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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025


☐			Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-36777


JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Bermuda						98-0585280
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, Hamilton, Pembroke HM11, Bermuda

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(441) 295-1422

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Names of each exchange on which registered

Common Shares, par value $0.0002 per share

JRVR

NASDAQ

Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No x

Number of shares of the registrant's common shares outstanding at November 3, 2025: 45,965,839

James River Group Holdings, Ltd.

Form 10-Q

Index


		Page Number
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets —September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	7

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	8

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	10

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11

Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	38

	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	40

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	62

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	62

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	62
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	62
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	64
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	64
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	64
Item 5.	Other Information	64
Item 6.	Exhibits	65

Signatures		66

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Quarterly Report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements may be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You may identify forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report by the use of words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks” and “believes,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” “may” and “could.” These forward-looking statements include, among others, all statements relating to our future financial performance, our business prospects and strategy, anticipated financial position and financial strength ratings, liquidity and capital needs and other similar matters. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict.

Our actual results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report as a result of various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, among others:

•the inherent uncertainty of estimating reserves and the possibility that incurred losses may be greater than our estimate used to compute loss and loss adjustment expense reserves;

•inaccurate estimates and judgments in our risk management may expose us to greater risks than intended;

•downgrades in the financial strength rating or outlook of our regulated insurance subsidiaries impacting our competitive position and ability to attract and retain insurance business that our subsidiaries write and ultimately our financial condition;

•the outcome of the litigation in connection with the sale of our casualty reinsurance business;

•the potential loss of key members of our management team or key employees, and our ability to attract and retain personnel;

•adverse economic and competitive factors resulting in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in the frequency or severity of claims, or both;

•the impact of a higher than expected inflationary environment on our reserves, loss adjustment expenses, the values of our investments and investment returns, and our compensation expenses;

•exposure to credit risk, interest rate risk and other market risk in our investment portfolio and our reinsurers;

•reliance on a select group of brokers and agents for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain such relationships;

•reliance on a select group of customers for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain, or decision to terminate, such relationships;

•our ability to obtain insurance and reinsurance coverage at prices and on terms that allow us to transfer risk, adequately protect our Company against financial loss and that supports our growth plans;

•losses resulting from reinsurance counterparties failing to pay us on reinsurance claims, insurance companies with whom we have a fronting arrangement failing to pay us for claims, or a former customer with whom we have an indemnification arrangement failing to perform its reimbursement obligations, and our potential inability to demand or maintain adequate collateral to mitigate such risks;

•the inherent uncertainty of estimating reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and the possibility that reinsurance may be less than our estimate of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses;

•inadequacy of premiums we charge to compensate us for our losses incurred;

•the effective date and impact of the planned change to the jurisdiction of incorporation of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. from Bermuda to Delaware;

•changes in laws or government regulation, including tax or insurance laws and regulations;

•changes in U.S. tax laws (including associated regulations) and the interpretation of certain provisions applicable to insurance/reinsurance businesses with U.S. and non-U.S. operations, which may be retroactive and could have a significant effect on us including, among other things, by potentially increasing our tax rate, as well as on our shareholders;

•in the event we did not qualify for the insurance company exception to the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules and were therefore considered a PFIC, there could be material adverse tax consequences to an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation;

•the Company or its foreign subsidiary becoming subject to U.S. federal income taxation;

•a failure of any of the loss limitations or exclusions we utilize in our insurance products to shield us from unanticipated financial losses or legal exposures, or other liabilities;

•losses from catastrophic events, such as natural disasters and terrorist acts, which substantially exceed our expectations and/or exceed the amount of reinsurance we have purchased to protect us from such events;

•potential effects on our business of emerging claim and coverage issues;

•the potential impact of internal or external fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions or cyber security incidents;

•our ability to manage our growth effectively;

•failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended;

•changes in our financial condition, regulations or other factors that may restrict our subsidiaries’ ability to pay us dividends;

•an adverse result in any litigation or legal proceedings we are or may become subject to; and

•other risks and uncertainties discussed in this Quarterly Report.

Accordingly, you should read this Quarterly Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from information contained in the forward-looking statements.

Additional information about these risks and uncertainties, as well as others that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, is contained in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 4, 2025.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. Except as expressly required under federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the SEC, we do not have any obligation, and do not undertake, to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this Quarterly Report, whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report or that may be made elsewhere from time to time by us, or on our behalf. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

Table of Contents

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


	(Unaudited) September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(in thousands)
Assets
Invested assets:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2025 – $1,441,249; 2024 – $1,278,337)	$	1,391,875	$	1,189,733
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2025 – $83,958; 2024 – $82,678)	88,791		86,479
Bank loan participations, at fair value	158,764		142,410
Short-term investments	42,620		97,074
Other invested assets	64,154		36,700
Total invested assets	1,746,204		1,552,396
Cash and cash equivalents	238,750		362,345
Restricted cash equivalents	29,632		28,705
Accrued investment income	11,630		10,534
Premiums receivable and agents’ balances, net	155,436		243,882
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, net	2,027,880		1,996,913
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses	125,389		101,210
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	240,181		296,635
Deferred policy acquisition costs	30,139		30,175
Intangible assets, net	32,178		32,450
Goodwill	181,831		181,831
Other assets	131,021		170,000
Total assets	$	4,950,271	$	5,007,076

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)


	(Unaudited) September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	3,116,757	$	3,084,406
Unearned premiums	489,097		572,034
Payables to reinsurers	92,979		132,922
Funds held	25,157		25,157
Deferred reinsurance gain	88,796		57,970
Senior debt	225,800		200,800
Junior subordinated debt	104,055		104,055
Accrued expenses	38,234		53,178
Other liabilities	132,643		182,524
Total liabilities	4,313,518		4,413,046
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 8)
Series A redeemable preferred shares – 2025 and 2024: 165,000 shares authorized; 112,500 shares issued and outstanding	133,115		133,115
Shareholders’ equity:
Common shares – 2025 and 2024: $0.0002 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 45,936,898 and 45,644,318 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	9		9
Preferred Shares – 2025 and 2024: $0.00125 par value; 19,835,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	937,006		933,311
Retained deficit	(394,372)		(402,408)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(39,005)		(69,997)
Total shareholders’ equity	503,638		460,915
Total liabilities, Series A redeemable preferred shares, and shareholders’ equity	$	4,950,271	$	5,007,076

See accompanying notes.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Revenues
Gross written premiums	$	237,276	$	330,423	$	909,640	$	1,073,480
Ceded written premiums	(114,543)		(183,085)		(482,961)		(606,617)
Net written premiums	122,733		147,338		426,679		466,863
Change in net unearned premiums	25,718		12,388		26,283		27,747
Net earned premiums	148,451		159,726		452,962		494,610
Net investment income	21,919		23,564		62,443		71,127
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,239		4,150		(484)		6,428
Other income	1,126		4,057		4,946		8,748
Total revenues	172,735		191,497		519,867		580,913
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	121,004		184,294		333,670		409,814
Other operating expenses	42,561		51,224		140,592		146,130
Other expenses	204		1,752		1,775		4,582
Interest expense	6,224		6,128		17,570		18,957
Amortization of intangible assets	90		90		272		272

Total expenses	170,083		243,488		493,879		579,755
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	2,652		(51,991)		25,988		1,158
Income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations	1,059		(13,914)		8,287		1,249
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	1,593		(38,077)		17,701		(91)
Discontinued operations (Note 2):
Loss from discontinued operations	—		—		—		(13,583)
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations	(572)		(1,304)		(2,347)		(2,679)
Total loss from discontinued operations	(572)		(1,304)		(2,347)		(16,262)
Net income (loss)	1,021		(39,381)		15,354		(16,353)
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	(1,969)		(2,625)		(5,907)		(7,875)
Net (loss) income available to common shareholders	$	(948)	$	(42,006)	$	9,447	$	(24,228)

Other comprehensive income:
Net unrealized gains, net of taxes of $3,122 and $8,238 in 2025 and $8,255 and $5,562 in 2024	11,743		31,056		30,992		20,924
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	12,764	$	(8,325)	$	46,346	$	4,571

Net (loss) income per common share:
Basic
Continuing operations	$	(0.01)	$	(1.07)	$	0.26	$	(0.21)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.05)	$	(0.43)
	$	(0.02)	$	(1.10)	$	0.21	$	(0.64)
Diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.01)	$	(1.07)	$	0.25	$	(0.21)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.05)	$	(0.43)
	$	(0.02)	$	(1.10)	$	0.20	$	(0.64)
Dividend declared per common share	$	0.01	$	0.05	$	0.03	$	0.15
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	46,026,399		37,880,297		45,954,992		37,827,968
Diluted	46,026,399		37,880,297		46,461,351		37,827,968

See accompanying notes.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)


	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Common Shares (Par)		Preferred Shares (Par)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balances at June 30, 2025	45,895,335	$	9	$	—	$	936,255	$	(392,958)	$	(50,748)	$	492,558
Net income	—	—		—		—		1,021		—		1,021
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		—		11,743		11,743

Vesting of RSUs	41,563	—		—		(96)		—		—		(96)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		847		—		—		847
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	—	—		—		—		(1,969)		—		(1,969)
Dividends on common shares	—	—		—		—		(466)		—		(466)
Balances at September 30, 2025	45,936,898	$	9	$	—	$	937,006	$	(394,372)	$	(39,005)	$	503,638

Balances at December 31, 2024	45,644,318	$	9	$	—	$	933,311	$	(402,408)	$	(69,997)	$	460,915
Net income	—	—		—		—		15,354		—		15,354
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		—		30,992		30,992

Vesting of RSUs	292,580	—		—		(646)		—		—		(646)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		4,341		—		—		4,341
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	—	—		—		—		(5,907)		—		(5,907)
Dividends on common shares	—	—		—		—		(1,411)		—		(1,411)
Balances at September 30, 2025	45,936,898	$	9	$	—	$	937,006	$	(394,372)	$	(39,005)	$	503,638

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)


	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Common Shares (Par)		Preferred Shares (Par)		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balances at June 30, 2024	37,825,767	$	7	$	—	$	879,631	$	(263,994)	$	(73,853)	$	541,791
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(39,381)		—		(39,381)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		—		31,056		31,056


Vesting of RSUs	3,708	—		—		(3)		—		—		(3)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		1,446		—		—		1,446
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	—	—		—		—		(2,625)		—		(2,625)
Dividends on common shares	—	—		—		—		(1,937)		—		(1,937)
Balances at September 30, 2024	37,829,475	$	7	$	—	$	881,074	$	(307,937)	$	(42,797)	$	530,347

Balances at December 31, 2023	37,641,563	$	7	$	—	$	876,240	$	(277,905)	$	(63,721)	$	534,621
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(16,353)		—		(16,353)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		—		20,924		20,924


Vesting of RSUs	187,912	—		—		(840)		—		—		(840)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		5,674		—		—		5,674
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	—	—		—		—		(7,875)		—		(7,875)
Dividends on common shares	—	—		—		—		(5,804)		—		(5,804)
Balances at September 30, 2024	37,829,475	$	7	$	—	$	881,074	$	(307,937)	$	(42,797)	$	530,347

See accompanying notes.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Operating activities
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (a)	$	8,010	$	(254,550)
Investing activities
Sale of JRG Re	—		96,412
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
Purchases	(268,087)		(123,004)
Sales	7,616		198,046
Maturities and calls	98,422		117,537
Equity securities:
Purchases	(8,488)		(11,319)
Sales and redemptions	7,657		14,098
Bank loan participations:
Purchases	(110,945)		(91,922)
Sales	65,936		69,457
Maturities	27,280		27,384
Other invested assets:
Purchases	(27,659)		(4,725)
Return of capital	742		558
Proceeds from sales and principal repayments	536		3,919
Short-term investments, net	54,454		28,549
Securities receivable or payable, net	8,458		(1,461)
Purchases of property and equipment	(2,340)		(2,157)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(146,418)		321,372
Financing activities
Senior debt issuances	25,000		—
Senior debt repayments	—		(21,500)



Payroll taxes withheld and remitted on net settlement of RSUs	(646)		(840)
Dividends on Series A preferred shares	(5,907)		(10,500)
Dividends on common shares	(1,528)		(5,794)
Payment of debt issuance costs	(1,179)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	15,740		(38,634)
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents	(122,668)		28,188
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period	391,050		359,949
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents at end of period	$	268,382	$	388,137
Supplemental information
Interest paid	$	19,192	$	22,433

Restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period	$	28,705	$	72,449
Restricted cash equivalents at end of period	$	29,632	$	28,364
Change in restricted cash equivalents	$	927	$	(44,085)

(a) Cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 includes the restricted cash activity above related to a former insured, per the terms of a collateral trust. See “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party and Reinsurer on Legacy Commercial Auto Book”. Excluding the restricted cash activity, cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $7.1 million and $(210.5) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

See accompanying notes.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Accounting Policies

Organization

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (referred to as “JRG Holdings” or, with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) is an exempted holding company registered in Bermuda, organized for the purpose of acquiring and managing insurance entities.

The Company owns five insurance companies based in the United States (“U.S.”) focused on specialty insurance niches as described below:

•James River Group Holdings UK Limited (“James River UK”) is an insurance holding company formed in 2015 in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). JRG Holdings contributed James River Group, Inc. (“James River Group”), a U.S. insurance holding company, to James River UK in 2015.

•James River Group is a Delaware domiciled insurance holding company formed in 2002 which owns all of the Company’s U.S.-based subsidiaries, either directly or indirectly through one of its wholly-owned U.S. subsidiaries. James River Group oversees the Company’s U.S. insurance operations and maintains all of the outstanding debt in the U.S.

•James River Insurance Company is an Ohio domiciled excess and surplus lines insurance company that, with its wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, James River Casualty Company, an Ohio domiciled company, is authorized to write business in every state and the District of Columbia.

•Falls Lake National Insurance Company (“Falls Lake National”) is an Ohio domiciled insurance company which wholly owns Stonewood Insurance Company, an Ohio domiciled company, and Falls Lake Fire and Casualty Company, a California domiciled company. Falls Lake National and its subsidiaries primarily write specialty admitted fronting and program business.

The Company previously owned JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”), a Bermuda domiciled reinsurer, which comprised the former Casualty Reinsurance segment, and which, prior to the suspension of its underwriting activities in 2023, primarily provided non-catastrophe casualty reinsurance to U.S. third parties. On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to sell JRG Re. The sale closed on April 16, 2024 and resulted in the Company’s disposition of its casualty reinsurance business and related assets. The Company has no continued involvement with JRG Re following the sale. See Discontinued Operations below and Note 2 for additional disclosure.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of inception or acquisition, as applicable. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a more complete description of the Company’s business and accounting policies. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. Such adjustments consist only of normal recurring items. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for the full year. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 was derived from the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements.

Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Discontinued Operations

The results of operations of a component of the Company are reported in discontinued operations when certain criteria are met as of the date of disposal, or earlier if classified as held-for-sale. The Company determined that the sale of JRG Re, which closed on April 16, 2024, represented a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company's operations. Accordingly, the results of JRG Re's operations have been presented as discontinued operations for all periods presented in this interim report on Form 10-Q. See Note 2 for additional disclosure.

Estimates and Assumptions

Preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

accompanying disclosures. Those estimates are inherently subject to change, and actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.

Variable Interest Entities

Entities that do not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest are referred to as variable interest entities (“VIE”). A VIE is consolidated by the variable interest holder that is determined to have the controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary) as a result of having both the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE’s capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE’s operations and purpose, and the Company’s relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE. The Company reassesses its VIE determination with respect to an entity on an ongoing basis.

The Company holds interests in VIEs through certain equity method investments included in “other invested assets” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has determined that it should not consolidate any of the VIEs as it is not the primary beneficiary in any of the relationships. Although the investments resulted in the Company holding variable interests in the entities, they did not empower the Company to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities. The Company’s investments related to these VIEs totaled $7.3 million at September 30, 2025 and $7.7 million at December 31, 2024, representing the Company’s maximum exposure to loss.

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period based on the relative mix of income from continuing operations reported by country and the respective tax rates imposed by each tax jurisdiction. Statutory tax rates are 0% and 21% for Bermuda and the U.S. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our effective tax rate on income from continuing operations was 39.9% and 31.9%, respectively (26.8% and 107.9% in the respective prior year periods). The Company does not receive a U.S. tax deduction for losses in our Bermuda entities. Bermuda had losses in both periods primarily due to Bermuda holding company expenses and interest expense. For U.S.-sourced income, the Company’s U.S. federal income tax expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to income before taxes due primarily to interest income on tax-advantaged state and municipal securities, dividends received income, and excess tax benefits and expenses on share based compensation.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law providing legislative changes to U.S. federal tax law. The Company continues to evaluate these changes, but the effects are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Adopted Accounting Standards

There were no new accounting standards adopted in 2025 that materially impacted the Company's financial statements.

Prospective Accounting Standards

The guidance in ASU 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures was designed to increase transparency about income tax information through improvements to the rate reconciliation and disclosure of income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Although the Company continues to evaluate the impact of adopting this new accounting standard, the amendments are disclosure-related and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

The guidance in ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses requires additional, disaggregated disclosure around certain income statement expense line items. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, although early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance on the disclosures in its financial statements.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

2. Discontinued Operations

On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Fleming Intermediate Holdings LLC, a Cayman Islands limited liability company (“Fleming”). Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, and on the terms and subject to the conditions therein, Fleming agreed to purchase from the Company all of the common shares of JRG Re. JRG Re comprised the remaining operations of the former Casualty Reinsurance segment, and the sale of JRG Re, which closed on April 16, 2024, resulted in the Company’s disposition of its casualty reinsurance business and related assets.

Pursuant to the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, the aggregate consideration received by the Company, after giving effect to estimated adjustments based on changes in JRG Re’s adjusted net worth between March 31, 2023 and the closing, totaled approximately $291.4 million (the “Closing Date Purchase Price”). The aggregate Closing Date Purchase Price was comprised of (i) $152.4 million paid in cash by Fleming and (ii) an aggregate $139.0 million dividend and distribution from contributed surplus by JRG Re to the Company. In accordance with the Stock Purchase Agreement, the cash portion of the purchase price was calculated based on an estimated balance sheet of JRG Re as of the date of closing. The estimated balance sheet was subject to final post-closing adjustments, which resulted in the downward adjustment to the cash portion of the Closing Date Purchase Price discussed below.

As required by the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company and Fleming engaged in a post-closing purchase price true-up process. The Company agreed with an initial $11.4 million downward adjustment to the Closing Date Purchase Price due to losses from JRG Re’s operations between the date of the balance sheet used to produce the estimated closing statement and the date of closing, which downward adjustment was paid to Fleming on October 18, 2024. On April 18, 2025, the independent accounting firm appointed by the parties issued its final determination, concluding the post-closing purchase price true-up process. Pursuant to this final determination, the Company paid $522,789 to Fleming on April 29, 2025 comprised of a $483,625 final downward adjustment to the Closing Date Purchase Price and interest due according to the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement.

The Company determined that the sale of JRG Re represented a strategic shift that will have a major effect on its operations. Accordingly, the results of JRG Re's operations have been presented as discontinued operations for all periods presented in this interim report on Form 10-Q.

The $139.0 million pre-closing dividend was completed in the first quarter of 2024. It included the forgiveness of $133.2 million owed from JRG Holdings to JRG Re and $5.8 million paid in cash to JRG Holdings. The loss on disposal for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $2.7 million includes a $2.1 million gain for the change in the estimated loss on sale and selling costs incurred of $4.8 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the loss on disposal of $2.3 million includes the $522,789 downward adjustment to the Closing Date Purchase Price plus interest and $1.8 million of additional selling costs incurred by the Company related to the sale of JRG Re.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The operating results of JRG Re reported in discontinued operations were as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Gross written premiums	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,137
Ceded written premiums	—		—		—		877
Net written premiums	—		—		—		2,014
Change in net unearned premiums	—		—		—		8,371
Net earned premiums	—		—		—		10,385
Net investment income	—		—		—		4,432
Net realized and unrealized losses on investments	—		—		—		(9,472)

Total revenues	—		—		—		5,345
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	—		—		—		13,157
Other operating expenses	—		—		—		5,039

Interest expense	—		—		—		732
Total expenses	—		—		—		18,928
Loss from discontinued operations	—		—		—		(13,583)
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations	(572)		(1,304)		(2,347)		(2,679)
Total loss from discontinued operations	(572)		(1,304)		(2,347)		(16,262)

Cash flows from discontinued operations included in the consolidated statements of cash flows were as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)

Net cash used in operating activities of discontinued operations	$	—	$	(25,115)
Net cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations	—		63,104
Net cash provided by discontinued operations	$	—	$	37,989
Interest paid by discontinued operations	$	—	$	1,388

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

3. Investments

The Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are summarized as follows:


	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2025
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	228,297	$	1,185	$	(20,849)	$	208,633
Residential mortgage-backed	485,139		2,613		(15,332)		472,420
Corporate	571,769		5,585		(17,962)		559,392
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	140,149		219		(4,754)		135,614

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	15,895		16		(95)		15,816

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,441,249	$	9,618	$	(58,992)	$	1,391,875
December 31, 2024
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	223,009	$	598	$	(27,043)	$	196,564
Residential mortgage-backed	352,064		32		(25,869)		326,227
Corporate	503,610		1,358		(29,483)		475,485
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	178,238		112		(7,892)		170,458

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	21,416		2		(419)		20,999

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,278,337	$	2,102	$	(90,706)	$	1,189,733

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale investments in fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2025 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows:


	Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
One year or less	$	37,000	$	36,749
After one year through five years	411,398		405,522
After five years through ten years	225,254		216,603
After ten years	142,309		124,967
Residential mortgage-backed	485,139		472,420
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	140,149		135,614

Total	$	1,441,249	$	1,391,875

Actual maturities may differ for some securities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The following table shows the Company’s gross unrealized losses and fair value for available-for-sale securities aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:


	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2025
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	19,291	$	(384)	$	151,002	$	(20,465)	$	170,293	$	(20,849)
Residential mortgage-backed	112,579		(694)		151,118		(14,638)		263,697		(15,332)
Corporate	49,976		(274)		225,608		(17,688)		275,584		(17,962)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	9,911		(2)		84,125		(4,752)		94,036		(4,754)

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	2,901		(4)		5,198		(91)		8,099		(95)

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	194,658	$	(1,358)	$	617,051	$	(57,634)	$	811,709	$	(58,992)
December 31, 2024
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	35,979	$	(1,087)	$	146,547	$	(25,956)	$	182,526	$	(27,043)
Residential mortgage-backed	179,807		(5,285)		140,559		(20,584)		320,366		(25,869)
Corporate	149,149		(4,281)		220,743		(25,202)		369,892		(29,483)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	17,991		(65)		101,525		(7,827)		119,516		(7,892)

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	7,653		(115)		12,412		(304)		20,065		(419)

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	390,579	$	(10,833)	$	621,786	$	(79,873)	$	1,012,365	$	(90,706)

At September 30, 2025, the Company held fixed maturity securities of 382 issuers that were in an unrealized loss position with a total fair value of $811.7 million and gross unrealized losses of $59.0 million. None of the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses has ever missed, or been delinquent on a scheduled principal or interest payment. At September 30, 2025, 100.0% of the Company’s fixed maturity security portfolio was rated “BBB-” or better (“investment grade”) by Standard & Poor’s or received an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized rating agency.

The Company reviews its available-for-sale fixed maturities to determine whether unrealized losses are due to credit-related factors. An allowance for credit losses is established for any credit-related impairments, limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recognized in earnings and included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Unrealized losses that are not credit-related are recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company considers the extent to which fair value is below amortized cost in determining whether a credit-related loss exists. The Company also considers the credit quality rating of the security, with a special emphasis on securities downgraded below investment grade. A comparison is made between the present value of expected future cash flows for a security and its amortized cost. If the present value of future expected cash flows is less than amortized cost, a credit loss is presumed to exist and an allowance for credit losses is established. Management may conclude that a qualitative analysis is sufficient to support its conclusion that the present value of the expected cash flows equals or exceeds a security’s amortized cost. As a result of this review, management concluded that there were no credit-related impairments of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024, or September 30, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, management recognized an impairment loss of $207,000 for one fixed maturity security due to the Company’s inability to hold the security until a recovery in its value to the amortized cost basis. For securities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025, management does not intend to sell the securities, and it is not “more likely than not” that the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery in their value to their amortized cost basis occurs.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Company elected the fair value option to account for bank loan participations. Under the fair value option, bank loan participations are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in the income statement as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Applying the fair value option to the bank loan portfolio increases volatility in the Company's financial statements, but management believes it is less subjective and less burdensome to implement and maintain than ASU 2016-13, which would have otherwise been required.

At September 30, 2025, the Company's bank loan portfolio had an aggregate fair value of $158.8 million and unpaid principal of $164.1 million. Investment income on bank loan participations included in net investment income was $3.2 million and $9.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively ($4.1 million and $13.2 million for the respective prior year periods). Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on bank loan participations were $193,000 and $(1.9) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively ($(2.0) million and $(3.1) million in the respective prior year periods). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, management concluded that $117,000 of the net realized and unrealized losses were due to credit-related impairments. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, management concluded that $654,000 and $2.5 million of the net realized and unrealized losses were due to credit-related impairments. Losses due to credit-related impairments are determined based upon consultations and advice from the Company's specialized investment manager and consideration of any adverse situations that could affect the borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of underlying collateral, and other relevant factors.

Bank loan participations generally provide a higher yield than our portfolio of fixed maturities and have a credit rating that is below investment grade (i.e. below “BBB-” for Standard & Poor’s) at the date of purchase. These bank loans are primarily senior, secured floating-rate debt rated “BB”, “B”, or “CCC” by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized rating agency. These bank loans include assignments of, and participations in, performing and non-performing senior corporate debt generally acquired through primary bank syndications and in secondary markets. Bank loans consist of, but are not limited to, term loans, the funded and unfunded portions of revolving credit loans, and other similar loans and investments. Management believed that it was probable at the time that these loans were acquired that the Company would be able to collect all contractually required payments receivable.

Interest income on bank loan participations is accrued on the unpaid principal balance, and discounts and premiums on bank loan participations are amortized to income using the interest method. Generally, the accrual of interest on a bank loan participation is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest. A bank loan participation may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. Generally, bank loan participations are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. Interest received on nonaccrual loans generally is reported as investment income. There were no bank loans on nonaccrual status at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Company’s net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments are summarized as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities:
Gross realized gains	$	25	$	46	$	70	$	1,589
Gross realized losses	(29)		(152)		(49)		(2,804)
	(4)		(106)		21		(1,215)
Bank loan participations:
Gross realized gains	139		135		368		666
Gross realized losses	(396)		(1,186)		(3,453)		(2,447)
Changes in fair values of bank loan participations	450		(922)		1,217		(1,316)
	193		(1,973)		(1,868)		(3,097)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains	111		1,087		363		2,634
Gross realized losses	(27)		(2)		(34)		(179)
Changes in fair values of equity securities	963		5,145		1,031		8,286
	1,047		6,230		1,360		10,741
Short-term investments and other:
Gross realized gains	3		—		4		—
Gross realized losses	—		—		(1)		—
Changes in fair values of short-term investments and other	—		(1)		—		(1)
	3		(1)		3		(1)
Total	$	1,239	$	4,150	$	(484)	$	6,428

Realized investment gains or losses are determined on a specific identification basis.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Company invests selectively in private debt and equity opportunities. These investments, which together comprise the Company’s other invested assets, are primarily focused in renewable energy, limited partnerships, and private debt.


	Carrying Value				Investment Income
	September 30,		December 31,		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Renewable energy LLCs (a)
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	7,306	$	7,690	$	(16)	$	548	$	(336)	$	1,210
Corporate & Other	—		—		—		—		—		293
	7,306		7,690		(16)		548		(336)		1,503
Renewable energy notes receivable (b)
Excess and Surplus Lines	—		—		—		—		—		61
Corporate & Other	—		—		—		—		—		77
	—		—		—		—		—		138
Limited partnerships (c)
Excess and Surplus Lines	18,136		14,644		563		1,050		1,423		1,452
Corporate & Other	464		464		—		—		—		—
	18,600		15,108		563		1,050		1,423		1,452
Private Debt (d)
Excess and Surplus Lines	38,248		13,902		519		158		1,165		427
Corporate & Other	—		—		—		—		—		—
	38,248		13,902		519		158		1,165		427
Total other invested assets
Excess and Surplus Lines	63,690		36,236		1,066		1,756		2,252		3,150
Corporate & Other	464		464		—		—		—		370
	$	64,154	$	36,700	$	1,066	$	1,756	$	2,252	$	3,520

(a)The Company's Excess and Surplus Lines segment owns equity interests ranging from 3.6% to 5.0% in various LLCs whose principal objective is capital appreciation and income generation from owning and operating renewable energy production facilities (wind and solar). The equity method is used to account for the Company’s LLC investments. Income for the LLCs primarily reflects adjustments to the carrying values of investments in renewable energy projects to their determined fair values. The fair value adjustments are included in revenues for the LLCs. Expenses for the LLCs are not significant and are comprised of administrative and interest expenses. In the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received $2.0 million of additional proceeds from a previous sale of two LLCs including $1.7 million in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $293,000 in the Corporate and Other segment. The Company received cash distributions from these investments totaling $48,000 and $439,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(b)The Company's Excess and Surplus Lines and Corporate and Other segments invested in two notes receivable for renewable energy projects. Interest on the notes was fixed at 12%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received final principal repayments of $608,000 and $761,000 on the notes receivable in the Company's Excess and Surplus Lines segment and Corporate and Other segment, respectively.

(c)The Company owns investments in limited partnerships that invest in concentrated portfolios including publicly-traded small cap equities, loans of middle market private equity sponsored companies, private equity general partnership interests, commercial mortgage-backed securities, specialty private credit, and tranches of distressed home loans. Income from the partnerships is recognized under the equity method of accounting. At September 30, 2025, the Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment has outstanding commitments to invest another $8.7 million in the limited partnerships.

(d)The Company's Excess and Surplus Lines segment has invested in seven notes receivable for structured private specialty credit. Interest on two notes maturing in 2031 is fixed at 4.25% and 5.25%. Interest on two notes maturing in 2035 is fixed at

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

6.50% and 8.00%. At September 30, 2025, the Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment has outstanding commitments to invest another $5.6 million in these notes.

On April 11, 2025, the Company entered into an investment agreement with Sixth Street, the parent of Enstar. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company's Excess and Surplus Lines segment has invested in collateralized investment grade notes receivable for structured private specialty credit. Interest on three notes maturing in 2064 is fixed at 6.79%, 8.04%, and 9.04%. At September 30, 2025, the Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment has outstanding commitments to invest another $59.2 million in the notes.

4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

On December 11, 2007, the Company completed an acquisition of James River Group by acquiring 100% of the outstanding shares of James River Group common stock, referred to herein as the “Merger”. The transaction was accounted for under the purchase method of accounting, and goodwill and intangible assets were recognized by the Company as a result of the transaction. Goodwill resulting from the Merger was $181.8 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class were as follows:


		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
		($ in thousands)
Intangible Assets
Trademarks	Indefinite	$	19,700	$	—	$	19,700	$	—
Insurance licenses and authorities	Indefinite	8,964		—		8,964		—
Identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization		28,664		—		28,664		—
Broker relationships	24.6	11,611		8,097		11,611		7,825
Identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization		11,611		8,097		11,611		7,825
		$	40,275	$	8,097	$	40,275	$	7,825

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

5. Earnings Per Share

The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted earnings per common share computations contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	1,593	$	(38,077)	$	17,701	$	(91)
Less: Dividends on Series A preferred shares	(1,969)		(2,625)		(5,907)		(7,875)
Income (loss) from continuing operations available to common shareholders	$	(376)	$	(40,702)	$	11,794	$	(7,966)
Loss from discontinued operations	(572)		(1,304)		(2,347)		(16,262)
Net (loss) income available to common shareholders	$	(948)	$	(42,006)	$	9,447	$	(24,228)

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	46,026,399		37,880,297		45,954,992		37,827,968
Dilutive potential common shares	—		—		506,359		—
Diluted	46,026,399		37,880,297		46,461,351		37,827,968

Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic
Continuing operations	$	(0.01)	$	(1.07)	$	0.26	$	(0.21)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.05)	$	(0.43)
	$	(0.02)	$	(1.10)	$	0.21	$	(0.64)
Diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.01)	$	(1.07)	$	0.25	$	(0.21)
Discontinued operations	$	(0.01)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.05)	$	(0.43)
	$	(0.02)	$	(1.10)	$	0.20	$	(0.64)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, potential common shares of 14,013,142 and 13,521,634, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as their effects were anti-dilutive. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, potential common shares of 6,949,943 and 6,957,275, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as their effects were anti-dilutive.

The Company amended the Series A Preferred Shares on November 11, 2024, which, among other things, reduced the voluntary conversion price (see Note 13). The lower conversion price results in a higher number of potential common shares under an assumed conversion when the Series A Preferred Shares are determined to be dilutive in the earnings per share calculation. In applying the if-converted method in the calculation of diluted earnings per share from continuing operations when the Series A Preferred Shares are dilutive, the dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares are added back to income from continuing operations available to common shareholders in the numerator of the calculation and the additional common shares from an assumed conversion of the Series A Preferred Shares are added in the denominator of the calculation.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

6. Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, to the gross amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are presented gross of an allowance for credit losses on reinsurance balances of $1.5 million at September 30, 2025, $1.5 million at June 30, 2025, $1.2 million at December 31, 2024, $776,000 at September 30, 2024, $744,000 at June 30, 2024, and $660,000 at December 31, 2023.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance recoverables at beginning of period	$	1,089,181	$	1,301,662	$	1,086,278	$	1,246,973
Add: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance:
Current year	100,094		109,464		302,553		332,410
Prior years - retroactive reinsurance	23,515		17,954		30,826		10,268
Prior years - excluding retroactive reinsurance	(2,605)		56,876		291		67,136
Total incurred losses and loss and adjustment expenses	121,004		184,294		333,670		409,814
Deduct: Loss and loss adjustment expense payments net of reinsurance:
Current year	5,425		10,472		11,160		18,755
Prior years	93,871		82,539		290,588		252,773
Total loss and loss adjustment expense payments	99,296		93,011		301,748		271,528
Deduct: Change in deferred reinsurance gain - retroactive reinsurance	23,515		17,954		30,826		10,268
Deduct: Loss reserves ceded in E&S ADC	—		313,242		—		313,242

Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance recoverables at end of period	1,087,374		1,061,749		1,087,374		1,061,749
Add: Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period	2,029,383		1,940,164		2,029,383		1,940,164
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses gross of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period	$	3,116,757	$	3,001,913	$	3,116,757	$	3,001,913

The Company experienced $2.6 million of net favorable reserve development in the three months ended September 30, 2025 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2024 (excluding adverse prior year development subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers below). This reserve development included $2.4 million of net favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $236,000 of net favorable development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment.

The Company experienced $56.9 million of net adverse reserve development in the three months ended September 30, 2024 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2023 (excluding adverse prior year development subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers below). This reserve development included $57.0 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves).

The Company experienced $291,000 of net adverse reserve development in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2024 (excluding adverse prior year development subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers below). This reserve development included $52,000 of net favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $343,000 of net adverse development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment.

The Company experienced $67.1 million of net adverse reserve development in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2023 (excluding adverse prior year development

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers below). This reserve development included $67.7 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves), and $607,000 of net favorable development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment.

Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers

Loss portfolio transfers and adverse development covers are forms of retroactive reinsurance utilized by the Company to transfer losses and loss adjustment expenses and associated risk of adverse development on covered subject business, as defined in the respective agreements, to an assuming reinsurer in exchange for a reinsurance premium. This reinsurance can bring economic finality (up to the limit of such agreements, if applicable) on the subject risks when they no longer meet the Company's risk appetite or are no longer aligned with the Company's risk management guidelines.

Commercial Auto Loss Portfolio Transfer

On September 27, 2021, James River Insurance Company and James River Casualty Company (together, “James River”) entered into a loss portfolio transfer transaction (the “Commercial Auto LPT”) with Aleka Insurance, Inc. (“Aleka”), a captive insurance company affiliate of Rasier LLC, to reinsure substantially all of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment's legacy portfolio of commercial auto policies previously issued to Rasier LLC and its affiliates (collectively, “Rasier”) for which James River is not otherwise indemnified by Rasier. The reinsurance coverage is structured to be fully collateralized, is not subject to an aggregate limit, and is subject to certain exclusions. The cumulative amounts ceded under the loss portfolio transfer were $458.0 million and $459.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover

On July 2, 2024, James River entered into a Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover Reinsurance Contract (the “E&S ADC”) with State National Insurance Company, Inc. (“State National”). The transaction closed upon signing.

The E&S ADC was effective January 1, 2024 (the “Effective Date”) and applies to James River’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive), excluding, among others, losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates (the “Subject Business”). Pursuant to the E&S ADC, (a) State National reinsures 85% of losses paid on and after the Effective Date in respect of the Subject Business in excess of $716.6 million up to an aggregate limit of $467.1 million (with State National’s share of the aggregate limit being $397.0 million) in exchange for a reinsurance premium paid by James River equal to $313.2 million, and (b) James River continues to manage claims and to manage and collect the benefit of other existing third-party reinsurance on the Subject Business, which third-party reinsurance inures to the benefit of the E&S ADC. Additional adverse development on the subject business of the E&S ADC in the three months ended September 30, 2025 exhausted the remaining limit of the E&S ADC.

Adverse Development Cover

On November 11, 2024, Enstar Group Limited (“Enstar”), through its subsidiary Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello Bay”), entered into an adverse development cover agreement with James River (“E&S Top Up ADC”), pursuant to which, in exchange for a premium of $52.8 million (less an amount equal to the federal excise tax payable on the premium), Cavello Bay reinsures, effective January 1, 2024, 100% of the losses associated with James River’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive). The E&S Top Up ADC excludes losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates and is subject to a retention by James River of $1,183.7 million (the limit of the E&S ADC executed on July 2, 2024) and up to an aggregate limit of $75.0 million. The E&S Top Up ADC closed on December 23, 2024. The Company recognized a $52.8 million reduction in pre-tax income in connection with the adverse development cover upon closing. The Company has $52.5 million of aggregate limit remaining on the E&S Top Up ADC at September 30, 2025.

Retroactive Reinsurance Accounting

The Company periodically reevaluates the remaining reserves subject to the Commercial Auto LPT, the E&S ADC, and the E&S Top Up ADC, and when recognized adverse prior year development on the subject business causes the cumulative amounts ceded under the agreements to exceed the consideration paid, the agreements move into a gain position subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting under GAAP. Gains are deferred under retroactive reinsurance accounting and recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the agreements using the recovery method. While the deferral of gains can introduce volatility in the Company's operating results in the short-term, over the life of the contract, we would expect no

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

economic impact to the Company as long as the counterparty performs under the contract. The impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting is not indicative of the Company's current and ongoing operations.

The following tables summarize the retroactive reinsurance accounting for the Commercial Auto LPT and the E&S ADC for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Commercial Auto LPT
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at beginning of period	$	5,951	$	13,047	$	9,222	$	20,733
(Favorable) adverse prior year development ceded on subject business	—		914		(1,270)		2,811
Retroactive reinsurance benefits under the recovery method	(948)		(2,204)		(2,949)		(11,787)
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at end of period	$	5,003	$	11,757	$	5,003	$	11,757

E&S ADC
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at beginning of period	$	59,331	$	—	$	48,748	$	—
Adverse prior year development ceded on subject business	24,462		19,244		35,045		19,244
Retroactive reinsurance benefits under the recovery method	—		—		—		—
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at end of period	$	83,793	$	19,244	$	83,793	$	19,244

Total
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at beginning of period	$	65,282	$	13,047	$	57,970	$	20,733
Adverse prior year development ceded on subject business	24,462		20,158		33,775		22,055
Retroactive reinsurance benefits under the recovery method	(948)		(2,204)		(2,949)		(11,787)
Deferred retroactive reinsurance gain at end of period	$	88,796	$	31,001	$	88,796	$	31,001

7. Other Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the components of other comprehensive income:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Unrealized gains arising during the period, before U.S. income taxes	$	14,860	$	39,205	$	39,251	$	25,271
U.S. income taxes	(3,121)		(8,233)		(8,242)		(5,307)
Unrealized gains arising during the period, net of U.S. income taxes	11,739		30,972		31,009		19,964
Less reclassification adjustment:
Net realized investment (losses) gains	(5)		(106)		21		(1,215)
U.S. income taxes	1		22		(4)		255
Reclassification adjustment for investment (losses) gains realized in net income	(4)		(84)		17		(960)
Other comprehensive income	$	11,743	$	31,056	$	30,992	$	20,924

In addition to the net realized investment (losses) gains on available-for-sale fixed maturities disclosed above, the Company also recognized net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) on its investments in bank loan participations and equity securities in the respective periods. Refer to Note 3 for disclosure of these amounts.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

8. Contingent Liabilities

Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various legal proceedings, including commercial matters and litigation regarding insurance claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. In addition, the Company is involved from time to time in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. The Company believes that the outcome of such matters, individually and in the aggregate, is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

On March 11, 2024, the Company filed a complaint in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, Commercial Division against Fleming relating to the Stock Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which Fleming agreed to purchase all of the outstanding common shares of JRG Re (the “Transaction”). The complaint alleges that Fleming breached the Stock Purchase Agreement by its refusal to close the Transaction on March 1, 2024 as required under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, and seeks specific performance of Fleming’s obligation to complete the Transaction and an award of damages. The Company subsequently filed a motion for preliminary injunction to require Fleming to fulfill its contractual obligation to close the Transaction, and on April 6, 2024 the Court granted the Company’s motion and ordered Fleming to complete the Transaction on or prior to April 16, 2024. On April 8, 2024, Fleming filed a notice of appeal of the preliminary injunction, which Fleming withdrew on October 9, 2024. The Transaction closed on April 16, 2024. On April 19, 2024, Fleming filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On May 9, 2024, the Company filed an amended complaint seeking, among other things, specific performance and damages suffered as a result of Fleming's breach of the Stock Purchase Agreement. On June 6, 2024, Fleming filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, on July 3, 2024 the Company filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss, on July 24, 2024 Fleming filed its reply to the opposition, and on October 29, 2024 the court heard oral argument on the motion to dismiss.

On July 15, 2024, Fleming filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York against JRG Holdings and certain of its officers, asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, common law fraud, and breaches of contract, and seeking unspecified monetary damages, including compensatory, consequential and punitive damages, all associated with Fleming's purchase of JRG Re pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. On July 31, 2024, Fleming filed an amended complaint, on September 13, 2024, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, and on October 18, 2024 Fleming filed a second amended complaint. On November 15, 2024, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint, on December 23, 2024 Fleming filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss, on January 17, 2025 the Company filed its reply to Fleming's opposition, on July 2, 2025 the court heard oral argument on the motion to dismiss, and on July 17, 2025 the court granted the Company's motion to dismiss. On August 14, 2025, Fleming filed a motion for reconsideration, on August 28, 2025 the Company filed its opposition to Fleming's motion for reconsideration, and on September 4, 2025, Fleming filed its reply to the Company's opposition.

Amounts Recoverable from Reinsurers

The Company’s insurance segments remain liable to policyholders if its reinsurers are unable to meet their contractual obligations under applicable reinsurance agreements. We establish an allowance for credit losses for our current estimate of uncollectible reinsurance recoverables. At September 30, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables was $1.5 million. To minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk. The Company generally seeks to purchase reinsurance from reinsurers with A.M. Best financial strength ratings of “A-” (Excellent) or better. The Company’s reinsurance contracts generally require reinsurers that are not authorized as reinsurers under U.S. state insurance regulations or that experience rating downgrades from rating agencies below specified levels to fund their share of the Company’s ceded outstanding losses and loss adjustment expense reserves, typically through the use of irrevocable and unconditional letters of credit. In fronting arrangements, which the Company conducts through its Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, we are subject to credit risk with regard to insurance companies who act as reinsurers for us in such arrangements. We require collateral, in the form of a trust arrangement or letter of credit, to secure the obligations of the insurance entity for whom we are fronting.

Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party and Reinsurer on Legacy Commercial Auto Book

James River previously issued a set of commercial auto insurance contracts (the “Rasier Commercial Auto Policies”) to Rasier under which James River pays losses and loss adjustment expenses on the contracts. James River has indemnity agreements with Rasier (non-insurance entities) (collectively, the “Indemnity Agreements”) and is contractually entitled to reimbursement for the portion of the losses and loss adjustment expenses paid on behalf of Rasier under the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies and other expenses incurred by James River. In addition, on September 27, 2021, James River entered into the

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Commercial Auto LPT with Aleka to reinsure substantially all of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies for which James River is not otherwise indemnified by Rasier under the Indemnity Agreements.

Each of Rasier and Aleka are required to post collateral equal to 102% of James River's estimate of the respective party's obligations in trusts pursuant to the terms of the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT, respectively. At September 30, 2025, the total balance of collateral securing Rasier's obligations under the Indemnity Agreements was $43.5 million and Aleka's obligations under the Commercial Auto LPT was $21.0 million. At September 30, 2025, the total reinsurance recoverables under the Commercial Auto LPT was $20.3 million.

In connection with the execution of the Commercial Auto LPT, James River and Aleka entered into an administrative services agreement (the “Administrative Services Agreement”) with a third party claims administrator (the “Administrator”) pursuant to which the Administrator handles the claims on the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies for the remaining life of those claims. The claims paid by the Administrator are reimbursable by James River, and pursuant to the Administrative Services Agreement, James River established a loss fund trust account for the benefit of the Administrator (the “Loss Fund Trust”) to collateralize its claims payment reimbursement obligations. James River funds the Loss Fund Trust using funds withdrawn from the Indemnity Trust, funds withdrawn from the LPT Trust, and its own funds, in each case in an amount equal to the pro rata portion of the required Loss Fund Trust balance attributable to the Indemnity Agreements, the Commercial Auto LPT and James River’s existing third party reinsurance agreements, respectively. At September 30, 2025, the balance in the Loss Fund Trust was $29.6 million, including $17.4 million representing collateral supporting Rasier’s obligations under the Indemnity Agreements and $7.7 million representing collateral supporting Aleka’s obligations under the Commercial Auto LPT. Funds posted to the Loss Fund Trust are classified as restricted cash equivalents on the Company's balance sheet.

While the Commercial Auto LPT brings economic finality to substantially all of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies, the Company has credit exposure to Rasier and Aleka under the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT if the estimated losses and expenses of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies grow at a faster pace than the growth in the collateral balances. In addition, the Company has credit exposure if its estimates of future losses and loss adjustment expenses and other amounts recoverable under the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT, which are the basis for establishing the collateral balances, are lower than actual amounts paid or payable. The amount of the Company's credit exposure in any of these instances could be material. To mitigate these risks, the Company closely and frequently monitors its exposure compared to the collateral held, and requests additional collateral in accordance with the terms of the Commercial Auto LPT and Indemnity Agreements when its analysis indicates that it has uncollateralized exposure.

9. Segment Information

The Company’s continuing operations are comprised of three reportable segments, two of which are separately managed business units and the third (“Corporate and Other”) includes the Company’s remaining operations. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment primarily offers commercial excess and surplus lines liability and excess property insurance products. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment offers specialty admitted fronting and program business and, prior to the sale of the Company's renewal rights in 2023, workers’ compensation insurance coverage. The Corporate and Other segment consists of certain management and treasury activities of James River Group, James River UK, and JRG Holdings as well as interest expense associated with senior debt and Junior Subordinated Debt, and investment income. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Prior to entering into a definitive agreement to sell JRG Re on November 8, 2023, JRG Re was considered a reportable segment (the “Casualty Reinsurance” segment). After entering into the agreement to sell JRG Re, the Company no longer considers Casualty Reinsurance to be a reportable segment, but instead it is reported as discontinued operations. The segment information below excludes discontinued operations for all periods presented.

Segment profit (loss) is measured by underwriting profit (loss), which is generally defined as net earned premiums and gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not retaining insurance risk) in “other income” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income less loss and loss adjustment expenses on business not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting (see Retroactive Reinsurance Accounting in Note 6 - Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses) and other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the operating segments and, for consolidated underwriting profit, the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment. Other operating expenses for the Corporate and Other segment include personnel costs associated with the Bermuda and U.S. holding companies, professional fees, long-term incentive compensation (including share-based compensation) for the full Company, public company expenses and various other corporate expenses. Net commissions in the table below are net of amounts deferred as deferred policy acquisition costs. Employee compensation includes both cash and share-based compensation, as well as employer expenses related to payroll taxes and benefits, and is net of amounts allocated to losses and loss adjustment expenses and amounts deferred. All other operating expenses include, amongst other expenses, costs

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

for insurance, outside professional fees including legal, audit, and consulting, office rent, bad debt expense, and taxes, licenses and fees on business written. Segment results are reported prior to the effects of intercompany pooling agreements and intercompany reinsurance agreements. All gross written premiums and net earned premiums for all periods presented were generated from policies issued to U.S. based insureds. Segment revenues for each reportable segment include net earned premiums, net investment income, and realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments.

The Company's Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) has final authority over segment resource allocation decisions and performance assessment, and consequently, is identified as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CEO considers segment underwriting profit (loss) in the annual budget and forecasting process, and in monthly financial reviews of actual segment results compared to budget and prior year periods in order to assess segment performance and make strategic operating decisions regarding the business written by the segments, the allocation of capital and personnel to the segments, and compensation for segment employees. The segment information presented below aligns with the information that is presented regularly to the CEO.

The following table summarizes the Company’s segment results:


	Excess and Surplus Lines		Specialty Admitted Insurance		Corporate and Other		Total
	(in thousands)
As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Gross written premiums	$	209,831	$	27,445	$	—	$	237,276
Net earned premiums	140,175		8,276		—		148,451
Fee income	—		453		—		453
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	112,548		8,456		—		121,004
Less: losses and loss adjustment expense - retroactive reinsurance	23,515		—		—		23,515
Losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding retroactive reinsurance	89,033		8,456		—		97,489
Other operating expenses:
Net commissions	14,714		(3,673)		—		11,041
Employee compensation	14,712		2,267		4,810		21,789
All other operating expenses	5,283		2,031		2,417		9,731
	34,709		625		7,227		42,561
Underwriting profit (loss)	16,433		(352)		(7,227)		8,854
Segment revenues	158,985		13,096		654		172,735
Net investment income	17,287		4,390		242		21,919
Interest expense	—		—		6,224		6,224
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		181,831
Segment assets	3,660,350		1,270,774		19,147		4,950,271

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)


	Excess and Surplus Lines		Specialty Admitted Insurance		Corporate and Other		Total
	(in thousands)
As of and for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Gross written premiums	$	230,215	$	100,208	$	—	$	330,423
Net earned premiums	138,892		20,834		—		159,726
Fee income	—		1,072		—		1,072
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	168,203		16,091		—		184,294
Less: losses and loss adjustment expense - retroactive reinsurance	17,954		—		—		17,954
Losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding retroactive reinsurance	150,249		16,091		—		166,340
Other operating expenses:
Net commissions	15,757		(2,825)		—		12,932
Employee compensation	15,726		3,092		5,789		24,607
All other operating expenses	7,315		3,738		2,632		13,685
	38,798		4,005		8,421		51,224
Underwriting (loss) profit	(50,155)		1,810		(8,421)		(56,766)
Segment revenues	163,488		26,421		1,588		191,497
Net investment income	17,970		4,370		1,224		23,564
Interest expense	—		—		6,128		6,128
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		181,831
Segment assets	3,423,073		1,417,883		117,775		4,958,731

As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Gross written premiums	$	723,518	$	186,122	$	—	$	909,640
Net earned premiums	418,573		34,389		—		452,962
Fee income	—		2,113		—		2,113
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	302,523		31,147		—		333,670
Less: losses and loss adjustment expense - retroactive reinsurance	30,826		—		—		30,826
Losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding retroactive reinsurance	271,697		31,147		—		302,844
Other operating expenses:
Net commissions	44,690		(8,937)		—		35,753
Employee compensation	46,609		7,690		18,573		72,872
All other operating expenses	15,779		8,681		7,507		31,967
	107,078		7,434		26,080		140,592
Underwriting profit (loss)	39,798		(2,079)		(26,080)		11,639
Segment revenues	468,841		49,359		1,667		519,867
Net investment income	48,446		12,931		1,066		62,443
Interest expense	—		—		17,570		17,570
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		181,831
Segment assets	3,660,350		1,270,774		19,147		4,950,271

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)


	Excess and Surplus Lines		Specialty Admitted Insurance		Corporate and Other		Total
	(in thousands)
As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Gross written premiums	$	736,742	$	336,738	$	—	$	1,073,480
Net earned premiums	424,962		69,648		—		494,610
Fee income	—		3,659		—		3,659
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	355,655		54,159		—		409,814
Less: losses and loss adjustment expense - retroactive reinsurance	10,268		—		—		10,268
Losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding retroactive reinsurance	345,387		54,159		—		399,546
Other operating expenses:
Net commissions	42,928		(9,495)		—		33,433
Employee compensation	46,641		9,745		19,225		75,611
All other operating expenses	15,243		12,886		8,957		37,086
	104,812		13,136		28,182		146,130
Underwriting (loss) profit	(25,237)		6,012		(28,182)		(47,407)
Segment revenues	491,981		86,012		2,920		580,913
Net investment income	56,651		12,453		2,023		71,127
Interest expense	—		—		18,957		18,957
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		181,831
Segment assets	3,423,073		1,417,883		117,775		4,958,731

The following table reconciles the underwriting profit (loss) of the operating segments by individual segment to consolidated income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Underwriting profit (loss) of the operating segments:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	16,433	$	(50,155)	$	39,798	$	(25,237)
Specialty Admitted Insurance	(352)		1,810		(2,079)		6,012
Total underwriting profit (loss) of operating segments	16,081		(48,345)		37,719		(19,225)
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment	(7,227)		(8,421)		(26,080)		(28,182)
Underwriting profit (loss)	8,854		(56,766)		11,639		(47,407)
Losses and loss adjustment expenses – retroactive reinsurance	(23,515)		(17,954)		(30,826)		(10,268)
Net investment income	21,919		23,564		62,443		71,127
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,239		4,150		(484)		6,428
Other income and expenses	469		1,233		1,058		507
Interest expense	(6,224)		(6,128)		(17,570)		(18,957)
Amortization of intangible assets	(90)		(90)		(272)		(272)

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes	$	2,652	$	(51,991)	$	25,988	$	1,158

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

10. Other Operating Expenses and Other Expenses

Other operating expenses consist of the following:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Amortization of policy acquisition costs	$	15,286	$	18,412	$	50,222	$	50,217
Other underwriting expenses of the operating segments	20,048		24,391		64,290		67,731
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment	7,227		8,421		26,080		28,182
Total	$	42,561	$	51,224	$	140,592	$	146,130

Other expenses of $204,000 and $1.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively ($1.8 million and $4.6 million in the respective prior year periods), primarily consist of certain nonoperating expenses including legal and other professional fees and other expenses related to various strategic initiatives.

11. Senior Debt

On June 12, 2025, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement replaced the Company’s previous Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 7, 2023, as amended (the “Previous Credit Agreement”), that provided for a $212.5 million unsecured revolving credit facility and a $45.0 million secured revolving credit facility.

The Credit Agreement provides for a $212.5 million unsecured revolving credit facility available for general corporate purposes and matures on June 12, 2028. Following the sale of JRG Re, the Company no longer has a need for the secured revolving credit facility provided by the Previous Credit Agreement. The interest rates applicable to the loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a specified margin based on the Company’s Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). In addition, the Company will pay an unused facility fee on each lender’s commitment.

At September 30, 2025, the Company had a drawn balance of $210.8 million outstanding on the unsecured revolver of the Credit Agreement, including $25.0 million previously borrowed on January 27, 2025 under the Previous Credit Agreement which was contributed to our regulated insurance entities.

The Credit Agreement provides for an accordion feature that permits the Company to request that one or more lenders (without the consent of the other lenders) or new financial institutions (with the consent of the Administrative Agent) provide it with increases in the credit facility of up to an aggregate of $30.0 million, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. The Credit Agreement also includes financial covenants, including a maximum leverage ratio and minimum consolidated net worth, risk-based capital ratio and financial strength rating requirements with which the Company was in compliance at September 30, 2025.

In connection with the Credit Agreement, James River UK and James River Group each entered into a Continuing Guaranty of Payment dated June 12, 2025 (each, a “Payment Guaranty”). Pursuant to its respective Payment Guaranty, each of James River UK and James River Group guarantees the payment and performance of the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement and other loan documents.

12. Fair Value Measurements

Three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value of financial instruments: (1) Level 1: quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets, (2) Level 2: inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the instrument, and (3) Level 3: inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The fair values of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, and bank loan participations have been determined using fair value prices provided by the Company’s investment accounting services provider or investment managers, who utilize

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

internationally recognized independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g. broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). Values for U.S. Treasury and publicly-traded equity securities are generally based on Level 1 inputs which use the market approach valuation technique. The values for all other fixed maturity securities (including state and municipal securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies) and bank loan participations generally incorporate significant Level 2 inputs, and in some cases, Level 3 inputs, using the market approach and income approach valuation techniques. There have been no changes in the Company’s use of valuation techniques since December 31, 2023.

The Company reviews fair value prices provided by its outside investment accounting service provider or investment managers for reasonableness by comparing the fair values provided by the managers to those provided by its investment custodian. The Company also reviews and monitors changes in unrealized gains and losses. The Company has not historically adjusted security prices. The Company obtains an understanding of the methods, models and inputs used by the investment managers and independent pricing services, and controls are in place to validate that prices provided represent fair values. The Company’s control process includes, but is not limited to, initial and ongoing evaluation of the methodologies used, a review of specific securities and an assessment for proper classification within the fair value hierarchy, and obtaining and reviewing internal control reports for our investment manager that obtains fair values from independent pricing services.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
State and municipal	$	—	$	208,633	$	—	$	208,633
Residential mortgage-backed	—		472,420		—		472,420
Corporate	—		559,392		—		559,392
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	—		135,614		—		135,614

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	15,816		—		—		15,816

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	15,816	$	1,376,059	$	—	$	1,391,875
Equity securities:
Preferred stock	—		74,644		—		74,644
Common stock	11,591		2,553		3		14,147
Total equity securities	$	11,591	$	77,197	$	3	$	88,791

Bank loan participations	$	—	$	158,764	$	—	$	158,764
Short-term investments	$	—	$	42,620	$	—	$	42,620

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
State and municipal	$	—	$	196,564	$	—	$	196,564
Residential mortgage-backed	—		326,227		—		326,227
Corporate	—		475,485		—		475,485
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	—		170,458		—		170,458

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	20,999		—		—		20,999

Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	20,999	$	1,168,734	$	—	$	1,189,733
Equity securities:
Preferred stock	—		71,245		—		71,245
Common stock	12,693		2,536		5		15,234
Total equity securities	$	12,693	$	73,781	$	5	$	86,479
Bank loan participations	$	—	$	142,410	$	—	$	142,410
Short-term investments	$	—	$	97,074	$	—	$	97,074

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, equity securities, and bank loan participations measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) is shown below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	1	$	5	$	5	$	11
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		—		—
Transfers in to Level 3	—		—		—		—
Purchases	—		—		—		—
Sales	—		—		—		—
Maturities, calls and paydowns	—		—		—		—
Amortization of discount	—		—		—		—
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings	2		6		(2)		—
Included in other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—
Ending balance	$	3	$	11	$	3	$	11

The Company held one equity security at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025 for which the fair value was determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). The fair value of $3,000 at September 30, 2025 for the equity security was obtained from our asset manager, who used an internal model to value the security.

The Company held one equity security at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2024 for which the fair value was determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). The fair value of $11,000 at September 30, 2024 for the equity security was obtained from our asset manager, who used an internal model to value the security.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Transfers out of Level 3 occur when the Company is able to obtain reliable prices from pricing vendors for securities for which the Company was previously unable to obtain reliable prices. Transfers in to Level 3 occur when the Company is unable to obtain reliable prices for securities from pricing vendors and instead must use broker price quotes to value the securities.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024. The Company recognizes transfers between levels at the beginning of the reporting period.

In the determination of the fair value for bank loan participations and certain high yield bonds, the Company’s investment manager endeavors to obtain data from multiple external pricing sources. External pricing sources may include brokers, dealers and price data vendors that provide a composite price based on prices from multiple dealers. Such external pricing sources typically provide valuations for normal institutional size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities, and various relationships between securities, as generally recognized by institutional dealers. For investments in which the investment manager determines that only one external pricing source is appropriate or if only one external price is available, the relevant investment is generally recorded at fair value based on such price.

Investments for which external sources are not available or are determined by the investment manager not to be representative of fair value are recorded at fair value as determined by the Company, with input from its investment managers and valuation specialists as considered necessary. In determining the fair value of such investments, the Company considers one or more of the following factors: type of security held, convertibility or exchangeability of the security, redeemability of the security (including the timing of redemptions), application of industry accepted valuation models, recent trading activity, liquidity, estimates of liquidation value, purchase cost, and prices received for securities with similar terms of the same issuer or similar issuers. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no investments for which external sources were unavailable to determine fair value.

The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments are summarized below:


	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,391,875	$	1,391,875	$	1,189,733	$	1,189,733
Equity securities	88,791		88,791		86,479		86,479

Bank loan participations	158,764		158,764		142,410		142,410
Cash and cash equivalents	238,750		238,750		362,345		362,345
Restricted cash equivalents	29,632		29,632		28,705		28,705
Short-term investments	42,620		42,620		97,074		97,074
Other invested assets – notes receivable	38,248		38,951		13,902		12,877
Liabilities
Senior debt	225,800		232,865		200,800		201,787
Junior subordinated debt	104,055		119,738		104,055		121,766

The fair values of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, and bank loan participations have been determined using quoted market prices for securities traded in the public market or prices using bid or closing prices for securities not traded in the public marketplace. The fair values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturity.

The fair values of other invested assets-notes receivable, senior debt, and junior subordinated debt at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were determined by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows under the terms of the note agreements or debt agreements, as applicable, discounted at an estimated market rate of interest at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company also utilized an internally developed valuation model based on the spread of a comparable market index to determine the fair value of certain other invested assets-notes receivable at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The fair values of senior debt, junior subordinated debt, and investments in notes receivable, classified in other invested assets, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were determined using inputs to the valuation methodology that are unobservable (Level 3).

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

13. Series A Preferred Shares

The Company has 112,500 7% Series A Perpetual Cumulative Convertible Preferred Shares, par value $0.00125 per share (the “Series A Preferred Shares”) outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Series A Preferred Shares were issued on March 1, 2022 and are held by GPC Partners Investments (Thames) LP (“GPC Partners”), an affiliate of Gallatin Point Capital LLC.

The Series A Preferred Shares rank senior to our common shares with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, upon which the holders of Series A Preferred Shares would receive the greater of the $1,000 liquidation preference per share (the “Liquidation Preference”) plus accrued and unpaid dividends, or the amount they would have received if they had converted all of their Series A Preferred Shares to common shares immediately before such liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares are entitled to a dividend at the rate of 7% of the Liquidation Preference per annum, paid in cash, in-kind in common shares or in Series A Preferred Shares, at the Company’s election. On October 1, 2029, and each five-year anniversary thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to a rate equal to the five-year U.S. treasury rate plus 5.2%, subject to a cap of 8.0%. Dividends accrue and are payable quarterly. Cash dividends of $5.9 million and $10.5 million were paid on the Series A Preferred Shares in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Series A Preferred Shares are convertible at the option of the holders thereof at any time into common shares at a conversion price of $8.32, making the Series A Preferred Shares convertible into 13,521,634 common shares. The conversion price is subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, including cash dividends on the common shares above specified levels.

The Certificate of Designations setting forth the terms of the Series A Preferred Shares (the “Certificate of Designations”) limits the Company's ability to pay dividends to its common shareholders. If the Company pays cash dividends of more than $0.05 per common share per quarter, without the consent of at least the majority of the Series A Preferred Shares then outstanding, the Company will be required to reduce the conversion price of the Series A Preferred Shares. Additionally, the payment of cash dividends in excess of $0.10 per common share per quarter is not permitted if the dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares for that quarter are not paid in cash, unless the Company’s insurance subsidiaries satisfy certain capital requirements. Share dividends payable on the common shares to the Company's shareholders also trigger a reduction of the conversion price applicable to the Series A Preferred Shares. None of the triggers that would result in adjustments to the conversion price have been met at September 30, 2025.

If at any time the volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) per common share is greater than 200% of the then applicable conversion price for at least twenty (20) consecutive trading days, the Company will be able to elect to convert (a “Mandatory Conversion”) all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares into common shares. In the case of a Mandatory Conversion, each Series A Preferred Share then outstanding will be converted into (i) the number of common shares equal to the quotient of (A) the sum of the Liquidation Preference and the accrued and unpaid dividends with respect to such Series A Preferred Share to be converted divided by (B) the conversion price of such share in effect as of the date of the Mandatory Conversion plus (ii) cash in lieu of fractional shares.

Upon any Mandatory Conversion on or before March 1, 2027, all dividends that would have accrued from the date of the Mandatory Conversion to the later of March 1, 2027 or the last day of the eighth quarter following the date of the Mandatory Conversion, the last eight quarters of which will be discounted to present value using a discount rate of 3.5% per annum, and will be immediately payable in common shares, valued at the average of the daily VWAP of the Company’s common shares during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the conversion.

The holders of the Series A Preferred Shares may require the Company to repurchase their shares upon the occurrence of certain change of control events. Upon the occurrence of a Fundamental Change (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), each holder of outstanding Series A Preferred Shares will be permitted to, at its election, (i) effective as of immediately prior to the Fundamental Change, convert all or a portion of its Series A Preferred Shares into common shares, or (ii) require the Company to repurchase any or all of such holder’s Series A Preferred Shares at a purchase price per Series A Preferred Share equal to the Liquidation Preference of such Series A Preferred Share plus accrued and unpaid dividends plus, if the Fundamental Change repurchase occurs prior to March 1, 2027, all dividends that would have accrued up to such date, but that have not been paid. The repurchase price will be payable in cash.

Because the Company may be required to repurchase all or a portion of the Series A Preferred Shares at the option of the holder upon the occurrence of certain change of control events, the Series A Preferred Shares are classified as mezzanine equity in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets and recognized at their determined fair value of $133.1 million. The Series A Preferred Shares were valued using a lattice method commonly applied to value preferred shares. The Series A Preferred Shares are classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy due to the presence of significant unobservable inputs.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Certificate of Designations limits transfers of the Series A Preferred Shares without the Company’s consent if, after the transfer, the transferee would hold 9.9% or more of the voting equity of the Company or, in the event of an A.M. Best downgrade of James River Insurance Company below A- (Excellent), 19.9% of the voting equity.

Under the terms of the Investment Agreement, GPC Partners has the right to designate one member of the Board (the “Series A Designee”). GPC Partners designated Matthew Botein as the Series A Designee, and Mr. Botein was approved by the Board as a Class I director with a term that expired at the 2024 annual general meeting of the Company’s shareholders. Mr. Botein was re-elected as a director at the 2024 annual general meeting for a term ending at the 2025 annual general meeting.

14. Capital Stock and Equity Awards

Common Shares

Total common shares outstanding increased from 45,644,318 at December 31, 2024 to 45,936,898 at September 30, 2025, reflecting 292,580 common shares issued in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 related to vesting of RSUs.

Dividends

The Company declared the following dividends on common shares during the first nine months of 2025 and 2024:


Date of Declaration	Dividend per Common Share		Payable to Shareholders of Record on	Payment Date	Total Amount

2025
February 20, 2025	$	0.01	March 10, 2025	March 31, 2025	$	477,412
April 24, 2025	$	0.01	June 9, 2025	June 30, 2025	476,186
July 24, 2025	$	0.01	September 15, 2025	September 30, 2025	475,557
	$	0.03			$	1,429,155

2024
February 15, 2024	$	0.05	March 11, 2024	March 29, 2024	$	1,940,410
April 25, 2024	$	0.05	June 10, 2024	June 28,2024	1,938,439
July 25, 2024	$	0.05	September 16, 2024	September 30, 2024	$	1,937,934
	$	0.15			$	5,816,783

Included in the total dividends for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are $52,000 and $143,000, respectively, of dividend equivalents on unvested RSUs. The balance of dividends payable on unvested RSUs was $135,000 at September 30, 2025 and $252,000 at December 31, 2024.

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company’s shareholders have approved various equity incentive plans, including the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (“2014 LTIP”) and the 2014 Non-Employee Director Incentive Plan (“2014 Director Plan”) (collectively, the “Plans”). All awards issued under the Plans are issued at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

Employees are eligible to receive non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, share appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted shares, RSUs, and other awards under the 2014 LTIP. At September 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 LTIP was 5,507,650 and 726,476 shares were available for grant.

On July 26, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a new long-term incentive plan (the “LTI Plan”) under the 2014 LTIP. The LTI Plan is designed to align compensation of designated senior officers of the Company with Company performance and shareholder interests over the long-term. Awards under the LTI Plan are made in the form of performance restricted share units (a “PRSU”) and service based restricted share units (RSUs).

Each PRSU represents a contingent right to receive one Company common share based upon the level of achievement of certain performance metrics during the performance period, with payout for achievement of threshold, target and maximum performance levels to be set at 50%, 100% and 200% of the target number of PRSUs, respectively. The PRSUs awarded in the first quarter of 2023 have a performance period of January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2025. The PRSUs awarded in the first quarter of 2024 have a performance period of January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026. The PRSUs awarded in the first quarter of 2025 have a performance period of January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2027.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Non-employee directors of the Company are eligible to receive non-qualified stock options, share appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted shares, RSUs, and other awards under the 2014 Director Plan. At September 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 Director Plan was 250,000 and 44,931 shares were available for grant.

Generally, awards issued under the 2014 LTIP and 2014 Director Plan vest immediately in the event that an award recipient is terminated without Cause (as defined in the applicable plans), and in the case of the 2014 LTIP for Good Reason (as defined in the applicable plans), at any time following a Change in Control (as defined in the applicable plans).

RSUs

The following table summarizes RSU activity:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value

Unvested, beginning of period	885,173	$	15.30	751,254	$	23.48
Granted	1,370,167	$	3.76	541,520	$	9.75
Vested	(420,936)	$	16.91	(273,035)	$	25.00
Forfeited	(290,639)	$	5.55	(90,546)	$	17.01
Unvested, end of period	1,543,765	$	6.46	929,193	$	15.66

Outstanding RSUs granted to employees generally vest ratably over a three year vesting period in the case of time-vest RSUs and cliff vest at the end of a three-year performance period in the case of PRSUs. RSUs granted to non-employee directors generally have a one year vesting period. The holders of RSUs are entitled to dividend equivalents. The dividend equivalents are settled in cash at the same time that the underlying RSUs vest and are subject to the same risk of forfeiture as the underlying shares. The fair value of the RSUs granted is generally based on the market price of the underlying shares at the date of grant. The RSUs granted in 2025 and 2024 include 620,108 and 231,492 PRSU awards, respectively. Initial PRSU awards are granted at the 100% target performance level. The Company projects the level of achievement for each award during the performance period and periodically adjusts the number of outstanding awards to reflect the number of awards expected to vest.

Options

At December 31, 2023, the Company had 74,390 options outstanding with an average weighted exercise price of $42.17. The options lapsed in the six months ended June 30, 2024, after which, there have been no options outstanding.

Compensation Expense

Share based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The amount of expense and related tax benefit is summarized below:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Share based compensation expense	$	847	$	1,446	$	4,341	$	5,674
U.S. tax benefit on share based compensation expense	135		256		785		1,047

At September 30, 2025, the Company had $5.8 million of unrecognized share based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

15. Subsequent Events

On October 23, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.01 per common share. The dividend is payable on December 31, 2025 to shareholders of record on December 15, 2025.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

On October 23, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a dividend of up to $2.0 million on the Series A Preferred Shares. The dividend will be payable in cash on December 31, 2025 to shareholders of record on December 15, 2025.

At the 2025 annual general meeting of shareholders held on October 23, 2025, the Company’s shareholders approved amendments to the 2014 LTIP and 2014 Director Plan increasing the number of the Company’s common shares authorized for issuance under the plans by 1,650,000 and 225,000 common shares, respectively.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2025, or for any other future period. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries. Unless the context indicates or suggests otherwise, references to “the Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

Our Business

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (“JRG Holdings”) is a Bermuda-based holding company. We own and operate a group of five insurance companies with the objective of generating compelling returns on tangible equity while limiting underwriting and investment volatility. We seek to accomplish this by earning profits from insurance underwriting and generating meaningful investment returns, while managing our capital to meet our risk management, regulatory and rating agency requirements.

We report our continuing operations in three reportable segments:

•The Excess and Surplus Lines segment offers commercial excess and surplus lines liability and property insurance in every U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands through James River Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, James River Casualty Company;

•The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment focuses on niche classes within the standard insurance markets with a primary focus on fronting business, where we retain a minority share of the risk and earn fee income by allowing other carriers and producers to use our licensure, ratings, expertise and infrastructure. Through Falls Lake National and its subsidiaries, this segment has admitted licenses and the authority to write excess and surplus lines insurance in 50 states and the District of Columbia and distributes through a variety of sources, including program administrators and managing general agents;

•The Corporate and Other segment consists of the management, technology, and treasury activities of our holding companies, interest expense associated with our debt, and expenses of our holding companies, including public company expenses and long-term incentive compensation (including share-based compensation) for the group.

Our discontinued operations include JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”), which comprised the remaining operations of the former Casualty Reinsurance segment, and which, prior to the suspension of its underwriting activities in 2023, provided proportional and working layer casualty reinsurance to third parties. On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell JRG Re. The sale of JRG Re, which closed on April 16, 2024, resulted in the Company’s disposition of its casualty reinsurance business and related assets. The Company has no continued involvement with JRG Re following the sale.

All of the Company’s U.S.-domiciled insurance subsidiaries are party to an intercompany reinsurance “pooling” agreement that distributes the net underwriting results among the group companies based on their approximate pro-rata level of statutory capital and surplus to the total Company statutory capital and surplus. We report all segment information in this ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ prior to the effects of intercompany reinsurance, consistent with the manner in which we evaluate the operating performance of our reportable segments.

The A.M. Best Company financial strength rating for our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is “A-” (Excellent).

Key Metrics

We discuss certain key metrics, described below, which we believe provide useful information about our business and the operational factors underlying our financial performance.

Underwriting profit is a non-GAAP measure commonly used in the property and casualty insurance industry to evaluate underwriting performance. We believe that the disclosure of underwriting profit by individual segment and of the Company as a whole is useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and other users of our financial information in evaluating our performance

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because our objective is to consistently earn underwriting profits. We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources based primarily on the potential for underwriting profit. We define underwriting profit as net earned premiums and gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not retaining insurance risk) less losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the operating segments and, for consolidated underwriting profit, the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment. Our definition of underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of underwriting profit to income from continuing operations before taxes and for additional information.

Loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting to net earned premiums. Our definition of loss ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Accident year loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses for the current accident year (excluding development on prior accident year reserves) to net earned premiums for the current year (excluding ceded earned premium associated with adverse development covers covering prior accident years and net earned premium adjustments on certain reinsurance treaties with reinstatement premiums associated with prior years).

Expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of other operating expenses net of gross fee income included in other income to net earned premiums.

Combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance calculated as the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. Our definition of combined ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Adjusted net operating income is an internal performance measure used in the management of our operations. We believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income is defined as income available to common shareholders excluding a) income (loss) from discontinued operations, b) the impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting, c) net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, d) certain non-operating expenses such as professional service fees related to certain lawsuits, various strategic initiatives, and the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, e) severance costs associated with terminated employees, and f) deemed dividends recorded with the amendment of the Series A Preferred Shares. Adjusted net operating income is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of income available to common shareholders to adjusted net operating income.

Tangible equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus mezzanine Series A Preferred Shares (as defined below) and the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. Tangible equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible equity.

Tangible equity per share represents tangible equity divided by the sum of total common shares outstanding plus the common shares resulting from an assumed conversion of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares into common shares (at the conversion price effective as of the last day of the applicable period).

Tangible common equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. We believe tangible common equity is a good measure to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure. Key financial measures that we use to assess our longer term financial performance include the percentage growth in our tangible common equity per share and our return on tangible common equity. Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible common equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible common equity.

Adjusted net operating return on tangible common equity is defined as annualized adjusted net operating income expressed as a percentage of the average quarterly tangible common equity balances in the respective period.

Tangible common equity per share represents tangible common equity divided by the total common shares outstanding.

Net retention is defined as the ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums.

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Gross investment yield is annualized investment income before any deductions for fees and expenses, expressed as a percentage of the average beginning and ending carrying values of those investments during the period.

Unless specified otherwise, all references to our defined metrics above in this “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are for our business from continuing operations that is not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting. Management believes that the lack of economic impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting makes the presentation of our key metrics on business not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting helpful to the users of our financial information. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” and “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses and investment valuation and impairment. For a detailed discussion of each of these policies, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no significant changes to any of these policies during the current year.

Recent Strategic Actions

Enstar Strategic Relationship

The Company commenced a multi-pronged strategic relationship with Enstar Group Limited (“Enstar”). As part of this, on November 11, 2024, Enstar, through its subsidiary Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello Bay”), entered into (i) a subscription agreement to purchase $12.5 million of the Company’s common shares at a share price of $6.40, which shares are in addition to 637,640 shares Enstar previously purchased in the open market, and (ii) an adverse development cover agreement with James River (the “E&S Top Up ADC”). Pursuant to the E&S Top Up ADC, in exchange for a premium of $52.8 million (less an amount equal to the federal excise tax payable on the premium), Cavello Bay reinsures, effective January 1, 2024, 100% of the losses associated with James River’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive). This agreement excludes losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates. It is subject to a retention by James River of $1,183.7 million (the limit of the E&S ADC) and up to an aggregate limit of $75.0 million. Enstar’s purchase of common shares and the E&S Top Up ADC closed on December 23, 2024. The Company recognized a $52.8 million reduction in pre-tax income in connection with the E&S Top Up ADC upon closing. In the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized additional adverse development on the subject business of the E&S ADC that exhausted the remaining limit of the E&S ADC and resulted in $22.5 million of losses ceded to the E&S Top Up ADC. As a result, the Company has $52.5 million of aggregate limit remaining on the E&S Top Up ADC at September 30, 2025.

Series A Preferred Share Amendment

On November 11, 2024, the Company amended the Certificate of Designations setting forth the terms of the Series A Preferred Shares held by GPC Partners to, among other things, (i) convert $37.5 million of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares to common stock at a per share price of $6.40 (the “Minimum Price”), (ii) increase the voluntary conversion price from 127.5% to 130% of the Minimum Price, (iii) increase the mandatory conversion price from 130% to 200% of the voluntary conversion price, (iv) delay the first date on which the dividend rate re-sets from March 1, 2027 to October 1, 2029, (v) cap the dividend rate at 8%, (vi) eliminate the adverse development anti-dilution adjustment provision, and (vii) limit transfers of the Series A Preferred Shares without the Company’s consent if, after the transfer, the transferee would hold 9.9% or more of the voting equity of the Company or, in the event of an A.M. Best downgrade of James River Insurance Company below A- (Excellent), 19.9% of the voting equity.

Domestication of JRG Holdings

As previously announced, we intend to change our jurisdiction of incorporation from Bermuda to Delaware, and we refer to this change as the “Domestication”. The Domestication does not require shareholder approval. On the effective date of the Domestication, expected to be on or around November 7, 2025, our common shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Domestication will automatically convert by operation of law into an equivalent number of shares of common stock of James River Group Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“James River Delaware”). The Domestication is expected to lower the Company’s effective tax rate, as holding company expenses and interest expense (previously incurred in Bermuda and ineligible for U.S. tax deduction) will receive a U.S. tax deduction in future periods. For more information about the Domestication, please see our prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 19, 2025, (the “Domestication Prospectus”), which is available on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at www.sec.gov.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes our results:


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
	($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums	$	237,276		$	330,423		(28.2)	%	$	909,640		$	1,073,480		(15.3)	%
Net retention	51.7		%	44.6		%			46.9		%	43.5		%
Net written premiums	$	122,733		$	147,338		(16.7)	%	$	426,679		$	466,863		(8.6)	%
Net earned premiums	$	148,451		$	159,726		(7.1)	%	$	452,962		$	494,610		(8.4)	%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses excluding retroactive reinsurance	(97,489)			(166,340)			(41.4)	%	(302,844)			(399,546)			(24.2)	%
Other operating expenses	(42,108)			(50,152)			(16.0)	%	(138,479)			(142,471)			(2.8)	%
Underwriting profit (loss) (1), (2)	8,854			(56,766)			—		11,639			(47,407)			—
Losses and loss adjustment expenses - retroactive reinsurance	(23,515)			(17,954)			31.0	%	(30,826)			(10,268)			200.2	%
Net investment income	21,919			23,564			(7.0)	%	62,443			71,127			(12.2)	%
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,239			4,150			(70.1)	%	(484)			6,428			—
Other income and expense	469			1,233			(62.0)	%	1,058			507			108.7	%
Interest expense	(6,224)			(6,128)			1.6	%	(17,570)			(18,957)			(7.3)	%
Amortization of intangible assets	(90)			(90)			—		(272)			(272)			—

Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes	2,652			(51,991)			—		25,988			1,158			—
Income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations	1,059			(13,914)			—		8,287			1,249			563.5	%
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	1,593			(38,077)			—		17,701			(91)			—
Net loss from discontinued operations	(572)			(1,304)			(56.1)	%	(2,347)			(16,262)			(85.6)	%
Net income (loss)	1,021			(39,381)			—		15,354			(16,353)			—
Dividends on Series A Preferred Shares	(1,969)			(2,625)			(25.0)	%	(5,907)			(7,875)			(25.0)	%
Net (loss) income available to common shareholders	$	(948)		$	(42,006)		(97.7)	%	$	9,447		$	(24,228)		—
Adjusted net operating income (loss) (1)	$	17,383		$	(28,196)		—		$	38,178		$	(700)		—
Ratios:
Loss ratio	65.7		%	104.1		%			66.9		%	80.8		%
Expense ratio	28.3		%	31.4		%			30.5		%	28.8		%
Combined ratio	94.0		%	135.5		%			97.4		%	109.6		%
Accident year loss ratio	65.7		%	66.4		%			65.4		%	66.3		%

(1)Underwriting profit (loss) and adjusted net operating income (loss) are non-GAAP measures. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

(2)Included in underwriting results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is gross fee income of $2.9 million and $11.2 million, respectively ($5.2 million and $16.1 million in the respective prior year periods).

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

The Company produced net income from continuing operations of $1.6 million and adjusted net operating income of $17.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $38.1 million and an adjusted net operating loss of $28.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The net loss from continuing operations and adjusted net operating loss in the prior year quarter was largely attributable to $57.0 million of adverse development recorded in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves).

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Underwriting results were a profit of $8.9 million (combined ratio of 94.0%) for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $56.8 million (combined ratio of 135.5%) for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The underwriting loss in the prior year quarter was largely driven by the aforementioned $57.0 million of adverse development recorded in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. Underwriting results for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 include $3.8 million and $5.2 million of premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. The premium adjustments reduced net written and net earned premiums, and underwriting profit in the respective quarters, and resulted in increases to our combined ratio of 2.3 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively.

The loss ratio for the three months ended September 30, 2025 improved compared to the prior year quarter largely driven by net reserve development on prior accident years (excluding adverse prior year development from continuing operations that is subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see discussion below) which was $2.6 million or 1.8 points favorable in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $56.9 million or 35.6 points adverse in the three months ended September 30, 2024. The adverse reserve development in the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $57.0 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, including the $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves). Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective loss ratios by 1.7 and 3.3 points. The loss ratio for the current year quarter also benefited from a lower current accident year loss ratio and segment mix with the Excess and Surplus Lines segment representing 94.4% of consolidated net earned premiums in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 87.0% in the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Our expense ratio decreased from 31.4% in the prior year quarter to 28.3% in the current year quarter reflecting expense reductions across all segments and favorable commission adjustments related to run-off programs in our Specialty admitted Insurance segment. Refer to the Segment Results section below for further discussion of the segment expense ratios. Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective consolidated expense ratios by 0.6 and 1.0 points in the respective three month periods.

Investment income declined by $1.6 million or 7.0% in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to a lower interest rate environment impacting yields across several areas of the portfolio, a reduction in the portfolio's common equity allocation which was made in the fourth quarter of 2024, and a one-time payment of $819,000 in the prior year quarter related to the sale of an asset in the renewable energy portfolio. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were lower in the current year quarter largely due to lower net favorable mark-to-market adjustments on our equity securities and bank loan participations ($1.4 million and $4.2 million in the respective quarters), reflecting increases in their fair values in the periods (see Investing Results below).

The Company entered into a definitive agreement on November 8, 2023 to sell JRG Re. The sale closed on April 16, 2024 and discontinued operations include losses on the disposal of JRG Re of $572,000 and $1.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted net operating results improved by $45.6 million from the prior year quarter reflecting the profitable underwriting results in the current year period, partially offset by lower investment income. Growth in tangible common equity of 10.1% in the current quarter was largely driven by net income and unrealized gains on fixed maturities in other comprehensive income due to a decline in interest rates. Our 19.3% adjusted net operating return on tangible common equity for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compares to a 32.8% loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

The Company produced net income from continuing operations of $17.7 million and adjusted net operating income of $38.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $91,000 and an adjusted net operating loss of $700,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The net loss from continuing operations and adjusted net operating loss in the prior year was largely attributable to $67.7 million of adverse development recorded in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves).

Underwriting results were a profit of $11.6 million (combined ratio of 97.4%) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a loss of $47.4 million (combined ratio of 109.6%) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The underwriting loss in the prior year was largely driven by the aforementioned $67.7 million of adverse development recorded in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. Underwriting results for the respective nine month periods include $9.6 million and $6.4 million of premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. The premium adjustments reduced net written and net earned premiums, and underwriting profit and increased our combined ratio by 2.0 and 1.4 percentage points in the respective periods.

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Our loss ratio of 66.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 improved compared to the prior year loss ratio of 80.8% primarily reflecting net reserve development on prior accident years (excluding adverse prior year development from continuing operations that is subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting - see discussion below) which was $291,000 or 0.1 points adverse in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $67.1 million or 13.6 points adverse in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The adverse reserve development in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $67.7 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, including the $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves). Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective loss ratios by 1.4 and 1.1 points. The current year loss ratio also benefited from a lower current accident year loss ratio and segment mix with the Excess and Surplus Lines segment representing 92.4% of consolidated net earned premiums in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 85.9% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Our expense ratio increased from 28.8% in the prior year to 30.5% in the current year reflecting higher expense ratios for both operating segments, partially offset by lower expenses in the Corporate and Other segment. Refer to the Segment Results section below for further discussion of the segment expense ratios. Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective consolidated expense ratios by 0.6 and 0.4 points.

Investment income declined by $8.7 million or 12.2% in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year driven by lower invested assets following the funding of strategic initiatives during the second half of 2024 including the reinsurance premium paid to enter the E&S ADC and the E&S Top Up ADC, as well as lower yields. Net realized and unrealized losses on investments of $484,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include $1.9 million of net realized and unrealized losses on bank loan participations, partially offset by $1.4 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities. Net realized and unrealized gains of $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were largely due to favorable mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities of $8.3 million (see Investing Results below).

Discontinued operations in the prior year period includes the operating results of JRG Re which were a loss of $13.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The prior year loss from discontinued operations primarily reflects net adverse development of $7.1 million on treaties not subject to the Casualty Reinsurance loss portfolio transfer and $9.5 million of realized and unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities. The loss on disposal, also included in discontinued operations above, was $2.3 million and $2.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Adjusted net operating results improved $38.9 million from the prior year due to the higher underwriting results, partially offset by lower investment income. Growth in tangible common equity of 24.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was largely driven by net income and unrealized gains on fixed maturities in other comprehensive income due to a decline in interest rates. Our 15.0% adjusted net operating return on tangible common equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compares to a 0.3% loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers

Commercial Auto Loss Portfolio Transfer

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Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover

On July

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. 10-Q