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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

☐	TRANSITION PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number (001-40140)

RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	88-0950636
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

775 Heinz Avenue
Berkeley California	94710
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(510) 210-5550

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	RGTI	The Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share	RGTIW	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☑	Smaller Reporting Company	☑
		Emerging Growth Company	☑

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

As of August 8, 2025, there were 324,165,170 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements		2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION		4

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Six Months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	35
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	35

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION		36

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	36
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	36
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36
Item 5.	Other Information	37
Item 6.	Exhibits	38
	Signatures	40

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Rigetti”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Rigetti Computing, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). This includes, without limitation, statements regarding the financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “goal,” “objective,” “design,” “seek,” “target,” “should,” “could,” “will,” “would” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Most of such risks and uncertainties are difficult to predict and many are beyond our control. Discussion of the risks and uncertainties material to our business can be found under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as updated under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Given such risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. In addition, our goals and objectives are aspirational and are not guarantees or promises that such goals and objectives will be met. Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements.

Also, these forward-looking statements represent our plans, objectives, estimates, expectations, assumptions, and intentions only as of the date of this filing. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity and performance as well as other events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, for example, statements about:

●

our ability to achieve milestones, and/or technological advancements, including with respect to executing on our technology roadmap, including the expectation of releasing a 100+ qubit chiplet-based system with a 99.5% median two-qubit gate fidelity before the end of 2025, and developing practical applications,

●

the potential of quantum computing and estimated market size and market growth including with respect to our long-term business strategies for sales of quantum computers and quantum computing as a service (“Quantum Computing as a Service,” or “QCaaS”),

●

our ability and timeline to monetize our investments in quantum computing, if at all,

●

the success of our partnerships and collaborations, including the recent Collaboration Agreement with Quanta Computer, Inc. (“Quanta”),

●

unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy or global supply chain (including any supply chain impacts from future and ongoing military conflicts and wars around the world and sanctions related thereto and trade protections and tariffs), levels of future economic activity, inflation, interest rates and financial and credit market fluctuations,

●

macroeconomic conditions, including global economic and geopolitical conditions, disruptions to and volatility and uncertainty in the credit and financial markets, uncertainty in levels of future economic activity, inflation and interest rates,

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●

our ability to accelerate our development of multiple generations of quantum processors,

●

customer concentration and the risk that a significant portion of our revenue currently depends on contracts with the public sector,

●

the outcome of any legal proceedings that have or may be instituted against us or others,

●

our ability to execute on our business strategy, including monetization of our products,

●

our financial performance, growth rate and market opportunity,

●

our ability to grow and manage growth profitably, maintain relationships with customers and suppliers and retain our management and key employees,

●

costs related to operating as a public company, including the additional costs associated with the pending loss of our emerging growth company (“EGC”) and smaller reporting company (“SRC”) status under the current rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”),

●

the time and attention necessary with respect to our increased disclosure and compliance obligations associated with the pending loss of our EGC and SRC status under the current rules of the SEC.

●

our ability to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting,

●

changes in applicable laws or regulations, including international trade policies and tax legislation,

●

the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, or competitive factors,

●

the evolution of the markets in which we compete,

●

our ability to implement our strategic initiatives, expansion plans and continue to innovate our existing products and services,

●

the sufficiency of our cash resources and our ability to raise additional capital when needed and on attractive terms,

●

our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors,

●

our estimates regarding expenses, profitability, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing, and

●

our ability or decisions to expand or maintain our existing customer base.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except number of shares and par value)

(unaudited)


	June 30,		December 31,
	2025		2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57,183	$	67,674
Available-for-sale investments - short-term		368,556		124,420
Accounts receivable		1,753		2,427
Prepaid expenses		3,056		3,156
Other current assets		3,031		9,081
Total current assets		433,579		206,758
Available-for-sale investments - long-term		145,903		25,068
Property and equipment, net		48,869		44,643
Operating lease right-of-use assets		7,217		7,993
Other assets		1,122		325
Total assets	$	636,690	$	284,787

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,159	$	1,590
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		5,955		8,005
Current portion of deferred revenue		118		113
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		2,198		2,159
Total current liabilities		10,430		11,867
Deferred revenue, less current portion		698		698
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion		5,812		6,641
Derivative warrant liabilities		60,116		93,095
Earn-out liabilities		6,371		45,897
Total liabilities		83,427		158,198
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding		—		—
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 323,762,157 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and 283,546,871 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024		32		29
Additional paid-in capital		1,104,880		681,202
Accumulated other comprehensive income		133		105
Accumulated deficit		(551,782)		(554,747)
Total stockholders’ equity		553,263		126,589
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	636,690	$	284,787

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	3,273	$	6,138
Cost of revenue		1,235		1,096		2,265		2,648
Total gross profit		566		1,990		1,008		3,490
Operating expenses:
Research and development		13,522		11,870		28,977		23,341
Selling, general and administrative		6,926		6,205		13,545		12,819
Total operating expenses		20,448		18,075		42,522		36,160
Loss from operations		(19,882)		(16,085)		(41,514)		(32,670)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense		—		(969)		—		(2,076)
Interest income		3,042		1,218		5,194		2,341
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		(20,557)		2,100		32,705		(483)
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		(2,257)		1,315		6,580		(306)
Total other income (expense), net		(19,772)		3,664		44,479		(524)
Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes		(39,654)		(12,421)		2,965		(33,194)
Provision for income taxes		—		—		—		—
Net income (loss)	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	2,965	$	(33,194)
Net loss available to common stockholders used in diluted earnings per share	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	(1,398)	$	(33,194)
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders – basic	$	(0.13)	$	(0.07)	$	0.01	$	(0.21)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders – diluted	$	(0.13)	$	(0.07)	$	0.00	$	(0.21)
Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders – basic and diluted		298,254		171,903		291,514		161,705

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands)

(unaudited)



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income (loss)	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	2,965	$	(33,194)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		156		(17)		(29)		(105)
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities		65		2		57		(16)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes		221		(15)		28		(121)
Income taxes		—		—		—		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss) after income taxes		221		(15)		28		(121)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	(39,433)	$	(12,436)	$	2,993	$	(33,315)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	2,965	$	(33,194)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,723		3,334
Stock-based compensation		7,728		6,278
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		(6,580)		306
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		(32,705)		483
Accretion of available-for-sale securities		(3,396)		(1,776)
Amortization of debt issuance costs, commitment fees and accretion of final payment fees		—		547
Non-cash lease expense		776		784
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		674		(203)
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets		(836)		(1,021)
Deferred revenue		5		493
Accounts payable		618		(1,085)
Accrued expenses and operating lease liabilities		(2,792)		(1,602)
Net cash used in operating activities		(29,820)		(26,656)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(8,214)		(7,538)
Purchases of available-for-sale securities		(438,518)		(75,995)
Maturities of available-for-sale securities		77,000		76,500
Net cash used in investing activities		(369,732)		(7,033)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Payments of principal of notes payable		—		(6,199)
Proceeds from sale of common stock through Common Stock Purchase Agreement		—		12,838
Proceeds from sale of common stock through At-The-Market (ATM) Offerings		346,719		26,833
Proceeds from sale of common stock from Quanta private placement transaction		35,000		—
Payments of offering costs		(798)		(447)
Net proceeds from tax withholdings on sell-to-cover equity award transactions		6,272		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options		1,443		68
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants		459		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		389,095		33,093
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(34)		(112)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(10,491)		(708)
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of period		67,674		21,392
Cash and cash equivalents – end of period	$	57,183	$	20,684
Supplemental disclosures of other cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	—	$	1,504
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capitalization of deferred costs to equity upon share issuance		—		132
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable		417		739
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accrued expenses		11		849
Reclassification of earn-out liabilities to additional paid-in capital for vesting of Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares		32,946		—
Reclassification of derivative liabilities to additional paid-in capital due to exercise of Public Warrants		274		—
Purchases of offering costs in accounts payable		90		29
Unrealized gain/(loss) on short term investments		57		(16)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIGETTI COMPUTING INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

(1)	Description of Business

Rigetti Computing, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Rigetti”), builds quantum computers and the superconducting quantum processors that power them. The Company markets a 9-qubit quantum processing unit (“QPU”) under the Novera™ QPU trade name. Through the Company’s Quantum Computing as a Service (“QCaaS”) platform, the Company’s machines can be integrated into any public, private or hybrid cloud.

The Company is located and headquartered in Berkeley, California. The Company also operates in Fremont, California; London, United Kingdom; Adelaide, Australia and British Columbia, Canada. The Company’s revenue is derived primarily from operations in the United States and the United Kingdom.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

On March 2, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), a merger transaction between Rigetti Holdings, Inc. (“Legacy Rigetti”) and Supernova Partners Acquisition Company II, Ltd. (“SNII”) was completed (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name to Rigetti Computing, Inc. and all of SNII Class A ordinary shares and SNII Class B ordinary shares automatically converted into shares of common stock, par value $0.0001, of the Company (the “Common Stock”) on a one-for-one basis. Certain warrants held by SNII became warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, each entitling the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, that trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Public Warrants”), while certain other warrants held by SNII became private placement warrants, each entitling the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Private Warrants”). The Company’s Common Stock and Public Warrants trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbols “RGTI” and “RGTIW,” respectively. The Company determined that Legacy Rigetti was the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination based on an analysis of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combination.

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Legacy Rigetti issuing stock for the net assets of SNII, accompanied by a recapitalization. The primary asset acquired from SNII was cash that was assumed at historical costs. Separately, the Company also assumed warrants that were deemed to be derivatives and met liability classification subject to fair value adjustment measurements upon closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”). No goodwill or other intangible assets were recorded because of the Business Combination. While SNII was the legal acquirer in the Business Combination because Legacy Rigetti was deemed the accounting acquirer, the historical financial statements of Legacy Rigetti became the historical financial statements of the combined company, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S” and such accounting principles, “GAAP”) for complete financial statements due to the permitted exclusion of certain disclosures for interim reporting. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring items) considered necessary under GAAP for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods presented have been included. As a result of displaying amounts in thousands, rounding differences may exist in the condensed consolidated financial statements and footnote tables. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or for other interim periods or future years.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, included herein, is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, however, it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 7, 2025.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Emerging Growth Company

Following the Business Combination, the Company qualifies as an emerging growth company (‘‘EGC’’) as defined in the Jumpstart our Business Startups (‘‘JOBS’’) Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they apply to private companies. The Company intends to use this extended transition period to enable it to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date the Company (i) is no longer an EGC or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, the condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

On June 30, 2025, the last business day of the Company’s second fiscal quarter in 2025, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of the Company held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million. Accordingly, under the current rules of the SEC, the Company will be deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as of December 31, 2025. As such, the Company will no longer (i) qualify as an EGC under the rules of the SEC, (ii) be eligible to take advantage of the extended transition period for the adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements available to an EGC beginning with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 and (iii) be exempt from providing an auditor’s attestation report on internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, under the current rules of the SEC, the Company will no longer be eligible to take advantage of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies beginning with its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of 2026.

Significant Accounting Policies

There were no material changes to the significant accounting policies disclosed in “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 7, 2025.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such management estimates include, but are not limited to, the fair value of share-based awards, the fair value of derivative warrant liabilities, the fair value of Sponsor Vesting Shares issued in connection with the Business Combination, accrued liabilities and contingencies, depreciation and amortization periods, revenue recognition and accounting for income taxes. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment and adjusts when facts and circumstances dictate. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies of similar size in its industry, including, but not limited to, the need for successful development of products, the potential need for additional capital (or financing) in the future, competition from substitute products and services from larger companies, protection of proprietary technology, patent litigation, dependence on key individuals, and risks associated with changes in information technology.

Based on the Company’s forecasts, the Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and available for sale investments should be sufficient to meet its anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months from the issuance date of these financial statements based on the Company’s current business plan and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions.

Macroeconomic Conditions

Results of the Company’s operations have varied and may continue to vary based in part on the impact of changes in the domestic or global economy. Negative conditions in the general economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, inflation, financial and credit market fluctuations, supply chain constraints, international trade policies including tariffs and export controls, national security interests, pandemics, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare, and terrorist attacks in the United States or elsewhere, could negatively affect the Company’s business, including progress toward the development of quantum computing by increasing the cost of materials and components and our operating costs. It is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on the Company’s business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2022, the Financial Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-03- Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): “Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB issued this update (1) to clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. ASU 2022-03 was effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company determined that the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” requiring enhancements and further transparency to certain income tax disclosures, most notably the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is also permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires disclosure of disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items in the footnotes to the financial statements for both annual and interim periods. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-04, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Clarifications to Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer,” which provides clarifying guidance on the accounting for share-based consideration payable to a customer. ASU 2025-04 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2026. Early adoption is permitted using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective transition method. The Company is still evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(3) Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):


							Accumulated
					Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock				Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount			Capital		Income (loss)		Deficit		Equity
Balance, March 31, 2025	286,975	$	29	$	719,315	$	(88)	$	(512,128)	$	207,128
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	1,297		—		1,116		—		—		1,116
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	10		—		67		—		—		67
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units ("RSUs")	2,150		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock from Quanta private placement transaction	3,020		—		35,000		—		—		35,000
Proceeds from sale of common stock through At-The-Market ("ATM") Offering	30,310		3		346,716		—		—		346,719
Capitalization of offering costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(888)		—		—		(888)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		3,554		—		—		3,554
Foreign currency translation gain	—		—		—		156		—		156
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		65		—		65
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(39,654)		(39,654)
Balance, June 30, 2025	323,762	$	32	$	1,104,880	$	133	$	(551,782)	$	553,263

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						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2024	283,547	$	29	$	681,202	$	105	$	(554,747)	$	126,589
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	1,595		—		1,443		—		—		1,443
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of common stock warrants	56		—		733		—		—		733
Issuance of common stock upon release of RSUs	5,234		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock from Quanta private placement transaction	3,020		—		35,000		—		—		35,000
Proceeds from sale of common stock through ATM Offering	30,310		3		346,716		—		—		346,719
Vesting of Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares	—		—		32,946		—		—		32,946
Capitalization of offering costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(888)		—		—		(888)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		7,728		—		—		7,728
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—		—		(29)		—		(29)
Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		57		—		57
Net income	—		—		—		—		2,965		2,965
Balance, June 30, 2025	323,762	$	32	$	1,104,880	$	133	$	(551,782)	$	553,263


						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance, March 31, 2024	165,311	$	16	$	489,955	$	138	$	(374,532)	$	115,577
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	31		—		8		—		—		8
Issuance of common stock upon release of RSUs	1,478		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock through ATM Offering	12,777		1		15,801		—		—		15,802
Capitalization of deferred offering costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(80)		—		—		(80)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		3,287		—		—		3,287
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—		—		(17)		—		(17)
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		2		—		2
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(12,421)		(12,421)
Balance, June 30, 2024	179,597	$	17	$	508,971	$	123	$	(386,953)	$	122,158


						Accumulated
				Additional		Other				Total
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2023	147,066	$	14	$	463,089	$	244	$	(353,759)	$	109,588
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	250		—		68		—		—		68
Issuance of common stock upon release of RSUs	2,801		—		—		—		—		—
Proceeds from sale of common stock through Purchase Agreement - B. Riley	10,057		1		12,837		—		—		12,838
Proceeds from sale of common stock through ATM Offering	19,423		2		26,831		—		—		26,833
Capitalization of deferred offering costs to equity upon share issuance	—		—		(132)		—		—		(132)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		6,278		—		—		6,278
Foreign currency translation loss	—		—		—		(105)		—		(105)
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—		—		—		(16)		—		(16)
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(33,194)		(33,194)
Balance, June 30, 2024	179,597	$	17	$	508,971	$	123	$	(386,953)	$	122,158

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(4) Investments

All investments in fixed income securities are classified as cash equivalents or available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the underlying maturity date of each investment. Fixed income securities are recorded at their estimated fair value. The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income and the fair value of the fixed income securities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented in the tables below (in thousands):


	June 30, 2025
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	23,697	$	—	$	—	$	23,697
Cash equivalents	$	23,697	$	—	$	—	$	23,697
Available-for-sale investments-short-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	368,519	$	73	$	(36)	$	368,556
Available-for-sale investments – short-term	$	368,519	$	73	$	(36)	$	368,556
Available-for-sale investments-long-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	145,806	$	97	$	—	$	145,903
Available-for-sale investments – long-term	$	145,806	$	97	$	—	$	145,903


	December 31, 2024
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	29,806	$	—	$	—	$	29,806
U.S. treasury security		24,835		—		—		24,835
Cash equivalents	$	54,641	$	—	$	—	$	54,641
Available-for-sale investments-short-term:
U.S. treasury securities	$	124,352	$	69	$	(1)	$	124,420
Available-for-sale investments – short-term	$	124,352	$	69	$	(1)	$	124,420
Available-for-sale investments-long-term:
U.S. treasury security	$	25,059	$	9	$	—	$	25,068
Available-for-sale investments – long-term	$	25,059	$	9	$	—	$	25,068

The Company invests in highly rated investment grade debt securities. As of June 30, 2025, all of the Company’s available-for-sale securities have final maturities of one year or less, except for five U.S. treasury securities classified as long-term with final maturities extending through November 15, 2026. The Company reviews the individual securities that have unrealized losses on a regular basis. The Company evaluates whether it has the intention to sell any of these investments and whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell any of them before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Neither of these criteria were met as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

The Company additionally evaluates whether the decline in fair value of the securities below their amortized cost basis is related to credit losses or other factors. Based on this evaluation, the Company determined that the unrealized losses for its available-for-sale securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and non-credit-related factors.

Accordingly, the Company determined that none of the unrealized losses were other-than-temporary, and that recognition of an impairment charge was not required as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, there were eight securities with an aggregate market value of $186.2 million that were in an unrealized loss position. The cumulative loss related to these securities was less than $0.1 million. None of the Company’s available-for-sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position for more than one year. No available-for-sale securities were sold during the six months ended June 30, 2025 or June 30, 2024.

See Note 5 for additional information regarding the fair value of the Company’s investments.

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(5)

Fair Value Measurements

The Company reports all financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the condensed consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest-level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The following tables present the fair value hierarchy used to measure the Company’s financial assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively (in thousands):


	June 30, 2025
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	23,697	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities		58,135		310,421		—
Long-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities		—		145,903		—
Total Assets	$	81,832	$	456,324	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivative warrant liability – Public Warrants	$	48,680	$	—	$	—
Derivative warrant liability – Private Warrants		—		—		11,436
Earn-out liabilities		—		—		6,371
Total Liabilities	$	48,680	$	—	$	17,807


	December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	29,806	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury security		—		24,835		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities		—		124,420		—
Long-term investments:
U.S. treasury security		—		25,068		—
Total Assets	$	29,806	$	174,323	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivative warrant liability – Public Warrants	$	70,265	$	—	$	—
Derivative warrant liability – Private Warrants		—		—		22,830
Earn-out liabilities		—		—		45,897
Total Liabilities	$	70,265	$	—	$	68,727

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded the following financial instruments subject to fair value measurements: 1) Derivative warrant liabilities—Public Warrants and Private Warrants, 2) Money market funds, 3) U.S. treasury securities and 4) Earn-out liabilities.

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The fair value of the Public Warrants, money market funds and on-the-run U.S. treasury securities have been measured based on their observable listed prices, a Level 1 measurement. The fair value of the Company’s Level 2 financial assets are determined by using inputs based on quoted market prices for similar instruments.

All other financial instruments are classified as Level 3 instruments as they all include unobservable inputs. The Private Warrants are measured at fair value using a Black Scholes model. The fair value of the Earn-out liabilities are estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Company estimates the volatility of its Private Warrants and Earn-out liabilities based on the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the vesting condition for the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares (as defined below) was satisfied, and the underlying earn-out liability (Refer to Note 8 for Earn-out liabilities) was adjusted to fair value using the closing market price of the Company’s Common Stock on the vesting date. The earn-out liability for the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares as of the February 6, 2025 vesting date of $32.9 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital.

Previously, the Company used the implied volatility of its Public Warrants in its valuation models for the Private Warrants and Earn-out liabilities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company used the historical volatility of its Common Stock for these valuation models because the implied volatility of the Public Warrants was no longer meaningful due to the rapid increase in the price of the Public Warrants during the fourth quarter of 2024. There were no other changes in fair value measurement techniques during the six months ended June 30, 2025 or June 30, 2024.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the number of Private Warrants (a Level 3 measurement) converted to Public Warrants (a Level 1 measurement) were 29,599 and 575,000, respectively. As of the date of conversion, the favorable impact of the transfer of the Private Warrants to Public Warrants on the Company’s net income (loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, was $0.1 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Current estimates of fair value may differ from the amounts presented.

A summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and June 30, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):


	Derivative
	Warrant Liability -		Earn-out
	Private Warrants		Liabilities
Balance – December 31, 2024	$	22,830	$	45,897
Change in fair value - three months ended March 31, 2025		(7,760)		(8,837)
Vesting of Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares		—		(32,946)
Transfer of Private Warrants to Public Warrants - three months ended March 31, 2025		(7,316)		—
Change in fair value - three months ended June 30, 2025		3,906		2,257
Transfer of Private Warrants to Public Warrants - three months ended June 30, 2025		(224)		—
Balance – June 30, 2025	$	11,436	$	6,371

Balance – December 31, 2023	$	1,604	$	2,155
Change in fair value - three months ended March 31, 2024		1,505		1,621
Change in fair value - three months ended June 30, 2024		(1,145)		(1,315)
Balance – June 30, 2024	$	1,964	$	2,461

(6)

Financing Arrangements

Loan and Security Agreement

On June 21, 2024, (the “Amendment Date”), the Company entered into the Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the “Amended Loan Agreement”), by and between Trinity Capital Inc., as lender (the “Lender”), and Rigetti & Co, LLC and Rigetti Intermediate LLC, as borrowers, which amended and restated in its entirety the Company’s existing loan and security agreement, dated as of March 10, 2021 (as amended from time to time, the “Existing Loan Agreement”). The economic terms and cash flows of the Term Loans (defined below) remain unchanged under the Amended Loan Agreement.

Under the Existing Loan Agreement, the Company drew $12.0 million in March 2021, $8.0 million in May 2021, $7.0 million in November 2021 and $5.0 million in January 2022 (collectively, the “Term Loans”). The outstanding principal balance of the Term Loans as of the Amendment Date was $16.2 million. Each Term Loan was to be amortized in equal monthly installments through 48 months following the disbursement date of each Term Loan (each, a “Maturity Date”), with interest at a rate equal to the greater of 11% or the US Prime Rate plus 7.50% per annum, payable monthly.

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The Company had the right to prepay the outstanding Term Loans, in whole or in part, subject to a prepayment premium that remains unchanged from the Existing Loan Agreement. In addition, the Company was required to pay on the respective Maturity Date, or the date of an earlier prepayment, a final payment fee equal to 2.75% of the aggregate original principal amount of the Term Loans, which remains consistent with the Existing Loan Agreement. The final payment fees were being accreted and amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the loan.

On December 9, 2024, the Company prepaid in full all amounts owed under the Amended Loan Agreement. The Company prepaid an aggregate of $9.5 million in outstanding principal balance, final payment fees of $0.9 million, plus accrued interest and a prepayment premium aggregating $0.1 million.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $1.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, which included accretion of the end-of-term liability, amortization of the commitment fee asset and amortization of debt issuance costs totaling $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The effective interest rate for all tranches of the debt was approximately 23.1% as of June 30, 2024.

(7) Warrants

Each whole Public Warrant and Private Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per whole share, subject to adjustment as discussed below. Pursuant to the warrant agreement, a warrant holder may exercise its warrants only for a whole number of shares of Common Stock. The warrants will expire on March 2, 2027 at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Public Warrants

When the price per share of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00, the Company may redeem the outstanding warrants in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant as follows (except as described herein with respect to the Private Warrants):

●

upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

●

if, and only if, the closing price of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share on the trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If the foregoing conditions are satisfied and the Company issues a notice of redemption of the warrants, each warrant holder will be entitled to exercise its warrant prior to the scheduled redemption date. Any such exercise would not be done on a “cashless” basis and would require the exercising warrant holder to pay the exercise price in cash for each warrant being exercised. The price of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock may fall below the $18.00 redemption trigger price as well as the $11.50 warrant exercise price after the redemption notice is issued.

When the price per share of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $10.00, the Company may redeem the outstanding warrants in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.10 per warrant as follows (except as described herein with respect to the Private warrants):

●

upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption as described below; and

●

if, and only if, the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $10.00 per share on the trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

Beginning on the date the notice of redemption is given until the warrants are redeemed or exercised, holders may elect to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis and could potentially receive up to a maximum of 0.361 shares of Common Stock per warrant or a minimum of 0.034 shares of Common Stock per warrant. The number of shares of Common Stock that a warrant holder will ultimately receive upon a cashless exercise in connection with a redemption by the Company, is based on the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the redemption date, determined based on the volume weighted average price of the Company’s Common Stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of the warrants, and the number of months that the corresponding redemption date precedes the expiration date of the warrants, as set forth in a table in the warrant agreement.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Public Warrants issued and outstanding were 11,618,076 and 11,082,870, respectively (Refer to Note 5 for fair value measurement). The Public Warrants are accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the Public Warrants is measured at each reporting period based on the listed price for the warrants, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations at each reporting date.

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During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the number of Public Warrants exercised, each for one share of Common Stock in exchange for cash proceeds of $11.50 per share, were 4,248 and 39,794, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the proceeds from the warrant exercises and the underlying Public Warrant derivative liabilities on the exercise dates totaled less than $0.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the proceeds from the warrant exercises totaled $0.5 million and the underlying Public Warrant derivative liabilities on the exercise dates totaled $0.3 million. The proceeds from the warrant exercises and the underlying Public Warrant derivative liabilities on the exercise dates were recorded to par value of Common Stock and additional paid-in capital.

The calculated fair value of the derivative liability for the Public Warrants as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $48.7 million and $70.3 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Public Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was a loss of $16.7 million and a gain of $28.8 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Public Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was a gain of $1.0 million and a loss of $0.1 million, respectively.

Private Warrants

The Private Warrants have terms and provisions identical to those of the Public Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period, except that if the Private Warrants are held by the initial purchasers, or such purchasers’ permitted transferees, then the Private Warrants are not redeemable by the Company and may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other the initial purchasers or such purchasers permitted transferees, then the Private warrants become Public Warrants and are redeemable by the company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Private Warrants issued and outstanding were 1,417,102 and 1,992,102, respectively (Refer to Note 5 for fair value measurement). The Private Warrants are accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the Private Warrants is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with subsequent changes in the fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each reporting date.

The calculated fair value of the derivative liability for the Private Warrants as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $11.4 million and $22.8 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of Private Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was a loss of $3.9 million and a gain of $3.9 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Private Warrants included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was a gain of $1.1 million and a loss of $0.4 million, respectively.

Significant inputs into the Black-Scholes option-pricing models used to value the Private Warrants at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:



Valuation Assumptions	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Stock Price	$	11.86	$	15.26
Strike Price	$	11.50	$	11.50
Volatility (annual) (%)		149.00%		140.00%
Risk-free rate (%)		3.76%		4.21%
Estimated time to expiration (years)		1.67		2.17
Dividend yield (%)		—		—

Equity Classified Warrants

Series C Preferred Stock Financing Warrants

During 2020, a subsidiary of Legacy Rigetti issued and sold an aggregate of 54.5 million shares of its Series C Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $1.15 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $56.2 million (the “Series C Preferred Stock Financing”). In conjunction with the Series C Preferred Stock Financing, the Company issued a total of 5,248,183 warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock to the Series C investors (the “Series C Warrants”). The Series C Warrants have a $0.01 per share exercise price and a 10-year term to expiration. The Series C Warrants can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis. The Company determined that the Series C Warrants met the requirements for equity classification under ASC 480 and ASC 815. The Company estimated the fair value of the Series C aarrants using the Black-Scholes model and allocated approximately $1.2 million in proceeds from the Series C Preferred Stock to the value of the Series C Warrants on a relative fair value basis, which was recorded to additional paid in capital.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, 5,560 and 16,682 Series C Warrants were exercised, respectively, each for one share of Common Stock, in exchange for cash proceeds of $0.01 per share. The proceeds from the warrant exercises were recorded to par value of Common Stock and additional-paid-in capital. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Series C Warrants issued and outstanding were 777,118 and 793,800, respectively.

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Customer Warrant

In February 2020, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 2,680,607 shares of Class A Common Stock to a customer in conjunction with a revenue arrangement (the “Customer Warrant”). The Customer Warrant has an exercise price of $1.152 per share and has a 10-year term to expiration. The Customer Warrant vests upon the achievement of certain performance conditions (i.e., sales milestones) defined in the agreement, and upon a change of control, either 50% or 100% of the then unvested Customer Warrant will become fully vested, dependent on the acquiring party in the change of control transaction. The Customer Warrant can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis. The Customer Warrant was assumed by the Company in connection with the Business Combination and converted into a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock.

The Company followed the guidance in ASC 718 and ASC 606 for the accounting of non-cash consideration payable to a customer. The Company determined that the Customer Warrant met the requirements for equity classification under ASC 718 and measured the Customer Warrant based on its grant date fair value, estimated to be $0.2 million. The Company recorded this amount as a deferred asset and additional paid in capital as of the issuance date, as the Company believes it is probable that all performance conditions (i.e., sales milestones) in the Customer Warrant will be met. As of both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the deferred asset balance outstanding is approximately $0.1 million, which will be recognized as a reduction in revenue in future periods.

The vesting status of the Customer Warrant is as follows:


	June 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Vested Customer Warrant shares	1,340,297	1,340,297
Unvested Customer Warrant shares	1,340,310	1,340,310
	2,680,607	2,680,607

(8) Earn-out Liabilities

Upon the closing of the Business Combination on March 2, 2022, SNII, Supernova Partners II LLC (the “Sponsor”) and SNII’s directors and officers (collectively the “Sponsor Holders”) subjected certain shares of Common Stock that they own (the “Sponsor Vesting Shares”) to forfeiture for a five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, with vesting occurring only if thresholds related to the weighted average price of Common Stock are met as described below (the “Earn-out Triggering Events”). Any such shares held by the Sponsor Holders that have not vested by the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination will be forfeited.

Sponsor Vesting Shares – Vesting Provisions:

(i)

2,479,000 shares of Common Stock held by the Sponsor Holders became unvested and subject to forfeiture as of the closing of the Business Combination and will only vest if, during the five year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the volume weighted average price of Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.50 for any twenty trading days within a period of thirty consecutive trading days (such shares, the “Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares”), and

(ii)

580,273 shares of Common Stock held by the Sponsor Holders became unvested and subject to forfeiture as of the closing of the Business Combination and will only vest if, during the five year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the volume weighted average price of Common Stock equals or exceeds $15.00 for any twenty trading days within a period of thirty consecutive trading days (such shares, the “Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting Shares,” and, collectively with the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares, the “Sponsor Vesting Shares”). Any such shares held by the Sponsor Holders that remain unvested after the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination will be forfeited.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the vesting condition for the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares was satisfied, and the underlying earn-out liability was adjusted to fair value using the closing market price of the Company’s Common Stock on the vesting date. The earn-out liability for the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares as of the February 6, 2025 (“vesting date”) of $32.9 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital.

As of June 30, 2025, the vesting condition for the Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting shares remained unsatisfied. As of the market close on August 8, 2025, the volume weighted average price of the Company’s Common Stock equaled or exceeded $15.00 for 16 days out of the last 18 trading days. If the volume weighted average price of the Company’s Common Stock were to equal or exceed $15.00 for 4 days out of the next 12 trading days commencing on August 11, 2025, the vesting condition for the Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting shares would be satisfied.

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The Earn-out liabilities related to the unvested Sponsor Vesting Shares are adjusted to fair value each reporting period using the Monte Carlo simulation model until such time as the Earn-Out Triggering Events are achieved or the Sponsor Vesting Shares are forfeited.

The calculated fair value of the Earn-out liabilities with respect to the unvested Sponsor Vesting Shares as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $6.4 million and $45.9 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Earn-out liabilities included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was a loss of $2.3 million and a gain of $6.6 million, respectively. The change in the fair value of the Earn-out liabilities included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was a gain of $1.3 million and a loss of $0.3 million, respectively.

Significant inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation models as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:


Valuation Assumptions	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Stock price	$	11.86	$	15.26
Simulated trading days		421		542
Annual volatility (%)		149.00%		140.00%
Risk-free rate (%)		3.76%		4.21%
Estimated time to expiration (in years)		1.67		2.17

(9) Stockholders’ Equity

As of June 30, 2025, the Company has reserved the following shares of Common Stock for issuance upon the conversion, exercise or vesting of the underlying instruments:


		Common Stock
Common Stock warrants		16,528,051
Stock-Based Awards—RSUs Outstanding		6,544,122
Stock-Based Awards—Options Outstanding		6,536,637
Total		29,608,810

At-the-Market Offerings

May 2025 Sales Agreement with Jefferies, LLC

On May 29, 2025, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement^SM (the “Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies, LLC (the “Agent”) with respect to an At-the-Market offering program, pursuant to which the Company sold, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its Common Stock having an aggregate offering price of $350 million (the “ATM Offering”). The shares offered and sold in the ATM Offering were issued and sold pursuant to the Company’s automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and the related prospectus supplement, which the Company filed with the SEC on May 29, 2025. The Company paid the Agent a commission of up to 3% of the gross proceeds of the shares sold under the Sales Agreement, and the Company agreed to provide the Agent with customary indemnification rights. The Sales Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and conditions to the sale of the shares pursuant thereto.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company raised gross proceeds of $350 million from the sale of 30,309,780 shares of its Common Stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $11.55 per share, which represented the full amount of shares available for sale under the Sales Agreement. The net proceeds from the Sales Agreement during the three months ended June 30, 2025 were $346.7 million, after deducting Agent commissions totaling $3.3 million. As of June 30, 2025, there were no remaining shares available for sale pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

March 2024 Sales Agreement with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC

On March 15, 2024, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Sales Agreement (the “Prior ATM Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and Needham & Company, LLC pursuant to which the Company sold, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its Common Stock having an aggregate offering price of $100 million.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company raised gross proceeds of $16.2 million from the sale of 12,777,393 shares of its Common Stock pursuant to the Prior ATM Agreement, at a weighted average price of $1.27 per share. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company raised gross proceeds of $27.5 million from the sale of 19,423,375 shares of its Common Stock pursuant to the Prior ATM Agreement, at a weighted average price of $1.42 per share.

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The net proceeds from the Prior ATM offering during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 were $15.8 million and $26.8 million, respectively, after deducting sales agent commissions of $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, there were no remaining shares available for sale under the Prior ATM Agreement.

Common Stock Purchase Agreement

The Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“B. Riley”) on August 11, 2022 pursuant to which the Company was able to issue and sell to B. Riley the lesser of i) $75.0 million in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of the Company’s Common Stock or ii) an amount not to exceed 23,648,889 shares of Common Stock (such number of shares equal to approximately 19.99% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the agreement and inclusive of 171,008 shares of Common Stock issued to B. Riley on August 11, 2022 as consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement).

In consideration of the parties entering into the foregoing agreement, the parties also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement on August 11, 2022, pursuant to which the Company provided B. Riley with registration rights with respect to such Common Stock and pursuant to which the Company filed a registration statement covering the resale of such Common Stock.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company did not sell any Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company received net proceeds of $12.8 million from the issuance and sale of 10,056,799 shares of Common Stock to B. Riley under the Purchase Agreement. As of June 30, 2025, there were no remaining shares available for sale under the Purchase Agreement; as a result, the Purchase Agreement has terminated.

(10) Share-Based Compensation

2013 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ( the “2013 Plan”) which provided for the grant of qualified incentive stock options (“ISOs”) and nonqualified stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) or other awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, advisors, and outside consultants. After the Business Combination became effective on March 2, 2022, no additional awards were issued under the 2013 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2013 Plan will continue to be governed by such plan; however, the Company will not grant any further awards under the 2013 Plan.

2022 Equity Incentive Plan

In connection with the Business Combination, the shareholders approved the Rigetti Computing, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) which provides for the grant of ISOs, NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, RSUs, performance awards and other forms of awards to employees, directors, and consultants, including employees and consultants of the Company’s affiliates. As of June 30, 2025, there were 32,403,747 shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan, of which 20,817,292 shares remain available for future issuance. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan will automatically increase on January 1st of each year for a period of nine years commencing on January 1, 2023 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2032, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of Common Stock of all classes outstanding on a fully diluted basis on December 31st of the preceding year; provided, however, that the board of directors of the Company may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that the increase for such year will be a lesser number of shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, as of January 1, 2025, the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under the “2022 Plan” was increased by 15,972,015 shares.

Stock Option Activity

The following is a summary of stock option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2025:


		Weighted		Weighted-
		Average		Average	Aggregate
		Exercise		Contractual	Intrinsic
	Options Outstanding	Price Per Share		Life (in years)	Value (in thousands)
Outstanding, December 31, 2024	8,131,235	$	1.01	8.04	$	115,878
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(1,594,598)		0.90			17,441
Forfeited and expired	—		—
Outstanding and expected to vest, June 30, 2025	6,536,637	$	1.03	7.63	$	70,763
Exercisable, June 30, 2025	3,454,324	$	0.79	6.74	$	38,255

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The Company’s outstanding stock options generally have exercise prices equal to fair market value on the date of grant, expire after ten years and have service-based vesting conditions ranging from 1-5 years, except that 500,000 stock options granted in 2022 had a market-based vesting condition tied to the Company’s Common Stock price. The vesting condition with respect to the market-based stock option grants was satisfied in January 2025. The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the market price of the underlying Common Stock exceeds the option’s exercise price. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was $17.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The Company received proceeds from stock option exercises of $1.4 million and $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees was $0.5 million and $1.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees was $0.5 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was $3.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.96 years.

Fair Value of Stock Option Grants

The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. No stock options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $1.51 per share. The valuation assumptions used as inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value the Company’s service-based stock options include expected volatility for the Company’s Common Stock, the expected term of the stock options granted, the assumed dividend yield and the risk free interest rate at the time of grant.

For the first nine months of 2024, expected volatility for the Company’s Common Stock was determined based on a blended average of the historical volatility of a peer group of similar public companies, the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock and the implied volatility from the Company’s Public Warrants. For the last three months of 2024, expected volatility for the Company’s Common Stock was determined based on a one-third weighting of the historical volatility of a peer group of similar public companies and a two-thirds weighting of the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock. The implied volatility from the Company’s Public Warrants was excluded because the calculation did not produce a meaningful result. The Company has not been public for a sufficient length of time to derive expected volatility solely from trading in its Common Stock.

The expected term of stock options granted was calculated using the simplified method, which represents the average of the contractual term and the weighted-average vesting period of the option. The Company uses the simplified method because it does not have sufficient historical exercise data for its options to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term.

The assumed dividend yield is based upon the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free rate is based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option. In determining the exercise prices for stock options granted, the Company’s board of directors has utilized the fair value of the Common Stock as of the grant date.

Before the Business Combination, the fair value of the Common Stock had been determined by the board of directors at each award grant date based upon a variety of factors, including the results obtained from an independent third-party valuation, the Company’s financial position and historical financial performance, the status of technological developments within the Company, the composition and ability of the current engineering and management team, an evaluation or benchmark of the Company’s competition, the current business climate in the marketplace, the illiquid nature of the Company’s Common Stock, arm’s-length sales of the Company’s capital stock, the effect of the rights and preferences of the preferred shareholders, and the prospects of a liquidity event, among others.

RSUs

The following is a summary of RSU activity during the six months ended June 30, 2025:


		Weighted Average
		Grant Date Fair
	Shares	Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2024	11,177,661	$	1.53
Granted	823,342		9.08
Vested	(5,234,029)		1.66
Forfeited	(222,852)		1.54
Non-vested at June 30, 2025	6,544,122	$	2.38

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The Company’s RSUs generally have service-based vesting conditions ranging from 1-4 years, except that 3,850,000 RSUs granted in 2023 had a market-based vesting condition tied to the Company’s stock price. Based upon the terms of such awards, 50% of the shares became vested when the Company’s Common Stock traded at or above $2.00 per share and the other 50% of the shares became vested when the Company’s Common Stock traded at or above $4.00 per share, for 20 out of 30 trading days through the fifth anniversary of the grant date. The $2.00 per share vesting condition was satisfied in December 2024, and the $4.00 per share vesting condition was satisfied in January 2025.

The income tax withholding obligation for all RSUs are satisfied through the sale of shares into the market, otherwise known as Sell-To-Cover (“STC”). The STC transaction and the income tax withholding remittance for the market-based RSUs that vested in December 2024 took place on December 30, 2024. The $6.3 million proceeds from the STC were received by the Company on January 2, 2025, and is included in other current assets in the accompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

The aggregate fair value of outstanding RSUs based on the closing share price of the Company’s Common Stock as of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was $77.6 million and $10.3 million, respectively. The aggregate fair value of RSUs that vested based on the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the vesting date during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was $52.7 million and $3.5 million, respectively.

Fair Value of RSUs Awards

The number of service-based RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was 823,342 and 1,567,515, respectively. The service-based RSUs vest over periods ranging from 1-4 years and require continuous employment. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the service-based RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 was $9.08 and $1.46 per share, respectively. The fair value of the service-based RSUs was calculated based on the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant.

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs granted to employees was $3.0 million and $6.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs granted to employees was $2.8 million and $5.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $14.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.09 years.

Summarized Stock-Based Compensation Expenses

The table below summarizes total stock-based compensation expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Research and development	$	2,256	$	2,262	$	5,277	$	4,189
Selling, general and administrative expenses		1,298		1,025		2,451		2,089
Total stock-based compensation expenses	$	3,554	$	3,287	$	7,728	$	6,278

(11)

Revenue Recognition

The following tables depict the disaggregation of revenue according to the type of good or service and timing of transfer of goods or services for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Collaborative research and professional services	$	1,711	$	3,081	$	3,043	$	5,918
Access to quantum computing systems		90		5		230		220
	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	3,273	$	6,138


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue recognized at a point in time	$	—	$	523	$	—	$	523
Revenue recognized over time		1,801		2,563		3,273		5,615
	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	3,273	$	6,138

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Selected condensed consolidated balance sheet line items that reflect accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trade receivables	$	342	$	1,498	$	2,650
Unbilled receivables	$	1,411	$	929	$	2,379
Current portion of deferred revenue	$	(118)	$	(113)	$	(343)
Deferred revenue, less current portion	$	(698)	$	(698)	$	—

Changes in deferred revenue from contracts with customers were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	(811)	$	(343)
Deferral of revenue		(110)		(712)
Recognition of deferred revenue		105		219
Total deferred revenue at end of period	$	(816)	$	(836)
Current portion of deferred revenue	$	(118)	$	(836)
Deferred revenue, less current portion	$	(698)	$	—

Amounts recognized as revenue from beginning contract liabilities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was an immaterial amount and $0.1 million, respectively. Amounts recognized as revenue from beginning contract liabilities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was an immaterial amount and $0.2 million, respectively. Remaining performance obligations represent the portion of the transaction price that has not yet been satisfied or achieved. As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $5.7 million. The Company expects to recognize estimated revenues related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) during the next twelve months, except for remaining performance obligations totaling $0.9 million.

The Company has not identified any costs that are incremental to the acquisition of customer contracts that would be capitalized as deferred costs on the balance sheet. Accordingly, the Company does not have any capitalized contract fulfillment costs as of June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

(12) Segments, Geographical Information, Concentrations and Significant Customers

In addition to consolidated net income (loss), our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), the Chief Executive Officer, reviews and utilizes natural expenses such as employee wages and benefits at a consolidated level and capital expenditures including fixed asset additions to manage the Company’s operations and strategic growth initiatives. The measure of segment assets is reported in the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The following table sets forth our segment information of revenue, expenses and net income (loss) (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	3,273	$	6,138
Less:
Salaries and employee related costs		7,930		6,721		16,862		13,458
Stock-based compensation		3,554		3,287		7,728		6,278
Rent and facilities		1,495		2,020		2,834		3,902
Professional services and legal fees		2,339		1,625		5,252		3,312
Technology & IT costs		1,225		1,062		2,548		2,109
Direct and indirect materials		570		609		1,263		1,015
Depreciation and amortization expense		1,894		1,547		3,723		3,334
Interest expense		—		969		—		2,076
Other segment items⁽¹⁾		22,448		(2,333)		(39,902)		3,848
Segment and net income (loss)	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	2,965	$	(33,194)

(1)Other segment items include interest income, changes in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities and earnout liabilities and other operational expenses which are reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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The following table presents a summary of our segment fixed asset additions (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Quantum computing fridges	$	2,623	$	2,197	$	4,334	$	3,257
Process equipment		219		—		682		6
Leasehold improvements		110		34		194		51
IT hardware		263		110		352		209
Construction in progress and other assets		1,400		246		2,465		1,047
Total property and equipment	$	4,615	$	2,587	$	8,027	$	4,570

The following table presents a summary of revenue by geography (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
United States	$	967	$	2,156	$	1,352	$	4,315
Europe		771		407		1,784		1,300
Asia and others		63		523		137		523
Total revenue	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	3,273	$	6,138

Revenues from external customers are attributed to individual countries based on the physical location in which the services are provided or the particular customer location with whom the Company has contracted.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are placed with high-credit-quality financial institutions, and at times exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash and cash equivalents.

Significant customers that represent 10% or more of revenue are set forth in the following table:


	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025	2024	2025	2024
Customer A	*	22%	*	19%
Customer B	20%	*	17%	10%
Customer C	27%	*	15%	20%
Customer D	39%	11%	53%	27%
Customer E	*	26%	*	*
Customer F	*	17%	*	*

* Customer accounted for less than 10% of revenue in the respective periods.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, sales to government entities comprised 91.7% and 90.7% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, sales to government entities comprised 79.5% and 88.4% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively.

Significant customers that represent 10% or more of accounts receivable are set forth in the following table:


	June 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Customer A	*	*
Customer B	41%	15%
Customer C	26%	23%
Customer D	*	26%
Customer E	*	31%
Customer F	28%	*

* Customer accounted for less than 10% of accounts receivable in the respective periods.

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(13) Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following table presents the calculations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except for per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Numerator:
Net income (loss) used in basic computation	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	2,965	$	(33,194)
Less: Vesting of Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares		—		—		(4,363)		—
Net loss used in diluted computation	$	(39,654)	$	(12,421)	$	(1,398)	$	(33,194)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		298,254		171,903		291,514		161,705
Net income (loss) per share - basic	$	(0.13)	$	(0.07)	$	0.01	$	(0.21)
Net loss per share - diluted	$	(0.13)	$	(0.07)	$	0.00	$	(0.21)

For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the number of Sponsor Vesting Shares excluded from the computations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share because the vesting conditions had not been satisfied totaled 580,273 and 3,059,273 shares, respectively.

The vesting condition for the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares was satisfied on February 6, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the vesting condition for the Sponsor Redemption-Based Vesting shares remained unsatisfied (Refer to Note 8 for Earn-out liabilities). The underlying gain from the change in the fair value of the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares has been excluded from the fully-diluted computation for the six months ended June 30, 2025 due to resolution of the contingency, resulting in a net loss for purposes of the computation. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares have been included in the computations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share from the February 6, 2025 vesting date. The Promote Sponsor Vesting Shares were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share for the six months ended June 30, 2025 from the beginning of the period (January 1, 2025) because their effect would be anti-dilutive.

The weighted-average common shares outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 include 777,240 and 784,368 weighted-average shares for warrants having an exercise price of $0.01 per share each, respectively. The weighted-average common shares outstanding for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 include 972,578 weighted-average shares for warrants having an exercise price of $0.01 per share each.

The Company excluded the following potentially dilutive securities from the computations of diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 because their effect would be anti-dilutive:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025	2024
Common Stock warrants (1)	14,410,623	14,450,417
Stock Options	6,536,637	9,600,802
Restricted Stock Units	6,544,122	8,382,814
	27,491,382	32,434,033

(1)	The number of outstanding warrants as of both June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 does not include 1,340,310 unvested Customer Warrants.

(14)

Income Taxes

The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate, primarily due to the Company’s history of incurring losses which have not been benefited, write-off of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 382 limitation, stock-based compensation and other permanent differences, including gains and losses on derivative warrant and earn-out liabilities.

The Company has deferred tax assets as a result of temporary differences between the taxable income on its tax returns and GAAP income, R&D tax credit carry forwards and federal and state net operating loss carry forwards. A deferred tax asset generally represents future tax benefits to be received when temporary differences previously reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements become deductible for income tax purposes, when net operating loss carry forwards could be applied against future taxable income, or when tax credit carry forwards are utilized in the Company’s tax returns.

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Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards, and other tax attributes are subject to annual limitation because of prior cumulative changes in the Company’s ownership and may be further limited in the future if additional ownership changes occur. Similar rules apply under state tax laws. These ownership changes limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to reduce the Company’s federal and state income tax liabilities, if any. Such annual limitations could result in the expiration of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards before their utilization.

The Company has incurred a cumulative pre-tax loss for the past three years. The Company expects that it will continue to incur losses for income tax purposes for the foreseeable future, and will continue to carry a full valuation allowance for its deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company did not record a provision for income taxes for either the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 or the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

On July 4, 2025, new federal tax and budget legislation, known as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (“OBBA”) was signed into law. Any financial impacts from the legislation will be reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements during the three months ended September 30, 2025 when the legislation became law. The Company presently does not expect the OBBA to have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(15) Collaborative Arrangements

On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with Quanta Computer Inc., a Taiwan corporation (“Quanta”). The term of the Collaboration Agreement is for five years, subject to cancellation under certain circumstances.

Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, during the five year period following February 27, 2025, the Company has agreed it will invest at least $250.0 million in the field of quantum computing, in furtherance of its product roadmap, and Quanta has agreed it will invest at least $250.0 million in the field of quantum computing, and the investment by Quanta will be towards personnel and capital expenditures for developing products and services and manufacturing capability in furtherance of the Company’s product roadmap. No equity or joint venture was formed under the Collaboration Agreement. Costs incurred by the Company under the Collaboration Agreement, consisting of its expenditures for research and development and related capital, will be accounted for in accordance with GAAP as incurred.

Under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company will retain all rights, title and ownership to all QPU Technology (as defined in the Collaboration Agreement) and related intellectual property (IP) rights created in the course of activities specified in a statement of work under the Collaboration Agreement. Other than the QPU Technology and IP rights described above, to the extent there is any jointly created, invented or other developed technology in the course of the performance of activities specified in a statement of work under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Quanta will jointly own, and each party will hold a one-half undivided interest in, all such joint project technology and all newly-created or newly-arising IP rights with respect thereto.

In connection with the Collaboration Agreement, on February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Quanta, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to Quanta in a private placement transaction 3,020,412 shares of its Common Stock at a price per share of approximately $11.59, for an aggregate value of approximately $35.0 million. The price per share was based on the volume weighted-average price of the Company’s Common Stock for the 15 trading days prior to February 27, 2025. The private placement transaction, which was subject to regulatory clearance, closed on April 29, 2025. In connection with the private placement transaction, Quanta entered into a board observer and confidentiality agreement under which it has the option and right to appoint a single representative to attend certain meetings of the board of directors of the Company, subject to exceptions, in a non-voting observer capacity. The securities purchase agreement also contains a lock-up provision prohibiting Quanta from selling any of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock acquired in the securities purchase agreement for a three year period following the closing of the private placement transaction.

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(16)

Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is party to litigation and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While the results of any litigation or other legal proceedings are uncertain, the Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to the Company, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company accrues loss contingencies when it is both probable that a loss will be incurred and when the amount of the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Indemnification Provisions

The Company’s agreements include provisions indemnifying customers against intellectual property and other third-party claims. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors, executive officers and certain other officers that require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise as a result of their affiliation with the Company. The Company has not incurred any costs as a result of such indemnification obligations and has not recorded any liabilities related to such obligations in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. When used, the words “believe,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “target,” “estimate,” “expect,” “will,” “continue,” “project,” “forecast,” “goal,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “potential,” and the like, and/or future tense or conditional constructions (“will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” etc.), or similar expressions, identify certain of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those described under Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as updated under Part II “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

For purposes of this discussion, “Rigetti,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Rigetti Computing, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires.

Overview

We build quantum computers and the superconducting quantum processors that power them. We believe quantum computing represents one of the most transformative emerging capabilities in the world today. By leveraging quantum mechanics, we believe our quantum computers process information in fundamentally new, more powerful ways than classical computers. When scaled, it is anticipated that these systems will be poised to solve problems of staggering computational complexity at unprecedented speed.

With the goal of unlocking this opportunity, we have developed the world’s first multi-chip quantum processor for scalable quantum computing systems. We believe that this patented and patent pending, modular chip architecture is the building block for new generations of quantum processors that we expect to achieve a clear advantage over classical computers. Our long-term business model centers on revenue generated from sales of quantum processing units (QPUs) and quantum computing systems made accessible via the cloud in the form of Quantum Computing as a Service (“QCaaS”) products. However, the substantial majority of our revenues are currently derived from development contracts, and we anticipate this market opportunity will continue to represent an important source of revenue for at least the next several years as we work to ramp up sales of QPUs and our QCaaS business. Additionally, we are working to further develop a revenue stream and forging important customer relationships by entering into technology development contracts with various partners.

We are a vertically integrated company. We operate Fab-1, a wafer fabrication facility dedicated to prototyping and producing our quantum processors. Through Fab-1, we own the means of production of our breakthrough multi-chip quantum processor technology. We leverage our chips through a full-stack product development approach, from quantum chip design and manufacturing through cloud delivery. We believe this full-stack development approach offers both the fastest and lowest risk path to building commercially valuable quantum computers. We have been generating revenue since 2018 through partnerships with government agencies and commercial organizations; however, we have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our net losses were $201.0 million and $75.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We incurred an operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2025. We expect to continue to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future as we invest in research, development, and infrastructure consistent with our long-term business strategy. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $551.8 million.

Based on our forecasts, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and available for sale investments should be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months based on our current business plan, and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions. Our operating plans may change because of factors currently unknown, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financing or other sources, such as strategic collaborations or other transactions. In addition, we may seek additional capital even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for current or future operating plans.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced the launch of our 84-qubit Ankaa-3 system, our newest flagship quantum computer featuring an extensive hardware redesign. We also achieved major two-qubit gate fidelity milestones with Ankaa-3: successfully halving error rates in 2024 to achieve a 99.0% median two-qubit iSWAP gate fidelity, as well as demonstrating a 99.5% median two-qubit fidelity with fSim gates. For more information on iSWAP gate fidelity and fSIM gates, see the section entitled “Our Technology—Our Superconducting Quantum Processors—Fidelity” in Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Our goal for 2025 is to introduce the next generation of our modular system architecture, while continuing to increase fidelities. On July 16, 2025, we announced that we achieved our mid-year performance milestone of 99.5% median two-qubit gate fidelity on a modular 36-qubit system, a 2x reduction in median two-qubit gate error rate from our previous best results on our 84-qubit single chip Ankaa™-3 system. Composed of four 9-qubit chips (“chiplets”) tiled together and optimized for CZ gates, a commonly used two-qubit gate for executing quantum circuits with equivalent computational power to iSWAP gates, the 36-qubit system is based on our proprietary modular chip technology and provides a path to building a 100+ qubit chiplet-based system. Our 36-qubit system, Cepheus™-1-36Q, has been released for general availability and deployed on our Cloud Services Platform (QCS®) and will be available on Microsoft Azure thereafter. We expect to release a 100+ qubit chiplet-based system with a 99.5% median two-qubit gate fidelity before the end of 2025.

We believe that we will be able to achieve our plans for 2025 described above and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q; however, we face various risks and uncertainties relating to our business that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations stated herein. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as updated under Part II “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

2025 ATM Offering

On May 29, 2025, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement^TM (the “Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC with respect to an At-the-Market (“ATM”) offering program, pursuant to which we sold, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of $350 million. The shares offered and sold in the ATM offering were issued pursuant to a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and the related prospectus supplement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we raised gross proceeds of $350 million from the sale of 30,309,780 shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $11.55 per share. The net proceeds from the Sales Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 were $346.7 million. As of June 30, 2025, there were no remaining shares available for sale pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

Quanta Collaboration Agreement

In February 2025, our wholly-owned subsidiary entered into a Collaboration Agreement with Quanta, whereby the parties may enter into written statements of work from time to time pursuant to which Quanta will develop Covered Components listed in such statement of work that meet our specifications and requirements. “Covered Components” may include control systems, dilution refrigerators, flexible cables, and select other non-QPU components suitable for our quantum computing products. No statements of work were entered into by the parties in connection with the entry into the Collaboration Agreement. In addition, the parties have each agreed to invest at least $250 million over the next five years in the field of quantum computing (and Quanta’s investment will be towards personnel and capital expenditures for developing products and services and manufacturing capability in furtherance of our product roadmap). No equity or joint venture was formed under the Collaboration Agreement and costs incurred by us under the Collaboration Agreement, consisting of expenditures for research and development and related capital, will be accounted for in accordance with GAAP as incurred.

Under the Collaboration Agreement, we will retain all rights, title and ownership to all QPU Technology (as defined in the Collaboration Agreement) and related intellectual property (“IP”) rights created in the course of activities specified in a statement of work under the Collaboration Agreement. Other than the QPU Technology and IP rights described above, to the extent there is any jointly created, invented or other developed technology in the course of the performance of activities specified in a statement of work under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Quanta will jointly own, and each party will hold a one-half undivided interest in, all such joint project technology and all newly-created or newly-arising IP rights with respect thereto.

In connection with the Collaboration Agreement, on February 27, 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Quanta, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to Quanta in a private placement transaction 3,020,412 shares of our Common Stock at a price per share of approximately $11.59, for an aggregate value of approximately $35.0 million. The private placement transaction, which was subject to regulatory clearance, closed on April 29, 2025.

Macroeconomic Considerations

Results of our operations have varied and may continue to vary based on the impact of changes in the domestic or global economy. Negative conditions in the general economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, inflation, interest rates, financial and credit market fluctuations, supply chain constraints, international trade policies including tariffs and export controls, national security interests, pandemics, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare, and terrorist attacks in the United States or elsewhere, could negatively affect our business, including progress toward the development of quantum computing by increasing the cost of materials and components and our operating costs.

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It is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. If these conditions persist and deepen, we could experience an inability to access additional capital if needed, or our liquidity could otherwise be impacted, and the trading price of our Common Stock could decline.

For further discussion of the potential impacts of macroeconomic events on our business, financial condition, and operating results, see the section titled Part I “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, including the risk factor titled “Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.”

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue through our development contracts, as well as from our sales of QPUs, and our QCaaS offerings and other services including training and provision of quantum computing components. Development contracts are generally multi-year, non-recurring arrangements pursuant to which we provide professional services regarding collaborative research in practical applications of quantum computing to technology and business problems within the customer’s industry or organization and assists the customer in developing quantum algorithms and applications to assist customers in areas of business interest.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of all direct and indirect costs associated with sales of QPUs, QCaaS offerings and development contracts and other services, including materials, employee costs for program management and personnel associated with the delivery of goods and services to customers, and sub-contract costs for work performed by third parties. Cost of revenue also includes an allocation of facility costs, depreciation and amortization directly related to the development contracts and QCaaS offerings and other services.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses primarily consist of research and development, and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include compensation, employee benefits, stock-based compensation, outside consultant fees, facility costs, depreciation and amortization, materials and components purchased for research and development. We expect research and development expenses to increase as we continue to invest in quantum computing and the superconducting quantum processors needed for quantum computers. We do not currently capitalize any research and development expenditures. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses include compensation, employee benefits, stock-based compensation, insurance, facility costs, professional service fees, and other general overhead costs other than those associated with research and development or sales of QPUs and providing development contracts, QCaaS offerings and other services. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase as we grow our business, particularly to the extent we are able to demonstrate the usefulness of quantum computers and achieve broad quantum advantage, and subsequently enhance our product and service offerings, expand our customer base, and implement new marketing strategies.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended								Six months ended
	June 30,				2025 versus 2024				June 30,				2025 vs. 2024
	2025		2024		$ Change		% Change		2025		2024		$ Change		% Change
Revenue	$	1,801	$	3,086	$	(1,285)	(42)	%	$	3,273	$	6,138	$	(2,865)	(47)	%
Cost of revenue

Rigetti Computing, Inc. 10-Q