~2024-0601 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In ~~July~~December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-0309, “~~Presentation~~Income ofTaxes ~~Financial Statements~~ (Topic ~~205~~740),: Improvements to Income ~~Statement—Reporting~~Tax ~~Comprehensive~~Disclosures.” ~~Income~~The ~~(Topic~~amendments ~~220)~~in this ASU require an entity to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, ~~Distinguishing~~which ~~Liabilities~~is ~~from~~greater ~~Equity~~than ~~(Topic~~five ~~480)~~percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the entity’s applicable statutory rate, ~~Equity~~on an annual basis. Additionally, the amendments in this ASU require an entity to disclose the amount of income taxes paid (~~Topic~~net ~~505~~of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and ~~Compensation—Stock~~foreign ~~Compensation~~taxes and the amount of income taxes paid (~~Topic~~net ~~718~~of refunds received)”. ~~This~~disaggregated ~~ASU~~by ~~amends~~individual ~~the~~jurisdictions ~~FASB~~that ~~ASC~~are ~~pursuant~~equal to ~~SEC~~or ~~Staff~~greater ~~Accounting~~than ~~Bulletin~~five Nopercent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). ~~120~~Lastly, ~~SEC~~the ~~Staff~~amendments ~~Announcement~~in atthis ~~the~~ASU ~~March~~require ~~24,~~an ~~2022~~entity ~~EITF~~to ~~Meeting,~~disclose ~~and~~income ~~Staff~~(or ~~Accounting~~loss) ~~Bulletin~~from ~~Topic~~continuing ~~6.B,~~operations ~~Accounting~~before ~~Series~~income ~~Release~~tax ~~280—General~~expense ~~Revision~~(or ofbenefit) ~~Regulation~~disaggregated ~~S-X:~~between ~~Income~~domestic and foreign and income tax expense (or ~~Loss~~benefit) ~~Applicable~~from tocontinuing ~~Common~~operations ~~Stock~~disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. This ASU ~~2023-03~~ is effective ~~upon~~for ~~addition~~annual toperiods ~~the~~beginning ~~FASB~~after ~~Codification~~December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-0309 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”. ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023.

To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. The ASU is effective for all entities upon issuance. The Company is assessing ASU 2022-06 and its impact on the Company’s transition away from LIBOR for its loan and other financial instruments.

67In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative.” This ASU incorporates certain U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) disclosure requirements into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The amendments in the ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. However, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has

Table of Contents

Innot ~~March~~removed ~~2020,~~ the ~~FASB~~related ~~issued~~disclosure ~~ASU~~from ~~2020-04~~its regulations, ~~“Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of~~ the ~~Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” These~~ amendments ~~provide~~will ~~temporary~~be ~~optional~~removed ~~guidance~~from ~~to ease~~ the ~~potential~~Codification ~~burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients~~ and ~~exceptions~~not ~~for~~become applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance is effective for ~~all~~any ~~entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022~~entity. Subsequently, in January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope.” This ASU clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The ~~ASU~~Company ~~also~~does ~~amends~~not ~~the~~expect ~~expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 to capture~~ the ~~incremental~~adoption ~~consequences~~ of ~~the scope clarification and to tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. An entity may elect to apply~~ ASU ~~2021~~2023-0106 on contract modifications that change the interest rate used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment retrospectively as of any date from the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020, or prospectively to ~~new~~have modifications from any date within the interim period that includes or is subsequent to January 7, 2021, up to the date that financial statements are available to be issued. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2021-01 to eligible hedging relationships existing as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020, and to new eligible hedging relationships entered into after the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020. The Company has a ~~team~~material ~~to assess ASU 2020-04 and its~~ impact on ~~the Company’s transition away from LIBOR for~~ its ~~loan~~consolidated ~~and other~~ financial ~~instruments~~statements.

Note 2. Investment Securities Available for Sale

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities available for sale as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023 are as follows (in thousands):


			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value

December 31, 2023
December 31, 2024
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	613	$	—	$	(13)	$	600
Mortgage-backed securities		71,815		291		(5,785)		66,321
Municipals		2,261		—		(621)		1,640
Subordinated debt		11,712		16		(1,120)		10,608

	$	86,401	$	307	$	(7,539)	$	79,169

December 31, 2023
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	20,690	$	—	$	(75)	$	20,615
Mortgage-backed securities		77,275		643		(5,381)		72,537
Municipals		2,264		—		(608)		1,656
Subordinated debt		12,449		30		(1,702)		10,777

	$	112,678	$	673	$	(7,766)	$	105,585

December 31, 2022
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	64,631	$	5	$	(3,734)	$	60,902
Mortgage-backed securities		69,151		6		(8,597)		60,560
Municipals		2,268		—		(718)		1,550
Subordinated debt		11,553		29		(741)		10,841

	$	147,603	$	40	$	(13,790)	$	133,853

The Company had investment securities with a fair value of $243,~~926~~786,000 and $524,~~613~~926,000 pledged to secure borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, respectively.

~~During~~The ~~the~~Company ~~year~~sold ~~ended~~approximately ~~December 31~~$500,000 ~~2023,~~in ~~the~~2024 ~~Company~~of ~~executed~~investment a securities ~~repositioning and balance sheet deleveraging strategy by selling~~ available for sale ~~securities with a total book value of $55,195,000 and a weighted average yield of 1.48%~~ at a ~~pre-tax~~ loss of $474,~~986,~~000. The net proceeds from the sale were used to reduce FHLB borrowings by $15.0 million costing 5.57% and the remaining funds were reinvested back into the securities portfolio with a weighted average yield of 5.48%, with a duration of 3.4 years, and a weighted average life of 5.0 years. The transaction was

68During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company executed a securities repositioning and balance sheet deleveraging strategy by selling available for sale securities with a total book value of $55,195,000 and a weighted average yield of 1.48% at a pre-tax loss of $4,986,000. The net proceeds from the sale were used to reduce FHLB borrowings by $15.0 million costing 5.57% and the remaining funds were reinvested back into the securities portfolio with a weighted average yield of 5.48%, with a duration of 3.4 years, and a weighted average life of 5.0 years. The transaction was structured to improve the forward run rate on earnings, add interest rate risk protection to a higher for longer and potential down rate environments, while improving tangible common equity and maintaining our strong liquidity position.

Table of Contents

~~structured~~Investment tosecurities ~~improve~~available ~~the~~for ~~forward~~sale ~~run~~that ~~rate~~had onan ~~earnings,~~unrealized ~~add~~loss ~~interest~~position ~~rate~~at ~~risk~~December 31, ~~protection~~2024 ~~to a higher for longer~~ and ~~potential down rate environments~~December 31, ~~while~~2023 ~~improving~~are ~~tangible~~detailed ~~common~~below ~~equity~~(in ~~and maintaining our strong liquidity position. There were no sales of available for sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2022.~~thousands):

Investment securities available for sale that had an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are detailed below (in thousands):


	Securities in a loss				Securities in a loss
	position for less than				position for more than
	12 Months				12 Months				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
December 31, 2024
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	312	$	(2)	$	288	$	(11)	$	600	$	(13)
Mortgage-backed securities		14,658		(208)		27,426		(5,577)		42,084		(5,785)
Municipals		—		—		1,640		(621)		1,640		(621)
Subordinated debt		497		(3)		9,418		(1,117)		9,915		(1,120)

	$	15,467	$	(213)	$	38,772	$	(7,326)	$	54,239	$	(7,539)

December 31, 2023
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	—	$	—	$	20,289	$	(75)	$	20,289	$	(75)
Mortgage-backed securities		4,631		(24)		30,311		(5,357)		34,942		(5,381)
Municipals		—		—		1,656		(608)		1,656		(608)
Subordinated debt		4,145		(587)		5,937		(1,115)		10,082		(1,702)

	$	8,776	$	(611)	$	58,193	$	(7,155)	$	66,969	$	(7,766)


	Securities in a loss				Securities in a loss
	position for less than				position for more than
	12 Months				12 Months				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
December 31, 2023
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	—	$	—	$	20,289		(75)	$	20,289	$	(75)
Mortgage-backed securities		4,631		(24)		30,311		(5,357)		34,942		(5,381)
Municipals		—		—		1,656		(608)		1,656		(608)
Subordinated debt		4,145		(587)		5,937		(1,115)		10,082		(1,702)

	$	8,776	$	(611)	$	58,193	$	(7,155)	$	66,969	$	(7,766)

December 31, 2022
U.S. Government agency obligations	$	21,848	$	(723)	$	37,256	$	(3,011)	$	59,104	$	(3,734)
Mortgage-backed securities		36,089		(3,588)		22,549		(5,009)		58,638		(8,597)
Municipals		—		—		1,549		(718)		1,549		(718)
Subordinated debt		5,305		(498)		2,007		(243)		7,312		(741)

	$	63,242	$	(4,809)	$	63,361	$	(8,981)	$	126,603	$	(13,790)

As of December 31, 2024, there were 61 investments available for sale totaling $54.2 million that were in a loss position and had an unrealized loss of $7.5 million.

As of December 31, 2023, there were 56 investments available for sale totaling $67.0 million that were in a loss position and had an unrealized loss of $7.8 million.

AsAll of ~~December 31,~~the ~~2022,~~unrealized ~~there~~losses ~~were~~are ~~$63~~attributable to increases in interest rates and not to credit deterioration.4 ~~million~~Currently, orthe 28Company ~~issues,~~believes that it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of ~~individual~~the ~~available~~investments. ~~for~~Because ~~sale~~the ~~securities~~declines ~~that~~in ~~had~~fair ~~been~~value are attributable to changes in ainterest ~~continuous~~rates ~~loss~~and ~~position~~not ~~for~~to credit quality, and because it is not more likely than ~~12 months.~~not ~~These~~that ~~securities~~the ~~had~~Company anwill ~~unrealized~~be ~~loss~~required ofto ~~$9.0~~sell ~~million~~the ~~and~~investments ~~consisted~~before recovery of ~~U.S.~~their ~~Government~~amortized ~~agency~~cost ~~obligations~~bases, ~~mortgage-backed~~which ~~securities~~may be maturity, ~~municipals~~the ~~and~~Company ~~subordinated~~has ~~debt~~not recorded an allowance for credit losses on these investments at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

~~All~~The ofamortized ~~the~~cost ~~unrealized losses are attributable to increases in interest rates~~ and ~~not~~estimated to credit deterioration. Currently, the Company believes that it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the investments. Because the declines in fair value ~~are~~of ~~attributable~~investment tosecurities ~~changes~~available infor ~~interest~~sale ~~rates~~as ~~and~~of ~~not~~December ~~to credit quality~~31, ~~and because it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases~~2024, ~~which~~by ~~may~~contractual be maturity, ~~the~~are ~~Company~~as ~~has~~follows ~~not~~(in ~~recorded an allowance for credit losses on these investments at December 31, 2023.~~thousands):

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities available for sale as of December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are as follows (in thousands):


	Amortized
	Cost		Fair Value

Less than one year	$	2,130	$	2,128
One to five years		8,882		8,952
Five to ten years		16,203		15,140
More than ten years		59,186		52,949

Total	$	86,401	$	79,169


	Amortized
	Cost		Fair Value

Less than one year	$	19,990	$	19,928
One to five years		10,805		10,883
Five to ten years		17,370		15,781
More than ten years		64,513		58,993

Total	$	112,678	$	105,585

6966

Table of Contents

Note 3. Loans

Loans classified by type as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	December 31, ~~2023~~2024				December 31, ~~2022~~2023
	Amount		%		Amount		%
Construction and land development
Residential	$	1019,~~471~~283	13.8212	%	$	910,~~727~~471	1.8182	%
Commercial		3738,~~024~~586	6.4423	%		3537,~~400~~024	6.5744	%
		4757,~~495~~869	89.2635	%		4547,~~127~~495	8.3826	%
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		~~122~~130,~~666~~216	21.3304	%		~~119~~122,~~643~~666	2221.2233	%
Non-owner occupied		~~154~~169,~~855~~635	2627.9341	%		~~153~~154,~~610~~855	2826.5393	%
Multifamily		1217,~~743~~656	2.2286	%		1112,~~291~~743	2.1022	%
Farmland		~~326~~314	0.0605	%		73326	0.0106	%
		~~290~~317,~~590~~821	5051.5436	%		~~284~~290,~~617~~590	5250.8654	%
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		2124,~~557~~497	3.7596	%		1821,~~421~~557	3.4275	%
Secured by 1-4 family residential,
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust		9594,~~638~~674	1615.6330	%		6795,~~495~~638	1216.5463	%
Second deed of trust		1113,~~337~~460	12.9717	%		711,~~764~~337	1.4497	%
		~~128~~132,~~532~~631	2221.3543	%		93128,~~680~~532	1722.4035	%
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		8693,~~203~~144	1415.9905	%		9086,~~348~~203	1614.7899	%
Guaranteed student loans		1713,~~923~~261	32.1214	%		2017,~~617~~923	3.8312	%
Consumer and other		4,~~265~~138	0.7467	%		4,~~038~~265	0.7574	%

Total loans		~~575~~618,~~008~~864	100.0	%		~~538~~575,~~427~~008	100.0	%
Deferred and costs, net		~~803~~611				~~588~~803
Less: allowance for credit losses		(3,~~423~~696)				(3,~~370~~423)

	$	~~572~~615,~~388~~779			$	~~535~~572,~~645~~388

The Bank has a purchased portfolio of rehabilitated student loans guaranteed by the DOE. The guarantee covers approximately 98% of principal and accrued interest. The loans are serviced by a third-party servicer that specializes in handling the special needs of the DOE student loan programs.

Loans pledged as collateral with the FHLB as part of their lending arrangements with the Company totaled $3560.58 million and $3335.75 million as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, respectively.

The following is a summary of loans directly or indirectly with executive officers or directors of the Company for the years ended December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~ 2023(in thousands):


	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023

Beginning balance	$	4,~~365~~916	$	54,~~922~~365
Additions		616,~~774~~048		76,~~662~~774
Effect of changes in composition of related parties		~~(160)~~—		—(160)
Reductions		(612,~~063~~523)		(96,~~219~~063)

Ending balance	$	48,~~916~~441	$	4,~~365~~916

7067

Table of Contents

Executive officers and directors also had unused credit lines totaling $~~774~~1,235,000 and $2774,~~223,~~000 at December 31, ~~2023~~2024 and ~~2022~~2023, respectively. Based on management’s evaluation all loans and credit lines to executive officers and directors were made in the ordinary course of business at the Company’s normal credit terms, including interest rate and collateralization prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

The following table provides information on nonaccrual loans segregated by type at the dates indicated (in thousands):


	December 31,		December 31,
	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines	$	—25	$	~~300~~—
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust		~~160~~154	$	~~164~~160
Second deed of trust		~~105~~46		~~171~~105
		~~265~~225		~~635~~265
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		2694		1926
Consumer and other		13		—
		107		26

Total loans	$	~~291~~332	$	~~654~~291

There ~~were~~was no$79,000 in commercial and industrial loans with an individual ~~allowances~~allowance of $15,000 that were collateral depended associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $~~291~~332,000 ~~and $654,000~~ at December 31, ~~2023~~2024. There ~~and~~were ~~December~~no ~~31,~~individual ~~2022~~allowances associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $291,000 ~~respectively~~at December 31, 2023 that were considered collateral dependent.

~~The Company assigns risk rating classifications to its loans. These risk ratings are divided into the following groups:~~

● Risk rated 1 to 4 loans are considered of sufficient quality to preclude an adverse rating. These assets generally are well protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the value of the asset or underlying collateral;

● Risk rated 5 loans are defined as having potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention;

● Risk rated 6 loans are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any; and

● Risk rated 7 loans have all the weaknesses inherent in substandard loans, with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Table of Contents

The following tables provide information on the risk rating of loans at the dates indicated (in thousands):


	Risk Rated		Risk Rated		Risk Rated		Risk Rated		Total
	1‑4		5		6		7		Loans
December 31, 2022
Construction and land development
Residential	$	9,727	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,727
Commercial		32,763		2,637		—		—		35,400
		42,490		2,637		—		—		45,127
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied		115,825		2,583		1,235		—		119,643
Non-owner occupied		143,458		10,152		—		—		153,610
Multifamily		11,291		—		—		—		11,291
Farmland		73		—		—		—		73
		270,647		12,735		1,235		—		284,617
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines		17,507		614		300		—		18,421
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust		66,616		407		472		—		67,495
Second deed of trust		7,517		72		175		—		7,764
		91,640		1,093		947		—		93,680
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)		83,848		6,481		19		—		90,348
Guaranteed student loans		20,617		—		—		—		20,617
Consumer and other		4,017		—		21		—		4,038

Total loans	$	513,259	$	22,946	$	2,222	$	—	$	538,427

Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal of loan constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. As of December 31, 2023, based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans based on year of origination is as follows (in thousands):68

Table of Contents

Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal of loan constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. As of December 31, 2024, based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans based on year of origination is as follows (in thousands):

	~~2023~~2024		~~2022~~2023		~~2021~~2022		~~2020~~2021			~~2019~~2020		Prior		Revolving		Term	Loans

																Revolving-	Total
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2024
Construction and land development
Residential
Pass	$	612,~~320~~684	$	32,~~812~~141	$	~~339~~362	$	—339	$	—	$	—	$	—3,757	$	—	$	1019,~~471~~283
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Residential	$	612,~~320~~684	$	32,~~812~~141	$	~~339~~362	$	—339	$	—	$	—	$	—3,757	$	—	$	1019,~~471~~283
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial
Pass		57,~~007~~325		146,~~506~~805		10,~~339~~310		~~235~~13,188		—192		~~1,183~~766		~~5,754~~—		—		3738,~~024~~586
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial	$	57,~~007~~325	$	146,~~506~~805	$	10,~~339~~310	$	~~235~~13,188	$	—192	$	~~1,183~~766	$	~~5,754~~—	$	—	$	3738,~~024~~586
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied
Pass		1115,~~945~~202		2112,~~846~~537		2022,~~044~~953		918,~~855~~594		129,~~145~~345		4147,~~067~~038		~~788~~1,458		—		~~117~~127,~~690~~127
Special Mention		—368		~~202~~—		73—		—		—		42,~~701~~721		—		—		43,~~976~~089
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Owner occupied	$	1115,~~945~~570	$	2212,~~048~~537	$	2022,~~117~~953	$	918,~~855~~594	$	129,~~145~~345	$	4549,~~768~~759	$	~~788~~1,458	$	—	$	~~122~~130,~~666~~216
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Non-owner occupied
Pass		918,~~468~~587		2511,~~607~~387		2827,~~455~~805		2327,~~567~~047		922,~~528~~640		4752,~~645~~287		35,~~312~~058		—		~~147~~164,~~582~~811
Special Mention		—		—		—		2,117		—		2,707		—		—		4,824
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Non-owner occupied	$	18,587	$	11,387	$	27,805	$	29,164	$	22,640	$	54,994	$	5,058	$	—	$	169,635
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Multifamily
Pass		5,247		1,296		—		2,222		254		6,570		2,067		—		17,656
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Multifamily	$	5,247	$	1,296	$	—	$	2,222	$	254	$	6,570	$	2,067	$	—	$	17,656
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Farmland
Pass		—		—		—		—		—		14		300		—		314
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Farmland	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	300	$	—	$	314
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer real estate
Home equity lines
Pass		—		—		—		—		—		—		24,352		—		24,352
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		145		—		145
Total Home equity lines	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	24,497	$	—	$	24,497
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential
First deed of trust
Pass		14,600		27,792		13,756		13,165		6,523		16,185		—		—		92,021
Special Mention		—		2,296		—		—		—		203		—		—		2,499
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		154		—		—		154
Total First deed of trust	$	14,600	$	30,088	$	13,756	$	13,165	$	6,523	$	16,542	$	—	$	—	$	94,674
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Second deed of trust
Pass		4,098		3,963		2,513		861		296		1,149		305		—		13,185
Special Mention		86		—		—		—		—		143		—		—		229
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		46		—		—		46
Total Second deed of trust	$	4,184	$	3,963	$	2,513	$	861	$	296	$	1,338	$	305	$		$	13,460
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial loans
(except those secured by real estate)
Pass		18,010		15,199		12,123		8,863		4,056		3,366		30,482		—		92,099
Special Mention		—		—		77		—		—		75		799		—		951
Substandard		—		—		—		79		—		15		—		—		94
Total Commercial and industrial	$	18,010	$	15,199	$	12,200	$	8,942	$	4,056	$	3,456	$	31,281	$	—	$	93,144
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Guaranteed student loans
Pass		—		—		—		—		—		13,261		—		—		13,261
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Guaranteed student loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	13,261	$	—	$	—	$	13,261
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	25	$	—	$	—	$	25
Consumer and other
Pass		477		287		236		47		13		5		3,073		—		4,138
Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Consumer and other	$	477	$	287	$	236	$	47	$	13	$	5	$	3,073	$		$	4,138
Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Current period gross writeoff	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	25	$	—	$	—	$	25
Total loans	$	96,684	$	83,703	$	90,135	$	86,522	$	43,319	$	146,705	$	71,796	$	—	$	618,864

7269

Table of Contents

Filing Compare · Village Bank & Trust Financial Corp.