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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-35561

IDEANOMICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Nevada			20-1778374
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1441 Broadway, Suite 5116, New York, NY 10018

(Address of principal executive offices)

(212) 206-1216

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, $0.001 par value per share

IDEX

The Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Auditor PCAOB ID Number: 606 Auditor Name: Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C. Auditor Location: Jericho, NY

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☒	Smaller Reporting Company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $0.1 billion based upon the per share closing price as of such dated reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the registrant’s common stock, which was $8.75.

There were a total of 20,068,435 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of June 13, 2024.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), to be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

IDEANOMICS, INC.

Annual Report on FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I		2

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	2

ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	12

ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	44

I TEM 1C.	C YBERSECURITY	44

ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	46

ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	46

ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	46

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	46

ITEM 6.	[RESERVED]	47

PART II		48

ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	48

ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	65

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	F-1

ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	41

ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	41

ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	44

ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	44

PART III		45

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	45

ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	45

ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS	58

ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	59

ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	60

PART IV		60

ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	60

ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	60

Table of Contents

Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act (as defined below), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act (as defined below). We use words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “aim,” “will” or similar expressions which are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning our transition to become a next-generation Fintech company; our expectations regarding the market for our new and existing products and industry segment growth; our expectations regarding demand for and acceptance of our new and existing products or services; our expectations regarding our partnerships and joint ventures, acquisitions, investments; our business strategies and goals; any projections of sales, earnings, revenue, margins or other financial items; any statements regarding the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; uncertainties related to conducting business in the PRC; and all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. You are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, including, and without limitation, those identified in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” included herein, as well as assumptions, which, if they were to ever materialize or prove incorrect, could cause the results of the Company to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance, or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements included herein are made as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made, from time to time, after the date of this report to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations.

Use of Terms

Except as otherwise indicated by the context, references in this report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our Company,” “the Company,” “IDEX,” or “Ideanomics,” are to the business of Ideanomics, Inc. (formerly known as “Seven Star Cloud Group, Inc.,” “SSC” and “Wecast Network, Inc.,”) a Nevada corporation.

The following is a glossary of certain terms used in this report:


$			refers to the legal currency of the United States.
2020 Financial Subsidies Circular			refers to the Circular on Improving Subsidy Policies on Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles issued by the MOF, the MOST, the MIIT and the NDRC.
2021 Financial Subsidies Circular			refers to the Circular on Further Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Wider Application of New-energy Vehicles issued by the MOF, the MOST, the MIIT and the NDRC.
2010 Plan			refers to the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan.
2022 Financial Subsidies Circular			refers to the Circular on Financial Subsidy Policy for Application and Promotion of New-energy Vehicles in the year of 2022 issued by the MOF, the MOST, the MIIT and the NDRC.
401(k) Plan			refers to 401(k) defined contribution plan.
Acuitas			refers to Acuitas Capital, LLC.
AHFCA Act			refers to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, passed by the U.S. Senate.
AI			refers to artificial intelligence.
Amer			refers to Amer Global Technology Limited.
ASC			refers to Accounting Standards Codification. 1.19.23
ASC 205			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 205, Presentation of Financial Statements.
ASC 260			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 260, Earnings Per Share.
ASC 350			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other.
ASC 410			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 410, Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations.
ASC 470			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 470, Debt.
ASC 606			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers.

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ASC 715			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 715, Compensation – Retirement Benefits.
ASC 718			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Stock Compensation.
ASC 810			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 810, Consolidation.
ASC 842			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases.

ASC 950			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 950, Financial Services - Title Plant.
ASC 958			refers to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities.
ASEAN			refers to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Assistance Agreement			refers to the Assistance Agreement by and between the State of Connecticut, acting by the Department of Economic and Community Development.

ASU 2016-13			refers to Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326).
ASU 2018-07			refers to Accounting Standards Update 2018-07, Stock Compensation (Topic 718).
ASU 2019-12			refers to Accounting Standards Update 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740).
ASU 2020-06			refers to Accounting Standards Update 2020-06, Debt (Topic 470).
ASU 2021-04			refers to Accounting Standards Update 2021-04, Earning Per Share.

ATS			refers to Alternative Trading System.

BCF			refers to beneficial conversion feature.

BEAT			refers to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax.
BEV			refers to battery electric vehicles.

Board			refers to the Company's Board of Directors.
BSSGCD			refers to Beijing Seven Stars Global Culture Development Inc.
CAA			refers to State Certification and Accreditation Administration Committee.
CaaS			refers to Charging as a Service.
CAC			refers to the Cyberspace Administration of China.
Cantor			refers to Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.
CapEx			refers to funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets.
Catalogue			refers to Catalogue of Industries for Encouraged Foreign Investment ("Encouraged Foreign Investment Catalogue,") together with the Negative List.
CB Cayman			refers to our wholly-owned subsidiary Mobile Energy Global Limited (formerly China Broadband, Ltd.).
CCPA			refers to the new California Consumer Protection Act.
Certified B Corp			refers to B Corporation certification is granted by B Lab, a non-profit [organization], and indicates that a business [meets certain standards of transparency, accountability, sustainability, and performance].
CFPB			refers to Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
China			refers to the People’s Republic of China.
Chinese			refers to the People’s Republic of China.
CIT			refers to Corporate Income Tax.
CIT Law			refers to Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC.
Commitment Shares			refers to Ideanomics issuing 1.0 million shares of the Company's common stock as a commitment fee to YA II PN.
COVID-19			refers to Novel Coronavirus 2019.
CSRC			refers to the China Securities Regulatory Commission.
DBOT			refers to the Delaware Board of Trade Holdings, Inc. which is holding company for the Company’s FINRA Registered Broker Dealer. The Company owns 99% of the share capital of DBOT. On September 20, 2021 the name was changed to Justly Holdings Inc. (JUSTLY).

Dodd-Frank			refers to Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010.

Dr. Wu			refers to Dr. Bruno Wu., the former Chairman of the Company as of December 31, 2020.
Exchange Act			refers to Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
EIT			refers to earned income tax.

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EIT Law			refers to Enterprise Income Tax law.

Energica			refers to Energica Motor Company, S.P.A., manufacturer of high-performance electric motorcycles.
Energy Sales			refers to Qingdao Chengyang Medici Zhixing New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd. (formerly Qingdao Chenyang Ainengju New Energy Sales and Service Company Limited).
EPA			refers to Environmental Protection Agency.
EQUITABLE			refers to Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges.

ESG			refers to Environmental, Social and Governance.
EV			refers to electric vehicles, particularly battery operated electric vehicles.
Exchange Act			refers to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
FASB			refers to the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
FCEV			refers to fuel cell electric vehicles.
FCPA			refers to the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act.
FMVSS			refers to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
FIE			refers to foreign invested enterprise.

FINRA			refers to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
Fintech			refers to financial technology.
FMVSS			refers to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
FNL			refers to FNL Technologies, Inc., the owner and operator of the social media platform Hoo.be.


Founder Space			refers to Seven Stars Founder Space Industrial Pte. Ltd.

GAAP			refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.
GDPR			refers to General Data Protection Regulation.
GILTI			refers to the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income.
Glory			refers to Glory Connection Sdn. Bhd.
Hong Kong			refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.
HKD			refers to Hong Kong dollars.
Ideanomics China			refers to Mobile Energy Global (MEG) the subsidiary that holds all of the Company’s EV.
ICE			refers to internal combustion engine.
Ideanomics/Company			refers to Ideanomics Inc.

Intelligenta			refers to the BDCG investment which was rebranded as Intelligenta.
IP			refers to intellectual property.
JUSTLY			refers to the company formerly known as DBOT - Delaware Board of Trade Holdings, Inc. which is holding company for the Company’s FINRA Registered Broker Dealer. The Company owns 99% of the share capital Delaware Board of Trade Holdings, Inc. On September 20, 2021 the name was changed to Justly Holdings Inc. (JUSTLY).

KYC			refers to Know Your Customer requirements.
MIIT			refers to the PRC Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
MOF			refers to the PRC Ministry of Finance.
MOFCOM			refers to the PRC Ministry of Commerce.
MOST			refers to the PRC Ministry of Science and Technology.
Mr. McMahon			refers to Mr. Shane McMahon.
Mr. Zhu			refers to Mr. Jianya Zhu.
NASDAQ			refers to the Nasdaq Stock Market.

NDRC			refers to National Development and Reform Commission.
Negative List			refers to the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment.
New Energy			refers to Qingdao Chengyang Medici Zhixing New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd., formerly known as Qingdao Chengyang Mobo New Energy Vehicle Sales Service Company Limited.

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New Energy Vehicle Catalogue			refers to Catalogue of New Energy Vehicle Models Exempted from Vehicle Purchase Tax.
NHTSA			refers to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NOLs			refers to net operating losses.

Notice 112			refers to the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on Negotiated Reduction of Dividends and Interest Rates.
OEM			refers to original equipment manufacturer.
OpEx			refers to the day-to-day operating expenses of a business.
Orangegrid			refers to Orangegrid LLC.
PEA			refers to Prettl Electronics Automotive.
Qianxi			refers to Guizhou Qianxi Green Environmentally Friendly Taxi Service Co.
Qingdao Medici			refers to Qingdao Medici New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.
Qingdao Xingyang Investment			refers to Qingdao Chengyang Xinyang Development and Investment Company Limited.
QSIQ			refers to General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine.
PBOC			refers to the People’s Bank of China.
PCAOB			refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
PHMSA			Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
PRC			refers to the People’s Republic of China.

PSE			refers to Pt Pasifik Sakti Eniniring, a company incorporated in in Indonesia and party to an Agent Agreement to distribute Tree Technologies motorcycles in Indonesia.
Renminbi			refers to the legal currency of the PRC.
REO			refers to real-estate-owned.
RESPA			refers to Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act.
RMB			refers to the legal currency of the PRC.
SAFE			refers to Simple Agreement for Future Equity.
SAFE PRC			refers to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the PRC regulator that oversees matters regarding foreign exchange).
SAMR			refers to State Administration for Market Supervision.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act			refers to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended.

SCNPC			refers to Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.

SEC			refers to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
SEDA			refers to standby equity distribution agreement.
Securities Act			refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.


SEPA			refers to Standby Equity Purchase Agreement.
Shandong			refers to Ideanomics Shengtong New Energy Co., Ltd.


Solectrac			refers to Solectrac, Inc., which was acquired on June 11, 2021.
SPA			refers to Securities Purchase Agreement.
SSE			refers to Seven Stars Energy PTD LTD.

SSSIG			refers to Sun Seven Stars Investment Group Limited, a British Virgin Islands corporation, an affiliate of Dr. Wu, the former Chairman of the Company.
TCJA			refers to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted by the United States of America on December 22, 2017.
TFR			refers to Trattamento di Fine Rapporto.
TILA			refers to Truth-in-Lending Act.
Timios			refers to Timios Holdings Corp. and its affiliates which was acquired on January 8, 2021.
Tree Technologies			refers to Tree Technologies Sdn. Bhd., headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and through its Treeletrik brand sells EV bikes, scooters, and batteries throughout the ASEAN region.

U.S. dollars			refers to the legal currency of the United States.
U.S. GAAP			refers to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

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US Hybrid			refers to US Hybrid Corporation, which was acquired on June 20, 2021.
USD			refers to the legal currency of the United States.

VIA			refers to VIA Motors International, Inc. a business that produces commercial battery electric vehicles using a skateboard architecture.
VIEs			refers to variable interest entities.

VWAP			refers to volume weighted average price.
WAVE			refers to Wireless Advanced Vehicle Electrification, Inc. which was acquired on January 15, 2021.
WAVE Agreement			refers to the agreement and plan of merger the Company entered into to acquire 100.0% of Wireless Advanced Vehicle Electrification, Inc.



YA II PN			refers to YA II PN, Ltd.

YOD			refers to You-on-Demand, this business was closed during 2019.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Ideanomics is an American company, headquartered in New York. Ideanomics has a clear mission – to accelerate the commercial adoption of electric vehicles.

The Company’s EV and technology acquisitions during 2023, 2022 and 2021 completed the foundation for its EV, and energy and charging services offering.

The Company believes its largest addressable market opportunity is local and last-mile delivery vehicles and associated charging products for last- and middle-mile delivery vehicles. The Company’s vehicles and charging systems will provide fleet operators with confidence that EV can deliver what their business requires, affordably and reliably. The local delivery market is expected to continue to grow at a fast pace, as more retailers seek to offer greater convenience to customers.

Additionally, due to market conditions across the EV industry, Ideanomics Management believes that the aggregate intrinsic value of its subsidiaries exceeds the current public market capitalization. This valuation discrepancy, as observed by the Company, is based on internal and external assessments of the underlying businesses, attributable IP, and their potential for growth and profitability. In line with this perspective and in the best interest of enhancing shareholder value, the Company is actively considering inbound inquiries and working with outside advisors for direct strategic investment into, and the potential divestment of some of these subsidiary entities.

In pursuing the above-described strategy, the Company expects the additional capital from direct strategic investment and divestment to strengthen its financial position. It expects this to enable its continued focus on the large addressable market opportunity in local and last-mile delivery and be prepared to capture market share as customer demand increases. This demand is driven by current and future legislative timelines which phase out commercial vehicles powered by fossil fuels in favor of clean energy technologies such as battery electric vehicles (BEV). Leveraging its extensive experience and expertise in the electric vehicle market, the Company remains poised to explore potential growth opportunities in related fields. Should it identify promising innovative technology companies in adjacent sectors, such as artificial intelligence and other key technologies relevant to the mobility market, the Company intends to explore strategic partnerships or acquisitions to enhance their offerings and deliver increased value to its shareholders.

Principal Products or Services and Their Markets

WAVE Charging

Founded in 2011, and headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, WAVE Charging is a leading provider of high-power inductive (wireless) charging solutions for medium and heavy-duty EVs. Embedded in-route on public roads and at depot facilities, the WAVE system automatically charges vehicles during scheduled stops without the inconvenience of cable-based systems. The hands-free WAVE system improves operational efficiency of electric vehicles and enables fleets to achieve extended duty cycles comparable to those of traditional ICE commercial vehicles. This is believed to be a key step in enabling perpetual operations for fleets, and an enabling technology for autonomous freight and autonomous warehouse operations.

Deployed since 2012, WAVE has demonstrated the capability to develop and integrate high-power charging systems into heavy-duty EVs from leading commercial EV manufacturers. WAVE provides custom fleet solutions for mass transit, logistics, airport and campus shuttles, drayage fleets, and off-road vehicles at ports and industrial sites.

Since the acquisition of WAVE in January 2021, the Company has continued investment in engineering, facilities and production resources, including continuous development programs improving technology, reducing cost and scaling manufacturing. These investments and programs are necessary to meet current and anticipated demand for WAVE’s high power inductive wireless charging products. WAVE has continued to develop its high-powered induction capabilities beyond 250kW, successfully delivering systems at 125kW and 500kW. To support widespread adoption, WAVE is developing relationships with additional OEM partners to facilitate the integration of its vehicle-side hardware. Additionally, WAVE is pursuing interoperability between its systems so WAVE-enabled vehicles may access wireless charging regardless of the power level of a given WAVE system.

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WAVE is currently deploying projects with large logistics fleets to pursue scalable market opportunities in the local and last-mile delivery market, in addition to customers in the transit, port, and other specialist markets.

VIA Motors

Acquired in January 2023, VIA Motors is a leading commercial electric vehicle company with proven advanced electric drive technology, delivering sustainable mobility solutions for a more livable world. VIA designs and markets commercial electric vehicles and technology, with superior life-cycle economics, for use across a broad cross-section of the global fleet customer base.

With its acquisition of VIA Motors, Ideanomics has acquired a business which has developed a proprietary commercial battery electric skateboard architecture in the high-growth Class 2 to 5 commercial EV segment. The skateboard architecture provides an opportunity to customize the vehicle configuration in a van or cab/chassis to meet specific customer needs. VIA is well advanced in the development and validation of the product and has attracted potential opportunities to both sell direct to market as well as license its vehicle platform to incumbent vehicle manufacturers seeking to enter the class 2 to 5 commercial vehicle segment.

Energica

Acquired in March 2022, Energica is an electric motorcycle company based in Modena, Italy, that has been recognized with multiple awards as one of the world's leading electric motorcycle manufacturers.

In addition to its popularity with motorcycle enthusiasts, Energica is building its reputation as a leading electric motorcycle provider to law enforcement. Its high-performance motorcycles are being used by several police forces around the world. Energica captured the attention of the global law enforcement market in 2022 when it provided 88 electric motorcycles to the Indonesian Police Department for use during the G20 Summit, resulting in additional sales and interest from police fleets globally.

Its Energica Inside business unit is helping OEMs quickly and affordably bring to market a new generation of electric vehicles, including watercraft, aircraft, passenger and urban mobility vehicles - all built around Energica’s EV engineering and technology. Energica Inside has several announced projects underway in the aviation, nautical, and two-wheeler industries.

Energica plans to continue expanding its global distribution network, accelerate production and sales and introduce new models and new EV technology.

Ideanomics owns a majority stake in Energica with over 70% ownership, and the founders, including Energica's management owning the balance of the Company’s equity.

Solectrac

Acquired in June 2021, Solectrac is a California-based assembler and distributor of electric powered tractors and is a certified B Corp. As a first mover, Solectrac has built a leadership position in the North American electric tractor market. Solectrac has begun the development of a new tractor range, an innovative electric two-wheel tractor, and electrified implements.

Due to shifting market conditions, Solectrac has decided to shift its focus away from building a national dealer/distributor network to a direct-to-customer strategy supported by a small number of dealers in geographic regions where adoption of the technology is greater. This shift ensures the Company can provide excellent service and support to its customers. Solectrac's direct customer sales are further supported by government programs designed to incentivize electrification.

Businesses held for sale

Our business components Energica, Solectrac, and US Hybrid (the “held for sale businesses”) met the criteria for classification as assets held for sale and thus as discontinued operations. However, as the held for sale businesses comprise the substantial majority of assets, liabilities, revenues and operating costs of the Company’s continuing operations and the period of time over which the disposal events are expected to occur, we have continued to present these operations as continuing operations. We believe this provides more relevant information in the primary financial statements. While these assets are classified as held for sale as we assess active third-party interest, we do not anticipate the sale of all of these businesses. For those that we do decide to sell, it is expected that the majority of the balances attributable to the held for sale businesses will not be divested until 2024.

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For information on the assets, liabilities, revenues and results of operations related to these business components, please refer to Note 1 in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

On January 12 2024, we completed the sale of US Hybrid to J.P.L Holding Company. Please refer to Note 25 for more details related to this subsequent event.

Other Businesses

The Company has identified and informed the market of its desire to restructure and divest certain businesses deemed outside of its core focus.

Ideanomics China (formerly known as Mobile Energy Global)

The Company is in the final stages of winding down its operations in China as it shifts its focus toward the US market opportunity.

Competitive Business Conditions, Competitive Position in the Industry and Methods of Competition

The markets in which we participate are dynamic and highly competitive, requiring companies to react quickly to capitalize on opportunity. We retain skilled and experienced personnel and deploy resources to meet the changing demands of the industry and to capitalize on change. The market for our products is highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. We encounter significant domestic and international competition across all units of our business.

The Company’s EV business operates in the market for fleet commercial vehicles, which is still in the development stage. The Company could face competition from other companies that develop and operate similar EV and charging products and services.

Purchasers of commercial vehicles have the choice between traditional ICE vehicles and EVs and this is likely to continue for at least the next six years as regulatory policy on clean energy vehicles comes into effect. The most important drivers for the development of the commercial fleet EV market are federal and state regulations relating to clean air and electric vehicles, including subsidies and incentives to help owners of fleets of commercial vehicles convert from combustion engines to EV. The speed at which fleet operators convert to EV is highly correlated with government regulations, targets and related subsidies and incentives. If the governments, or municipalities, change the regulations, targets, incentives or subsidies then the rate at which fleet operators convert their vehicles to EV could slow down, which in turn may lead to lower revenues for the Company. Additionally, the rate and form in which the commercial fleet EV market develops is dependent upon technological developments in battery and charging systems; deployment of the charging infrastructure to support widespread commercial EV use and the development of new financing and lending structures that address the different collateral and resale values of the battery and vehicle versus ICE vehicles.

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

The Company’s businesses depend on a ready supply of components and parts that are sourced domestically and internationally and any interruption to the supply of these could have an adverse impact on the Company’s results. The Company’s suppliers that manufacture components and parts, which includes EV motors and batteries, depend on a ready supply of raw materials and components. Consequently a shortage of raw materials or components could adversely impact their manufacturing process and, potentially, impact the Company’s revenues as it may not be able to complete orders that it has received. The Company may also be adversely impacted if global logistics and supply chains are interrupted.

Our products are manufactured or assembled from both standard components and parts that are proprietary to our specifications. Our internal operations are largely process-oriented and depend upon a supply chain which is reliant on the pricing and availability of various raw materials, including aluminum, copper, steel, ferrite, optical fiber and plastics and other polymers, among others. Other parts are produced using processes such as stamping, machining, molding and pressing from metals or plastics. Portions of the requirements for these materials are purchased under supply arrangements where some portion of the unit pricing may be indexed to commodity market prices for these metals. We may occasionally enter forward purchase commitments or otherwise secure availability for specific commodities to mitigate our exposure to price changes for a portion of our anticipated purchases. Certain of the raw materials utilized in our products may only be available from a few suppliers, and we may enter into longer term agreements to secure access to certain key inputs. We may, therefore, encounter significant

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price increases and/or availability issues for the materials we obtain from these suppliers, such as those that we saw in 2021. These supply chain constraints limited our ability to manufacture and deliver products to our customers in 2022 and 2023, and we expect this may continue into 2024.

Our profitability has been and may continue to be materially affected by changes in the market price of raw materials and components, most of which are linked to the commodity markets. Prices for, and for certain materials, availability of, lithium, aluminum, copper, plastics, silicon and certain other polymers derived from oil and natural gas have fluctuated substantially during the past several years. We have adjusted our prices for certain products and may have to adjust prices again. Delays in implementing price increases, failure to achieve market acceptance of price increases, or price reductions in response to a rapid decline in raw material costs, could have a material adverse impact on the results of our operations.

In addition, some of our products are assembled from specialized components and subassemblies manufactured by third-party suppliers. We depend upon sole suppliers for certain of these components, including capacitors, memory devices and silicon chips. Our results of operations have been and may continue to be materially affected if these suppliers cannot provide these components in sufficient quantity and quality on a timely and cost-efficient basis. We believe that our supply contracts and our supplier contingency plans mitigate some of this risk, however there is no way to fully remove said risk. For example, political, economic, or other actions by the PRC in Taiwan may adversely affect our ability to source microchips from suppliers in Taiwan. Any political, economic, or other actions may also adversely affect our customers and the technology industry supply chain, for which Taiwan is a central hub, and as a result, could have a material adverse impact on us.

Our supply agreements include technology licensing and component purchase contracts, and several of our competitors have similar supply agreements for these components. There can be no guarantee that the Company will be able to extend or renew these supply agreements on similar terms, or at all. In addition, we license software for operating network and security systems or sub-systems and a variety of routing protocols from different suppliers.

Seasonality

The Company expects that orders and sales will be influenced by the amount and timing of budgeted expenditure by its customers. Typically, the Company would expect to see higher sales at the start of the year when companies start executing on their capital programs and at the end of the year when companies are spending any surplus or uncommitted budget before the new budget cycle commences, though certain of the Company’s operating companies which such as Solectrac and Energica operate in industries typically affected by reduced sales during the winter months at the end and beginning of each year. The Company’s other EV operating businesses are in the early stage of their development and consequently do not have sufficient trading histories to project seasonal buying patterns with any degree of confidence.

Working Capital Requirements

As the Company expands its business the need for working capital will continue to grow. The Company acquired several companies and most of its subsidiaries are considered growth companies at various stages of maturity. For these reasons it will require working capital for both organic growth of those business plus for the purchase of components for the manufacture and assembly of the Company’s respective EV and wireless charging systems. The Company will continue to raise both debt and equity capital to support the working capital needs of these businesses and its U.S. headquarters functions.

Trademarks, Patents and Licenses

We hold various patents and trade names and rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, service mark and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We have a number of pending patent applications relating to new products and technology. We will continue to file additional patent applications on new inventions, as appropriate, demonstrating our commitment to technology and innovation. For technology that is not owned by us, we have a program for obtaining appropriate licenses to help ensure that we have the necessary license coverage for our products. In addition, we have formed strategic relationships with leading technology companies to provide us with early access to technology that we believe will help keep us at the forefront of our industry. Although we believe our intellectual property rights play a role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve, we do not believe we would be materially adversely affected by the expiration or termination of our trademarks or trade names or the loss of any of our other intellectual property rights.

Business and Customer Concentration

The Company is in the process of building out its EV business and has not yet reached a stage of development where the loss of any single customer would have a material adverse effect on the Company.

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On January 18, 2024, the Company filed a Form 8-K disclosing that its subsidiary Wireless Advanced Vehicle Electrification, LLC. received a purchase order from a new customer, a large retail and logistics company. Though the loss of revenue from this customer does not currently represent a material adverse risk to the Company, it has the potential to become a significant customer and could, in the future, represent such a risk.

Reliance on Government Contracts

In its operations the Company does not typically contract directly with national governments, however it may contract with federal or state agencies, and local municipalities.

The Company does not contract directly with the government of the PRC.

Additionally, the rate at which commercial fleets convert to EV is heavily influenced by federal and state policies globally as they relate to clean air and adoption of EV technology. Consequently, the Company’s results may be adversely impacted by changes in regulations.

Corporate Structure

Ideanomics is a Nevada corporation existing as an operating company that conducts a substantial majority of its operations through its operating subsidiaries established in various jurisdictions including the United States, Italy, Spain, the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and England and Wales. As of the year ended December 31, 2023, the organizational structure of the Company is comprised of a total of seven (7) operating subsidiaries. The remaining subsidiaries are either holding companies or dormant subsidiaries that ceased operations or remain unliquidated solely for the purpose of compliance with administrative formalities, or in the wind down process and are expected to be liquidated. No contractual agreements exist between the Company and its subsidiaries including its PRC subsidiaries because the Company believes that direct ownership is a more effective approach to the corporate structure.

Other than intercompany loans, no contractual agreements exist between the Company and its subsidiaries including its PRC subsidiaries because the Company believes that direct ownership is a more effective approach to the corporate structure.

Government Regulations

Rules and Regulations Material to our Business

Vehicle Safety and Testing

In the U.S., some of our vehicles are subject to regulation by the NHTSA, including all applicable FMVSS and the NHTSA bumper standard. While our current vehicles fully comply with applicable regulations and we expect that our vehicles in the future will fully comply with all applicable FMVSS with limited or no exemptions, FMVSS are subject to change from time to time and while we anticipate being in compliance with the proposed changes, there is no assurance until final regulation changes are enacted. As a manufacturer, we must self-certify that our vehicles meet all applicable FMVSS and the NHTSA bumper standard, or otherwise are exempt, before the vehicles may be imported or sold in the U.S.

We are also required to comply with other federal laws administered by NHTSA including labeling requirements and other information provided to customers in writing, Early Warning Reporting requirements regarding warranty claims, field reports, death and injury reports and foreign recalls and additional requirements for cooperating with compliance and safety investigations and recall reporting. In addition, federal law requires inclusion of fuel economy ratings, as determined by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the EPA, and New Car Assessment Program ratings as determined by NHTSA, if available.

Our vehicles sold outside of the U.S. are subject to similar foreign compliance, safety, environmental and other regulations. Many of those regulations are different from those applicable in the U.S. and may require redesign and/or retesting. Some of those regulations impact or prevent the rollout of new vehicle features. Additionally, the European Union established new rules regarding additional compliance oversight that commenced in 2020. There is also regulatory uncertainty regarding how these rules will impact sales in the United Kingdom given its withdrawal from the E.U.

Automobile Manufacturer and Dealer Regulation

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In the U.S., state laws regulate the manufacture, distribution, sale and service of motor vehicles, and generally require motor vehicle manufacturers and dealers to be licensed in order to sell vehicles directly to residents. Certain states have asserted that the laws in such states do not permit manufacturers to be licensed as dealers or to act in the capacity of a dealer, or that they otherwise restrict a manufacturer’s ability to deliver or service vehicles.

Battery Safety and Testing

Our battery packs are subject to various U.S. and international regulations that govern transport of “dangerous goods,” defined to include lithium-ion batteries, which may present a risk in transportation. The governing regulations, which are issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, are based on the UN Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations and related UN Manual Tests and Criteria. The regulations vary by mode of shipping transportation, such as by ocean vessel, rail, truck or air. We conduct testing to demonstrate our compliance with such regulations.

As indicated above, we primarily use lithium-ion cells in the high voltage battery packs of our vehicles and energy storage products. The use, storage and disposal of our battery packs are regulated under existing laws and are the subject of ongoing regulatory changes that may add additional requirements in the future.

Environmental Regulations

We operate in an industry that is subject to extensive environmental regulation, which has become more stringent over time. The laws and regulations to which we are subject govern, among others, vehicle emissions and the storage, handling, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials and the remediation of environmental contamination. Compliance with such laws and regulations at an international, regional, national, and local level is an important aspect of our ability to continue our operations.

Environmental standards applicable to us are established by the laws and regulations of the countries in which we operate, standards adopted by regulatory agencies and the permits and licenses issued to us. Each of these sources is subject to periodic modifications and what we anticipate will be increasingly stringent requirements. Violations of these laws, regulations or permits and licenses may result in substantial administrative, civil or even criminal fines, penalties and possibly orders to cease any violating operations or to conduct or pay for corrective works. In some instances, violations may also result in the suspension or revocation of permits or licenses.

EPA Emissions and Certificate of Conformity

The U.S. Clean Air Act requires that we obtain a Certificate of Conformity issued by the EPA and a California Executive Order issued by CARB certifying that certain of our vehicles comply with all applicable emissions and related certification requirements. A Certificate of Conformity is required for vehicles sold in states covered by the Clean Air Act’s standards and a CARB Executive Order is required for vehicles sold in California and states that have adopted California’s stricter standards for emissions controls related to new vehicles and engines sold in such states. States that have adopted the California standards as approved by EPA also recognize the CARB Executive Order for sales of vehicles.

In addition to California, there are a growing number of states that have either adopted or are in the process of adopting the stricter California standards, including New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Washington, Oregon, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware and Colorado.

We are required to seek an EPA Certificate of Conformity for certain of our vehicles sold in states covered by the Clean Air Act’s standards and a CARB Executive Order for vehicles sold in California or any of the other 13 states identified above that have adopted the stricter California standards.

Rules and Regulations of PRC

Though previously, a significant portion of our operations was conducted in mainland China and a material portion of our revenues was sourced from mainland China, that is no longer the case. As the Company moves toward finalizing the restructuring and wind-down of its China operations, it may still be impacted by the PRC regulations described below.

General Regulation of Businesses in the PRC

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We are required to obtain government approval from or filing with the SAMR and/or other government agencies in the PRC for transactions, such as our acquisition or disposition of business entities in the PRC. Additionally, foreign ownership of certain business and assets in the PRC is not permitted without specific government approval.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are principally governed by the Negative List and the Encouraged Foreign Investment Catalogue, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the MOFCOM and the NDRC. The Catalogue sets forth the industries in which foreign investments are encouraged, while the Negative List sets forth the industries in which foreign investment are restricted, or prohibited. Industries that are not listed in the restricted or prohibited categories are permitted areas for foreign investments and are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC regulations. Establishment of wholly foreign owned enterprises is generally allowed in encouraged and permitted industries. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category.

The establishment of a wholly foreign owned enterprise must register with the competent administration for market regulation. Our significant PRC subsidiaries have duly obtained all material approvals required for their business operations. The SCNPC enacted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC on March 15, 2019 and the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations of Foreign Investment Law of the PRC on December 26, 2019, both of which came into force on January 1, 2020. On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the SAMR jointly promulgated the Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, which also became effective on January 1, 2020. Under these laws and regulations, foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises are required to report and update certain investment information to the MOFCOM through the Enterprise Registration System and the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System. Any foreign investor or foreign-invested company found to be non-compliant with these reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

The PRC government may issue from time to time new laws or new interpretations on existing laws, some of which are not published on a timely basis or may have retroactive effect. Administrative and court proceedings in the PRC may also be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Regulatory risk also encompasses the interpretation by the tax authorities of current tax laws, and our legal structure and scope of operations in the PRC, which could be subject to further restrictions resulting in limitations on our ability to conduct business in the PRC.

PRC Regulations on Automobile Sales

On April 5, 2017, the MOFCOM promulgated the Administrative Measures on Automobile Sales, which became effective on July 1, 2017, pursuant to which automobile suppliers and dealers are required to file with relevant authorities (via an information system for national automobile circulation operated by competent commerce departments) within 90 days after receiving a business license. Where there is any change to a party’s underlying information, automobile suppliers and dealers must update such information within 30 days after such change. Failure to satisfy such filing requirement will be subject to a warning or a fine up to RMB 30,000.

PRC Regulations on the Recall of Defective Automobiles

On October 22, 2012, the State Council promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Defective Automotive Product Recalls, which became effective on January 1, 2013, and which were amended on March 3, 2019. According to this legislation, the product quality supervision department of the State Council is responsible for the supervision and administration of recalls of defective automotive products in China. Manufacturers of automobile products are required to take measures to eliminate defects in products they sell. A manufacturer must recall all defective automobile products. If any operator conducting sales, leasing, or repair of vehicles discovers any defect in automobile products, it must cease to sell, lease or use the defective products and must assist manufacturers in the recall of those products.

PRC Regulation Relating to Compulsory Product Certification

According to the Administrative Regulations on Compulsory Product Certification promulgated by the QSIQ (which was subsequently merged into the SAMR) on July 3, 2009 which became effective on September 1, 2009, and was most recently amended on November 1, 2022 by the SAMR, together with the List of the First Batch of Products Subject to Compulsory Product Certification promulgated by the QSIQ in association with the CAA on December 3, 2001, which became effective on the same day and the Compulsory Product Certification Catalogue Description and Definition Form, which was promulgated on April 17, 2007 and was most recently amended on October 10, 2022, the SAMR is responsible for the quality certification of automobiles. Automobiles and relevant accessories must not be sold, exported or used in operating activities until they are certified by relevant certification authorities designated by the CAA as qualified products and granted certification marks.

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PRC Regulations on Consumer Rights Protection

The Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law, as promulgated on October 31, 1993 and most recently amended in 2013 by the SCNPC, imposes stringent requirements and obligations on business operators in China. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements under this legislation could subject business operators to administrative penalties including warnings, confiscation of unlawful income, imposition of fines, an order to cease business operations, revocation of business licenses, as well as potential civil or criminal liabilities.

PRC Regulation on Employment

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on June 29, 2007 and most recently amended as of July 1, 2013, is primarily aimed at regulating rights and obligations of employer and employee relationships, including the establishment, performance and termination of labor contracts. Pursuant to the Labor Contract Law, labor contracts must be concluded in writing if labor relationships are to be or have been established between employers and their employees. Employee wages shall be no lower than local standards on minimum wages and must be paid to employees in a timely manner. Employers are prohibited from forcing employees to work above certain time limits and employers shall pay employees for overtime work in accordance with national regulations. The Labor Contract Law in effect prohibits employers from terminating employees without severance except in a few enumerated circumstances (e.g., serious violation of company rules and regulations). In some permitted circumstances of termination (such as where an employee is incompetent and remains incompetent after training or assignment to another post), a 30 days’ prior notice (or pay in lieu) and severance payments are required.

The Social Insurance Law of the PRC, promulgated by the SCNPC on October 28, 2010 and most recently amended on December 29, 2018, provides that each employer within the PRC must register with the State’s social insurance system upon its establishment and make contributions to the social insurance system for the benefit of each of its employees, including foreign nationals who are employed in the PRC. Specifically, an employer must make monthly deposits to a designated fund for its contribution to each of its employees’ pension insurance, medical insurance, work injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance. Failure to make such deposits according to the amounts and times provided by law can lead to a court order for seizure, freezing, or an auction of the employer’s property equivalent to the value of any unpaid social insurance payables.

In accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Housing Fund which was promulgated by the State Council on April 3, 1999 and revised on March 24, 2019, employers must register at designated administrative centers and open bank accounts in order to deposit mandatory employee housing fund contributions. Employers are required to pay and deposit housing fund contributions (in an amount no less than 5% of the monthly average salary of the employee in the preceding year) in full and on time.

PRC Regulation on Government Subsidies

On April 22, 2015, the MOF, the MOST, the MIIT and the NDRC jointly promulgated the Financial Support Circular, which took effect on the same day. The Financial Support Circular provides that those who purchase new energy vehicles specified in the Catalogue of Recommended New Energy Vehicle Models for Promotion and Application issued by the MIIT may enjoy government subsidies. A purchaser may purchase a new energy vehicle from a manufacturer by paying the price deducted by the subsidy amount, and the manufacturer may obtain the subsidy amount from the PRC central government after such new energy vehicle is sold to the purchaser.

On April 23, 2020, the MOF, the MOST, the MIIT and the NDRC jointly issued the 2020 Financial Subsidies Circular, which took effect on the same day, and which extended the implementation period of financial subsidies for new energy vehicles to the end of 2022. The 2020 Financial Subsidies Circular further specifies that the subsidy criteria for new energy vehicles during the period from year 2020 to 2022 will generally be reduced by 10%, 20% and 30% compared to the subsidy standard of the previous year respectively, and the number of vehicles eligible for the subsidies will not exceed approximately two million each year.

On December 31, 2020, the above mentioned authorities further promulgated the 2021 Financial Subsidies Circular, a Circular on Further Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Wider Application of New-energy Vehicles, which became effective on January 1, 2021, and was another similar circular to reiterate the principles including among others, the subsidy criteria reduction rate as stipulated in the 2020 Financial Subsidies Circular. This 2021 Financial Subsidies Circular emphasizes that the effective period for financial subsidy policies applicable to new energy vehicles will be extended to the end of 2022, given

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levels of technical progress, scale effect and other factors. The reduction of these subsidy standards will be gradual. The 2021 subsidy standard reduces the base subsidy amount by 20% for each new energy vehicle on the basis of that for the previous year.

On December 31, 2021, the above mentioned authorities promulgated the 2022 Financial Subsidies Circular, a Circular on Financial Subsidy Policy for Application and Promotion of New-energy Vehicles in the year of 2022, which became effective on January 1, 2022. The 2022 Financial Subsidies Circular specifies that the subsidy standard of 2022 will be reduced by 30% compared to the subsidy standard of the previous year, and the financial subsidy policies applicable to new energy vehicles will expire on December 31, 2022.

On September 18, 2022, the MOF, MIIT and the State Taxation Administration jointly issued the Circular on Extending the Exemption of Vehicle Purchase Tax for New-energy Vehicles, which has extended vehicle purchase tax exemptions applicable to new energy vehicles until the end of 2023. Any new energy vehicles listed in the New Energy Vehicle Catalogue released by the MIIT and the State Taxation Administration and are purchased from the issuance date of such New Energy Vehicle Catalogue, are exempted from vehicle purchase taxes.

Taxation

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC originally passed the EIT Law, which was most recently amended on December 29, 2018, and on November 28, 2007, the State Council of China originally passed implementing rules to the EIT Law, which were most recently amended on April 23, 2019. The EIT Law and its implementing rules impose a unified EIT rate of 25.0% on all domestic-invested enterprises and FIE unless they qualify under certain limited exceptions. In addition, under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to an EIT of 25% on its global income. The implementing rules define the term “de facto management bodies” as “an establishment that exercises, in substance, overall management and control over the production, business, personnel, accounting, etc., of a Chinese enterprise.” If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that we should be classified as a resident enterprise, then our organization’s global income will be subject to PRC income tax of 25%.

In April 2009, the State Taxation Administration originally issued a circular, commonly known as “Circular 82,” which was most recently amended on December 29, 2017. Circular 82 provides specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is actually located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups (not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners,) the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Taxation Administration’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an enterprise incorporated offshore but controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

For detailed discussion of PRC tax issues related to resident enterprise status, see Part I-Item 1A-“Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in the PRC- Under the EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China. Such classification will likely result in dividends payable to our foreign investor and gains on sale of our common stock by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC taxation.”

Foreign Currency Exchange

Under the PRC foreign currency exchange regulations applicable to us, RMB is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Currently, our PRC operating entities may purchase foreign currencies for settlement of current account transactions, including payments of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE PRC, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Conversion of RMB for capital account items, such as direct investment, loan, security investment and repatriation of investment, however, is still subject to the approval of the SAFE PRC. In particular, if our PRC operating entities borrow foreign currency through loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must be registered with the SAFE PRC, and if we finance the subsidiaries by means of additional capital contributions, these capital contributions must be registered or filed with by certain government

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authorities. These limitations could affect our PRC operating entities’ ability to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing.

Dividend Distributions

PRC regulations restrict the ability of our PRC entities to make dividends and other payments to their offshore parent company. PRC legal restrictions permit payments of dividends by our PRC entities only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is also required under PRC laws and regulations to allocate at least 10% of our annual after-tax profits determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC to a statutory general reserve fund until the amounts in such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Our PRC subsidiaries have the discretion to allocate a portion of their after-tax profits to staff welfare and bonus funds, which may not be distributed to equity owners except in the event of liquidation.

In addition, under the EIT Law, the Notice 112 which was originally issued on January 29, 2008 and most recently amended on February 29, 2008, any dividends from our PRC operating subsidiaries paid to us through our entities are (since January 1, 2008) subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10%. Furthermore, the ultimate tax rate will be determined by treaty between the PRC and the tax residence nation of the holder of the PRC subsidiary. Dividends historically declared and paid before January 1, 2008 on distributable profits were grandfathered in under the EIT Law and were not subject to withholding tax.

With the wind down of all operations in China, there are no expected further cash distributions or dividends.

The Company is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws, rules, policies and other obligations regarding data protection.

We are subject to federal, state and international laws relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of various types of personal information. In many cases, these laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also restrict transfers of personal information among the Company and its international subsidiaries and vice versa. Many jurisdictions have passed laws regarding data privacy and personal data, and additional jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions or have laws that are pending. These laws continue to develop and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Complying with emerging and changing requirements causes the Company to incur substantial costs and has required and may in the future require the Company to change its business practices. Noncompliance could result in significant penalties or legal liability.

The Company makes statements about its use and disclosure of personal and business information through its privacy policy, information provided on its website, press statements and other privacy notices. Any failure by the Company to comply with these public statements or with other federal, state or international privacy or data protection laws and regulations could result in inquiries or proceedings against the Company by governmental entities or others. In addition to reputational impacts, penalties could include ongoing audit requirements and significant legal liability. In addition to the risks generally relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personal information, the Company is also subject to specific obligations relating to information considered sensitive under applicable laws, such as vehicle telematics data and financial data. Vehicle telematics are subject to specific regulation by the PRC, and if the Company fails to adequately comply with these rules and requirements, the Company can be subject to litigation or government investigations in the PRC or elsewhere, and can be liable for associated investigatory expenses, and can also incur significant fees or fines.

Human Capital Management

Human Capital Resources

Our experienced employees and management team are our most valuable resources. Attracting, training, and retaining key personnel has been and will remain critical to our success. We are committed to attracting, motivating, and retaining top professionals. To achieve our human capital goals, we intend to stay focused on providing our personnel with entrepreneurial opportunities to expand our business within their areas of expertise. We will also continue to provide our personnel with personal and professional growth opportunities, including additional training, performance-based incentives such as opportunities for stock ownership, and other competitive benefits.

We work to ensure that the Company provides a safe, inclusive, and positive employee environment for all its employees. As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 295 employees, of which 193 were located in the United States, 79 in Italy, 3 in Malaysia, 3 in China, 12 in the United Kingdom, and 5 in Spain. None of our employees are represented by a union or covered by a

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collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Our success is directly related to the satisfaction, growth, and development of our employees. We strive to offer a work environment where employee opinions are valued and allow our employees to use and augment their professional skills. To achieve our human capital goals, we intend to remain focused on providing our personnel with entrepreneurial opportunities to expand our business within their areas of expertise and continue to provide our personnel with personal and professional growth. Ideanomics emphasizes several measures and objectives in managing our human capital assets, including, among others, employee safety and wellness, talent acquisition and retention, employee engagement, development and training, diversity and inclusion, and compensation and pay equity.

Employee Safety and Wellness

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented significant changes that we determined were in the best interest of our employees as well as the communities in which we operate. These measures include allowing most employees to work from home. We believe in supporting our employees’ health and well-being. Our goal is to help employees make informed decisions about their health by providing the tools and resources necessary to achieve a healthier lifestyle. We offer our employees a wide array of benefits such as life and health (medical, dental, and vision) insurance, paid time off and retirement benefits, as well as emotional well-being services through our health insurance program.

Diversity and Inclusion and Ethical Business Practices

We believe that a company culture focused on diversity and inclusion is a crucial driver of creativity and innovation. We also believe that diverse and inclusive teams make better business decisions, ultimately driving better business outcomes. We are committed to recruiting, retaining, and developing high-performing, innovative and engaged employees with diverse backgrounds and experiences. This commitment includes providing equal access to, and participation in, equal employment opportunities, programs, and services without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, stereotypes, or assumptions based thereon. We welcome and celebrate our teams’ differences, experiences, and beliefs, and we are investing in a more engaged, diverse, and inclusive workforce.

Ideanomics also fosters a strong corporate culture that promotes high standards of ethics and compliance for our business, including policies that set forth principles to guide employee, officer, director, and vendor conduct, such as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We also maintain a whistleblower policy and anonymous hotline for the confidential reporting of any suspected policy violations or unethical business conduct on the part of our businesses, employees, officers, directors, or vendors.

To learn more about policies and practices and our continuing efforts related to human capital matters, please refer to our website at www.ideanomics.com for further information. You may also find our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the charters of the committees of our Board of Directors on our website. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website, is not part of, and not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance

Ideanomics published its first ESG Report in 2021. The report serves as a step in fulfilling our commitment to our employees, our shareholders, our subsidiaries, and our partners. Our dynamic process of incorporating social and environmental challenges into our operations as well as creating actionable plans to improve areas of weakness will enable us to grow a stronger, cleaner, and more resilient business.

As Ideanomics grows and we implement our ESG platform across our subsidiaries, we will apply best practices to ensure that our partners and suppliers meet both environmental and human rights standards.

To learn more about policies and practices and our continuing efforts related to ESG, refer to our website at www.ideanomics.com for further information. You may also find our ESG Report on our website. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website, is not part of, and not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

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The business, financial condition and operating results of the Company may be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of such factors could directly or indirectly cause the Company’s actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. The following information should be read in conjunction with Part II—Item 7—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part II—Item 8—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

Risk Factors Summary

We are an operating company that conducts a substantial majority of our operations through our operating subsidiaries established in various jurisdictions. Accordingly, we are subject to the risk factors affecting particular industries, businesses, and geographical locations of our subsidiaries. Further, our structure involves certain risks with regard to our international operations.

As a result of the foregoing, our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in “Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors” of this Annual Report. These risks are arranged by groups and include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Industries in Which We Operate

In connection with the operations of Ideanomics' EV and charging businesses, the Company:

•faces extreme competitive pressure associated with its lack of experience in participation in the relatively new global commercial EV market;

•is challenged by a wide array of intellectual property-related risks;

•may become subject to the product liability risks that are particularly high in the automotive industry;

•in collaboration with financial institutions, needs to introduce and promote new financial models allowing the market participants to cost effectively transition their commercial vehicle fleets to EVs;

•relies on the current governmental initiatives promoting and prioritizing fuel efficiency and alternative energy in various jurisdictions; and

•may experience the consequences of the supply-chain crisis and chip shortage.

Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy

In connection with its strategy and development risks, the Company:

•requires additional financing necessary for its development;

•faces significant financial, managerial, and administrative burdens in connection with its strategic approach of acquiring new businesses and business segments;

•is dependent on its ability to hire and retain key employees with the specialists' skills in various areas;

•may be negatively affected by current and potential litigation, or regulatory proceedings; and

•presents a doubt about its financial viability and as to whether it will be able to continue as a going concern.

In connection with its information technology systems and cyber-security the Company:

•must keep pace with the latest technological changes in order to remain competitive;

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•may have defect or disruptions in its technological products;

•was and will remain subject to malicious cyber-attacks and other security incidents; and

•is subject to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign privacy, data use and data protection content, consumer competition and other similar laws and regulations.

In connection with its internal controls and compliance with applicable securities laws, the Company:

•faces the consequences of restatements of its Quarterly Reports for the periods ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021;

•identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were not effective;

•lost its Form S-3 eligibility; and

•may have inadvertently violated Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Securities

In connection with ownership of securities risks:

•certain provisions of our charter documents and applicable law may have an anti-takeover effect;

•we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future; and

•our common stock may be delisted.

Financial Market and Economic Risks

•A disruption in our funding sources and access to the capital markets would have an adverse effect on our liquidity.

Risks Related to all of our International Operations

The Company is subject to general geopolitical and economic risks in connection with our global operations.

Though previously, a significant portion of our operations is conducted in mainland China and a material portion of our revenues was sourced from mainland China, that is no longer the case, however, until such time as the wind-down of our PRC business is complete, it is subject to numerous risks that are severely exacerbated by the recent actions and statements of the Chinese government including but not limited to:

•the ability of the Chinese government to exercise its discretionary powers with regard to any business on its territory at any time;

•uncertainties in connection with the tensions between the United States and China;

•the inability of the U.S.-triggered investigations on the territory of China and limited law-enforcement opportunities against our Chinese subsidiaries;

•restrictions on currency exchange and limitations in transferring money from our subsidiaries domiciled in China in the form of dividends;

•restrictions under PRC law on our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make dividends; PRC government’s significant oversight over the conduct of our business in PRC and may intervene or influence our operations at any time which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our Common Stock;

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•PRC government’s significant oversight over the conduct of our business in PRC and may intervene or influence our operations at any time which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our Common Stock;

•No guarantee that our PRC subsidiaries will always obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required for their business in China;

•Our decision to discontinue our operations in China may impact the value of our securities and render them worthless.

•no guarantee that future audit reports in connection with Chinese operations will be prepared by auditors that are subject to inspections by the PCAOB; and

•China-specific economic and regulatory processes transforming the Chinese labor market and renewable energy sectors.

Risks Related to Industries in Which We Operate

Risks Related to the EV and Charging Industry

We experience significant competitive pressure in the Ideanomics EV and charging businesses, which may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Company operates in the commercial EV market globally. The commercial EV market is still in its development stage and the rate at which the operators of fleets of commercial vehicles replace their ICE vehicles with EV is very dependent upon (i) environmental and clean air regulations that mandate conversion to EV, (ii) the subsidies that government bodies make available to cover the cost of conversion, (iii) the availability of financing to cover some or all of the cost of conversion, (iv) regulations governing the amount of locally manufactured content required in vehicles sold in a particular market, (v) the availability of charging and battery swap infrastructure, and (vi) the rate at which EV technologies evolve.

Environmental and clean air regulations drive the timing and rate at which fleet operators convert to EV and by extension the size of the market and the type of vehicles that are in demand at any time. The Company’s revenues and profits may be adversely impacted if demand for EVs is lower than expected due to a change in regulation or regulations favor the conversion of vehicle types that have lower profit margins.

Converting fleets to EV is very capital intensive and most operators require substantial amounts of funding in the form of government and municipal subsidies and bank financing. The amount and form of subsidies are subject to change from time to time as government bodies adjust subsidies to influence consumer behavior. The mechanisms for financing of EVs are still being developed and large-scale conversion from ICE engines to EV is highly dependent upon the amount and terms of financing available for the conversion to EV.

We currently have limited intellectual property rights related to some of our EV and charging businesses, and those businesses primarily rely on third parties through agreements with them to conduct research and development activities and protect proprietary information.

Although we believe our success will depend in part on our ability to acquire, invest in or develop proprietary technology to effectively compete with our competitors, we currently have limited direct intellectual property rights related to certain of our EV businesses. The intellectual property relevant to those businesses is held primarily by third parties, including our strategic partners. Accordingly, we will rely on these third parties for research and development activities, which will present certain risks. For example, we will have limited control over the research and development activities of the business of our partners, and may require licenses from these third parties if we wish to develop products directly. If these businesses are unable to effectively maintain a competitive edge relative to the market with their technologies and intellectual property, it may adversely affect our business and financial position.

Our reliance on third parties also presents risks related to ownership, use, and protection of proprietary information. We are required to rely on the terms of the related agreements, including the partnership agreements to protect our interests, as well as our investments and partners’ trade secret protections, non-disclosure agreements, and invention assignment agreements to protect confidential and proprietary information. If the intellectual property and other confidential information of our

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investments and strategic partners are not adequately protected, competitors may be able to use their proprietary technologies and information, thereby eroding any competitive advantages that intellectual property provides to us.

We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend against such claims.

If we become liable for product liability claims, our business, operating results, and financial condition may be harmed. The automotive industry experiences significant product liability claims, and we face an inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event the electric vehicles that we sell do not meet applicable standards or requirements, resulting in property damage, personal injury, or death. Our risks in this area are particularly pronounced given we have limited experience of selling electric vehicles. Although we ensured that we have thorough quality protection and testing measures, we cannot assure you that our quality protection and testing measures will be as effective as we expect. Any failure in any of our quality assurance steps or contractual clauses with our partners would cause a defect in electric vehicles sold by us, and in turn, could harm our customers. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award as we may undertake joint and several liability with the manufacturer. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our business, which would have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

The success of the Company’s efforts to develop its EV and charging businesses is highly dependent upon suitable financing structures being developed.

The market for commercial fleets of EVs is in the early stage of development and provides distinct challenges to fleet owners trying to finance the purchase of fleets of EVs and the related charging, storage, and battery infrastructure. Unlike vehicles powered by ICEs, the power source in an EV, the battery, can be separated from the vehicle which creates its own separate and distinct challenges for lenders in valuing the collateral for any loan. Additionally, the market for commercial EVs is very new and consequently, there is no reliable history of resale values to support lending decisions. Large-scale adoption of EVs will require a range of borrowing options and loan types to be available to fund purchases and leasing of EVs similar to those that currently exist to finance the purchasing and leasing of traditional ICE vehicles. Additionally, in some of the Company’s target markets, there is no well-developed market for lending to private enterprises and this may further slow down the adoption of EVs. The Company is working with banks and insurance companies to create lending structures and pools of capital that can be used to finance fleet purchases of commercial EVs. Even if the Company can create the necessary pools of capital and lending structures there is no guarantee that any regulatory approvals required for these new structures will be obtained. If the Company is not able to develop a solution for the funding of fleet purchases of EVs and related charging and battery infrastructure, then the Company’s EV and Charging businesses may not be successful and generate minimal revenues, and incur substantial losses.

We may be affected by the supply chain issues of the automotive industry.

We are aware that some domestic and foreign EV manufacturers have their operations negatively affected as a result of general economic conditions. In recent years, many car manufacturers including EV manufacturers were required to temporarily shut down their manufacturing facilities or operate at a reduced capacity, and supply chain issues in sourcing computer chips necessary for manufacturing new vehicles and certain automotive products have resulted in a global chip shortage, which could further delay or stall new vehicle production. There is no guarantee that our business will not face the same problems in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our EV business.

The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to protect our proprietary information and technology and enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties.

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, service mark, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protection. We cannot assure you that any patents will be issued with respect to our currently pending patent applications, in a manner that gives us the protection that we seek, if at all, or that any future patents issued to us will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Our currently issued patents and any patents that may be issued in the future with respect to pending or future patent applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection, or they may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. Also, we cannot assure you that any future service mark registrations will be issued with respect to pending or future applications or that any registered service marks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights.

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We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees and contractors and agreements with parties with whom we do business to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property. The enforcement of our intellectual property also depends on our legal actions against these infringers being successful, but we cannot be sure these actions will be successful, even when our rights have been infringed.

Further, effective patent, trademark, service mark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our services are available over the internet. In addition, the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in EV-related industries are uncertain and still evolving.

Changes to existing federal, state, or international laws or regulations applicable to us could cause an erosion of our current competitive strengths.

Our business is subject to a variety of federal, state, and international laws and regulations, including those with respect to government incentives promoting fuel efficiency and alternate forms of energy, electric vehicles, and others. These laws and regulations, and the interpretation or application of these laws and regulations, could change. Any reduction, elimination, or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, fiscal tightening, or other reasons may result in diminished revenues from government sources and diminished demand for our products. In addition, new laws or regulations affecting our business could be enacted. These laws and regulations are frequently costly to comply with and may divert a significant portion of management’s attention. If we fail to comply with these applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to significant liabilities which could adversely affect our business.

There are many federal, state, and international laws that may affect our business, including measures to regulate EVs and charging systems. If we fail to comply with these applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to significant liabilities which could adversely affect our business.

There are a number of significant matters under review and discussion with respect to government regulations that may affect business and/or harm our customers, and thereby adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy

Strategy and Development Risks

We expect to require additional financing in the future to meet our business requirements. Such capital raising may be costly, difficult, or not possible to obtain and, if obtained, could significantly dilute current stockholders’ equity interests.

We must continue to rely on proceeds from debt and equity issuances to pay for ongoing operating expenses and repay existing debt in order to execute our business plan. Our EV and Charging businesses are capital intensive. Although we may attempt to raise funds by issuing debt or equity instruments, additional financing may not be available to us on terms acceptable to us or at all, or such resources may not be received in a timely manner. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or to discontinue certain operations, scale back or discontinue the development of new business lines, reduce headcount, sell assets, file for bankruptcy, reorganize, merge with another entity, or cease operations. If the combined company issues additional capital stock in the future in connection with financing activities, stockholders will experience dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of the combined company’s common stock may decline.

As we acquire, dispose of, or restructure our businesses, product lines, and technologies, we may encounter unforeseen costs and difficulties that could impair our financial performance.

An element of our management strategy may be to review acquisition prospects that would complement our existing products, augment our market coverage and distribution ability, or enhance our capabilities. As a result, we may seek to make acquisitions of companies, products, or technologies, or we may reduce or dispose of certain product lines or technologies that no longer fit our business strategies. For regulatory or other reasons, we may not be successful in our attempts to acquire or dispose of businesses, products, or technologies, resulting in significant financial costs, reduced or lost opportunities, and diversion of management’s attention. Managing an acquired business, disposing of product technologies, or reducing personnel entails numerous operational and financial risks, including, among other things, (i) difficulties in assimilating acquired operations and new personnel or separating existing business or product groups, (ii) diversion of management’s attention away from other business concerns, (iii) amortization of acquired intangible assets, (iv) adverse customer reaction to our decision to

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cease support for a product, and (v) potential loss of key employees or customers of acquired or disposed operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve and manage successfully any such integration of potential acquisitions, disposition of product lines or technologies, or reduction in personnel or that our management, personnel, or systems will be adequate to support continued operations. Any such inabilities or inadequacies could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and/or cash flows.

In addition, any acquisition could result in changes, such as potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, the amortization of related intangible assets, and goodwill impairment charges, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and/or the price of our common stock.

The success of our business is dependent on our ability to hire and retain our senior management team and key employees with the specialists’ skills that we need for our business.

We depend on the services of our key employees. Our success will largely depend on our ability to hire and retain these key employees and to attract and retain qualified senior and middle-level managers to our management team.

We have recruited executives and management both in the United States and in our operations outside of the United States to assist in our ability to manage the business and to recruit and oversee employees. While we believe we offer compensation packages that are consistent with market practice, we cannot be certain that we will be able to hire and retain sufficient personnel to support our business. The loss of any of our key employees, or failure to find a suitable successor, would significantly harm our business. Our future success will also depend on our ability to identify, hire, develop and retain skilled key employees. We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our employees. Future sales or acquisitions by us may also cause uncertainty among our current employees and employees of an acquired entity, which could lead to the departure of key employees. Such departures could have an adverse impact on our business and the anticipated benefits of a sale or acquisition.

Intellectual-property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and could distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development, sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to substantial litigation, investigations, and proceedings that could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and result in harm to our business.

We are actively involved in a variety of litigations and other legal matters and may be subject to additional litigations, investigations, arbitration proceedings, audits, regulatory inquiries, and similar actions, including matters related to commercial disputes, intellectual property, employment, securities laws, disclosures, environmental, tax, accounting, class action, and product liability, as well as trade, regulatory and other claims related to our business and our industry, which we refer to collectively as legal proceedings. For example, we are subject to an ongoing securities class action and shareholder derivative actions as well as an SEC investigation. Refer to Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report for additional information regarding these specific matters.

As reported previously, the Company is subject to an investigation by the SEC and has responded to various information requests and subpoenas from the SEC. The Company is fully cooperating with the SEC’s requests, and cannot predict the outcome of this investigation.

We are unable to predict the outcome, duration, scope, result, or related costs of the investigations and related litigation and, therefore, any of these risks could impact us significantly beyond expectations. Moreover, we are unable to predict the potential for any additional investigations or litigation, any of which could exacerbate these risks or expose us to potential criminal or

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civil liabilities, sanctions, or other remedial measures, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows. Regardless of the merits of the claims and the outcome, legal proceedings have resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant legal fees and expenses, diversion of management’s time and other resources, and adverse publicity. Such proceedings could also adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may have inadvertently violated Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act (implementing Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) and may be subject to sanctions as a result.

Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act provides that it is unlawful for a company that has a class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act to, directly or indirectly, including through any subsidiary, extend or maintain credit in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer of the Company. As of July 31, 2021, there was a loan (in the form of a personal travel expense paid by the Company) from the Company to Shane McMahon, the Company’s Executive Chairman of the Board, which could be considered to be a personal loan made by the Company to a director or officer of the Company and may have violated Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act. The amount was repaid to us in December 2021. Issuers that are found to have violated Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act may be subject to civil sanctions, including injunctive remedies and monetary penalties, as well as criminal sanctions. The imposition of any of such sanctions on us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, which together with our limited working capital raises substantial doubt about our financial viability and as to whether we will be able to continue as a going concern.

Our auditor’s report on our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, includes an explanatory paragraph related to the existence of substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We are an operating company with a limited operating history that encompasses a large number of industries and businesses.

We are not profitable and have incurred losses in each year since our inception in October 2004. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we had net losses of approximately $204.9 million, $213.6 million, and $111.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,090.6 million.

The EV and charging industry is highly speculative, involves a high degree of risk, and requires substantial capital investment. We continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. We have limited working capital and cannot guarantee that we will achieve market acceptance and be commercially successful in the long term.

Although we generate revenues from product sales, these revenues have not been sufficient, and may never be sufficient, to support our operations. We may continue to incur losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. We require significant cash resources to execute our business plans and we will need to raise additional cash to continue to fund our operating plan. We expect to finance our operating plan through a combination of public or private equity or debt offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and other similar licensing arrangements in both the short term and the long term. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all, for a number of reasons, including market conditions, our ability to generate positive data from our clinical studies, and the need for our stockholders to approve an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock that we are authorized to issue.

The aforementioned factors, which are largely outside of our control, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of filing of this Annual Report. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of filing of this annual report. If we are forced to scale down, restructure, limit or cease operations, our stockholders could lose all of their investment in our Company.

Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems and Cyber-Security

Our business depends upon our ability to keep pace with the latest technological changes, and our failure to do so could make us less competitive in our industry.

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The market for our products and services is characterized by rapid change and technological change, frequent new product innovations, changes in customer requirements and expectations, and evolving industry standards. Products using new technologies or emerging industry standards could make our products and services less attractive. Failure to respond in a timely and cost-effective way to these technological developments may result in serious harm to our business and operating results. As a result, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to develop and market product and service offerings that respond in a timely manner to the technological advances available to our customers, evolving industry standards, and changing preferences.

Defects or disruptions in our technology or services could diminish demand for our products and services and subject us to liability.

Because our technology, products, and services are complex and use or incorporate a variety of computer hardware, software, and databases, both developed in-house and acquired from third-party vendors, our technology, products, and services may have errors or defects. Errors and defects could result in unanticipated downtime or failure and could cause financial loss and harm to our reputation and our business. We have from time to time found defects and errors in our technology, products, and services, and defects and errors in our technology, products, or services may be detected in the future. In addition, our customers may use our technology, products, and services in unanticipated ways that may cause a disruption for other customers. As we acquire companies, we may encounter difficulty in incorporating the acquired technologies, products, and services, and maintaining the quality standards that are consistent with our technology, products, and services. Since our customers use our technology, products, and services for important aspects of their businesses, any errors, defects, or disruptions in such technology, products, and services or other performance problems with our technology, products, and services could subject our customers to financial loss and hurt our reputation. As we deploy more product lines and provide a wider array of services, such risks will exponentially increase.

We expect to continue to make significant investments to maintain and improve the availability of our existing software platform and new platforms as needed, and to enable rapid releases of new features and products. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, and operating results may be harmed.

We have previously experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, third-party service providers, human or software errors, and capacity constraints. If our application is unavailable when customers attempt to access it or it does not load as quickly as they expect, customers may seek other services.

Malicious cyber-attacks and other adverse events affecting our operational systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our businesses, result in the disclosure of confidential information, damage our reputation, and cause losses or regulatory penalties.

Developing and maintaining our operational systems and infrastructure are challenging, particularly as a result of us and our clients entering into new businesses, jurisdictions, and regulatory regimes, rapidly evolving legal and regulatory requirements, and technological shifts. Our financial, accounting, data processing, or other operating and compliance systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, including malicious cyber-attack or other adverse events, which may adversely affect our ability to process these transactions or provide services or products.

In addition, our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information on our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures, such as software programs, firewalls, and similar technology, to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our and our customers’ information, and endeavor to modify these protective measures as circumstances warrant, the nature of cyber threats continues to evolve. As a result, our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, loss, or destruction of data (including confidential customer information), account takeovers, unavailability or disruption of service, computer viruses, acts of vandalism, or other malicious code, ransomware, hacking, phishing, and other cyber-attacks and other adverse events that could have an adverse security impact. Despite the defensive measures we have taken, these threats may come from external forces, such as governments, nation-state actors, organized crime, hackers, and other third parties, including outsource or infrastructure-support providers and application developers, or may originate internally from within us. Given the high volume of transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and rectified.

We also face the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination, or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate our business activities, including vendors, customers, counterparties, exchanges, clearing agents, clearinghouses, or

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other financial intermediaries. Such parties could also be the source of a cyber-attack on our breach of our operational systems, network, data, or infrastructure.

There have been an increasing number of ransomware, hacking, phishing, and other cyber-attacks in recent years in various industries, including ours, and cyber-security risk management has been the subject of increasing focus by our regulators. Like other companies, we have on occasion experienced, and may continue to experience, threats to our systems, including viruses, phishing, and other cyber-attacks. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. The techniques used in these attacks are increasingly sophisticated, change frequently, and are often not recognized until launched. If one or more cyber-attacks occur, it could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary, and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, as well as our customers’ or other third parties’ operations, which could result in reputational damage, financial losses, customer dissatisfaction and/or regulatory penalties, which may not in all cases by covered by insurance. If an actual, threatened, or perceived cyber-attack or breach of our security occurs, our clients could lose confidence in our platforms and solutions, security measures, and reliability, which would materially harm our ability to retain existing clients and gain new clients. As a result of any such attack or breach, we may be required to expend significant resources to repair system, network, or infrastructure damage and to protect against the threat of future cyber-attacks or security breaches. We could also face litigation or other claims from impacted individuals as well as substantial regulatory sanctions or fines.

The extent of a particular cyber-attack and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the attack may not be immediately clear, and it may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation can be completed and full and reliable information about the attack is known. While such an investigation is ongoing, we may not necessarily know the full extent of the harm caused by the cyber-attack, and any resulting damage may continue to spread. Furthermore, it may not be clear how best to contain and remediate the harm caused by the cyber-attack, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated. Any or all of these factors could further increase the costs and consequences of a cyber-attack.

Our regulators in recent years have increased their examination and enforcement focus on all matters of our businesses, especially matters relating to cyber-security threats, including the assessment of firms’ vulnerability to cyber-attacks. In particular, regulatory concerns have been raised about firms establishing effective cyber-security governance and risk management policies, practices, and procedures that enable the identification of risks, testing and monitoring of the effectiveness of such procedures and adaptation to address any weaknesses; protecting firm networks and information; data loss prevention, identifying and addressing the risk associated with remote access to client information; identifying and addressing risks associated with customers business partners, counterparties, vendors, and other third parties; preventing and detecting unauthorized access or activities; adopting effective mitigation and business continuity plans to timely and effectively address the impact of cyber-security breaches; and establishing protocols for reporting cyber-security incidents. As we enter new jurisdictions or different product area verticals, we may be subject to new areas of risk or to cyber-attacks in areas in which we have less familiarity and tools. A technological breakdown could also interfere with our ability to comply with financial reporting requirements. The SEC has issued guidance stating that, as a public company, we are expected to have controls and procedures that relate to cybersecurity disclosure, and are required to disclose information relating to certain cyber-attacks or other information security breaches in disclosures required to be made under the federal securities laws. While any insurance that we may have that covers a specific cyber-security incident may help to prevent our realizing a significant loss from the incident, it would not protect us from the effects of adverse regulatory actions that may result from the incident or a finding that we had inadequate cyber-security controls, including the reputational harm that could result from such regulatory actions.

We are subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards, information security policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm its business.

We are subject to or affected by a number of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that impose certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and, as a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We may not be able to monitor and react to all developments in a timely manner as laws in this area are also complex and developing rapidly. For example, the European Union adopted the GDPR, which became effective on May 25, 2018, and California adopted the CCPA, which became effective in January 2020. Both the GDPR and the CCPA impose additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provides certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is collected. Other states have begun to propose similar laws. These laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that are inconsistent without

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existing data management practices or the features of its products and product capabilities, and may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to comply with such laws and regulations, which could cause it to incur substantial costs or require it to change its business practices, including its data practices, in a manner adverse to its business. Additionally, any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage its reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect its business. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of its products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations and standards related to the internet, its business may be harmed.

Risks Related to the Internal Controls and Compliance with Applicable Securities Laws.

We have restated our consolidated financial statements for several prior periods, which has affected and may continue to affect investor confidence, our stock price, our ability to raise capital in the future, and our reputation with our customers, which may result in stockholder litigation and may reduce customer confidence in our ability to complete new opportunities.

The Company filed amended Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021 and September 30,2021 to restate the unaudited quarterly financial data for said periods. The restatement of our prior consolidated financial statements primarily reflects the correction of certain errors, which resulted from an incorrect application of U.S. GAAP, as described in more detail in the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q/A for the periods ended March 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021 filed with the SEC on November 22, 2021. Such restatement may have the effect of eroding investor confidence in the Company and our financial reporting and accounting practices and processes and may negatively impact the trading price of our common stock, may result in stockholder litigation, may make it more difficult for us to raise capital on acceptable terms, if at all, and may negatively impact our reputation with our customers and cause customers to place new orders with other companies.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which, did and could continue to, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner.

We have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2023, due to the existence of material weaknesses in such controls. We have also concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2022, due to material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, all as described in Part II, Item 9A of this Annual Report. Although we have initiated remediation measures to address the identified weaknesses, we cannot provide assurance that our remediation efforts will be adequate to allow us to conclude that such controls will be effective in the future. Moreover, we project that the aforesaid material weakness may exist over years before being remediated. We also cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not arise or be identified in the future.

We intend to continue our remediation activities and to continue to improve our overall control environment and our operational and financial systems and infrastructure, as well as to continue to train, retain and manage our personnel who are essential to effective internal control. In doing so, we will continue to incur expenses and expend management’s time on compliance-related issues. However, we cannot ensure that the steps that we have taken or will take will successfully remediate the errors. If we are unable to successfully complete our remediation efforts or favorably assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, our operating results, financial position, ability to accurately report our financial results and timely file our SEC reports, and our stock price could be adversely affected.

Moreover, because of the inherent limitations of any control system, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis, or at all. If we are unable to provide reliable and timely financial reports in the future, our business and reputation may be further harmed. Restated financial statements and failures in internal control may also cause us to fail to meet reporting obligations, negatively affect investor and customer confidence in our management and the accuracy of our financial statements and disclosures, result in events of default under our banking agreements, or result in adverse publicity and concerns from investors and customers, any of which could have a negative effect on the price of our common stock, subject us to regulatory investigations and penalties or additional stockholder litigation, and have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

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Based on our current strategies, we need to raise additional capital to execute on those strategies, and such capital may not be available to us or may only be available on unfavorable terms due to the fact that the Company lost its S-3 eligibility.

To allow us to timely respond to opportunities to raise capital, we may need to file various registration statements and not rely on exemptions from registration. Use of a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which would be the optimal form of the registration statement under most circumstances, requires, among other things, that an issuer has timely filed all of its reports under the Exchange Act for at least twelve months, subject only to exceptions for certain Form 8-K filings. We had untimely filed our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for each of the periods ending in March 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023 respectively. If we timely file all reports required under the Exchange Act in the future, we will regain eligibility for use of Form S-3 not earlier than November 15, 2024. While the Company continues to have access to capital markets, our ineligibility to use Form S-3 means that it may be more difficult for us to effect public offering transactions and our range of available financing alternatives could be narrowed.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Securities

Provisions in our articles of incorporation, as amended, and bylaws, as amended, or Nevada law might discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of us or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock.

Our articles of incorporation, as amended, authorize our Board to issue up to 60,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our Board without further action by our stockholders. These terms may include preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion rights, redemption rights, and sinking fund provisions. The issuance of any preferred stock could diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of such common stock. In addition, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party. The ability of our Board to issue preferred stock could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent, or make it costlier to acquire or effect a change-in-control, which in turn could prevent our stockholders from recognizing a gain in the event that a favorable offer is extended and could materially and negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Furthermore, Section 78.438 of the Nevada Revised Statutes prohibits a publicly-held Nevada corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder (generally defined as a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 10% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder) unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. The existence of the foregoing provisions and other potential anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our Company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock or Series A preferred stock. Accordingly, investors must be prepared to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation to earn an investment return, which may never occur. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our Board deems relevant. In addition, our ability to declare and pay dividends is dependent on our ability to declare dividends and profits in our subsidiaries domiciled outside of the United States. Rules in other jurisdictions may greatly restrict and limit the ability of our subsidiaries to declare dividends to us which, in addition to restricting our cash flow, limits our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.

We previously received notices of failure to satisfy continued listing rules from the Nasdaq which may ultimately result in delisting of our common stock.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock may be delisted.

We previously received notices from Nasdaq of potential delisting, and though we have cured those deficiencies and remain listed, there remains a risk that we receive another notice in the future and could be delisted. Delisting could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities, and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could

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also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest, and fewer business development opportunities.

The market price for our common stock may be volatile.

The market price for our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations due to factors such as:

•the perception of U.S. investors and regulators of U.S. listed Chinese companies;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

•changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

•negative publicity, studies or reports;

•conditions in Chinese and global cybersecurity product markets;

•our capability to match and compete with technology innovations in the industry;

•changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other companies in the same industry;

•announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments

•addition or departure of key personnel;

•fluctuations of exchange reates between RMB and the U.S. dollar

•natural disasters, fires, explosions, acts of terrorism or war, or disease or other adverse health developments, including those related to the COVID-19 pendemic; and

•general economic or political conditions in or impacting China

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Financial Market and Economic Risks

A disruption in our funding sources and access to the capital markets would have an adverse effect on our liquidity.

Liquidity risk is the risk arising from our ability to meet obligations in a timely manner when they come due. Our liquidity strategy is to maintain the capacity to fund assets and repay liabilities in a timely and cost-effective manner even in adverse market conditions. A disruption in our funding sources may adversely affect our ability to meet our obligations as they become due. An inability to meet obligations in a timely manner would have a negative impact on our ability to refinance maturing debt and fund new asset growth and would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We currently do not have adequate cash to meet our short or long-term anticipated needs. In the event additional capital is raised, it may have a dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.

Risks Related to our International Operations including Operations in the PRC

Risks Related to all of our International Operations

Our international operations expose us to a number of risks.

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Our international activities are significant to our revenues and profits, and we plan to further expand our operations internationally. In certain international market segments, we have relatively little operating experience and may not benefit from any first-to-market advantages or otherwise succeed. It is costly to establish, develop, and maintain international operations and platforms, and promote our brand internationally. Though previously, a significant portion of our operations was conducted in mainland China and a material portion of our revenues was sourced from mainland China, that is no longer the case.

Our international sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including:

•local economic and political conditions, including sanctions and other regulatory actions that prohibit sales to, or purchases from, countries and legal entities that are within the scope of the sanction. Government regulations, both federal and municipal, that may restrict the available market for our products and services through the requirement for a minimum value of local produced content, or restrict the availability of subsidies for products that do not meet designated value for local produced content, e.g., the Buy America program;

•uncertain economic, legal, and political conditions in China, Europe and other regions where we do business, including, for example, changes in China-Taiwan relations, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions and other penalties imposed on Russia by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries as well as retaliatory actions of Russia against the companies that comply with the aforementioned sanctions;

•government regulation and restrictive governmental actions (such as trade protection measures, including export duties and quotas and customs duties and tariffs), nationalization, and restrictions on foreign ownership;

•restrictions on sales or distribution of certain products or services and uncertainty regarding liability for products, services, and content, including uncertainty as a result of less Internet-friendly legal systems, local laws, lack of legal precedent, and varying rules, regulations, and practices regarding the physical and digital distribution of media products and enforcement of intellectual property rights;

•limitations on the repatriation and investment of funds and foreign currency exchange restrictions;

•limited technology infrastructure;

•environmental and health and safety liabilities and expenditures relating to the disposal and remediation of hazardous substances into the air, water, and ground;

•shorter payable and longer receivable cycles and the resultant negative impact on cash flow;

•increased risk over the ability to collect accounts receivable and other amounts owed to the Company due to the limited credit checking information available in some of the countries we operate in and possible difficulties to pursue legal action to collect amounts owed to us;

•laws and regulations regarding consumer and data protection, privacy, network security, encryption, payments, and restrictions on pricing or discounts; and

•geopolitical events and instability, including international conflicts, war and terrorism.

We may face challenges in expanding our international and cross-border businesses and operations.

As we expand our international and cross-border businesses into an increasing number of international markets, we will face risks associated with expanding into markets in which we have limited or no experience and in which we may be less well-known. We may be unable to attract a sufficient number of customers and other participants, fail to anticipate competitive conditions, or face difficulties in operating effectively in these new markets. The expansion of our international and cross-border businesses will also expose us to risks inherent in operating businesses globally, including:

•inability to recruit international and local talent and challenges in replicating or adapting our Company policies and procedures to different local and regional operating environments;

•lack of acceptance of our product and service offerings;

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•challenges and increased expenses associated with staffing and managing international and cross-border operations and managing an organization spread over multiple jurisdictions;

•trade barriers, such as import and export restrictions, customs duties and other taxes, competition law regimes and other trade restrictions, as well as other protectionist policies;

•differing and potentially adverse tax consequences;

•increased and conflicting regulatory compliance requirements;

•challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences;

•increased costs to protect the security and stability of our information technology systems, intellectual property, and personal data, including compliance costs related to data localization laws;

•availability and reliability of international and cross-border payment systems and logistics infrastructure;

•exchange rate fluctuations; and

•political instability and general economic or political conditions in particular countries or regions.

Risks Related to Doing Business in the PRC

U.S. financial regulatory and law enforcement agencies, including without limitation the SEC, U.S. Department of Justice, and U.S. national securities exchanges have limited ability, and in fact may have no ability, to conduct investigations within the PRC concerning our Company, our PRC-based officers, directors, market research services or other professional services or experts.

Though previously a material part of our assets and our operations were conducted in the PRC, that is no longer the case. U.S. financial regulatory and law enforcement agencies, including without limitation the SEC, U.S. Department of Justice, and U.S. national securities exchanges have limited ability, and in fact may have no ability, to conduct investigations within the PRC concerning our Company, and the PRC may have limited or no agreements in place to facilitate cooperation with the SEC’s Division of Enforcement for investigations within its jurisdiction.

Adverse changes in political, economic, and other policies of the Chinese government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of the PRC, which could materially and adversely affect the growth of our business and our competitive position.

A portion of our business operations have a dependency on the PRC for both revenues generated with the PRC and as a source of finished products and components for our global operations. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political, and legal developments in the PRC. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

•the degree of government involvement;

•the level of development;

•the growth rate;

•the control of foreign exchange;

•the allocation of resources;

•an evolving and rapidly changing regulatory system; and

•a lack of sufficient transparency in the regulatory process.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven, both geographically and across various sectors of the economy. The Chinese economy has also experienced certain adverse effects

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due to the global financial crisis. In addition, the growth rate of the PRC’s gross domestic product has materially slowed in recent years, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments, foreign currency exchange restrictions, or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

The continued control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy by the Chinese government could materially and adversely affect our business. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in the PRC could have a material adverse effect on overall economic growth, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and consequently have a material adverse effect on our businesses.

Several PRC regulatory authorities, such as the CAC and the MOFCOM, oversee different aspects of our operations, and we are required to obtain governmental approvals, licenses, permits, and registrations in connection with our operations. For example, certain filings must be made by automobile dealers in China through an information system used for purposes of the national automobile circulation, which is operated by relevant commerce departments, within 90 days after receiving a business license. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries in China were to engage in any activities that could be deemed as providing blockchain information services, we would need to complete certain filing procedures with the CAC and obtain relevant filing numbers. In addition, the PRC government may enact new laws and regulations that require additional licenses, permits, approvals and/or registrations for the operation of any of our existing or future business. As a result, we cannot assure you that we have all the permits, licenses, registrations, approvals and/or business license items covering the sufficient scope of business required for our business, or that we will be able to obtain, maintain or renew any permits, licenses, registrations, approvals and/or business license items covering the sufficient scope of our business in a timely manner or at all.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could limit the legal protections available to you and to us, which could cause material adverse effects to our business operations.

We conduct part of our business through our subsidiaries in the PRC. Our subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in the PRC and, in particular, laws applicable to FIEs. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes, and prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, a series of new PRC laws and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in the PRC. However, there could be a change of law and it is uncertain whether business industries in which our China subsidiaries operate will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions.

Since the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of many laws, regulations, and rules are not always uniform, and enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to you and to us. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

In addition, any litigation in the PRC may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management’s attention. It could be difficult for investors to affect service of process in the United States or to enforce a judgment obtained in the United States against our Chinese operations and entities.

You may have difficulty enforcing judgments against us.

A portion of our operations is outside of the United States including the operations in PRC, which are in the process of being restructured. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, that are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Courts in the PRC may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based on treaties between the PRC and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. The PRC does not have any treaties or other arrangements that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments with the United States. In addition, according to the PRC Civil

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Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security, or the public interest.

Our results could be adversely affected by the trade tensions between the United States and the PRC.

With the increasing interconnectedness of global economic and financial systems and our business related to the PRC, trade tensions between the United States and the PRC can have an immediate and material adverse impact on our business. Changes to trade policies, treaties, and tariffs in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or the perception that these changes could occur, could adversely affect our international and cross-border operations, our financial condition, and results of operations. For example, the U.S. administration has advocated greater restrictions on trade generally and significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the United States, particularly from the PRC. Such trade restrictions or tariffs could cause U.S. companies to respond by minimizing their use of Chinese suppliers, thereby moving the supply chain away from China and limiting our competitive advantage in developing our logistics management and financing business. Further, the U.S. or the PRC could impose additional sanctions that could restrict us from doing business directly or indirectly in either country. Such actions could have material adverse impact on our profitability and operations. Government regulations, both federal and municipal, that may restrict the available market for our products and services through the requirement for a minimum value of locally produced content, or restrict the availability of subsidies for products that do not meet designated value for locally produced content, e.g., the Buy America program.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to use cash generated from sales in the PRC to fund our business activities outside of the PRC.

For our sales in the PRC, at present, a substantial part of our sales are settled in RMB, and any future restrictions on currency exchanges may limit our ability to use revenue generated in RMB to fund any future business activities outside the PRC or to make dividends or other payments in U.S. dollars. Although the Chinese government introduced regulations in 1996 to allow greater convertibility of the RMB for current account transactions, significant restrictions still remain, including primarily the restriction that FIEs may only buy, sell, or remit foreign currencies after providing valid commercial documents, at those banks in the PRC authorized to conduct foreign exchange business. In addition, foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE PRC and other relevant PRC governmental authorities and companies are required to open and maintain separate foreign exchange accounts for capital account items. This could affect our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries. Recent volatility in the RMB foreign exchange rate as well as capital flight out of the PRC may lead to further foreign exchange restrictions and policies or practices which adversely affect our operations and ability to convert RMB. We cannot be certain that the Chinese regulatory authorities will not impose more stringent restrictions on the convertibility of the RMB.

Restrictions under PRC law on our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make dividends and other distributions could materially and adversely affect our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could benefit our business, pay dividends to you, and otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Previously, part of our sales is earned by our PRC operating entities. However, PRC regulations restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make dividends and other payments to their offshore parent companies. PRC legal restrictions permit payments of dividends by our PRC subsidiaries only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are also required under PRC laws and regulations to allocate at least 10% of their annual after-tax profits determined in accordance with PRC GAAP to a statutory general reserve fund until the amounts in said fund reach 50% of their registered capital. Allocations to these statutory reserve funds can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to us in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends. Any limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends and otherwise fund and conduct our business.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Chinese anti-corruption laws, and any determination that we violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to the FCPA and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. persons and issuers as defined by the statute, for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have operations and agreements with third parties and make most of our sales in the PRC. The PRC also strictly prohibits bribery of government officials. Our activities in the PRC create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by the employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors of our Company, which may not always be subject to our control. It is our policy to implement safeguards to discourage these practices by our employees. However, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective, and the employees, consultants, sales agents, or

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distributors of our company may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible. Violations of the FCPA or Chinese anti-corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the U.S. government may seek to hold our Company liable for successor liability FCPA violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire.

Our operations in foreign countries are subject to risks that could adversely impact our financial results, such as economic or political volatility, foreign legal and regulatory requirements, international trade factors (export controls, trade sanctions, duties, tariff barriers, and other restrictions), protection of our proprietary technology in certain countries, potentially burdensome taxes, crime, employee turnover, staffing, managing personnel in diverse culture, labor instability, transportation delays, and foreign currency fluctuations.

If we become directly subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matter which could harm our business operations, stock price, and reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our stock, especially if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

Over the past several years, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in the PRC, particularly companies like ours which have completed so-called reverse merger transactions, have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators, and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity is in connection with financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies, or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies has sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity will have on our Company, our business, and our stock price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or not, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our Company. This situation will be costly and time-consuming and distract our management from growing our Company.

The disclosures in our reports and other filings with the SEC and our other public announcements are not subject to the scrutiny of any regulatory bodies in the PRC. Accordingly, our public disclosure should be reviewed in light of the fact that no governmental agency that is located in the PRC, where part of our operations and business are located, has conducted any due diligence on our operations or reviewed or cleared any of our disclosure.

We are regulated by the SEC and our reports and other filings with the SEC are subject to SEC review in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. A material portion of our operations is located in the PRC. Since such operations and business take place outside of the United States, it may be more difficult for the staff of the SEC to overcome the geographic and cultural obstacles that are present when reviewing our disclosure. Furthermore, our SEC reports and other disclosure and public announcements are not subject to the review or scrutiny of any PRC regulatory authority. For example, the disclosure in our SEC reports and other filings is not subject to the review of the CSRC or CAC. Accordingly, you should review our SEC reports, filings, and our other public announcements with the understanding that no local regulator has done any due diligence on our Company and with the understanding that none of our SEC reports, other filings, or any of our other public announcements has been reviewed or otherwise been scrutinized by any local regulator.

The unavailability, reduction, or elimination of government and economic incentives or government policies that are favorable for new energy vehicles could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business has benefited from the PRC government subsidies, economic incentives, and government policies that support the growth of new EVs. For example, each qualified purchaser of our new energy vehicles enjoys subsidies from China’s central government and certain local governments. Furthermore, in certain cities, quotas that limit the purchase of ICE vehicles do not apply to EVs, thereby incentivizing customers to purchase EVs. In April 2020, the MOF, together with several other PRC government departments, issued the Announcement on Exemption of Vehicle Purchase Tax, and the 2020 Financial Subsidies Circular, which extended certain subsidies and tax exemptions on EV purchases to the end of 2022. On December 31, 2021, the above mentioned authorities promulgated the 2022 Financial Subsidies Circular, which became effective on January 1, 2022.

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These policies are subject to certain limits as well as changes that are beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that future changes, if any, would be favorable to our business.

Any reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, fiscal tightening, or other factors may result in the diminished competitiveness of the EV industry generally or our Ideanomics China business unit in particular. In addition, as we seek to increase our revenues from vehicle sales, we may also experience an increase in accounts receivable relating to government subsidies. Any uncertainty or delay in collection of the government subsidies may also have an adverse impact on our financial condition. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We might be subject to the National Security Law in the future, in light of the PRC government’s current and rapidly changing policies regarding PRC and Hong Kong businesses operations.

On June 30, 2020, the PRC government’s National People’s Congress Standing Committee passed the National Security Law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The National Security Law criminalizes, and otherwise gives the PRC government broad powers to find unlawful, a broad variety of political crimes, including separatism and collusion with a foreign country or with external elements to endanger national security in relation to Hong Kong. Under the National Security Law, the PRC government can, at its own discretion or the Hong Kong government’s discretion, exercise jurisdiction over alleged violations of the law and prosecute and adjudicate cases in mainland China. The law can apply to alleged violations committed by anyone, anywhere in the world, including in the United States.

In light of the PRC government’s current and rapidly changing policies regarding PRC and Hong Kong businesses operations, Ideanomics’ business operations could be subject to the National Security Law in the future, if the PRC or Hong Kong government desires this outcome.

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to those who pay for our services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees, the utilization of labor dispatching, applying for foreigner work permits, labor protection and labor condition requirements, and the payment of various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund contributions, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are also now generally subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation, and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related laws and regulations including those relating to obligations to make social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.

In light of recent events indicating greater oversight by PRC regulators for some companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange, we may be subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding data protection and other rules, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Even though we and our PRC subsidiaries are not currently subject to PRC laws relating to approvals or permissions for our listing, PRC regulators have generally increased their oversight applicable to companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange in recent years. These laws and regulations continue to develop, and PRC government authorities may adopt other rules and

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restrictions in the future. Any non-compliance with existing or future requirements could result in penalties or other significant legal liabilities.

The CAC and other twelve Governmental Agencies issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022 (“Cybersecurity Review Measures”). Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, if any of the following circumstances exist, operators of networks are required to apply with the Office of Cybersecurity Review to conduct a cybersecurity review: (a) the operators possess over one million individuals’ personal information and seek to list securities overseas; (b) the operators are deemed as critical information infrastructure operators and intend to purchase internet products and services that will or may affect national security; and (c) the operators carry out any data processing activities which affect or may affect PRC national security. As of the date of this report, none of the aforesaid circumstances are applicable in the case of any of our PRC subsidiaries, and therefore our PRC subsidiaries are not required to conduct a cybersecurity review with the CAC. However, the Cybersecurity Review Measures are relatively new and there remains some uncertainty as to how the Cybersecurity Review Measures may be interpreted or implemented, as well as uncertainty as to whether any PRC government authorities may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation measures related to the Cybersecurity Review Measures. Accordingly, at this time, there is ultimately no way to assure that PRC government authorities will take the same view as we do with respect to whether our PRC subsidiaries may be required to complete cybersecurity review procedures.

As of the date of this report, we have not received any notice from any authorities identifying us or our PRC subsidiaries as a critical information infrastructure or requiring us to undertake a cybersecurity review by the CAC or the cybersecurity review office. Further, we have not been subject to any penalties, fines, suspensions, investigations from any competent authorities for violation of the regulations or policies that have been issued by the CAC to date. We believe that neither we nor our PRC subsidiaries are subject to cybersecurity review requirements, given that none of our PRC subsidiaries engaged in any operation of information infrastructure or any data processing activities which affect or may affect PRC national security, nor possesses personal information related to over one million individuals. However, there remains uncertainty as to how relevant regulations will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation measures. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation measures come into effect, we expect to take all reasonable measures and actions to comply but any such future laws, regulations or review could be time consuming and costly to comply with, and could have a material impact on our operations and financial results, as well as those of PRC subsidiaries.

If our PRC subsidiaries fail to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses and approvals required for their business in China, or if our PRC subsidiaries are required to take actions that are time-consuming or costly, their business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have determined that our PRC subsidiaries have obtained all material licenses, approvals, and filings covering their operations in the PRC, including business licenses from the relevant local branches of the SAMR, filings with relevant local branches of MOFCOM, registrations with PRC tax authorities, filings with PRC customs for carrying out export and import business activities and registrations with relevant branches of the SAFE PRC for the ability to receive funds from offshore entities and transfer funds to offshore entities. These approvals and filings are essential to the operation of the business of our PRC subsidiaries. However, because local regulations may change from time to time, our PRC subsidiaries cannot ensure they will be able to obtain or maintain all necessary licenses, approvals, or filings, or successfully renew these permits, approvals, or licenses in a timely manner. If our PRC subsidiaries fail to complete, obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make their necessary filings, or inadvertently conclude that any permissions or approvals are not required, then our PRC subsidiaries could be subject to various administrative penalties, governmental investigations, or enforcement actions, fines, suspension of operations, or be prohibited from engaging in relevant business. As a result, the business and operations of our PRC subsidiaries and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected, which could significantly limit our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

Our decision to restructure our operations in China may impact the value of our securities or render them worthless.

On September 12, 2022, our Board authorized the Company’s management to pursue a plan to restructure the Company’s operations in China. Although our Board believes that such a decision will benefit the Company in the long run, the restructuring and potential curtailing of the entirety or a portion of our PRC operations generating significant revenue, and sacrificing potential business opportunities, may negatively impact the Company. As a result, our revenue, net losses, and cash flow may differ materially from previous years and the market price of our common stock may significantly decrease or become worthless.

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Failure to complete the proposed restructuring could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or the price of our common stock.

On September 12, 2022, the Board authorized the Company’s management to pursue a plan to restructure operations in China. The restructuring is anticipated to be complete no later than the first quarter of 2024. If the proposed restructuring is not consummated as anticipated, we may be subject to a number of adverse effects, including that the value of our common stock may be materially and adversely affected to the extent that the current market price reflects a market assumption that the proposed restructuring will be completed by the anticipated deadline; our operations may incur losses; and certain costs related to the restructuring (such as legal, accounting, financial advisory and printing fees) will need to be paid even if the restructuring is not completed. Even if this restructuring is implemented successfully and on schedule, there might also be other issues and negative consequences arising from this restructuring such as a loss of continuity, a loss of customer base, internal control issues, changes in employee structure as well as other unexpected consequences, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although our audited financial statements are prepared by auditors that are currently subject to inspections by the PCAOB, there is no guarantee that future audit reports will be prepared by auditors that are subject to inspections by the PCAOB and, as such, future investors may be deprived of such inspections, which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access of the U.S. capital markets. Furthermore, trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act or the Accelerating HFCA Act if the SEC subsequently determines our audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely, and as a result, U.S. national securities exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, may determine to delist our securities.

As an auditor of companies that are registered with the SEC and publicly traded in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, our auditor is required under the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Although we have substantial operations within China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese government authorities, our auditor is currently inspected fully by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating auditors’ audits and their quality control procedures. As a result, to the extent that any component of our auditor’s work papers is or becomes located in China, such work papers will not be subject to inspection by the PCAOB. As a result, investors would be deprived of such PCAOB inspections, which could result in limitations or restrictions to our access to the U.S. capital markets.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular, China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress which, if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate the audit work performed by a foreign public accounting firm completely. The proposed EQUITABLE Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges such as the Nasdaq of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted. On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act, which includes requirements for the SEC to identify issuers whose audit work is performed by auditors that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a restriction imposed by a non-U.S. authority in the auditor’s local jurisdiction. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the HFCA Act on December 2, 2020, and the HFCA Act was signed into law on December 18, 2020. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the AHFCA Act, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, reducing the period of time for foreign companies to comply with the PCAOB audits to two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. The SEC adopted rules to implement the AHFCA Act and, pursuant to the AHFCA Act, the PCAOB has issued its report notifying the SEC of its determination that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the HFCA ACT. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use to determine whether it is unable to inspect or investigate registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA ACT. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that the Board is unable to inspect or investigate

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completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The Board made these determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCA ACT.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, MOF, and the PCAOB signed a protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in China mainland and Hong Kong. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB may consider the need to issue a new determination.

Under the HFCA Act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our shares of common stock being delisted. While we understand that there has been dialogue among the CSRC, the SEC, and the PCAOB regarding the inspection of PCAOB-registered accounting firms in China, there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the requirements imposed by U.S. regulators. Delisting of our common stock would force holders of our shares of common stock to sell their shares. The market price of our shares of common stock could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of these executive or legislative actions upon, as well as negative investor sentiment towards, companies with operations in China that are listed in the United States, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect our liquidity.

The PRC legal system is based on statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. Because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit the Company’s ability to utilize its cash balance effectively and affect the results of operations of our PRC subsidiaries.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Ideanomics receives a substantial amount of their revenues in Renminbi or, alternatively, to finance their PRC subsidiaries in Renminbi. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE PRC by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE PRC, cash generated from the operations of its PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to its company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, Ideanomics will need to obtain SAFE PRC approval to use the cash generated from the operations of their PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents Ideanomics from obtaining such approval or otherwise hinders efficient financial management of the PRC subsidiaries, it may substantially curtail our operations and cause the value of our securities significantly decline or become worthless.

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The Chinese government may intervene or influence the operations of Ideanomics’ business or the business of the combined company in the territory of PRC at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.

Though previously a material percentage of our revenues were generated in the PRC, that is no longer the case following the decision to restructure the Company's PRC operations. The Chinese government may intervene or influence the operations of Ideanomics’ business or the business of the combined company in the territory of PRC at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. Also, recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or over foreign investment in China-based and Hong Kong-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Other Risks

VIA is an early-stage company with a history of losses, and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

VIA has incurred losses in the operation of its business related to research and development activities since its inception. VIA anticipates that its expenses will increase and that it will continue to incur losses in the future until at least the time it begins significant deliveries of its vehicles. Even if VIA is able to successfully develop and sell or lease its vehicles, there can be no assurance that they will be commercially successful and achieve or sustain profitability.

VIA expects the rate at which it will incur losses to be significantly higher in future periods as it, among other things, designs, develops and manufactures its vehicles; builds up inventories of parts and components for its vehicles; increases its sales and marketing activities, develops its distribution infrastructure; and increases its general and administrative functions to support its growing operations. VIA may find that these efforts are more expensive than it currently anticipates or that these efforts may not result in revenue, which would further increase VIA’s losses.

VIA has a limited operating history and has manufactured and sold a minimal number of lighter duty production vehicles to customers and may never develop or manufacture any future vehicles.

VIA was incorporated in 2014 and has a limited operating history in the automobile industry, which is continuously evolving, and has generated minimal revenue to date. VIA’s vehicles are in the development stage and VIA has no experience as an organization in high-volume manufacturing of the planned electric commercial vehicles. In addition, as a result of our limited operating history, as well as the limited financing we have received, our management concluded that there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

As VIA attempts to transition from research and development activities to commercial production and sales, it is difficult, if not impossible, to forecast VIA’s future results, and VIA has limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect VIA’s business. The estimated costs and timelines that VIA has developed to reach full-scale commercial production are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties involved in the transition from a start-up company focused on research and development activities to the large-scale manufacture and sale of vehicles. There can be no assurance that VIA’s estimates related to the costs and timing necessary to complete design and engineering of its electric commercial vehicles and to tool its factories will prove accurate. These are complex processes that may be subject to delays, cost overruns and other unforeseen issues. For example, VIA may experience higher raw material waste in the composite process than it expects, resulting in higher operating costs and hampering its ability to be profitable.

We cannot assure you that VIA or its partners will be able to develop efficient, automated, cost-efficient manufacturing capability and processes, and reliable sources of component supplies that will enable VIA to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully mass market its electric commercial vehicles. Until such time as, and if, we obtain rights to a manufacturing site with sufficient manufacturing capability and process to meet our current business plan, we are unable to manufacture vehicles in sufficient quantities required for entrance into the marketplace. You should consider VIA’s business and prospects in light of the risks and significant challenges it faces as a new entrant into its industry, including, among other things, with respect to its ability to:

•design and produce safe, reliable and quality vehicles on an ongoing basis;

•obtain the necessary regulatory approvals in a timely manner;

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•build a well-recognized and respected brand;

•establish and expand its customer base;

•successfully market not just VIA’s vehicles but also the other services it intends to or may provide;

•successfully service its vehicles after sales and maintain a good flow of spare parts and customer goodwill;

•improve and maintain its operational efficiency;

•execute and maintain a reliable, secure, high-performance and scalable technology infrastructure;

•predict its future revenues and appropriately budget for its expenses;

•attract, retain and motivate talented employees;

•anticipate trends that may emerge and affect its business;

•anticipate and adapt to changing market conditions, including technological developments and changes in competitive landscape; and

•navigate an evolving and complex regulatory environment.

If VIA fails to adequately address any or all of these risks and challenges, its business may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, VIA has engaged in limited marketing activities to date, so even if VIA is able to bring its electric commercial vehicles to market on time and on budget, there can be no assurance that fleet customers will embrace VIA’s products in significant numbers. Market conditions, many of which are outside of VIA’s control and subject to change, including general economic conditions, the availability and terms of financing, the impacts and ongoing uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic, fuel and energy prices, regulatory requirements and incentives, competition and the pace and extent of vehicle electrification generally, will impact demand for VIA’s electric commercial vehicles, and ultimately VIA’s success.

VIA does not currently have any binding orders, and there is no assurance that its non-binding pre-orders will be converted into binding orders or sales.

VIA’s business model is focused on building relationships with fleet customers, fleet management companies and dealers. To date, VIA has engaged in limited marketing activities and does not have any binding contracts with customers. The non-binding pre-orders may not be converted into binding orders or sales. Until such time that the design and development of VIA’s vehicles are complete, VIA’s vehicles are commercially available for purchase and VIA is able to scale up its marketing function to support sales, there will be uncertainty as to customer demand for VIA’s vehicles. A long wait time from the time a pre-order is made until the delivery of VIA’s vehicles is possible, and any delays beyond expected wait times could adversely impact user decisions on whether to ultimately make a purchase. Even if VIA is able to obtain binding orders, customers may limit their volume of purchases initially as they assess VIA’s vehicles and whether to make a broader transition to electric vehicles. This may be a long process and will depend on the safety, reliability, efficiency and quality of VIA’s vehicles. It will also depend on factors outside of VIA’s control, such as general market conditions and broader trends in fleet management and vehicle electrification that could impact customer buying decisions. As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding demand for VIA’s vehicles and the sales that it will be able to achieve.

Certain of VIA’s strategic, development and deployment arrangements could be terminated or may not materialize into long-term contract arrangements and may restrict or limit VIA from developing electric commercial vehicles with other strategic partners.

VIA has arrangements with strategic, development and deployment partners and collaborators. Some of these arrangements are evidenced by memorandums of understanding, non-binding letters of intent, early stage agreements that are used for design and development purposes but will require renegotiation at later stages of development or production or master agreements that have yet to be implemented under separately negotiated statements of work, each of which could be terminated or may not materialize into next-stage or binding contracts or long-term contract arrangements. In addition, VIA does not currently have arrangements in place that will allow it to fully execute its business plan, including, without limitation, final supply and manufacturing agreements and fleet service and management agreements. Moreover, existing or future arrangements may contain limitations on VIA’s ability to enter into strategic, development and deployment arrangements with other partners. If VIA is unable to maintain such arrangements and agreements, or if such agreements or arrangements contain other restrictions from or limitations on developing electric commercial vehicles with other strategic partners, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

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VIA may encounter obstacles outside of its control that slow market adoption of electric commercial vehicles, such as regulatory requirements or infrastructure limitations.

VIA’s growth is highly dependent upon the adoption of electric commercial vehicles by the commercial and municipal fleet industry. The target demographics for VIA’s electric commercial vehicles are highly competitive. If the market for electric commercial vehicles does not develop at the rate or in the manner or to the extent that VIA expects, or if critical assumptions VIA has made regarding the efficiency of its electric commercial vehicles are incorrect or incomplete, VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The fleet market for electric commercial vehicles is new and untested and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, numerous competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards and uncertain customer demands and behaviors.

VIA’s growth depends upon its ability to maintain its relationships with existing suppliers and to source new suppliers for its supply chain, while effectively managing the risks stemming from such relationships.

VIA’s growth is partially dependent upon its ability to enter into supplier agreements and maintain its relationships with suppliers who are critical and necessary to the output and production of VIA’s vehicles.

The supply agreements VIA has or may enter into with key suppliers in the future may have provisions where such agreements can be terminated in various circumstances, including potentially without cause. If these suppliers become unable to provide or experience delays in providing components or the supply agreements are terminated, it may be difficult to find replacement components. Changes in business conditions, pandemics, governmental changes, and other factors beyond VIA’s control or that VIA does not presently anticipate could affect VIA’s ability to receive components from VIA’s suppliers.

VIA also relies on a small group of suppliers to provide VIA with the components for VIA’s vehicles. While VIA seeks to obtain raw materials and components from multiple sources whenever possible, some of the raw materials and components used in its vehicles will be purchased by VIA from a single or limited source. VIA may be unable to obtain or engineer replacement raw materials and components for its single or limited source raw materials and components in the short term, or at all, at prices or quality levels that are acceptable to it, leaving VIA susceptible to supply shortages, long lead times for components and cancellations and supply changes. In addition, VIA could experience delays if its suppliers do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints.

VIA has not secured supply agreements for its components. VIA may be at a disadvantage in negotiating supply agreements for the production of its vehicles due to its limited operating history. In addition, there is the possibility that finalizing the supply agreements for the parts and components of VIA’s vehicles will cause significant disruption to VIA’s operations, or such supply agreements could be at costs that make it difficult for VIA to operate profitably.

If VIA does not enter into long-term supply agreements with guaranteed pricing for critical parts or components, VIA may be exposed to fluctuations in components, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in the prices for such components, materials and equipment would increase VIA’s operating costs and could reduce VIA’s margins if VIA cannot recoup the increased costs. Any attempts to increase the announced or expected prices of VIA’s vehicles in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by VIA’s potential customers and could adversely affect VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

We will rely on complex machinery for our operations, and production of the VIA Vehicles will involve a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We will rely on complex machinery for our operations, and any production of the VIA vehicles will involve a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs. Any manufacturing facility will consist of large-scale machinery combining many components. These components are likely to suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will require repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and will be influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, the scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with the decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, pandemics, fire, and seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, they may result in personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We may experience delays in realizing our projected timelines and cost and volume targets for the production, launch and ramp up of production of the VIA Vehicles and the modification of any manufacturing facility, which could adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have no experience in the mass manufacturing the VIA vehicles. Our business depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell the VIA vehicles. Any delay in the financing, design, manufacture and launch of the VIA vehicles, including the obtaining of rights to a manufacturing facility, could materially damage our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. Vehicle manufacturers often experience delays in the design, manufacture and commercial release of new products. To the extent we experience delays in the modification of the any facility or delays in the launch of the vehicles, our growth prospects could be adversely affected. We expect to rely on third party suppliers to develop and provide many of the key components and materials used in the VIA vehicles. To the extent our suppliers experience any delays in providing us with or developing necessary components for a number of reasons, we could experience delays in meeting our projected timelines.

Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of materials, in particular for lithium-ion battery cells, could harm Ideanomics EV and Charging business.

Ideanomics and its suppliers may experience increases in the cost of or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of materials. Any such increase, supply interruption or shortage could materially and negatively impact Ideanomics Mobility’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Ideanomics and its suppliers use various materials in their businesses and products, including for example lithium-ion battery cells and steel, and the prices for these materials fluctuate. The available supply of these materials may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand, including as a result of increased production of electric commercial vehicles by Ideanomics’s competitors, and could adversely affect Ideanomics’s business and operating results. For instance, Ideanomics is exposed to multiple risks relating to lithium-ion battery cells. These risks include:

•an increase in the cost, or decrease in the available supply, of materials used in the cells;

•disruption in the supply of cells due to quality issues or recalls by battery cell manufacturers; and

•fluctuations in the value of any foreign currencies in which battery cell and related raw material purchases are or may be denominated against the purchasing entity’s operating currency.

Ideanomics’s business is dependent on the continued supply of battery cells for the battery packs used in Ideanomics’s electric vehicles. We may have limited flexibility in changing its supplier in the event of any disruption in the supply of battery cells which could disrupt production of our electric vehicles. Furthermore, fluctuations or shortages in petroleum and other economic conditions may cause us to experience significant increases in freight charges and material costs. Substantial increases in the prices for our materials or prices charged to Ideanomics, such as those charged by battery cell suppliers, would increase our operating costs, and could reduce its margins if the increased costs cannot be recouped through increased commercial vehicle sales prices. Any attempts to increase product prices in response to increased material costs could result in cancellations of orders and therefore materially and adversely affect our brands, image, business, prospects and operating results.

VIA currently targets many customers, suppliers and partners that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power, exacting product, quality and warranty standards and potentially competitive internal solutions. If VIA is unable to sell its products to these customers or is unable to enter into agreements with suppliers and partners on satisfactory terms, its prospects and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Many of VIA’s current and potential customers, suppliers and partners are large, multinational corporations with substantial negotiating power relative to it and, in some instances, may have internal solutions that are competitive to VIA’s products. These large, multinational corporations also have significant development resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop independently, or in partnership with others, competitive technologies. Meeting the technical requirements and securing design wins with any of these companies could require a substantial investment of VIA’s time and resources. VIA cannot assure you that its products will secure design wins from these or other companies or that it will generate meaningful revenue from the sales of its products to these key potential customers. If VIA’s products are not selected by these large corporations or if these corporations develop or acquire competitive technology, it may have an adverse effect on VIA’s business.

As VIA expands into new territories, it may encounter stronger market resistance than it currently expects, including from incumbent competitors in those territories.

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VIA will face risks associated with any potential expansion of its operations into new territories, including possible unfavorable regulatory, political, tax and labor conditions, which could harm its business. In addition, in certain of these markets, VIA may encounter incumbent competitors with established technologies and customer bases, lower prices or costs, and greater brand recognition. VIA anticipates having international operations and subsidiaries that are subject to the legal, political, regulatory and social requirements and economic conditions in these jurisdictions. However, VIA has no experience to date selling or leasing and servicing its vehicles internationally, and such expansion would require VIA to make significant expenditures, including the hiring of local employees and establishing facilities, in advance of generating any revenue. These risks include:

•conforming VIA’s electric commercial vehicles to various international regulatory requirements where its electric commercial vehicles are sold, which requirements may change over time;

•difficulties in obtaining or complying with various licenses, approvals, certifications and other governmental authorizations necessary to manufacture, sell or service its electric commercial vehicles in any of these jurisdictions;

•difficulty in staffing and managing foreign operations;

•difficulties attracting customers in new jurisdictions;

•foreign government taxes, regulations and permit requirements, including foreign taxes that VIA may not be able to offset against taxes imposed upon VIA in the U.S.;

•a heightened risk of failure to comply with corporation and employment tax laws

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, including risks related to any interest rate swap or other hedging activities VIA undertakes;

•U.S. and foreign government trade restrictions, tariffs and price or exchange controls;

•foreign labor laws, regulations and restrictions;

•changes in diplomatic and trade relationships;

•political instability, natural disasters, global health concerns, including health pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, war or events of terrorism; and

•the strength of international economies.

If VIA fails to successfully address these risks, VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially harmed.

We may not be able to accurately estimate the supply and demand for the VIA vehicles, which could result in inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. We will be required to provide forecasts of our demand to certain of our suppliers in advance of the scheduled delivery of the VIA vehicles to our prospective customers. Currently, there is no historical basis for estimating the demand for the VIA vehicles, or our ability to develop, manufacture and deliver the VIA vehicles. If we overestimate our requirements, we may have excess inventory, which would increase our costs. If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt the manufacture of the VIA vehicles and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of components in a timely manner, the delivery of VIA vehicles to customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by labor and union activities.

Although none of our employees are currently represented by a labor union, it is common throughout the automobile industry and other industries in which we compete generally for many employees to belong to a union, which can result in higher employee costs and increased risk of work stoppages. We may also directly and indirectly depend upon other companies with unionized work forces, such as parts suppliers and trucking and freight companies, and work stoppages or strikes organized by such unions could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or operating results.

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If we are unable to address the service requirements of our future customers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Demand for the VIA vehicles will depend, in part, on the availability of service support options. Servicing electric vehicles is different than servicing internal combustion engine or hybrid vehicles and requires specialized skills, including high voltage training and servicing techniques. As the VIA vehicles are not yet in production, we do not have experience servicing the VIA vehicles. We plan to provide service for the VIA vehicles in various ways, including through third-party service providers. Some potential customers may choose not to purchase the VIA vehicles because of the lack of a more widespread service network. If we are unable to satisfactorily service our future customers, our ability to generate customer loyalty, grow our business and sell the VIA vehicles could be impaired.

There are complex software and technology systems that need to be developed in coordination with vendors and suppliers in order to reach production for VIA’s electric commercial vehicles, and there can be no assurance such systems will be successfully developed.

VIA’s vehicles will use a substantial amount of third-party and in-house software codes and complex hardware to operate. The development of such advanced technologies is inherently complex, and VIA will need to coordinate with its vendors and suppliers in order to reach production for its electric commercial vehicles. Defects and errors may be revealed over time and VIA’s control over the performance of third-party services and systems may be limited. Thus, VIA’s potential inability to develop the necessary software and technology systems may harm its competitive position.

VIA relies on third-party suppliers to develop a number of emerging technologies for use in its products, including lithium-ion battery technology. These technologies are not currently, and may not ever be, commercially viable. There can be no assurances that VIA’s suppliers will be able to meet the technological requirements, production timing, and volume requirements to support its business plan. In addition, the technology may not comply with the cost, performance useful life and warranty characteristics VIA anticipates in its business plan. As a result, VIA’s business plan could be significantly impacted, and VIA may incur significant liabilities under warranty claims which could adversely affect its business, prospects and results of operations.

The discovery of defects in VIA’s vehicles may result in delays in new model launches, recall campaigns or increased warranty costs. Additionally, discovery of such defects may result in a decrease in the residual value of its vehicles, which may materially harm its business.

VIA’s electric commercial vehicles may contain defects in design and production that may cause them not to perform as expected or may require repair. Vehicle manufacturers are required to remedy defects related to vehicle safety and emissions through recall campaigns, and must recall vehicles if they determines that they do not comply with any applicable FMVSS. In addition, if a vehicle manufacturer determines that a safety or emissions defect or a non-compliance exists with respect to certain of its vehicles prior to the start of production, the launch of such vehicle could be delayed until the manufacturer remedies the defect or non-compliance. The costs associated with any protracted delay in new model launches necessary to remedy such defect, and the cost of providing a free remedy for such defects or non-compliance in vehicles that have been sold, could be substantial. VIA will also be obligated under the terms of its vehicle warranty to make repairs or replace parts in its vehicles at its expense for a specified period of time. Therefore, any failure rate that exceeds VIA’s assumptions may result in unanticipated losses.

VIA’s products (including vehicles and components) have not completed testing and VIA currently has a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate the performance of its electric commercial vehicles upon which its business prospects depend. There can be no assurance that VIA will be able to detect and fix any defects in its electric commercial vehicles. VIA may experience recalls in the future, which could adversely affect VIA’s brand and could adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. VIA’s electric commercial vehicles may not perform consistent with customers’ expectations or consistent with other vehicles which may become available. Any product defects or any other failure of VIA’s electric commercial vehicles and software to perform as expected could harm VIA’s reputation and result in a significant cost due to warranty replacement and other expenses, a loss of customer goodwill due to failing to meet maintenance targets in VIA’s total cost of ownership calculations, adverse publicity, lost revenue, delivery delays, product recalls and product liability claims and could have a material adverse impact on VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Additionally, discovery of such defects may result in a decrease in the residual value of VIA’s vehicles, which may materially harm its business. Moreover, problems and defects experienced by other electric vehicle companies could by association have a negative impact on perception and customer demand for VIA’s electric commercial vehicles.

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Insufficient warranty reserves to cover future warranty claims could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Once the VIA vehicles are in production, we will need to maintain warranty reserves to cover any warranty-related claims. If our warranty reserves are inadequate to cover such future warranty claims, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We may become subject to significant and unexpected warranty expenses. There can be no assurances that then existing warranty reserves will be sufficient to cover all claims.

VIA may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm its financial condition and liquidity if it is not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

Product liability claims, even those without merit or those that do not involve VIA’s products, could harm VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The automobile industry in particular experiences significant product liability claims, and VIA faces inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event VIA’s electric commercial vehicles do not perform or are claimed to not have performed as expected. As is true for other commercial vehicle suppliers, VIA expects in the future that its electric commercial vehicles may be involved in crashes resulting in death or personal injury. Additionally, product liability claims that affect VIA’s competitors may cause indirect adverse publicity for VIA and its products. A successful product liability claim against VIA could require VIA to pay a substantial monetary award. VIA’s risks in this area are particularly pronounced given the stage of development. Moreover, a product liability claim against VIA or its competitors could generate substantial negative publicity about VIA’s products and business and could have a material adverse effect on VIA’s brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

VIA may incur significant costs and expenses in connection with protecting and enforcing its intellectual property rights, including through litigation. Additionally, even if VIA is able to take measures to protect its intellectual property, third parties may independently develop technologies that are the same or similar to VIA.

VIA may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of its intellectual property, which could harm its business and competitive position. VIA relies on a combination of trade secrets (including know-how), employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyrights, trademarks, intellectual property licenses, and other contractual rights to establish and protect its rights in its technology. Despite VIA’s efforts to protect its proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use VIA’s intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon its intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of VIA’s intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps VIA has taken or will take may not prevent misappropriation. From time to time, VIA may have to resort to litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of its resources.

Patent, trademark and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. A number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Therefore, VIA’s intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States. Failure to adequately protect VIA’s intellectual property rights could result in its competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of VIA’s competitive advantage and a decrease in its revenue which, would adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

VIA’s vehicles will make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which can be dangerous under certain circumstances, including the possibility that such cells catch fire or vent smoke and flame.

The battery packs within VIA’s electric commercial vehicles will make use of lithium-ion cells. On rare occasions, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. While the battery pack is designed to contain any single cell’s release of energy without spreading to neighboring cells, a field or testing failure of VIA’s vehicles or other battery packs that it produces could occur, which could subject VIA to lawsuits, product recalls, or redesign efforts, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. Also, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells, such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve VIA’s vehicles, could seriously harm its business and reputation.

In addition, VIA intends to store its battery packs in its factories prior to installation in its electric commercial vehicles. Any mishandling of battery cells may cause disruption to the operation of VIA’s factories. While VIA has implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, a safety issue or fire related to the cells could disrupt its operations. Such damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor’s electric vehicle

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or energy storage product may cause indirect adverse publicity for VIA and its products. Such adverse publicity could negatively affect VIA’s brand and harm its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We are highly dependent upon the global transportation infrastructure to receive components and parts and/or to ship our products; delays in these shipments could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are highly dependent upon the global transportation systems we use to receive components and parts and to ship our products, including surface, ocean and air freight. Our attempts to closely match our inventory levels to our product demand intensify the need for our transportation systems to function effectively and without delay. The transportation network is subject to disruption or congestion from a variety of causes, including labor disputes or port strikes, acts of war or terrorism, natural disasters and congestion resulting from higher shipping volumes. If surface, ocean, and/or air freight transit times or delivery times increase unexpectedly for any reason, our ability to deliver products and/or receive components and parts on time would be materially adversely affected and result in delayed or lost revenue. In addition, if increases in fuel prices occur, our transportation costs would likely increase. A prolonged transportation disruption or a significant increase in the cost of freight could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

VIA may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening its brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of its vehicles and components and its business, revenues and prospects.

VIA’s business and prospects heavily depend on its ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the VIA brand. If VIA is not able to establish, maintain and strengthen its brand, it may lose the opportunity to build a critical mass of customers. VIA’s ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the VIA brand will depend heavily on the success of its marketing efforts. The electric vehicle industry is intensely competitive, and VIA may not be successful in building, maintaining and strengthening its brand. VIA’s current and potential competitors, particularly electric vehicle manufacturers headquartered in the United States, Japan, the European Union and China, have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than VIA does. If VIA does not develop and maintain a strong brand, its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

VIA is likely to face competition from a number of sources, which may impair its revenues, increase its costs to acquire new customers, and hinder its ability to acquire new customers.

The vehicle electrification market has expanded significantly since VIA was founded. The commercial vehicle electrification market in which VIA operates features direct competition which includes traditional vehicle manufacturers producing electric commercial vehicles that have historically focused on the consumer market, including but not limited to Daimler AG, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford and General Motors and electrification solution providers such as Rivian, Hyliion, Workhorse Group Inc., Nikola, and Evobus, possibly expanding into the commercial markets. If these companies or other vehicle manufacturers or providers of electrification solutions expand into the commercial markets, VIA will face increased direct competition, which may impair VIA’s revenue, increase its costs to acquire new customers, hinder its ability to acquire new customers, have a material adverse effect on VIA’s product prices, market share, revenue and profitability.

VIA may not be able to accurately estimate the supply and demand for its vehicles, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in its business and hinder its ability to generate revenue. If it does fail to accurately predict its manufacturing requirements, it could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict VIA’s future revenues and appropriately budget for its expenses, and VIA may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect its business. VIA will be required to provide forecasts of its demand to its suppliers several months prior to the scheduled delivery of products to its prospective customers. Currently, there is no historical basis for making judgments on the demand for VIA’s vehicles or its ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver vehicles, or VIA’s profitability in the future. If VIA overestimates its requirements, its suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase VIA’s costs. If VIA underestimates its requirements, its suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of its products and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that VIA’s suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If VIA fails to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of vehicles to its customers could be delayed, which would harm VIA’s business, financial condition and operating results.

VIA’s electric commercial vehicles will compete for market share with vehicles powered by other vehicle technologies that may prove to be more attractive than VIA’s vehicle technologies.

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VIA’s target market currently is serviced by manufacturers with existing customers and suppliers using proven and widely accepted fuel technologies. Additionally, VIA’s competitors are working on developing technologies that may be introduced in VIA’s target market. Similarly, improvement in competitor performance or technology may result in the infrastructure required to operate VIA vehicles, such as for charging, becoming comparatively expensive and reducing the economic attractiveness of its vehicles. If any of these alternative technology vehicles can provide lower fuel costs, greater efficiencies, greater reliability or otherwise benefit from other factors resulting in an overall lower total cost of ownership, this may negatively affect the commercial success of VIA’s vehicles or make VIA’s vehicles uncompetitive or obsolete.

If any of VIA’s suppliers become economically distressed or go bankrupt, VIA may be required to provide substantial financial support or take other measures to ensure supplies of components or materials, which could increase its costs, affect its liquidity or cause production disruptions.

VIA expects to purchase various types of equipment, raw materials and manufactured component parts from its suppliers. If these suppliers experience substantial financial difficulties, cease operations, or otherwise face business disruptions, VIA may be required to provide substantial financial support to ensure supply continuity or would have to take other measures to ensure components and materials remain available. Any disruption could affect VIA’s ability to deliver vehicles and could increase VIA’s costs and negatively affect its liquidity and financial performance.

VIA is subject to governmental export and import control laws and regulations. VIA’s failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

VIA’s products and solutions are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. export control laws and regulations and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. In addition, complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities.

Exports of VIA’s products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. For example, VIA may require one or more licenses to import or export certain vehicles, components or technologies to its research and development teams in various countries and may experience delays in obtaining the requisite licenses to do so. Audits in connection with the application for licenses may increase areas of noncompliance that could result in delays or additional costs. If VIA fails to comply with these laws and regulations, VIA and certain of its employees could be subject to additional audits, substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, fines, which may be imposed on VIA and responsible employees or managers and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

As VIA expands, it may encounter unforeseen import/export charges, which could increase its costs and hamper its profitability. In addition, changes in VIA’s products or solutions or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction and sale of VIA’s products and solutions in new territories, increase costs due to changes in import and export duties and taxes, prevent VIA’s customers from deploying VIA’s products and solutions or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of VIA’s products and solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of VIA’s products and solutions or in VIA’s decreased ability to export or sell its products and solutions to customers.

Any decreased use of VIA’s products and solutions or limitation on its ability to export or sell its products and solutions would likely adversely affect VIA’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that it or its employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of its employees’ former employers.

Many of our employees were previously employed by competitors or by suppliers to competitors. We may be subject to claims that it or these employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize our products, which could severely harm its business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and demand on management resources.

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Increased safety, emissions, fuel economy or other regulations may result in higher costs, cash expenditures and/or sales restrictions.

The motorized vehicle industry is governed by a substantial amount of government regulation, which often differs by state and region. Government regulation has arisen, and proposals for additional regulation are advanced, primarily out of concern for the environment, vehicle safety and energy independence. In addition, many governments regulate local product content and/or impose import requirements as a means of creating jobs, protecting domestic producers and influencing the balance of payments. The cost to comply with existing government regulations is substantial, and future, additional regulations could have a substantial adverse impact on VIA’s financial condition. For example, VIA is, and will be, subject to extensive vehicle safety and testing and environmental regulations in the United States, Canada, Mexico and other jurisdictions in which it may sell its vehicles.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of the information technology systems in our electric vehicles could result in loss of confidence in us and our electric vehicles and harm our business.

Our electric vehicles contain complex information technology systems and built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates to improve or update functionality. We have designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology networks, our electric vehicles and related systems. However, hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, trucks and systems to gain control of or to change our electric vehicles’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in generated by the vehicles. Future vulnerabilities could be identified and our efforts to remediate such vulnerabilities may not be successful. Any unauthorized access to or control of our electric vehicles, or any loss of customer data, could result in legal claims or proceedings and remediation of such problems could result in significant, unplanned capital expenditures. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to our electric vehicles or data, as well as other factors that may result in the perception that our electric vehicles or data are capable of being “hacked,” could negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

VIA does not currently have a third-party retail product distribution network.

Third-party dealer networks are the traditional method of vehicle sales distribution. However, VIA does not currently have a traditional third-party retail product distribution network and may sell directly to commercial fleet operators and fleet management companies. If VIA does not engage a traditional third-party retail product distribution network, it will have to build an in-house sales and marketing function at VIA, which may be expensive and time consuming. In addition, if VIA does not engage a traditional third-party retail product distribution network, the lack of such network may result in lost opportunities to generate sales and could limit VIA’s ability to grow. If VIA uses only an in-house sales and marketing team and such team is not effective, VIA’s results of operations and financial conditions could be adversely affected.

Our insurance strategy may not be adequate to protect itself from all business risks.

In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to losses resulting from product liability, accidents, acts of God and other claims against us, for which we may have limited or no insurance coverage. We may not maintain as much insurance coverage as other OEMs do, and in some cases, we may not maintain any at all. Additionally, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles, and we cannot be certain that its insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover all future claims against us. A loss that is uninsured or exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

VIA does not currently offer leasing and financing options for its vehicles, and it may be unable to offer attractive leasing and financing options in the future, which would adversely affect consumer demand for its vehicles. In addition, offering leasing and financing options to customers in the future could expose VIA to credit risk.

VIA currently does not have any arrangements in place to provide leasing and financing options for the purchases of its vehicles and cannot provide any assurance that may have leasing and financing options available for its potential customers in the future. VIA believes that the ability to offer attractive leasing and financing options is particularly relevant to customers in the vehicle market in which it competes, and if it is unable to offer its customers an attractive option to finance the purchase of or lease its future vehicles, such failure could substantially reduce the population of potential customers and decrease demand for its vehicles and adversely affect its results of operation and financial condition.

If there is inadequate access to charging stations, VIA’s business could be materially and adversely affected.

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Demand for VIA’s vehicles will depend in part on the availability of charging infrastructure as its vehicles will require the use of charging stations to recharge its batteries. VIA has not built, and currently does not plan to build, any commercial charging infrastructure, and VIA’s customers will have to rely on self-owned and publicly accessible charging infrastructure. While the prevalence of public charging stations has been increasing, they are significantly less widespread than gas stations. In addition, many of VIA’s potential customers do not currently have a sufficient self-owned charging infrastructure in place to meet their individual needs or expectations. As a result, some potential customers may choose not to purchase VIA’s vehicles because of the lack of a more widespread public charging infrastructure at the time of sale or the cost of installing a sufficient self-owned charging infrastructure, adversely affecting VIA’s growth, results of operation and financial condition.

Regulatory requirements may have a negative effect upon our business.

All vehicles sold must comply with international, federal and state motor vehicle safety standards. In the United States, vehicles that meet or exceed all federally mandated safety standards are certified under the federal regulations. Rigorous testing and the use of approved materials and equipment are among the requirements for achieving federal certification. The VIA vehicles will be subject to substantial regulation under federal, state and local laws and standards. These regulations include those promulgated by the U.S. EPA, the NHTSA, the PHMSA and various state boards, and compliance certification is required for each new model year. These laws and standards are subject to change from time to time, and we could become subject to additional regulations in the future. In addition, federal, state and local laws and industrial standards for electric vehicles are still developing. Compliance with these regulations and standards could be challenging, burdensome, time consuming and expensive. If compliance results in delays or substantial expenses, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

The Company has no unresolved Staff Comments.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risk from cybersecurity threats, and have integrated these processes into our overall risk management systems and processes. We routinely assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein.

We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments in the event of a material change in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential damage that could result from such risks, and the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures, systems, and safeguards in place to manage such risks.

Following these risk assessments, we re-design, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to minimize identified risks; reasonably address any identified gaps in existing safeguards; and regularly monitor the effectiveness of our safeguards. Primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing our cybersecurity risks rests with our VP of IT, software and telematics who reports to our Chief Executive Officer, to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process.

We engaged consultants, or other third parties in connection with our risk assessment processes. These service providers assist us to design and implement our cybersecurity policies and procedures.

We have not encountered cybersecurity challenges that have materially impaired our operations or financial standing.

Governance

Our board of directors addresses the Company’s cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The board of directors’ audit committee is responsible for overseeing Company’s cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain Company management, including the information technology team at the direction of our Chief Executive Officer. Our executive team including our Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer are responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the Company’s overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel. This executive team is responsible for approving budgets, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

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Our cybersecurity incident response and vulnerability management policies are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of management depending on the circumstances, including our Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer. In addition, the Company’s incident response and vulnerability management policies include reporting to the audit committee of the board of directors for certain cybersecurity incidents including significant breaches to the Company’s networks or systems. The audit committee receives regular reports from the information technology team concerning the Company’s significant cybersecurity threats and risk and the processes the Company has implemented to address them. The audit committee also has access to various reports, summaries or presentations related to cybersecurity threats, risk and mitigation.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We are headquartered in New York, New York. Our principal facilities include properties in North America, Europe and Asia for manufacturing and assembly, warehousing, engineering, retail and service locations and administrative and sales offices. Our facilities are suitable and adequate for the conduct of our business. We primarily lease all facilities. The following table sets forth our primary facilities:


Subsidiary	Facility	Location
Energica US	Distributor and service	San Francisco, CA
Solectrac	HQ and manufacturing	Windsor, CA
WAVE	HQ and manufacturing	Salt Lake City, Utah
Energica Italy	Manufacturing	Soliera, Italy

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Refer to Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part 2, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Approximate Number of Holders of Our Common Stock

As of June 13, 2024, there were approximately 735 holders of record of the Company’s common stock. This number excludes the shares of the Company’s common stock beneficially owned by shareholders holding stock in securities trading accounts through DTC, or under nominee security position listings.

Dividend Policy

The Company has never declared or paid a cash dividend. Any future decisions regarding dividends will be made by the Company’s Board. The Company currently intends to retain and use any future earnings for the development and expansion of the business and does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company’s Board has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends, subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders. Even if the Company’s Board decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, the Company’s ability to declare and pay dividends is dependent on the Company’s ability to declare dividends and profits in the PRC subsidiaries. PRC rules may greatly restrict and limit the ability of the Company’s subsidiaries to declare dividends which, in addition to restricting the Company’s cash flow, limits its ability to pay dividends to its shareholders.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

See Part III—Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters—“Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

The Company did not sell any equity securities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 that were not previously disclosed in a quarterly report on Form 10-Q or a current report on Form 8-K that was filed during the 2023 fiscal year.

Purchases of Equity Securities

No repurchases of the Company’s common stock were made in the year ended December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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PART II

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management’s discussion and analysis is presented in five sections as below and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains certain forward-looking information. See “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” above for certain information concerning those forward-looking statements.

•Overview

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Outlook

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

OVERVIEW

Ideanomics is an American company, headquartered in New York. Ideanomics has a clear mission – to accelerate the commercial adoption of electric vehicles.

The Company’s EV and technology acquisitions during 2023, 2022 and 2021 completed the foundation for its EV, and energy and charging services offering.

Principal Products or Services and Their Markets

WAVE Charging

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VIA Motors

Energica

Energica plans to continue expanding its global distribution network, accelerate production and sales and introduce new models and new EV technology.

Ideanomics owns a majority stake in Energica with over 70% ownership, and the founders, including Energica's management owning the balance of the Company’s equity.

Solectrac

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technology is greater. This shift ensures the Company can provide excellent service and support to its customers. Solectrac's direct customer sales are further supported by government programs designed to incentivize electrification.

Immaterial Corrections of Prior Period Financial Statements

Please refer to Note 2 for information relating to Immaterial Corrections of Prior Period Financial Statements.

Information about segments

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) has been identified as the chief executive officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. Therefore, the Company operates in one segment.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that the Company will continue in operation one year after the date these financial statements are issued and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Pursuant to the requirements of the ASC 205, management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these financial statements are issued.

This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.2 million. Approximately $1.2 million was held in accounts outside of the United States, primarily in Italy. The Company also had accounts payable and accrued expenses of $64.3 million, other current liabilities of $13.2 million, current contingent consideration of $0.7 million, lease payments due within the next twelve months of $3.2 million, and payments of short-term and long-term debt due within the next twelve months of $24.5 million. The Company had a net loss from continuing operation of $204.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and an accumulated deficit of $1,090.6 million.

The Company believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund continuing operations. The Company will need to bring in new capital to support its growth and, as evidenced from its successful capital raising activities in 2020 and 2021, believes it has the ability to continue to do so. However, there can be no assurance that this will occur.

The Company has various vehicles through which it could raise a limited amount of equity funding, however, these are subject to market conditions which are not within management’s control. Management continues to seek to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, mezzanine or debt securities. As we seek additional sources of financing, there can be no assurance that such financing would be available to us on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing in the debt and equity capital markets is subject to several factors, including market and economic conditions, our performance and investor sentiment with respect to us and our business and industry. These factors individually and collectively raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company has experienced greater net losses and negative cash flows from operating and investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023, consistent with its business plan for ongoing activities and planned acquisitions. As of the date of the filing of this Form 10-K, securing additional financing is in progress, and as such management has limited the extent to which it is taking actions to delay, scale back, or abandon future expenditures. As such, management’s actions to preserve an adequate level of liquidity for a period extending twelve months from the date of the filing of this Form 10-K are no longer sufficient on their own without additional financing, to mitigate the conditions raising substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. We currently do not have adequate cash to meet our short or long-term needs. In the event additional capital is raised, it may have a dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.

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The Company’s ability to raise capital is critical. The Company has raised approximately $30 million, since the beginning of the first quarter 2023, including the sale of preferred shares, issuance of a convertible note, the sale of financial assets and the sale of shares under the SEPA.

Although management continues to use these facilities and other opportunities to raise additional capital through a combination of debt financing, other non-dilutive financing and/or equity financing to supplement the Company’s capitalization and liquidity, management cannot conclude as of the date of this filing that its plans are probable of being successfully implemented.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We believe substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our business is expected to be impacted by both macroeconomic and Ideanomics-specific factors. The following factors have been part of the transformation of the Company which affected the results of our operations in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

•Our ability to transform our business and to meet internal or external expectations of future performance. In connection with this transformation, we are in the process of considerable changes, which include assembling a new management team in the United States and overseas, reconfiguring our business structure, continuing to further enhance our controls, procedures, and oversight during this transformation, and expanding our mission and business lines for continued growth. It is uncertain whether these efforts will prove beneficial or whether we will be able to develop the necessary business models, infrastructure and systems to support our businesses. To succeed, among other things, we will need to have or hire the right talent to execute our business strategy. Market acceptance of new product and service offerings will be dependent in part on our ability to include functionality and usability that address customer requirements, and optimally price our products and services to meet customer demand and cover our costs.

•Our ability to remain competitive. We will continue to face intense competition: these new technologies are constantly evolving, and our competitors may introduce new platforms and solutions that are superior to ours. In addition, our competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to new technologies or may be able to devote greater resources to the development, marketing and sale of their products than we can. We may never establish and maintain a competitive position in the hybrid financing and logistics management businesses.

•The fluctuation in earnings resulting from divestitures and asset sales, acquisitions, strategic equity investments, the formation of joint ventures, and in-licenses of technology. Our results of operations may fluctuate from period to period based on our entry into new transactions to expand our business. In addition, while we intend to contribute cash and other assets to our investments, we do not intend for our holding company to conduct significant research and development activities. In general, we intend research and development activities to be conducted by our technology partners and licensors. These fluctuations in growth or costs and in our investments and partnerships may contribute to significant fluctuations in the results of our operations.

Taxation

United States

Ideanomics, Inc. and its US subsidiaries are subject to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company has accumulated losses and has determined its losses more likely than not to be unutilized and has place a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.

With the acquisition of VIA Motors in 2023 it immediately became includable in the consolidated federal tax group of Ideanomics. This acquisition resulted in the recognition of $4.2 million of deferred tax liabilities. The federal deferred tax liabilities are available to utilize some losses from previous years and are recorded net of the valuation allowance. At December

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31, 2023, due to impairment and amortization of the acquired intangible assets of VIA Motors, an income tax benefit of $4.2 million resulted from a reduction of the deferred tax liabilities previously recorded.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was an income tax benefit of $7.7 million, principally consisting of the reduction, through amortization or impairment of intangible assets, of federal deferred tax liabilities recognized in previous acquisitions that had not allowed for the release of Ideanomics’ valuation allowances.

TCJA includes provision for GILTI under which taxes on foreign income are imposed on the excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of certain foreign subsidiaries. TCJA also enacted the BEAT under which taxes are imposed on certain base eroding payments to related foreign companies, subject to certain requirements.

Based on 2023 and 2022 financial results, the Company has determined that there is no GILTI or BEAT tax liability.

In addition, the TCJA now entitles U.S. companies that owns 10.0% or more of a foreign corporation a 100% dividends-received deduction for the foreign-source portion of dividends paid by such foreign corporation. Also, NOLs arising after December 31, 2017 are deductible only to the extent of 80.0% of the taxpayer’s taxable income, and may be carried forward indefinitely but generally not allowed to be carried back.

Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands

Under current laws of the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on its income or capital gains. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands or British Virgin Islands.

Hong Kong

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Profits Tax of 16.5%. All of the Hong Kong subsidiaries’ activities relate to support and ownership of businesses outside of Hong Kong, and consequently their expenses do not create operating loss carryovers.

The PRC

Under the PRC’s EIT Law, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries are subject to an EIT of 25.0%.

The Company’s future effective income tax rate depends on various factors, such as tax legislation, geographic composition of its pre-tax income and non-tax deductible expenses incurred. The Company’s management regularly monitors these legislative developments to determine if there are changes in the statutory income tax rate.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, all of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries incurred losses that created operating loss carryovers. Certain of the subsidiaries had previously established operating loss carryovers expire as PRC loss carryovers are generally allowed to be carried over five years. The deferred tax assets related to the operating loss carryovers have been fully offset by valuation allowances meaning that there was no income tax expense or benefit for the Company’s PRC subsidiaries these years.

Malaysia

During the year ended December 31, 2022 Tree Technologies recorded a $4.2 million deferred tax benefit, resulting from the full impairment of the land-use rights that are the source of Tree Technologies’ net deferred tax liabilities.

Italy

At the acquisition of Energica, with its US subsidiary, in 2022, intangible assets were recognized for financial reporting purposes that were not recognized for income tax purposes. This, in combination with some smaller temporary differences, resulted in the recognition of $6.4 million deferred tax liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Energica provided an income tax benefit of approximately $1.1 million, based on the reduction of the deferred tax liabilities due to impairment and amortization of the intangible assets and net operating loss carryovers that would offset the deferred tax liabilities.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (USD in thousands, except per share amounts)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022(restated)		Amount Change		% Change
Revenue	$	15,459	$	19,015	$	(3,556)	(19)	%
Cost of revenue	18,173		22,373		(4,200)		(19)	%
Gross profit	(2,714)		(3,358)		644		(19)	%

Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses	83,780		113,573		(29,793)		(26)	%
Research and development expense	10,191		3,792		6,399		169	%
Asset impairments	163,984		63,847		100,137		157	%
Goodwill impairments	13,712		22,662		(8,950)		(39)	%
Change in fair value of contingent consideration, net	(73,768)		(131)		(73,637)		56211	%
Litigation settlements	89		225		(136)		(60)	%
Depreciation and amortization	16,752		5,308		11,444		216	%
Total operating expenses	214,740		209,276		5,464		3	%

Loss from operations	(217,454)		(212,634)		(4,820)		2	%

Interest and other income (expense):
Interest income	316		3,449		(3,133)		(91)	%
Interest expense	(4,307)		(2,909)		(1,398)		48	%


Loss on disposal of subsidiaries, net	(1,152)		(217)		(935)		431	%
Gain on remeasurement of investment	—		10,965		(10,965)		(100)	%
Other income, net	12,505		865		11,640		1346	%
Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interest	(210,092)		(200,481)		(9,611)		5	%

Income tax benefit	5,242		1,574		3,668		233	%
Impairment of and equity in loss of equity method investees	—		(14,726)		14,726		(100)	%

Net loss from continuing operations	(204,850)		(213,633)		8,783		(4)	%
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(29,276)		(68,452)		39,176		(57)	%
Net loss	(234,126)		(282,085)		47,959		(17)	%



Net loss attributable to common shareholders	(234,126)		(282,085)		47,959		(17)	%

Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	10,297		21,425		(11,128)		(52)	%

Net loss attributable to Ideanomics, Inc. common shareholders	$	(223,829)	$	(260,660)	$	36,831	(14)	%

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Revenues (USD in thousands)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022		Amount Change

Electric vehicles products	$	3,328	$	4,830	$	(1,502)
Electric vehicles services	72		—		72
Electric motorcycle products and services	7,590		10,435		(2,845)
Electric motorcycle sponsorship services	743		1,075		(332)
Charging, battery and powertrain products	2,932		849		2,083
Charging, battery and powertrain services	30		1,482		(1,452)


Other revenue	764		344		420
Total	$	15,459	$	19,015	$	(3,556)

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $15.5 million as compared to $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company earned revenues of $3.3 million from sales of EV products as compared to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1.5 million. The decrease was driven by lack of available capital to increase sales, as well as overall market challenges. Revenues from the Electric Motorcycle Product, services, and sponsorship service lines were generated almost exclusively from Energica, experiencing a softer market for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of revenue (USD in thousands)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022		Amount Change

Electric vehicles products	$	4,049	$	5,048	$	(999)
Electric vehicles services	39		—		39
Electric motorcycle products and services	11,216		14,050		(2,834)
Electric motorcycle sponsorship services	19		—		19
Charging, battery and powertrain products	2,500		2,030		470
Charging, battery and powertrain services	—		871		(871)


Other revenue	350		374		(24)
Total	$	18,173	$	22,373	$	(4,200)

Cost of revenues was $18.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $22.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The cost of revenues increased by $4.2 million. Cost from the Electric Motorcycle Product, services, and sponsorship service lines were generated almost exclusively from Energica, experiencing a softer market for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Gross profit (USD in thousands)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022		Amount Change

Electric vehicles products	$	(721)	$	(218)	$	(503)
Electric vehicles services	33		—		33
Electric motorcycle products and services	(3,626)		(3,615)		(11)
Electric motorcycle sponsorship services	724		1,075		(351)
Charging, battery and powertrain products	432		(1,181)		1,613
Charging, battery and powertrain services	30		611		(581)


Other revenue	414		(30)		444
Total	$	(2,714)	$	(3,358)	$	644

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Gross profit ratio


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022

Electric vehicles products	(21.7)	%	(4.5)	%
Electric vehicles services	45.8	%	n/m
Electric motorcycle products and services	(47.8)	%	(34.6)	%
Electric motorcycle sponsorship services	97.4	%	100.0	%
Charging, battery and powertrain products	14.7	%	(139.1)	%
Charging, battery and powertrain services	100.0	%	41.2	%


Other revenue	54.2	%	(8.7)	%
Total	(17.6)	%	(17.7)	%

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(2.7) million, as compared to gross profit of $(3.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The gross profit ratio for the year ended December 31, 2023 was (17.6)%, as compared to gross profit of (17.7)% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven by decreased revenue from lack of available capital to invest in the operating companies, as well as overall challenging market conditions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $83.8 million as compared to $113.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $29.8 million. The decrease was mainly due to the cost saving effort across the Company, which resulted in the decreased compensation and benefits costs, stock compensation expense, professional fees and marketing and other expense, partially offset by the expense incurred in VIA that was acquired in Jan 2023.

Research and development expense

Research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $10.2 million as compared to $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 an increase of $6.4 million. The increase is mainly due to research and development expense incurred in VIA motors.

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Asset Impairments and Goodwill Impairments

The following table summarizes the impairment losses recorded in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, (in thousands):


Asset Impaired	Note	Caption	Amount
			2023		2022
Equity method investments		Impairment of and equity in loss of equity method investees	$	—	$	11,748

Intangible assets	Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets	Asset Impairment	121,387		2,634

Goodwill	Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets	Goodwill impairment	13,712		22,661

Right of use assets	Note 12. Leases	Asset impairment	7,645		—

Office furniture, equipment and Contraction in progress	Note 10. Property and Equipment, net	Asset impairment	586		—

Available for sale securities		Asset Impairment	—		69

Other		Asset impairment	47		12

Notes receivable from related parties	Note 6. Notes receivable from third parties	Asset impairment	27,400		61,132

Cost method investments		Asset Impairment	6,919		—
Total			$	177,696	$	98,256

Additional information related to the impairment losses recorded in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $10.7 million related to VIA Motors goodwill and $3.0 million related to Energica goodwill.

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $104.4 million related to VIA Motors intangible assets and $17.0 million related to Energica intangible assets

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $27.4 million related to VIA Motors notes.

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $6.9 million related to VIA Motors investment.

Year Ended December 31, 2022

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $22.7 million related to Energica.

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $48.9 million related to VIA Motors notes, $11.6 million related to Inobat notes and 0.7 million related to FNL notes.

•The Company recorded impairment loss of $1.9 million related to FNL investment, $6.7 million related to Prettl investment and $3.1 million related to MDI investment.

•The Company recorded $2.4 million software impairment loss.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration, net

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of contingent consideration, net was a decrease of $73.8 million. That mainly due to the remeasurement of the contingent consideration payable to the former VIA Motors shareholders.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the change in fair value of contingent consideration, net was a loss of $0.1 million, this mainly represents a remeasurement of the contingent consideration payable to the former Tree Technology shareholders.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $16.8 million as compared to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $11.4 million. The increase was mainly the increase in amortization and depreciation expense recorded by VIA Motors, which was acquired in January 2023.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $217.5 million as compared to loss of $212.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 an increase of $4.8 million. The increased loss from operations is mainly due to a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses, contingent consideration remeasurement gain, which was partially offset by the increased impairment expense.

Interest income

Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.3 million as compared to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an decrease of $3.1 million. The decrease was mainly due to the decreased notes receivable.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $4.3 million as compared to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a increase of $1.4 million. The increase was mainly due to more debts incurred in 2023 which resulted in the increased interest expense and discount amortization

The following table summarizes the breakdown of the interest expense (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2022
Interest	$	2,117	$	1,798
Amortization of discount	1,598		1,111
Total	$	3,715	$	2,909

(Loss) gain on disposal of subsidiaries, net

The following table summarizes gains and (losses) recorded in “Loss on disposal of subsidiaries, net” in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


Subsidiary	Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2022
Seven Stars Energy PTD LTD.			$	(180)
Timios	1,152		—


Other	—		(37)
Total	$	1,152	$	(217)

(Loss) gain on disposal of subsidiaries was a gain of $1.2 million for year ended December 31, 2023, mainly represents the disposal loss of Timios, including 2.9 million gain recognized in the discontinued operation, the Company recognized $1.7 million gain related to Timios disposal in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Gain on remeasurement of investment

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Gain on remeasurement of investment was $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which resulted from the remeasurement of the Company's investment in Solectrac to its fair value as of the date the Company obtained the remainder of the Solectrac shares outstanding and commenced consolidating Solectrac.

There were no such remeasurements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net was $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $0.9 million for year ended December 31, 2022, a increase of $11.6 million. The increase is mainly is due to $4.5 million D&O insurance recovery and $5.3 million gain from Inobat note settlement..

Income tax (expense) benefit

In the year ended December 31, 2023, the income tax benefit of $5.2 million is mainly due to a $4.2 million income tax benefit from VIA Motors and $1.1 million tax benefit from Energica, almost entirely from the reduction of deferred tax liabilities that accompanied a reduction, through impairment of charges, of intangible assets that did not have income tax basis.

In the year ended December 31, 2022, the income tax benefit of $1.6 million is mainly due to a $3.6 million income tax benefit from Energica, including its U.S. subsidiary, and a $2.0 million income tax expense from Ideanomics. The Energica benefit consists of 1) a $1.0 million benefit from amortization of various intangible assets resulting in a reversal of deferred tax liabilities recognized when the intangible assets were first recorded in acquisition of Energica and 2) a $2.5 million benefit from net operating losses creating carryovers that could offset part of Energica’s remaining deferred tax liabilities.

The Company had established a 100.0% valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets due to its history of pre-tax losses and the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Impairment of and equity in loss of equity method investees

Impairment of and equity in loss of equity method investments for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $14.7 million. It mainly represents impairment and equity pick-up loss from the equity investment.

There were no such activities in 2023.

Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax

Net loss from discontinued operation was $29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a net loss of $68.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is mainly due to the reduced losses incurred in China, Tree Technology and Timios.

Net (income)/loss attributable to non-controlling interest

Net (income)/loss attributable to non-controlling interests was a $10.3 million loss in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a $21.4 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is due to the reduced losses incurred in Tree Technology and Energica. Tree Technology and Energica has significant impairment loss in 2022.

Restructuring of PRC and Tree Technology Operations

On September 12, 2022, the Board authorized management to pursue a plan to restructure the current EV resale activities in China. This change in the scope of activities in China significantly reduced in the number of operating entities, a simplification of the legal entity structure and a pivot to margin expansion opportunities. In the second quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down Tree Technology business,

The restructuring costs are mainly employee termination cost. Employee termination benefits were recorded based on statutory requirements, completed negotiations and Company policy. The following table summarizes the charges in connection with its employee termination cost (in thousands):

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	Years ended
	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Balance at the beginning of the period	1,056	—
Increase/(decrease)	608	1,056
Payment	(1,268)	—
Balance at the end of the period	396	1,056

As of December 31, 2023, China and Tree Technology had completed all expected run-off activities and consequently was classified as a discontinued operation. For further details, please refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.2 million. Approximately $1.2 million was held in accounts outside of the United States, primarily in Italy. The Company also had accounts payable and accrued expenses of $64.3 million, other current liabilities of $13.2 million, current contingent consideration of $0.7 million, lease payments due within the next twelve months of $3.2 million, and payments of short-term and long-term debt due within the next twelve months of $24.5 million. The Company had a net loss of $204.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and an accumulated deficit of $1,090.6 million.

Due to the strict regulations governing the transfer of funds held in the PRC to other jurisdictions, the Company does not consider funds held in its PRC entities to be available to fund operations and investment outside of the PRC and consequently does not include them when evaluating the liquidity needs of its businesses operating outside of the PRC.

The Company had negative cash flow from operating activities of $53 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of the date of the filing of this Form 10-K, securing additional financing is in progress, and as such management has limited the extent to which it is taking actions to delay, scale back, or abandon future expenditures. As such, management’s actions to preserve an adequate level of liquidity for a period extending twelve months from the date of the filing of this Form 10-K continue to be insufficient on their own without additional financing, to mitigate the conditions raising substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. We currently do not have adequate cash to meet our short or long-term needs. In the event additional capital is raised, it may have a dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.

We have short-term debt obligations of $24.5 million and lease obligations of $3.2 million which come due in the year ending December 31, 2024. We currently have long-term debt obligations of $3.9 million, and have lease obligations of $10.9 million which come due from the years ending December 31, 2024 through 2034.

The following table provides a summary of net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

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	Year Ended
	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(52,657)	$	(129,989)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	1,823		(94,722)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	31,932		(21,024)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(598)		(2,199)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(19,500)		(247,934)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	21,929		269,863
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	2,429		21,929
Less: Cash of discontinued operations at end of period	1,180		19,015
Cash and restricted cash of continuing operations at end of period	$	1,249	$	2,914

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $52.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to cash used in operating activities of $130.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. This was primarily due to (1) an decrease in the net loss from $282.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 to $234.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. (2) total non-cash adjustments to net loss were $135.8 million and $109.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively; and (3) total changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions resulted in a decrease of $16.4 million and $26.2 million in cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities was $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to the acquisition of the convertible notes with VIA and settlement of the Inobat note. Cash used in investing activities was $94.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to expenditures incurred for the acquisitions of Energica and the acquisition of the convertible notes with VIA.

Financing Activities

In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $31.9 million from financing activities versus repaid $22.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received $4.0 million from the issuance of common stock and the exercise of stock options, $9.9 million from the issuance of series B preferred stock, $2.0 million from borrowing from a related party, $6.1 million from revolving line of credit, $7.7 million from the issuance of convertible notes and made repayments of $2.0 million to a related party and $7.1 million line of credit.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received $0.6 million from the issuance of common stock and the exercise of stock options, $4.9 million from the issuance of convertible notes, $10.0 million from the issuance of series B preferred stock, $5.1 million from revolving line of credit, and made repayment of $40.8 million convertible note and $3.9 million line of credit.

The Company expects to continue to raise both equity and debt finance to support the Company’s investment plans and operations.

Off-balance sheet arrangements are obligations the Company has with nonconsolidated entities related to transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements. The Company holds interests in investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company does not control these investments and therefore does not consolidate them.

We do not have other off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity or capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to an investor in our securities.

Seasonality

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The Company expects that EV orders and sales will be influenced by the amount and timing of budgeted expenditure by its customers. Typically, the Company would expect to see higher sales at the start of the year when companies start executing on their capital programs and at the end of the year when companies are spending any surplus or uncommitted budget before the new budget cycle commences. The Company’s EV businesses are in the early stage of their development and consequently do not have sufficient trading histories to project seasonal buying patterns with any degree of confidence.

OUTLOOK

The Company seeks to accelerate the commercial adoption of electric vehicles. The Company’s EV and technology acquisitions during 2023, 2022 and 2021 completed the foundation for its EV, and energy and charging services offering. The Company believes its largest addressable market opportunity is local and last-mile delivery vehicles and associated charging products for last- and middle-mile delivery vehicles. The Company’s vehicles and charging systems will provide fleet operators with confidence that EV can deliver what their business requires, affordably and reliably. The local delivery market is expected to continue to grow at a fast pace, as more retailers seek to offer greater convenience to customers. Both current and long-term legislation, phasing out commercial vehicles powered by fossil fuels in favor of clean energy technologies such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), is further driving demand for both vehicles and associated charging systems.

Due to industry-wide adverse market conditions stemming from a slower than expected adoption rate of commercial electric vehicles in 2023, the Company embarked on a restructuring program to better position itself for a market where cost of capital increased, and revenue grew at a slower pace than anticipated. This program entailed the divestiture and wind-down of several assets deemed non-core to the business.

The Company continues to believe that the innovative proprietary technologies within its WAVE Charging, VIA Motors, Energica, and Solectrac units are proprietary, differentiated and represent a tremendous opportunity as the commercial EV market continues to mature and grow.

WAVE Charging continues to win new contracts with commercial customers looking to use its proprietary high-powered inductive charging technology for warehouse and distribution use cases. Should its current projects be successful, it anticipates it can achieve significant scale with these marquee customers who operate both on a national and global scale.

Energica became the electric motorcycle of choice for several global police forces in 2023, in recognition of the high quality of its products, and Energica Inside continues to leverage Energica's proprietary technologies to provide electrification solutions for several different categories of vehicle, as well as powering motorcycles for other brands in non-competing markets.

VIA Motors is in discussions with other strategic partners interested in licensing its proprietary skateboard technology for those partners' vehicle electrification projects for application to their own vehicular platforms, helping to reduce time to market and development costs.

Solectrac has shifted its focus to a direct-to-consumer strategy supported by a small number of dealers in geographic regions where adoption of the technology is greater. This shift ensures the Company can provide excellent service and support to its customers. Solectrac's direct customer sales are further supported by government programs designed to incentivize electrification.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations governing, among other things, hazardous materials, environmental contamination and the protection of the environment. We have made, and expect to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures. We may also incur fines and penalties from time to time associated with noncompliance with such laws and regulations.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires the Company’s management to make assumptions, estimates, and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. Company management has identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of its financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Critical accounting policies

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are those that are most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations and require management’s difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. Company management believes the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of its financial statements. Company management has reviewed the critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The evaluation is performed at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows independent of other assets. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows generated from the assets are less than their carrying amount.

Factors which could result in the Company performing an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, and significant negative industry or economic trends.

The assumptions and estimates used to determine future values and remaining useful lives of our intangible and other long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by various factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our forecasts for future expansion development.

As a result of the impairment analyses performed in the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded impairment losses related to intangible assets of 121.4 million.

As a result of the impairment analyses performed in the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded impairment losses related to intangible assets of 2.6 million.

Accounting for Business Combinations

Our consolidated financial statements include the operations of acquired businesses subsequent to the closing of the transaction. We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred.

Accounting for business combinations requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date including the identification of and our estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, restructuring liabilities, pre-acquisition contingencies and contingent consideration, where applicable. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from our management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain.

When estimating fair value, depending on the nature and complexity of the asset or liability, we may use one or all of the following techniques:

•Income approach, which is based on the present value of a future stream of net cash flows;

•Market approach, which is based on market prices and other information from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities; and

•Cost approach, which is based on the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, less an allowance for functional and/or economic obsolescence.

Fair value methodologies depend on the following types of inputs:

•Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1 inputs);

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•Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable, or inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means (Level 2 inputs); and

•Unobservable inputs that reflect estimates and assumptions (Level 3 inputs).

The determination of fair value is extremely subjective and complex, and requires judgements concerning future events, including future cash flows, the appropriate discount factors and weighted average cost of capital, and market comparability, among other factors. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of identifiable net assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Application of goodwill impairment tests requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units and determination of fair value of each reporting unit. The Company performs goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level which is defined as the operating segment or one level below the operating segment. One level below the operating segment, or component, is a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually, on October 1, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit has declined below its carrying amount. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment using qualitative and/or quantitative testing procedures.

The Company has the option to first perform qualitative testing to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Judgment applied when performing the qualitative analysis includes consideration of macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, composition, personnel or strategy changes affecting the reporting unit and recoverability of asset groups within a reporting unit. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, the Company determines it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then performing the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the quantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount.

The fair value of a reporting unit may be determined using externally quoted prices (if available), a discounted cash flow model, or a market approach. Judgments applied when performing the quantitative analysis includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these judgments, estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

An impairment loss, if any, is recorded when the fair value of a reporting unit has declined below its carrying amount.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of the promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the amount and timing of revenue recognition for the arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the respective performance obligations.

A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is generally evaluated by measuring our progress in satisfying the performance obligation as evidenced by the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control over the promised good.

The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the promised goods or services, or the transaction price. In determining the transaction price, we evaluate consideration promised in a contract that includes a variable amount, or variable consideration, and estimate the amount of consideration that is due to us. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent that we believe it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized will not occur.

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Additionally, an analysis is performed in order to evaluate whether the Company is acting as a principal, in which case revenue is reported on a gross basis, or as an agent, in which case revenue is reported on a net basis. This analysis considers whether or not the Company obtains control of the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer, as well as other indicators such as the party primarily responsible for fulfillment, inventory risk, and discretion in establishing price.

EV and Related Revenue

The Company’s EV contracts are typically with large enterprises and consequently are heavily negotiated as to the product(s) or service(s) to be provided; consequently, the accounting treatment for the reporting of revenues may vary materially between contracts including whether the revenue is reported on a gross or net basis.

For certain EV contracts recognized over time, the Company uses the cost-to-total cost method to recognize the revenue over the life of the contract. For EV contracts with revenue recognized over time, the revenue recognized is determined based upon the costs incurred as compared to the estimate of the total costs incurred.

For EV contracts recognized at a point in time, the Company recognizes revenue when control passes to the customer, which is generally based on shipping terms that address when title and risk and rewards pass to the customer. However, the Company also considers certain customer acceptance provisions as certain contracts with customers include installation, testing, certification or other acceptance provisions. In instances where contractual terms include a provision for customer acceptance, the Company considers whether it has previously demonstrated that the product meets objective criteria specified by either the seller or customer in assessing whether control has passed to the customer.

Contracts entered into with governmental agencies for services and products are analyzed in order to determine if they should be accounted for under a revenue recognition model pursuant to ASC 606 or a grant model under ASC 958. If accounted for pursuant to a grant model, the Company must determine if the grant is conditional or unconditional, and if conditional any barriers exist which must be overcome. If unconditional, the grant is recognized as revenue immediately, and if conditional, the grant is recognized as revenue as and when the barriers are overcome. The significant barrier to the current conditional grants are that the expenses incurred must meet the qualifications as established by the respective governmental agencies, so that the grant revenue is recognized as the qualified expenses are incurred.

Long-term Investments

The Company accounts for equity investments through which management exercises significant influence but does not have control over the investee under the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company’s share of undistributed earnings or losses of the investee. The Company’s share of losses is not recognized when the investment is reduced to zero unless the Company guarantees the investees’ obligations or the Company has committed to providing additional funding.

The equity investments which are not consolidated or accounted for under the equity method are either carried at fair value or under the measurement alternative upon the adoption of the ASU No. 2016-01.

The Company utilizes the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and measures these investments at cost less impairment plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.

Management periodically reviews long-term investments for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be fully recoverable. Management considers impairment indicators such as negative changes in industry and market conditions, financial performance, business prospects, and other relevant events and factors. If indicators exist, further analysis must be performed in order to determine if the impairment, if any, is other-than-temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the fair value of the investment must be determined. In the absence of quoted market prices, management must use judgement to determine the fair value of the investment, considering such factors as current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the entities, including current earnings trends and forecasted cash flows, and other company and industry specific information. If the fair value of the investment is below the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recorded to record the investment at fair value.

Inventory

The valuation of inventory requires us to estimate obsolete or excess inventory. as well as inventory that is not of saleable quality. The determination of obsolete or excess inventory requires us to estimate the future demand for our products. The

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estimate of future demand is compared to work-in-process and finished goods inventory levels to determine the amount, if any, of obsolete or excess inventory. As of December 31, 2023, we had total work-in-process inventory of $9.4 million, raw materials inventory of $6.8 million, total finished goods inventory of $11.9 million and an inventory reserve of $8.3 million. The demand forecast is included in the development of our short-term manufacturing plans to enable consistency between inventory valuation and inventory decisions. Product-specific facts and circumstances reviewed in the inventory valuation process include a review of the customer base, the stage of the product life cycle of our products, consumer confidence, and customer acceptance of our products, as well as an assessment of the selling price in relation to the product cost. If our demand forecast for specific products is greater than actual demand and we fail to reduce manufacturing output accordingly, we could be required to write off inventory, which would negatively impact our gross margin.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance on deferred tax assets is established when management considers it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Tax benefits from an uncertain tax position are only recognized if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as incurred as a component of income tax expense. The Company has not recognized any tax benefits from uncertain tax positions for any of the reporting periods presented.

Taxes based on gross revenue rather than on net income are not considered CIT and are instead included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations.

The Company files federal and state income tax returns. These returns remain subject to examination by taxing authorities for all years after December 31, 2018.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

The Company had $7.5 million of fixed rate 4.0% convertible debt outstanding as of December 31, 2023. These debt obligations are not currently subject to fluctuations in interest rates, although in the event of issuance of new debt, such debt could be subject to changes in interest rates.

Market Risk

We have had investments in debt securities classified as available-for-sale securities, and which were recorded at fair value. There were no such investments as of December 31, 2023. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded impairment losses of $15.8 million related to these investments. There were no such investments as of December 31, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company no longer has any investments in equity securities of which are publicly-traded. For the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company had investments in equity securities, certain of which are publicly-traded which had carrying amounts of $7.5 million. These include shares of common stock of Energica, which are publicly traded in Italy, and at December 31, 2021 had a carrying amount of $12.3 million and a fair value of $21.8 million. The remainder of the equity investments are not publicly traded.

Based on management’s analysis of certain investment’s performance, there were no impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023, and impairment losses of $4.5 million and $0.2 million were recorded in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We have recorded impairment losses related to equity method investments of $0.0 million and $11.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Our investments in debt and equity securities are generally not in companies which are publicly traded, and the market for these securities may be illiquid. Furthermore, many of the companies in which we invest may have a business model which is embryonic or developmental in nature and may not come to fruition.

Investments in debt and equity securities carry a degree of risk, as there can be no assurance that the securities will be collectible or otherwise recoverable, will not lose value and, in general, securities markets can be volatile and unpredictable. As a result of these different market risks, our holdings of these securities could be materially and adversely affected.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are exposed to risks associated with changes in foreign exchange rates. Changes in foreign exchange rates create volatility in the U.S. Dollar equivalent of our revenues and expenses. While results of our China operations, as measured in U.S. Dollars, are subject to foreign exchange fluctuations, we do not consider the related risk to be material to our results of operations. While our exposure to foreign exchange risk is not currently material to us, we expect to grow our international revenues in the future, and any future potential exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations may present a material risk to our business. We recorded foreign currency exchange losses of $0.0 million and $4.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

IDEANOMICS, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


			Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022			F-7
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021			F-8
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021			F-9
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021			F-10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021			F-11
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-12

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the board of directors of Ideanomics, Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Ideanomics, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”), as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Substantial Doubt Regarding the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, has an accumulated deficit and does not believe that its current level of cash and cash equivalents is sufficient to fund continuing operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. As part of our 2023 audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Business Combinations

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired all outstanding shares of VIA and was accounted for as a business combination. We identified the evaluation of the acquisition date fair value of intangible assets acquired and goodwill as a critical audit matter.

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The principal consideration for our determination that the evaluation of the acquisition date fair values of the intangible assets acquired and goodwill was a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s determination of the fair values of the acquired intangible assets and goodwill, which is primarily due to the complexity of the valuation models used and the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The key assumptions used within the valuation models included prospective financial information, including future revenue growth and an applied discount rate. The calculated fair values are sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of acquisition date fair values of the intangible assets acquired and goodwill included the following, among others:

aWe evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of certain controls over the acquisition-date valuation process, including controls over the development of the key assumptions such as the revenue growth and the applied discount rate. We considered the material weaknesses relating to management’s internal controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit.

bWe read and reviewed the relevant agreements to assess the reasonableness and completeness of assets identified in the purchase price allocation.

cWe vouched to stock tendered to source documentation to validate purchase price.

dWe evaluated the methodologies used to determine the fair value of the consideration provided in the form of notes receivable and SAFE note to determine the consideration provided for the acquisition.

eWe obtained the purchase price allocation analyses from management and the third-party specialists engaged by management.

fWe assessed the qualifications and competence of management and the qualifications, competence and objectivity of third-party specialist.

gWe evaluated the methodologies used to determine the fair values of the intangible assets and goodwill.

hWe tested the assumptions used within the discounted cash flow models to estimate the fair values of the intangible assets, which included key assumptions such as the future revenue growth and the applied discount rate.

iWe assessed the reasonableness of management’s forecast by inquiring with management to understand how the forecasts were developed and comparing the projections to historical results and economic conditions.

jWe involved an internal valuation specialist who assisted in the evaluation and testing performed of the reasonableness of significant methods and assumptions to the models, including the applied discount rate.

kWe assessed the sufficiency of Company’s disclosure of its accounting for these acquisitions included in Note 7.

Impairment assessment of intangible assets and goodwill

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 3 and Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs an annual impairment assessment of its indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values exceeds its fair value. The Company reviews other intangible assets with estimable lives for impairment whenever indicators are present that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

The principal consideration for our determination that this was a critical audit matter is that auditing the valuation of intangible assets and goodwill involved complex judgment due to subjective evaluation of indicators and significant estimation required in determining the recoverability or fair value of the intangible assets and goodwill. Specifically, the cash flow forecasts were sensitive to significant assumptions about future market and economic conditions. Significant assumptions used in the Company’s estimates included sales volume, growth rates, gross profits, operating expenditures, and discount rate, as applicable.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of the intangible assets and goodwill for impairment included the following, among others:

aWe evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of certain controls over the Company’s annual impairment assessments of intangible assets and goodwill. We considered the material weaknesses relating to management’s internal controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit.

bWe evaluated management’s assessment in qualitative factors relating to the intangible assets and goodwill valuation, by accumulating our understanding of the Company’s reporting units’ performance.

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cWith respect to the Company’s valuation of intangible assets and goodwill as a result of impairment indicators identified:

1.We also assessed the reasonableness of management’s forecast by inquiring with management to understand how the forecasts were developed and comparing the projections to historical results. and evaluating the reasonableness of management’s projected financial information by comparing to observable economic conditions.

2.We assessed the qualifications and competence of management and the qualifications, competence and objectivity of third-party specialists and management’s specialist who prepared the valuation analyses.

3.We evaluated the methodologies used to determine the fair values of the impaired intangible assets and goodwill.

4.We involved an internal valuation specialist who assisted in the evaluation and testing performed of the reasonableness of significant methods and assumptions to the models, including the applied discount rate.

aWe reviewed the Company’s reconciliation of net book value of its reporting units as compared to market capitalization.

bWe assessed the Company’s disclosure of its impairment assessments included in Note 3 as well as the sufficiency of footnote disclosure of impairment assessment of intangible assets and goodwill in Note 11.

Valuation of Inventory

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 3, the Company’s inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost generally computed on a first-in, first-out basis. Estimated losses from obsolete and slow-moving inventories are recorded to reduce inventory values to their estimated net realizable value and are charged to costs of revenue. At the point of loss recognition, a new cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in a recovery in carrying value.

The principal consideration for our determination that this was a critical audit matter is that the valuation of inventories, specific to write downs, requires management to make significant assumptions and especially complex judgments about the future salability of the inventory and its net realizable value. These assumptions include the assessment of net realizable value by inventory category considering economic trends, future usage and market demand for their products. Additionally, management makes qualitative judgments related to slow moving and obsolete inventories. Given the significant judgments made by management, auditing the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

The most relevant procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following:

aWe evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of certain controls over the Company’s valuation of inventory.

bWe considered the material weakness relating to management’s internal controls in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit.

cWe evaluated the Company’s estimate for excess and obsolete inventory including the following:

aEvaluating the reasonableness of the methodology used by management to develop its estimate;

bTesting the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the underlying data used by management to develop the estimate;

cEvaluating the reasonableness of specified inputs supporting management's estimate, including historic inventory trends, and historic write-off activity;

dUtilizing data obtained from physical inventory observation, analytical procedures and other procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of qualitative adjustments, including those related to forecasted demand and usage;

ePerforming inquiries with appropriate financial personnel, regarding obsolete or discontinued inventory models and other factors to corroborate management’s assertions regarding qualitative judgments about slow moving and obsolete inventories; and

fTesting the mathematical accuracy of the calculations related to the application of the Company’s methodology to specific inventory categories.

gEvaluating inventory levels and relative obsolescence reserves analytically

Valuation of Warrants attached to Preferred Stock Series B

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Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement and sold preferred stock and warrants during 2023. We identified the evaluation of the fair value of warrants issued and preferred stock as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination that the evaluation of the fair value of the warrants issued and preferred stock was a critical audit matter is the high degree of subjective auditor judgment associated with evaluating management’s determination of the fair values of the warrants issued and preferred stock, which is primarily due to the complexity of the valuation models used and the sensitivity of the underlying significant assumptions. The key assumptions used within the valuation models included assigning probabilities to different possible outcomes at each node of the lattice for the binomial lattice framework used for valuing the preferred shares and probability of possible outcomes of a down round provision being triggered in using the scenario-based method. The calculated fair values are sensitive to changes in these key assumptions.

How the Critical Audit Matter was addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of acquisition date fair values of the warrants issued included the following, among others:

aWe read and reviewed the relevant agreements to agree to key terms of the preferred shares and warrants issued to determine accuracy of the shares and warrants issued.

bWe vouched to source documentation to validate warrants and preferred shares issued.

cWe assessed the qualifications and competence of management and the qualifications, competence and objectivity of third-party specialist.

dWe evaluated the methodologies used to determine the fair values of the preferred shares and warrants issued.

eWe tested the assumptions used within the valuation models to estimate the fair values of the preferred shares and warrants issued.

fWe involved an internal valuation specialist who assisted in the evaluation and testing performed of the reasonableness of significant methods and assumptions to the models.

gWe assessed the sufficiency of Company’s disclosure of its accounting for these preferred shares and warrants issued included in Note 15.

/S/ Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.

Jericho, NY

June 18, 2024

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IDEANOMICS, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (USD in thousands)


As of December 31,	2023		2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,249	$	2,914
Accounts receivable, net	1,037		2,107
Contract assets	34		3,579
Amount due from related parties	—		90

Notes receivable from third parties, net	42		31,653

Inventory	19,838		29,309
Prepaid expenses	3,481		9,569
Other current assets	1,882		5,096
Current assets of discontinued operations	5,036		33,703
Total current assets	32,599		118,020
Property and equipment, net	12,904		7,845

Intangible assets, net	23,667		43,622
Goodwill	35,894		37,775
Operating lease right of use assets	6,117		10,533

Long-term investments	—		7,500
Other non-current assets	2,861		2,276
Non-current assets of discontinued operations	2,842		19,212
Total assets	$	116,884	$	246,783

LIABILITIES, CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	55,208	$	25,224
Deferred revenue (including customer deposits of $1,891 and $1,786 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)	2,537		2,186
Accrued salaries	5,347		6,851
Accrued expenses	3,784		2,669
Amount due to related parties	1,419		1,927
Other current liabilities	13,181		9,287
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	3,222		2,031

Current contingent consideration	727		867
Promissory note due to related party-short term	2,348		2,021
Promissory note due to third parties-short term	14,615		9,578
Convertible promissory note due to third-parties	7,524		3,928



Current liabilities of discontinued operations	7,721		14,244
Total current liabilities	117,633		80,813
Promissory note-long term	3,943		1,957
Operating lease liability-long term	10,890		8,566


Deferred tax liabilities	1,946		2,509
Other long-term liabilities	1,071		1,131

Non-current liabilities of discontinued operations	1,672		5,212
Total liabilities	137,155		100,188
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
Convertible redeemable preferred stock:
Series A - 7,000,000 shares issued and outstanding, liquidation and deemed liquidation preference of $3,500,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	1,262		1,262
Series B - 60,000,000 shares authorized, 20,000,000 and 10,000,000 shares issued and 2,105,200 and 10,000,000 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	1,863		8,850
Series C - 2,000,000 shares authorized, 1,159,210 and 0 shares issued and 613,039 and 0 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	4,825		—
Equity:
Common stock - $0.001 par value; 1,500,000,000 shares authorized, 11,985,268 and 4,781,930 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	1,499		597

Additional paid-in capital	1,071,520		1,004,082
Accumulated deficit	(1,090,579)		(866,418)
Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	(4,553)		(6,104)
Total Ideanomics, Inc. shareholder's equity	(22,113)		132,157
Non-controlling interest	(6,108)		4,326
Total equity	(28,221)		136,483
Total liabilities, convertible redeemable preferred stock and equity	$	116,884	$	246,783

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

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IDEANOMICS, INC. OPERATIONS (USD in thousands, except per share data)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022
Revenue from sales of products	$	13,710	$	14,754
Revenue from sales of services	985		3,917
Other revenue	764		344
Total revenue	15,459		19,015
Cost of revenue from sales of products	17,765		20,257
Cost of revenue from sales of services	58		1,742
Cost of other revenue	350		374
Total cost of revenue	18,173		22,373
Gross profit	(2,714)		(3,358)

Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses	83,780		113,573
Research and development expense	10,191		3,792
Asset impairments	163,984		63,847
Goodwill impairments	13,712		22,662
Change in fair value of contingent consideration, net	(73,768)		(131)
Litigation settlements	89		225
Depreciation and amortization	16,752		5,308
Total operating expenses	214,740		209,276

Loss from operations	(217,454)		(212,634)

Interest and other income (expense):
Interest income	316		3,449
Interest expense	(4,307)		(2,909)


Loss on disposal of subsidiaries, net	(1,152)		(217)
Gain on remeasurement of investment	—		10,965
Other income, net	12,505		865
Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interest	(210,092)		(200,481)

Income tax benefit	5,242		1,574
Impairment of and equity in loss of equity method investees	—		(14,726)

Net loss from continuing operations	(204,850)		(213,633)
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(29,276)		(68,452)
Net loss	(234,126)		(282,085)



Net loss attributable to common shareholders	(234,126)		(282,085)

Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	10,297		21,425

Net loss attributable to Ideanomics, Inc. common shareholders	$	(223,829)	$	(260,660)

Basic and diluted loss per share from continuing operations	$	(20.59)	$	(52.10)
Basic and diluted loss per share from discontinued operations	$	(2.94)	$	(16.69)
Basic and diluted loss per share	$	(23.53)	$	(68.79)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted	9,971,038		4,101,624

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

Table of Contents

IDEANOMICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (USD in thousands)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022

Net loss	$	(234,126)	$	(282,085)
Other comprehensive loss, net of nil tax

Foreign currency translation adjustments	1,677		(7,591)
Comprehensive loss	(232,449)		(289,676)

Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	10,171		22,689
Comprehensive loss attributable to Ideanomics, Inc. common shareholders	$	(222,278)	$	(266,987)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-9

Table of Contents

IDEANOMICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (USD in thousands, except per share data)


	Common Stock	Par Value		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Ideanomics Shareholders' equity		Non- controlling Interest		Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021	3,978,180	$	497	$	968,066	$	(605,758)	$	222	$	363,027	$	2,341	$	365,368
Share-based compensation	—	—		10,603		—		—		10,603		—		10,603
Re-acquired shares	(53,021)	(7)		6		—		—		(1)		—		(1)
Acquisition of subsidiaries	—	—		—		—		—		—		24,827		24,827
Common stock issuance for professional fee	21,672	3		1,455		—		—		1,458		—		1,458
Common stock issued under employee Stock Incentive Plan	1,000	—		66		—		—		66		—		66
Common stock issuance for convertible note	537,031	67		16,722		—		—		16,789		—		16,789
Common stock issuance	138,400	17		2,869		—		—		2,886		—		2,886
Employee termination option repurchase	—	—		(11)		—		—		(11)		—		(11)
Preferred stock warrants	—	—		1,150		—		—		1,150		—		1,150
Accrued dividend for preferred stock	—	—		(56)		—		—		(56)		—		(56)
Investments from noncontroller shareholders	—	—		—		—		—		—		264		264
Share issuance pertinent to SEPA	158,667	20		3,295		—		—		3,315		—		3,315
Deconsolidation of subsidiary	—	—		—		—		—		—		(417)		(417)
Tax withholding paid for net share settlement of equity awards	—	—		(83)		—		—		(83)		—		(83)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		(260,660)		—		(260,660)		(21,424)		(282,084)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—		—		—		(6,326)		(6,326)		(1,265)		(7,591)
Balance, December 31, 2022	4,781,929	597		1,004,082		(866,418)		(6,104)		132,157		4,326		136,483
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle	—	—		—		(332)		—		(332)		—		(332)
Share-based compensation	—	—		5,387		—		—		5,387		—		5,387
Dividend accrued for preferred stock	—	—		(481)		—		—		(481)		—		(481)
Preferred stock warrants	—	—		(17,402)		—		—		(17,402)		—		(17,402)
Common stock issuance for series B preferred stock conversion	1,400,635	175		15,662		—		—		15,837		—		15,837
Common stock issuance for series B preferred stock warrants exercise	3,191,555	399		17,117		—		—		17,516		—		17,516
Warrants expiration	—	—		1,037		—		—		1,037		—		1,037
Tax withholding paid for net share settlement of equity awards	21,359	3		(357)		—		—		(354)		—		(354)
Common stock issuance for professional fee	407,781	51		4,384		—		—		4,435		—		4,435
Share issuance pertaint to SEPA	1,053,333	132		15,922		—		—		16,054		—		16,054
Common stock issuance for preferred stock conversion	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Common stock issuance for acquisition	1,011,372	126		24,712		—		—		24,838		—		24,838
RSU issued to employees	224,800	16		1,722		—		—		1,738		—		1,738
Non-controlling shareholders withdraw	—	—		—		—		—		—		(263)		(263)
Common stock cancellation	(107,497)	—		(265)		—		—		(265)		—		(265)
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		(223,829)		—		(223,829)		(10,297)		(234,126)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—		—		—		1,551		1,551		126		1,677
Balance, December 31, 2023	11,985,267	$	1,499	$	1,071,520	$	(1,090,579)	$	(4,553)	$	(22,113)	$	(6,108)	$	(28,221)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

Table of Contents

IDEANOMICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (USD in thousands)


For the years ended December 31,	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(234,126)	$	(282,085)
Net loss from discontinued operations	(29,276)		(68,452)
Net loss from continuing operations	(204,850)		(213,633)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Share-based compensation expense	6,886		10,604
Depreciation and amortization	17,745		5,780
Obsolescence of inventory	219		490
Noncash lease expense	2,184		1,919
Non-cash interest expense (income)	2,955		(1,909)
Allowance for doubtful accounts	1,427		606

Income tax benefit	(5,242)		(1,574)
Issuance of common stock for professional fees	4,436		1,647

Other income (forgiveness of liabilities)	70		404
Change in fair value of contingent consideration, net	(73,767)		(131)

Impairment of and equity in losses of equity method investees	—		15,310

Loss on disposal of fixed assets	—		5
Impairment losses	177,696		86,509
Foreign currency exchange losses	34		1,081
Loss (gain) on disposal of subsidiaries, net	1,152		67
Gain on remeasurement of investment	—		(10,965)



Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable	(606)		(47)
Inventory	9,301		(15,949)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4,616		(7,328)
Accounts payable	15,388		17,676
Deferred revenue	249		(78)
Amount due to related parties (interest)	(419)		38
Accrued expenses, salary and other current liabilities	2,931		(1,349)
Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations	(37,595)		(110,827)
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations	(15,062)		(19,162)
Net cash used in operating activities	(52,657)		(129,989)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment	—		(6,221)
Acquisition of intangible assets	—		(560)
Proceeds from disposal of fixed asset	—		28
Disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash disposed	—		(417)
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired	831		(54,889)

Investment in debt securities	(2,900)		(31,932)
Investments in long-term investment	—		(401)
Proceed from long term investment	—		659


Loans to related-party	—		(1,000)
Proceeds from loan repayment	—		400

Proceeds from selling available for sales securities	5,240		4,032
Investment in available for sales securities	—		(165)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations	3,171		(90,466)
Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations	(1,348)		(4,256)
Net cash used in investing activities	1,823		(94,722)

Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants and issuance of common stock	4,026		589
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes	7,650		4,875
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock and warrants	9,850		10,000
Borrowings from related parties	2,000		2,000
Borrowings from third parties	8,700		485
Proceeds from revolving line of credit	6,060		5,090
Repayments to third parties	(1,439)		(128)
Principal payments on revolving line of credit	(7,077)

IDEANOMICS, INC. 10-K