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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_______________

FORM 10-K

☒

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-40727

_____________________________

Southern States Bancshares, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_____________________________


Alabama						26-2518085
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)


615 Quintard Ave., Anniston, AL						36201
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (256) 241-1092

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $5.00 par value

SSBK

The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $226.4 million as of June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Solely for the purposes of this computation, it has been assumed that executive officers and directors of the registrant serving at that time (and any trusts or entities that they own or control) are “affiliates”.

As of March 11, 2025, the registrant had 9,922,180 shares of common stock, $5 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2025, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		2

Summary Risk Factors		4

PART I
Item 1. and Item 2.	Business and Properties	6
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	17
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	35
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	35
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	36
Item 6.	Reserved	37
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	66
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	67
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	123
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	123
Item 9B.	Other Information	123
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	126

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	124
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	124
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	125
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	125
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	125

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	126
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	129
	Signatures	130

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of Southern States Bancshares, Inc. (“Southern States” or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), which reflect our current expectations and beliefs with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the dates made, we cannot give any assurance that such expectations will prove correct and actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict.

These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “can,” “should,” “could,” “to be,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “likely,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “project,” “would” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other similar words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and may include statements about business strategy and prospects for growth, operations, ability to pay dividends, competition, regulation, pending transactions and general economic conditions.

There are or may be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:

•our ability to execute and prudently manage our growth and execute our strategy, including expansion activities;

•our ability to adequately measure and limit our credit risk;

•business, market and economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, nationally and within our local markets;

•factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including real estate values and liquidity in our markets and the financial health of our commercial borrowers;

•the failure of assumptions and estimates, as well as differences in, and changes to, economic, market, and credit conditions, including changes in borrowers’ credit risks and payment behaviors;

•compliance with governmental and regulatory requirements, including the Dodd-Frank Act and others relating to banking, consumer protection, securities and tax matters, and our ability to maintain licenses required in connection with mortgage origination, sale and servicing operations;

•compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act, Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) rules and anti-money laundering laws and regulations;

•governmental monetary and fiscal policies;

•the effectiveness of our risk management framework, including internal controls;

•the composition of and future changes in our management team and our ability to attract and retain key personnel;

•geographic concentration of our business in certain Alabama and Georgia markets;

•our ability to attract and retain customers;

•the risks of changes in interest rates on the levels, composition and costs of deposits, loan demand, and the values and liquidity of loan collateral, securities, and interest-sensitive assets and liabilities, and the risks and uncertainty of the amounts realizable;

•changes in the availability and cost of credit and capital in the financial markets, and the types of instruments that may be included as capital for regulatory purposes;

•changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of residential and commercial real estate;

•the effects of competition from a wide variety of local, regional, national and other providers of financial, investment, trust and other wealth management services and insurance services, including the disruption effects of financial technology and other competitors who are not subject to the same regulations as the Company and Southern States Bank (“the Bank”);

•the failure of assumptions and estimates underlying the establishment of allowances for possible loan losses and other asset impairments, losses, valuations of assets and liabilities and other estimates;

•the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including, without limitation, the related time and costs of implementing such transactions, integrating operations as part of these transactions and possible failures to achieve expected gains, revenue growth and/or expense savings from such transactions;

•changes in technology or products that may be more difficult, costly, or less effective than anticipated;

•systems failures or interruptions involving our risk management framework, our information technology and telecommunications systems or third-party servicers;

•unauthorized data access, cyber-crime and other threats to data security and customer privacy;

•our ability to maintain our historical rate of growth;

•our ability to identify potential candidates for, consummate, and achieve synergies resulting from, potential future acquisitions;

•deterioration of our asset quality or the value of collateral securing loans;

•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institutions, accounting, tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters and appropriate compliance with applicable law and regulation;

•operational risks associated with our business;

•volatility and direction of market interest rates and the shape of the yield curve;

•our ability to maintain important deposit customer relationships, maintain our reputation or otherwise avoid liquidity risks;

•the obligations associated with being a public company;

•the commencement and outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings against us or to which we may become subject;

•natural disasters and adverse weather, acts of terrorism, tariffs, trade wars, an outbreak of hostilities (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine or Israel and Hamas) or other international or domestic calamities as well as national and international economic conditions and health issues and other matters beyond our control; and

•other factors that are discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements and the “Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks summarized below, together with the information in Item 1A – Risk Factors and all other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related to Our Business

•Our profitability is vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations.

•Our business is concentrated in, and largely dependent upon, the continued growth of, and economic conditions in, the markets where we operate.

•We could suffer losses from a decline in the credit quality of our assets.

•A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and events that negatively impact the real estate market could negatively affect our business.

•Our allowance for estimated credit losses may not be adequate, which may require us to take a charge to earnings and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

•Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value, and integrating acquired companies may be more difficult, costly, or time-consuming than we expect.

•Our financial performance will be negatively impacted if we are unable to execute our growth strategy, including branch expansions into new markets.

•Our liquidity needs might adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

•We may not be able to adequately measure and limit the credit risks associated with our loan portfolio, which could adversely affect our profitability.

•As a community banking institution, we have smaller lending limits and different lending risks than certain of our larger, more diversified competitors.

•Our business success and growth depends significantly on key management personnel and our ability to attract and retain key people.

Risks Related to Banking Regulation

•The banking industry is subject to extensive regulation.

•Banking agencies periodically conduct examinations, and failure to comply with any supervisory actions could result in materially adverse effects.

•FDIC deposit insurance assessments may materially increase in the future, which would have an adverse effect on earnings.

•Banks are subject to minimum capital requirements by regulators.

•The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support the Bank.

•The Bank may need to raise additional capital in the future, including as a result of potential increased minimum capital thresholds established by regulators, but that capital may not be available when it is needed or may be dilutive to stockholders.

•The Company is an entity separate and distinct from the Bank.

•The Bank is the Company’s principal asset, and all of the Bank’s outstanding stock has been pledged to secure a line of credit with First Horizon (the “Line of Credit”).

•The Company depends on dividends from the Bank, which are subject to restriction.

•The banking industry is highly competitive and technology in the industry is continually evolving.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock

•An active, liquid market for our common stock may not be sustained.

•The market price of our common stock may be subject to substantial fluctuations.

•Institutional holders own a significant amount of our common stock.

•Future sales or the availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of equity securities.

•The rights of our common stockholders are subordinate to the rights of the holders of any debt and may be subordinate to any series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future.

•Our corporate governance documents, and certain corporate and banking laws applicable to us, could make a takeover more difficult, which could adversely affect our common stock.

•There are also substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies that may discourage investors from purchasing shares of our common stock.

•We are an “emerging growth company” and subject to reduced SEC reporting requirements.

•Any deficiencies in our financial reporting or internal controls could materially and adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

•Securities analysts may not initiate or continue coverage on us.

•An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit and is subject to risk of loss.

•Our stock repurchase program may not enhance long-term stockholder value, and stock repurchases, if any, could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and will diminish our cash reserves.

General Risk Factors

•We are subject to risk due to increasing interest rates.

•Use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan secured by real property does not ensure the value of the real property collateral.

•Southern States is subject to information technology and cybersecurity risk.

•The accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures could be affected if the judgments, assumptions or estimates used in our critical accounting policies are inaccurate.

•Southern States depends on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers and counterparties.

•Southern States historical growth rate and performance may not be indicative of future results.

•The internal controls that Southern States has implemented in order to mitigate risks inherent to the business of banking might fail or be circumvented.

•Changes in accounting standards could materially impact Southern States’ financial statements.

•Severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, tariffs, trade wars, acts of war or terrorism or other external events could have significant effects on our business.

•Events that could affect the world economy could have negative effects on our business.

•Southern States is subject to risk from lawsuits and changing laws and regulations.

•Our profitability and liquidity may be affected by changes in interest rates and interest rate levels, the shape of the yield curve and economic conditions.

•Liquidity risks could affect operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

•Any new activities and expansion plans may be subject to regulatory approvals.

•Southern States is subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

•Southern States is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations, and any deemed deficiency by Southern States with respect to these laws could result in significant liability and restrict our potential growth through branching and acquisitions.

•The obligations associated with being a public company require significant resources and management attention.

PART I

Item 1. & 2. Business and Properties

Company Overview

We are a bank holding company headquartered in Anniston, Alabama. We operate primarily through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Southern States Bank, an Alabama banking corporation formed in 2007. The Bank is a full service community banking institution, which offers an array of deposit, loan and other banking-related products and services to businesses and individuals in our communities. Our franchise is focused on personalized, relationship-driven service combined with local market management and expertise to serve small and medium size businesses and individuals.

In October 2015, we completed our acquisition of Columbus Community Bank in Columbus, Georgia. In September 2019, we completed our acquisition of Wedowee, Alabama based East Alabama Financial Group, Inc. (“East Alabama”) and its subsidiary bank, Small Town Bank (“Small Town Bank”).

On July 31, 2024, we completed our acquisition of Century Bank of Georgia (“Century Bank”). The acquisition expanded the Company's presence in the Georgia market, adding two offices in Rockmart and Cartersville, Georgia.

Through our Bank, we engage in the business of banking, which consists primarily of accepting deposits from the public and making loans and other investments. Our principal sources of funds for loans and investments at our Bank are demand, time, savings, and other deposits and the amortization and prepayments of loans and investments. Our principal sources of income are interest and fees collected on loans, interest and dividends collected on other investments, fees earned from the origination and sale of residential mortgage loans, SBA/USDA fees, and service charges. Our principal expenses are interest paid on savings and other deposits, interest paid on other borrowings, employee compensation, office expenses, and other overhead expenses.

Our Markets

Our primary service areas in Alabama are Anniston, Auburn, Birmingham and Huntsville with a presence extending into Calhoun, Lee, Jefferson, Talladega, Madison and Randolph Counties of Alabama and their surrounding areas. In Georgia, we serve the Columbus metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”), as well as Bartow, Carroll, Coweta, Paulding and Polk Counties in the greater Atlanta MSA. The Bank also operates two loan production offices (“LPO”) in the Atlanta MSA.

Our markets are a mix of higher-growth areas and stable markets with strong core deposits. We find strength in the stability of our rural markets coupled with higher growth potential in metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, Birmingham, Huntsville and Auburn.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located at 615 Quintard Avenue, Anniston, Alabama 36201, and our telephone number is (256) 241-1092. We maintain an Internet website at www.southernstatesbank.net.

We make available through our website, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, our annual reports to shareholders, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. These documents are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The information contained on or accessible from our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein.

Properties

We provide banking services from 15 offices in Alabama and the Atlanta and Columbus, Georgia MSAs. We also operate two LPOs in the Atlanta MSA. Our executive offices and those of the Bank are located at 615 Quintard Avenue, Anniston, Alabama. The Bank also owns an operations center located at 1131 Wilmer Avenue, Anniston, Alabama 36202. We believe that our banking and other offices are in good condition and are suitable and adequate to our needs.

The Bank owns its main office building and thirteen of its banking centers. The remaining facilities are occupied under lease agreements, with terms ranging from one to five years, with extension options.

Competition

Southern States Bank faces substantial competition in attracting and retaining deposits and making loans to its customers in all of its principal markets. The banking and financial services industry is highly competitive, and we compete with a wide range of financial institutions within our markets, including local, regional and national commercial banks and credit unions. We also compete with mortgage companies, trust companies, brokerage firms, consumer finance companies, mutual funds, securities firms, insurance companies, third-party payment processors, financial technology companies and other financial intermediaries for certain of our products and services. Some of our competitors are not subject to the regulatory restrictions and level of regulatory supervision applicable to us.

Interest rates on loans and deposits, as well as prices on fee-based services, are typically significant competitive factors within the banking and financial services industry. Other important competitive factors in our industry and markets include office locations and hours, quality of client service, community reputation, continuity of personnel and services, capacity and willingness to extend credit, and ability to offer excellent banking products and services.

Competition involves efforts to retain current customers, obtain new loans and deposits, increase types of services offered, and offer competitive interest rates on deposits and loans. Many of our competitors are much larger financial institutions that have greater financial resources than we have and they compete aggressively for market share. These competitors attempt to gain market share through their financial product mix, pricing strategies and banking center locations.

While we seek to remain competitive with respect to fees charged, interest rates and pricing, we believe that our broad suite of financial solutions, our high-quality client service culture, our positive reputation and our longstanding community relationships will enable us to compete successfully within our markets and enhance our ability to attract and retain clients.

Human Capital Management

As of December 31, 2024, we had 209 total employees, of which 206 were classified as full time. Our employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit. We consider our relations with our employees to be excellent.

We are committed to fostering, cultivating, and preserving a talented workforce. We are working to cultivate our leaders and shape future talent to help us meet the needs of our customers now and in the future. Our human capital is the most valuable asset we have. The collective sum of the individual differences, life experiences, knowledge, inventiveness, innovation, self-expression, unique capabilities, and talent that our employees invest in their work represents a significant part of not only our culture but our reputation and our achievement as well. We seek the best candidates to fill positions and also embrace our employee’s differences in age, color, disability, ethnicity, family or marital status, gender identity or expression, language, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, veteran status, and other characteristics that make our employees unique.

Our commitment is to have broad representation at all levels within the bank including our board of directors, executive management, leadership, workforce, suppliers, and vendors. All employees of Southern States Bank have a responsibility to always treat others with dignity and respect. All employees are expected to exhibit conduct that reflects inclusion at work and within our communities.

We incorporate annual training along with other technical and professional development programs. Our emphasis on training allows employees to enhance and expand their abilities.

We offer competitive compensation to attract and retain talent. Our generous total rewards package includes market-competitive salary, bonuses, short-term and long-term equity incentives, healthcare and retirement benefits, and paid time off. Approximately 25% of our employees own our stock. Employees have regular performance reviews and salary raises commensurate with performance.

We continue to evolve to meet our employees’ health, wellness, and work-life balance needs.

Supervision and Regulation

General

Bank holding companies and banks are regulated extensively under both federal and state law. The bank regulatory framework is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the deposit insurance system, and the banking system, and not for the protection of stockholders or any other group.

This supervisory and regulatory framework subjects banks and bank holding companies to regular examination by their respective regulatory agencies, which results in examination reports and ratings that, while not publicly available, can affect the conduct and growth of their businesses. These examinations consider not only compliance

with applicable laws and regulations, but also capital levels, asset quality and risk, management’s ability and performance, earnings, liquidity, sensitivity to market risks and various other factors.

Composite ratings are based on evaluations of an institution’s managerial, operational, financial and compliance performance. The composite CAMELS rating is not an arithmetical formula or rigid weighting of numerical component ratings. Elements of subjectivity and examiner judgment, especially as these relate to qualitative assessments, are important elements in assigning ratings.

These regulatory agencies have broad discretion to impose restrictions and limitations on the operations of a regulated entity where the agencies determine, among other things, that such operations are unsafe or unsound, or the operations fail to comply with applicable law or are otherwise inconsistent with laws and regulations or with the supervisory policies of these agencies.

The following is a summary of the material elements of the supervisory and regulatory framework applicable to Southern States and Southern States Bank. It does not describe all of the statutes, regulations and regulatory policies that apply, nor does it restate all of the requirements of those that are described. To the extent that the following information describes statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by express reference to each of the particular statutory and regulatory provisions. A change in applicable statutes, regulations or regulatory policy may have a material effect on the business of Southern States and Southern States Bank.

Southern States

Southern States is registered as a bank holding company with the Federal Reserve. Southern States is subject to examination, regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act (“BHCA”) of 1956, as amended, as well as the Alabama State Banking Department (“ASBD”). Southern States is required to file annual reports and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require.

Southern States is a legal entity separate and distinct from Southern States Bank. Various legal limitations restrict Southern States Bank from lending or otherwise supplying funds to the Southern States. See “Transactions with Affiliates.”

Federal and state laws regulate Southern States’ corporate governance, its investment authority, its manner of doing business, its employment practices, its consumer privacy policies and procedures, its relationship with Southern States Bank and its other affiliates, its ability to merge with, acquire, or be acquired by other entities, its requisite minimum capital and the forms of capital, its payment of dividends or other distributions, the types of businesses in which it can engage, and many other aspects of its business.

Southern States Bank

Southern States Bank is chartered by the ASBD. Southern States Bank is also a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and its deposits are insured, as provided by law, by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). Southern States Bank is subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the FDIC and ASBD. Southern States Bank is also subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including capital adequacy requirements, restrictions on dividends, requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be made and the interest that may be charged thereon and limitations on the types of investments that may be made, activities that may be engaged in, and types of services that may be offered. The operations of Southern States Bank are also affected by various consumer laws and regulations, including regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), and other state and federal agencies relating to equal credit opportunity, truth in lending disclosures, truth in savings disclosures, debt collection laws, privacy regulations, and regulation of consumer lending practices. In addition to the impact of direct regulation, commercial banks are affected significantly by the actions of the Federal Reserve as it attempts to control the money supply and credit availability in order to influence the economy.

Strict compliance at all times with state and federal banking laws, as well as other laws, is and will continue to be required. Southern States Bank believes that the experience of its executive management will assist it in its continuing efforts to achieve the requisite level of compliance. Certain provisions of state law may be preempted by existing and future federal laws, rules and regulations, and no prediction can be made as to the impact of preemption on state law or the regulation of Southern States Bank thereunder.

Enforcement Powers of Federal and State Banking Agencies

The federal and state bank regulatory agencies have broad enforcement powers, including the power to terminate deposit insurance, impose cease and desist orders, substantial fines and other civil and criminal penalties, and appoint a conservator or receiver for financial institutions. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could subject us and our officers and directors to administrative sanctions and potentially substantial civil money

penalties. The appropriate bank regulatory agency may appoint the FDIC as conservator or receiver for a depository institution (or the FDIC may appoint itself, under certain circumstances) if any one or more of a number of circumstances exist, including, without limitation, the fact that the depository institution is critically undercapitalized.

Payment of Dividends and Repurchases of Capital Instruments

Southern States is a legal entity separate and distinct from Southern States Bank. Southern States’ principal source of cash flow, including cash flow to pay dividends to its stockholders, is dividends Southern States Bank pays to Southern States as Southern States Bank’s sole stockholder. Statutory and regulatory limitations apply to Southern States Bank’s payment of dividends to Southern States as well as to Southern States’ payment of dividends to its stockholders. The Federal Reserve also has stated that, as a matter of prudent banking, a bank holding company generally should not maintain a rate of cash dividends unless its net income available to common stockholders over the past four quarters has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and the prospective rate of earnings retention appears to be consistent with the corporation’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Southern States’ ability to pay dividends is also subject to the provisions of Alabama corporate law.

Federal Reserve Supervisory Letter SR-09-4 (February 24, 2009), as revised December 21, 2015 and July 24, 2020, applies to dividend payments, stock redemptions and stock repurchases. Prior consultation with the Federal Reserve supervisory staff is required before:

•declaring and paying a dividend that could raise safety and soundness concerns (for example, declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid);

•redemptions or repurchases of capital instruments when the bank holding company is experiencing financial weakness; and

•redemptions and purchases of common or perpetual preferred stock which would reduce Tier 1 capital at end of the period compared to the beginning of the period.

Bank holding company directors must consider different factors to ensure that the company dividend level is prudent relative to maintaining a strong financial position, and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios, such as potential events that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position.

The capital rules further limit permissible dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses by the Bank unless the Bank meets the capital conservation buffer requirement discussed under “Capital Adequacy” below.

The ASBD also regulates Southern States Bank’s dividend payments. Under Alabama law, a state-chartered bank has to maintain a capital surplus equal to at least 20% of its capital. The Bank has a capital surplus at least equal to 20% of its capital. Thereafter, the prior approval of the Alabama Superintendent of Banks is required for its payment of dividends if the total of all dividends declared by a bank in any calendar year will exceed the total of (1) the bank’s net earnings (as defined by statute) for that year, plus (2) its retained net earnings for the preceding two years, less any required transfers to surplus. In addition, no dividends, withdrawals or transfers may be made from the bank’s surplus without the prior written approval of the Superintendent.

Southern States and Southern States Bank’s payment of dividends may also be affected or limited by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines or provisions in debt instruments and contracts. Bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies and banks from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business. The payment of dividends, depending on the financial condition of a bank holding company and of its subsidiary bank, could under certain circumstances be deemed an unsafe or unsound practice, and therefore restricted.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, an FDIC-insured depository institution may not make any capital distributions (including the payment of dividends) or pay any management fees to its holding company if it is undercapitalized or if such payment would cause it to become undercapitalized.

Restrictions on Acquisitions and Certain Activities

As a bank holding company, Southern States must obtain prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (1) acquiring, directly or indirectly (except in certain limited circumstances), ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting stock of a bank, (2) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of a bank, or (3) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company. The BHCA also generally limits the business in which a bank holding company may engage in to banking, managing or controlling banks, and furnishing or performing services for Southern States Bank. A bank holding company may engage in or acquire an interest in a company that engages in activities that the Federal Reserve has determined by regulation or order to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Banks are also subject to restrictions on the types of activities that they are permitted to engage in under regulations of the ASBD and the FDIC, which are generally limited to the business of banking and activities that are incidental to the business of banking.

Bank holding companies that meet certain eligibility requirements prescribed by the BHCA and elect to operate as financial holding companies may engage in, or own shares in companies engaged in, a wider range of non-banking activities, including securities and insurance underwriting and sales, merchant banking and any other activity that the Federal Reserve, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, determines by regulation or order is financial in nature or incidental to any such financial activity or that the Federal Reserve determines by order to be complementary to any such financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally. Southern States has not elected to be a financial holding company, and we have not engaged in any activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be financial in nature or incidental or complementary to activities that are financial in nature.

Federal law also prohibits any person or company from acquiring “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or its holding company without prior notice to the appropriate federal bank regulator. “Control” is conclusively presumed to exist upon the acquisition of 25% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a bank or bank holding company, but may be presumed to exist under certain circumstances between 5.00% and 24.99% ownership.

The Federal Reserve may require that a bank holding company terminate an activity or terminate control of or liquidate or divest certain subsidiaries or affiliates when the Federal Reserve believes the activity or the control of the subsidiary or affiliate constitutes a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of any of its banking subsidiaries. The Federal Reserve also has the authority to regulate provisions of certain bank holding company debt. Under certain circumstances, a bank holding company must file written notice and obtain approval from the Federal Reserve prior to purchasing or redeeming its equity securities.

Moreover, poor examination ratings, lower capital ratios than peer group institutions, regulatory concerns regarding management, controls, assets, operations, or other factors can all potentially result in practical limitations on the ability of a bank or bank holding company to engage in new activities, grow, acquire new businesses, repurchase its stock or pay dividends, or to continue to conduct existing activities.

Company Expected to be Source of Financial Strength for Bank Subsidiary

Under Federal Reserve policy and the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, Southern States is expected to act as a source of financial strength to, and to commit resources to support, Southern States Bank. This support may be required at times when, absent such Federal Reserve policy, Southern States may not be inclined to provide it.

In the event an FDIC-insured bank subsidiary becomes subject to a capital restoration plan with its regulators, the parent bank holding company is required to guarantee performance of such plan up to the lesser of 5.0% of the bank's assets at the time it became undercapitalized or the amount necessary to cause the institution to be adequately capitalized, and such guarantee is given priority in bankruptcy of the bank holding company. In addition, where a bank holding company has more than one bank or thrift subsidiary, each of the bank holding company’s subsidiary depository institutions may be responsible for any losses to the FDIC’s DIF, if an affiliated depository institution fails. As a result, a bank holding company may be required to loan money to a bank subsidiary in the form of subordinate capital notes or other instruments which qualify as capital under bank regulatory rules. However, any loans from the holding company to such subsidiary banks likely will be unsecured and subordinated to such bank’s depositors and to other creditors of the bank. See “Capital.”

Capital Adequacy

The various federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve and FDIC, have adopted risk-based capital requirements for assessing bank and bank holding company capital adequacy. These standards establish minimum capital standards in relation to the relative credit risk of assets and off-balance sheet exposures. Capital is classified into two tiers. Tier 1 capital consists generally of common equity tier 1 capital (generally comprised of common stockholders’ equity and retained earnings) and additional tier 1 capital (includes, among other things, certain types of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock) and is reduced by goodwill and certain other intangible assets. Tier 2 capital generally includes the allowance for possible credit losses (subject to certain limitations) and certain types of subordinated debt and cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Institutions may elect a one-time option to exclude unrealized gains and losses on the investment securities portfolio from the calculation of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The Bank has made such an election. The risk-based capital guidelines require financial institutions to maintain specific defined credit risk factors and apply them to their assets which results in risk-adjusted assets.

The capital standards impose the following minimum capital requirements:

•a ratio of common equity tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets of 4.5%,

•a ratio of tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets of 6%,

•a ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8%, and

•a ratio of tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets of 4%.

In addition to these minimum regulatory capital ratios, the regulations establish a capital conservation buffer with respect to the first three ratios listed above. Specifically, banking organizations must hold common equity tier 1 capital in excess of their minimum risk-based capital ratios by at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets in order to avoid limits on capital distributions (including dividend payments, discretionary payments on tier 1 instruments, and stock buybacks) and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Thus, when including the 2.5% capital conservation buffer, a bank holding company and a bank’s minimum ratio of common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets becomes 7%, its minimum ratio of tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets becomes 8.5%, and its minimum ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets becomes 10.5%.

As a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in total consolidated assets, Southern States is eligible to be treated as a “small bank holding company” under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement. As a result, Southern States’ capital adequacy is evaluated at the bank level and on a parent-only basis, and it is not subject to consolidated capital standards for regulatory purposes.

These guidelines are only minimum standards and regulators expect bank holding companies and banks to maintain capital well above these minimum requirements. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank or bank holding company to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting brokered deposits, and certain other restrictions on its business, including in certain circumstances, the appointment of a receiver.

The federal banking agencies finalized a rule in November 2019 that allows bank holding companies and banks with less than $10.0 billion in total consolidated assets and limited amounts of certain assets and off balance sheet exposures and a leverage ratio of greater than 9% to elect to use the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) framework. A community banking organization electing to use the CBLR framework would have a simplified capital regime and would not be subject to other capital and leverage requirements and would be considered well capitalized as long as it continued to meet the requirements of the CBLR framework. We have not elected to use the CBLR framework and it is uncertain if Southern States will elect to utilize the CBLR framework in the future, as it believes it will continue to calculate the other capital measures, which provide comparable information to other publicly traded banking institutions.

Prompt Corrective Action and Other Consequences of Capital Adequacy

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires, among other things, that the federal banking regulators take prompt corrective action with respect to FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, insured depository institutions are divided into five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized as set forth below (an institution may be deemed to be in a capitalization category that is lower than is indicated by its actual capital position if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating):

•“well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater, a leverage capital ratio of 5% or greater and is not subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive by a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure;

•“adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% or greater, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater, and has a leverage capital ratio of 4% or greater;

•“undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 4.5%, or has a leverage capital ratio of less than 4%;

•“significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4%, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 3%, or a leverage capital ratio of less than 3%; or

•“critically undercapitalized” if its ratio of tangible equity to total assets is equal to or less than 2%.

The federal bank regulatory agencies have authority to require additional capital when warranted.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act generally prohibits an FDIC-insured depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of dividends) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to, among other things, growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans. An insured depository institution’s holding company must guarantee the capital plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan, for the plan to be accepted by the applicable federal regulatory authority. The federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. If a

depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan or fails to implement its plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized.

Significantly undercapitalized depository institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, to sell to another bank or bank holding company, to reduce total assets, to restrict interest rates paid on deposits, to replace the board of directors or management and to cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator, generally within ninety (90) days of the date on which they become critically undercapitalized, and are subject to other restrictions.

Business activities may be influenced by an institution’s capital classification. For example, only a “well capitalized” depository institution may accept brokered deposits without prior regulatory approval and an “adequately capitalized” institution may accept such deposits only with prior regulatory approval. Such approval has historically been difficult to obtain. Also, banks that are less than “well-capitalized” are subject to restrictions on the interest rates that can be paid on deposits.

General Regulatory Considerations

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”), all insured institutions must undergo regular on-site examination by their appropriate banking agency. The cost of examinations of insured depository institutions and any affiliates may be assessed by the appropriate agency against each institution or affiliate as it deems necessary or appropriate. Insured institutions are required to submit annual reports to the FDIC and the appropriate agency (and state supervisor when applicable). FDICIA also requires the federal banking regulatory agencies to prescribe, by regulation, standards for all insured depository institutions and depository institution holding companies relating, among other things, to: (i) internal controls, information systems and audit systems; (ii) loan documentation; (iii) credit underwriting; (iv) interest rate risk exposure; and (v) asset quality.

In response to perceived needs in financial institution regulation, Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”). FIRREA provides that a depository institution insured by the FDIC can be held liable for any loss incurred by, or reasonably expected to be incurred by, the FDIC in connection with (i) the default of a commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution or (ii) any assistance provided by the FDIC to a commonly controlled FDIC-insured depository institution in danger of default.

FIRREA provides that financial institutions and their affiliated parties (such as officers and directors) may be subject to civil money penalties for certain types of violations and misconduct. In addition, the FDIC was granted enhanced authority to withdraw or to suspend deposit insurance in certain cases. The banking regulators have not been reluctant to use the enforcement authorities provided under FIRREA. Further, regulators have broad power to issue cease and desist orders that may, among other things, require affirmative action to correct any harm resulting from a violation or practice, including restitution, reimbursement, indemnifications or guarantees against loss. A financial institution may also be ordered to restrict its growth, dispose of certain assets, rescind agreements or contracts or take other actions as determined by the ordering agency to be appropriate.

Federal and state banking laws subject banks to certain restrictions on extensions of credit to executive officers, directors, certain principal stockholders and their related interests. For example, such extensions of credit (i) must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated third parties, and (ii) must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. These laws also impose certain lending limits on such loans.

Community Reinvestment Act

The CRA requires that each insured depository institution shall be evaluated by its primary federal regulator with respect to its record in meeting the credit needs of its local community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of those institutions. These factors are also considered in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or facility.

A bank’s compliance with its CRA obligations is based on a performance-based evaluation system that bases CRA ratings on an institution’s lending, service and investment performance. When a bank holding company applies for approval to acquire a bank or other bank holding company, the Federal Reserve will review the CRA assessment of each subsidiary bank of the applicant bank holding company, and such records may be the basis for denying the application. In connection with its assessment of CRA performance, the appropriate bank regulatory agency assigns a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve” or “substantial noncompliance.”

The federal CRA regulations require that evidence of discriminatory, illegal or abusive lending practices be considered in the CRA evaluation. A less than satisfactory CRA rating will slow, if not preclude, acquisitions, and new branches and other expansion activities and may prevent a company from becoming a financial holding company. A financial holding company election, and such election and financial holding company activities are

permitted to be continued, only if any affiliated bank has not received less than a “satisfactory” CRA rating. CRA agreements with private parties must be disclosed and annual CRA reports must be made to a bank’s primary federal regulator.

On October 24, 2023, the federal banking agencies adopted a final rule to modernize the CRA regulations. Under the final rule, (1) the federal banking agencies will evaluate bank performance across the varied activities they conduct and communities in which they operate in order to encourage banks to expand access to credit, investment, and banking services in low- and moderate-income communities, (2) the CRA regulations are updated to evaluate lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, branchless banking, and hybrid models, (3) a new metrics-based approach was adopted to evaluate bank retail lending and community development financing, using benchmarks based on peer and demographic data, and (4) CRA evaluations and data collection are tailored according to bank size and type. In addition, the final rule exempts small and intermediate banks from new data requirements that apply to banks with assets of at least $2.0 billion and limits certain new data requirements to large banks with assets greater than $10.0 billion. Most of the rule’s requirements will be applicable beginning January 1, 2026. The remaining requirements, including the data reporting requirements, will be applicable on January 1, 2027. We continue to evaluate the new rule and its effects on our operations going forward. The new rules are complex and likely to increase our costs.

USA Patriot Act

After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress enacted broad anti-terrorism legislation called the “United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001,” which is generally known as the “USA Patriot Act.” Title III of the USA Patriot Act requires financial institutions, including Southern States and Southern States Bank, to help prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The Department of the Treasury has adopted additional requirements to further implement Title III.

The law is intended to enhance the powers of the federal government and law enforcement organizations to combat terrorism, organized crime and money laundering. The USA Patriot Act materially amended and expanded the application of the existing Bank Secrecy Act. It provided enhanced measures, including know your customer, new suspicious activity reporting rules and enhanced anti-money laundering programs. Under the USA Patriot Act, each financial institution is required to establish and maintain anti-money laundering compliance and due diligence programs, which include, at a minimum:

•the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls;

•the designation of a compliance officer;

•an ongoing employee training program; and

•an independent audit function to test programs.

In addition, the USA Patriot Act requires regulatory agencies to consider the record of a bank or bank holding company in combating money laundering activities in their evaluation of bank and bank holding company merger, acquisition and branch expansion transactions.

The U.S. Treasury Department has issued regulations under the USA Patriot Act. The regulations state that a depository institution will be deemed in compliance with the USA Patriot Act provided it continues to comply with the Bank Secrecy Act regulations. Under these regulations, a mechanism has been established for law enforcement to communicate names of suspected terrorists and money launderers to financial institutions, in return for securing the ability to promptly locate accounts and transactions involving those suspects. Financial institutions receiving names of suspects must search their account and transaction records for potential matches and report positive results to FinCEN. Each financial institution must designate a point of contact to receive information requests. These regulations outline how financial institutions can share information concerning suspected terrorist and money laundering activity with other financial institutions under protection from the statutory safe harbor from liability, provided each financial institution notifies FinCEN of its intent to share information.

FinCEN rules require banks to know the beneficial owners of customers that are not natural persons, update customer information in order to develop a customer risk profile, and generally monitor such matters.

FinCEN has also adopted regulations intended to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing through correspondent accounts maintained by U.S. financial institutions on behalf of foreign banks. Financial institutions are required to take reasonable steps to ensure that they are not providing banking services directly or indirectly to foreign shell banks.

Bank Mergers

Section 18(c) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, known as the “Bank Merger Act,” requires the written approval of a bank’s primary federal regulator before the bank may (1) acquire through merger or consolidation, (2) purchase

or otherwise acquire the assets of, or (3) assume the deposit liabilities of, another bank. The Bank Merger Act prohibits the reviewing agency from approving any proposed merger transaction that would result in certain significant anti-competitive effects. In every proposed merger transaction, the reviewing agency must also consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the existing and proposed institutions, the convenience and needs of the community to be served, the bank's CRA performance, and the effectiveness of each insured depository institution involved in the proposed merger transaction in combating money-laundering activities. In addition to FDIC approval, the Bank must also obtain the prior approval of the ASBD before acquiring or merging with another bank. The ASBD will consider similar criteria when reviewing an application.

Branching

Under Alabama law, Southern States Bank is permitted to establish additional branch offices within Alabama, subject to the approval of the ASBD. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, Southern States Bank may also establish additional branch offices outside of Alabama, subject to prior regulatory approval, so long as the laws of the state where the branch is to be located would permit a state bank chartered in that state to establish a branch. Any new branch, whether located inside or outside of Alabama, must also be approved by the FDIC, as the Bank’s primary federal regulator. Southern States Bank may also establish offices in other states by merging with banks or by purchasing branches of other banks in other states, subject to certain restrictions.

Lending Limits

Under Alabama law, the amount of loans which may be made by a bank in the aggregate to one person is limited. Alabama law provides that unsecured loans by a bank to one person may not exceed an amount equal to 10% of the capital and unimpaired surplus of the bank. If the amount exceeds such 10% level, the excess must be secured up to a limit of 20%. For purposes of calculating these limits, loans to various business interests of the borrower, including companies in which a substantial portion of the stock is owned or partnerships in which a person is a partner, must be aggregated with those made to the borrower individually. Loans secured by certain readily marketable collateral are exempt from these limitations, as are loans secured by deposits and certain government securities.

Guidance on Commercial Real Estate Concentrations

Lending operations that involve concentrations of commercial real estate loans are subject to enhanced scrutiny by federal and state banking regulators. Regulators have issued guidance with respect to the risks posed by commercial real estate lending concentrations. Commercial real estate loans generally include construction and development loans and loans secured by multifamily property and nonfarm, nonresidential real property where the primary source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property, but it excludes owner-occupied real estate. The guidance prescribes the following guidelines for examiners to help identify institutions that are potentially exposed to concentration risk and may warrant greater supervisory scrutiny:

•Total loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100 percent or more of an institution’s total capital; or

•Total loans for construction/land development/other land, loans secured by multifamily property, and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans represent 300 percent or more of an institution’s total capital; and

•The bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months.

FDIC Insurance Assessments

The FDIC has adopted a risk-based assessment system for insured depositary institutions that takes into account the risks attributable to different categories and concentrations of assets and liabilities. The assessment rate is based on a combination of factors, including certain financial data and its level of supervisory risk.

The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of a bank if it finds that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order, or condition imposed by the FDIC.

The FDIC issued a final rule in October 2022 increasing deposit insurance assessments beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC can also impose special assessments in certain instances. On November 16, 2023, the FDIC Board of Directors approved a final rule to implement a special assessment on banks with over $5.0 billion in total assets to recover the loss to the DIF associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. While we are not subject to this special assessment, we may be required to pay higher FDIC insurance premiums in the future if there are additional bank or financial institution failures or if the FDIC otherwise determines to increase assessment rates.

Transactions with Affiliates

Southern States Bank is subject to sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, or the Affiliates Act, and the Federal Reserve’s implementing Regulation W. An affiliate of a bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. Accordingly, transactions between Southern States and Southern States Bank will be subject to a number of restrictions. The Affiliates Act imposes restrictions and limitations on the Bank (including quantitative limits) from making extensions of credit to, or the issuance of a guarantee or letter of credit on behalf of, Southern States or other affiliates, the purchase of, or investment in, stock or other securities thereof, the taking of such securities as collateral for loans and the purchase of assets of Southern States or other affiliates. Such restrictions and limitations prevent Southern States or other affiliates from borrowing from the Bank unless the loans are secured by certain types of collateral of designated amounts. All such transactions, as well as contracts entered into between the Bank and affiliates, must be on terms that are no less favorable to the Bank than those that would be available from non-affiliated third parties. Federal Reserve policies also forbid the payment by bank subsidiaries of management fees which are unreasonable in amount or exceed the fair market value of the services rendered or, if no market exists, actual costs plus a reasonable profit.

Consumer Financial Services

Southern States Bank is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, the Military Lending Act, and these laws’ respective state law counterparts, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These and other federal laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices and subject us to substantial regulatory oversight. Violations of the applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal bank regulators, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, action by the state and local attorneys general in each jurisdiction in which we operate and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for mergers or acquisitions or prohibition from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required.

There has been an enhanced focus by certain bank regulatory agencies with respect to industry practices relating to overdraft fees, non-sufficient funds fees and credit card fees. For example, the CFPB issued a Request for Information in January 2022 seeking public input with respect to financial institution practices relating to, among other areas, credit card fees, overdraft fees and non-sufficient funds fees and stated its intent to reduce these types of fees through crafting rules, issuing industry guidance, and focusing supervision and enforcement resources to achieve this goal. In August 2022, the FDIC issued guidance with respect to banking practices involving charging multiple non-sufficient funds fees on the representment of the same unpaid transaction on a deposit account. In addition, the CFPB issued guidance in October 2022 with respect to certain practices relating to overdraft fees.. On March 5, 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule that imposes restrictions on credit card late fees for large credit card issuers. This final rule is currently stayed pending litigation over the rule. In December 2024, the CFPB issued a final rule generally requiring financial institutions with over $10 billion in assets to either cap overdraft fees at $5.00 or otherwise follow Truth in Lending Act requirements when providing deposit account overdraft services.

Dodd-Frank Act

On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was signed into law. This law significantly changed the bank regulatory structure and affected the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of banks and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act required various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations and to prepare numerous studies and reports for Congress. The following summarizes just a few of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. While much of the Dodd-Frank Act has been implemented in the form of final rules from the banking agencies, the full extent of its impact on our operations is evolving. It is possible that existing rules may still be modified or repealed or that new rules may be implemented.

The Dodd-Frank Act changed the types of instruments that are eligible for tier 1 capital treatment at the holding company-level. It also called for the Federal Reserve to apply to bank holding companies the same minimum leverage and risk-based capital standards that apply to banks.

The Dodd-Frank Act eliminated the federal prohibitions on paying interest on demand deposits, thus allowing businesses to have interest-bearing checking accounts.

The Dodd-Frank Act required fees charged by banks for debit card transactions, commonly referred to as interchange fees, to be both “reasonable and proportional” to the cost incurred by the card issuer and authorized the Federal Reserve to implement regulations with respect to this requirement.

The Dodd-Frank Act also broadened the base for FDIC insurance assessments. Assessments are based on the average consolidated total assets less tangible equity capital of a financial institution. The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increased the maximum amount of deposit insurance for banks, savings institutions and credit unions to $250,000 per depositor.

The Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB with broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks with more than $10.0 billion in assets. Banks with less than $10.0 billion in assets are examined for compliance with consumer laws by their primary bank regulator. In early February 2025, the CFPB’s Acting Director issued directives to cease virtually all CFPB activities, including supervision, examinations, rulemaking, enforcement actions, and pending investigations. CFPB staff were instructed to suspend the effective dates of all rules that have been issued, but have not yet gone into effect. Further, the Acting Director announced that the CFPB would not be taking its next draw of unappropriated funding. A new CFPB Director has been nominated and is subject to Senate confirmation. We cannot predict when or how these matters involving the CFPB will be resolved.

The Dodd-Frank Act increased the regulation of consumer protections regarding mortgage originations, including originator compensation, minimum repayment standards and servicing requirements.

Small Business Lending Data Collection and Reporting

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule requires financial institutions to collect and report data to the CFPB on small business loan applicants, including demographic data, lending decisions and the price and terms of credit. The purpose of the rulemaking is to increase transparency and combat discrimination in small business lending.

Open Banking Rule

On October 22, 2024, the CFPB issued its final rule implementing Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act with respect to personal financial data rights, more commonly known as the “Open Banking Rule.” The final rule, among other things, requires banks and other financial service providers to make a consumer’s data available upon request to the consumer and their authorized third parties in a secure and reliable manner, and establishes obligations for third parties accessing consumers’ data, including data security and privacy protections. According to the CFPB, the rule is designed to foster competition and innovation in the financial services industry by making it easier for consumers to switch financial providers and for new companies to offer innovative products and services. The compliance deadline is phased in based on the asset size of the financial institution. For banks with $1.5 billion to $3 billion in total assets, the compliance deadline is April 1, 2029.

Mortgage Lending Rules

The Dodd-Frank Act authorized the CFPB to establish certain minimum standards for the origination of residential mortgages, including a proper determination of a borrower’s ability to repay. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, financial institutions may not make a residential mortgage loan unless they make a “reasonable and good faith determination” that the consumer has a “reasonable ability” to repay the loan. The Dodd-Frank Act allows borrowers to raise certain defenses to foreclosure but provides a full or partial safe harbor from such defenses for loans that are “qualified mortgages.” The CFPB published final rules to, among other things, specify the types of income and assets that may be considered in the ability-to-repay determination, the permissible sources for verification, and the required methods of calculating the loan’s monthly payments. Since then, the CFPB has made certain modifications to these rules. The rules extend the requirement that creditors verify and document a borrower’s income and assets to include all information that creditors rely on in determining repayment ability.

Financial Privacy and Cybersecurity Requirements

Federal law and regulations limit a financial institution’s ability to share consumer financial information with unaffiliated third parties. Specifically, these provisions require all financial institutions offering financial products or services to consumer customers to provide such customers with the financial institution’s privacy policy and provide such customers the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties. The sharing of information for marketing purposes is also subject to limitations.

Federal law and regulations also establish certain information security guidelines that require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee

thereof, to develop, implement, and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, to protect against anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information, and to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. Federal and state laws require notice to be provided to customers and its regulators of a data breach incident under certain circumstances.

Federal banking regulators regularly issue guidance regarding cybersecurity intended to enhance cyber risk management. A financial institution is expected to implement multiple lines of defense against cyber-attacks. Financial institutions are also expected to implement procedures designed to address the risks posed by potential cyber threats, and to allow the institution to respond and recover effectively after a cyber-attack.

Other Legislation and Regulation

Other legislative and regulatory proposals regarding changes in banking and the regulation of banks, thrifts and other financial institutions are considered from time to time by the executive branch of the federal government, Congress and various state governments. It cannot be predicted whether any of such legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted and, if adopted, how these will affect Southern States and Southern States Bank. Additionally, the future implementation and enforcement of regulations may be affected by the outcome of the 2024 Presidential election, which is resulting in significant changes in the leadership of the various bank regulatory agencies.

Monetary and Fiscal Policy

Banking is a business which depends on interest rate differentials. In general, the difference between the interest paid by a bank on its deposits and its other borrowings and the interest received by a bank on its loans to customers and its securities holdings generally constitutes the major portion of a bank’s earnings. Thus, the earnings and growth of Southern States Bank will be subject to the influence of economic conditions generally, both domestic and foreign, and also to the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States and its agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money through various means, including open-market dealings in United States government securities, the discount rate at which members may borrow, and reserve requirements on deposits and funds availability regulations. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence the overall growth of bank loans, investments and deposits and also affect interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. The policies of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and will continue to do so in the future. The nature and timing of any future changes in Federal Reserve policies and their impact on Southern States Bank cannot be predicted.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere herein. We believe the risks described below are the risks that are material to us as of the date of this Annual Report. If any of the following risks actually materialize, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, you could experience a partial or complete loss of your investment. Further, to the extent that any of the information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business

Southern States’ profitability is vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations.

Southern States’ profitability depends substantially upon its net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the interest earned on assets (such as loans and securities held in Southern States’ investment portfolio) and the interest paid for liabilities (such as interest paid on deposits).

Income associated with interest-earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by fluctuations in interest rates. The magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates are events over which Southern States has no control, and such changes may have an adverse effect on Southern States’ net interest income. Prepayment and early withdrawal levels, which are also impacted by changes in interest rates, can significantly affect Southern States’ assets and liabilities. For example, a decrease in the general level of interest

rates could affect Southern States by, among other things, leading to greater competition for deposits and incentivizing borrowers to prepay or refinance, at lower interest rates, their loans more quickly or frequently than they otherwise would, and at current interest rates and with current yield curves, it would reduce our net interest income and margin. Conversely, an increase in interest rates could, among other things, reduce the demand for loans and decrease loan repayment rates. Such an increase could also adversely affect the ability of Southern States’ floating-rate borrowers to meet their higher payment obligations, which could in turn lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and net charge offs.

Southern States attempts to minimize the adverse effects of changes in interest rates by structuring its asset-liability composition in order to obtain the maximum spread between interest income and interest expense and its primary tool for managing interest rate risk is a simulation model that evaluates the impact of interest rate changes on net interest income and the economic value of equity. However, there can be no assurance that Southern States will be successful in minimizing the adverse effects of changes in interest rates.

We generally price our variable rate loans based on the prime interest rate. As of December 31, 2024, we had $1.2 billion of variable rate loans.

Generally, the interest rates on Southern States’ interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not change at the same rate, to the same extent or on the same basis. Even assets and liabilities with similar maturities or re-pricing periods may react differently to changes in market interest rates. Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in general market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in general market rates. Certain assets, such as fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features that limit changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. In a rising interest rate environment, the value of our available for sale (“AFS”) securities portfolio generally declines. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, the value of our AFS securities portfolio generally increases. As of December 31, 2024, our net unrealized loss in our securities AFS portfolio was $10.7 million due to elevated, but declining interest rates during 2024. Changes in interest rates could materially and adversely affect Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Generally, interest rate spreads (the difference between interest rates earned on assets and interest rates paid on liabilities) have narrowed in recent years as a result of changing market conditions, policies of various government and regulatory authorities, and competitive pricing pressures, and Southern States cannot predict whether these rate spreads will narrow even further. This narrowing of interest rate spreads, and related decreases, could adversely affect Southern States’ results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Southern States business is concentrated in, and largely dependent upon, the continued growth of, and economic conditions in, the markets where Southern States operates.

Southern States’ operations are in Alabama and the Atlanta and Columbus, Georgia MSAs. Southern States’ success depends to a significant extent upon the business activity, population, income levels, deposits, and real estate activity in these areas. Although customers’ business and financial interests may extend outside of these areas, adverse economic conditions in those areas could reduce Southern States’ growth rate, affect the ability of Southern States’ customers to repay their loans, affect the value of collateral underlying loans and affect Southern States’ ability to attract deposits. Adverse changes in the economic conditions in one or more of our local markets could negatively affect our results of operations and our profitability, affect consumer confidence levels and may cause adverse changes in payment patterns, causing increases in delinquencies and default rates, which may impact Southern States’ charge offs and provisions for credit losses, and our financial condition and results of operations. Economic deterioration that affects household and/or corporate incomes could also result in reduced demand for credit or fee-based products and services. Any of these factors could adversely affect Southern States’ financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Because of Southern States’ geographic concentration, Southern States may be less able than other regional or national financial institutions to diversify its credit risks across multiple markets.

Certain markets are also affected by automobile manufacturing and related suppliers located in our markets and nearby, and the automobile industry and other industries have been adversely affected by supply chain disruptions and shortages and may in the future be affected by tariffs and trade wars. Auto sales are cyclical and are affected adversely by higher interest rates.

Southern States could suffer losses from a decline in the credit quality of the assets that Southern States holds.

Southern States could sustain losses if borrowers, guarantors, and related parties fail to perform in accordance with the terms of their loans. Southern States has adopted underwriting and credit monitoring procedures and policies that Southern States believes are appropriate to manage these risks, including the establishment and review of the allowance for credit losses, periodic assessment of the likelihood of nonperformance, tracking loan performance, and diversifying its credit portfolio. These policies and procedures, however, may not prevent unexpected losses that could materially adversely affect Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations. In particular,

Southern States faces credit quality risks presented by past, current, and potential economic and real estate market conditions.

A significant portion of Southern States’ loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and events that negatively impact the real estate market could negatively impact Southern States’ business.

As of December 31, 2024, 85.2% of Southern States’ loan portfolio is secured by either residential or commercial real estate. As of December 31, 2024, Southern States had $315.1 million in residential real estate loans and $1.4 billion in commercial real estate loans outstanding, representing 14.1% and 60.4%, respectively, of gross loans outstanding on that date. Loans in hospitality properties, including hotels, motels, restaurants and shopping centers, which were $336.5 million, representing 15.1% of our net loans outstanding at December 31, 2024, may be especially sensitive to economic conditions and the risks of the travel and retail industries, including the effects of natural disasters and pandemics.

There are significant risks associated with real estate-based lending. Real estate collateral may deteriorate in value during the time that credit is extended, in which case Southern States might not be able to sell such collateral for an amount necessary to satisfy a defaulting borrower’s obligation to Southern States. In that event, there could be a material adverse effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, commercial real estate loans are subject to unique risks. These types of loans are often viewed as having more risks than residential real estate or other consumer loans, primarily because relatively large amounts are loans to a relatively small number of borrowers. Thus, the deterioration of even a small number of these loans could cause a significant increase in the allowance for credit losses or loan charge offs, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, commercial real estate loans depend on cash flows from the property securing the debt. Cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions and a downturn in the local economy in one of Southern States’ markets or in occupancy rates where a property is located could increase the likelihood of default.

We may foreclose upon and take title to or operate property in the ordinary course of business, which may subject us to environmental risk. Although management has policies requiring environmental reviews before loans secured by real property are made and before foreclosure is commenced, if hazardous substances are found on such property, or found in a greater extent than expected, Southern States could be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage on such collateral.

Our limited geographic markets increase these risks. Most of the real estate securing Southern States’ loans is located in Alabama and Georgia. Because the value of this collateral depends upon local real estate market conditions and activity, and is affected by, among other things, neighborhood characteristics, real estate tax rates, the cost of operating the properties, and local governmental regulation, adverse changes in any of these factors in our markets could cause a decline in the value of the collateral securing a significant portion of Southern States’ loan portfolio. Further, the concentration of real estate collateral in these markets limits Southern States’ ability to diversify the risk of such occurrences.

Southern States’ allowance for estimated credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses, which may require Southern States to take a charge to earnings and adversely impact its financial condition and results of operations.

Southern States maintains an allowance for estimated credit losses that Southern States believes is adequate to absorb any probable losses in its loan portfolio. Management determines the amount of the allowance based upon an analysis of general market conditions, the credit quality of Southern States’ loan portfolio and the performance of Southern States’ customers relative to their financial obligations with Southern States. Southern States periodically evaluates the loan portfolio and assigns risk grading to its loans, which can result in changes in the allowance for credit losses. The amount of future losses is affected by changes in economic, operating, and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, which may be beyond Southern States’ control, and such losses may exceed the allowance for credit losses. Although Southern States believes that its allowance for estimated credit losses is adequate to absorb probable losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible, there can be no assurance that the allowance will prove sufficient to cover actual loan losses in the future. If actual losses exceed the allowance, the excess losses could adversely affect Southern States’ net income and capital. Such excess could also lead to larger allowances for credit losses in future periods, which could in turn adversely affect net income and capital in those periods. If economic conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in the estimate, or if the performance of Southern States’ loan portfolio deteriorates, future losses may occur, and increases in the allowance may be necessary, either of which would have a negative effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, federal banking regulators, as part of their supervisory function, periodically review the adequacy of Southern States’ allowance for estimated credit losses. These agencies may require Southern States to establish additional allowances based on their judgment of the information available at the time of their examinations. If these

regulatory agencies require Southern States to increase the allowance for estimated credit losses, it would have a negative effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Any branch expansion into new markets might not be successful.

As part of Southern States’ ongoing strategic plan, Southern States may consider expansion into adjacent markets. Such expansion might take the form of the establishment of de novo branches or the acquisition of existing banks or bank branches. There are considerable costs associated with opening new branches, and new branches generally do not generate sufficient revenues to offset costs until they have been in operation for some time. There are substantial risks associated with opening or acquiring branches, including risks that:

•revenues from such activities might not be sufficient to offset the development, compliance, and other implementation costs;

•branch acquisitions permit the existing customers to move their deposit and loan relationships and such runoff may adversely affect the expected benefits of such expansion;

•competing products and services and shifting market preferences might affect the profitability of such activities;

•integration costs and time and loss of branch personnel may make branch acquisitions more costly and less profitable than expected; and

•Southern States’ internal controls might be inadequate to manage the risks associated with new activities.

Furthermore, it is possible that Southern States’ unfamiliarity with new markets or lines of business might adversely affect the success of such actions. If any such expansions into new geographic or product markets are not successful, there could be an adverse effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions and mergers may disrupt Southern States’ business and dilute stockholder value, and integrating acquired companies may be more difficult, costly, or time-consuming than Southern States expects.

Southern States’ business strategy focuses on organic growth, including new hires and facilities, and growth through acquisitions of financial institutions. For example, we recently acquired Century Bank. The market for acquisitions may be limited, and we may face increased difficulties pursuing growth through acquisitions. Southern States’ pursuit of and integration of acquisitions may disrupt Southern States’ business, and common stock that Southern States issues as merger consideration may dilute the book value or market value of our common stock, especially since an acquisition frequently involves the payment of a premium over book and market values. In addition, Southern States may fail to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of completed acquisitions.

In addition, Southern States’ acquisition activities could be material to Southern States’ business and involve a number of significant risks, including the following:

•incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisitions and negotiating potential transactions, resulting in Southern States’ attention being diverted from the operation of Southern States’ existing business;

•using inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management, and market risks with respect to the target company or the assets and liabilities that Southern States seeks to acquire;

•exposure to potential asset quality issues of the target company;

•intense competition from other banking organizations and other potential acquirers, many of which have substantially greater resources than Southern States has;

•potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of banks and businesses Southern States acquires, including, without limitation, liabilities for regulatory and compliance issues;

•inability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and other projected benefits of the acquisition;

•incurring time and expense required to integrate the operations and personnel of the combined businesses;

•inconsistencies in standards, procedures, and policies that would adversely affect Southern States’ ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees;

•experiencing higher operating expenses relative to operating income from the new operations, creating an adverse short-term effect on Southern States’ results of operations;

•losing key employees and customers;

•the costs, time and risk of converting financial and customer data;

•integration of acquired customers into financial and customer product systems;

•potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company; or

•risks of marking assets and liabilities to current market values, and possible future impairment of goodwill and other intangibles resulting from acquisitions.

If difficulties arise with respect to the integration process, the economic benefits expected to result from acquisitions might not occur. As with any merger of financial institutions, there also may be business disruptions that cause Southern States to lose customers or cause customers to move their business to other financial institutions. Failure to successfully integrate businesses that Southern States acquires could have an adverse effect on its profitability,

return on equity, return on assets, or its ability to implement its strategy, any of which in turn could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and results of operation.

Southern States’ financial performance will be negatively impacted if Southern States is unable to execute its growth strategy.

Southern States’ current growth strategy is to grow organically, including through new hires and facilities, supplemented with select acquisitions. Southern States’ ability to grow organically depends primarily on generating loans and deposits of acceptable risk and expense, and Southern States may not be successful in continuing this organic growth. Southern States’ ability to identify appropriate markets for expansion, recruit and retain qualified personnel, and fund growth at a reasonable cost depends upon prevailing economic conditions, maintenance of sufficient capital, competitive factors, and changes in banking laws, among other factors. Conversely, if Southern States grows too quickly and is unable to control costs and maintain asset quality, such growth, whether organic or through select acquisitions, could materially and adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to execute on the acquisition of suitable banks for any reason, including changes in the market that make acquisitions less attractive, more costly, or more risky, our future growth plans, and our financial performance, could be impaired.

Southern States’ liquidity needs might adversely affect Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

The primary sources of liquidity for Southern States Bank are customer deposits, loan repayments and the sale or maturity of investment securities. Loan repayments are subject to credit risks. In addition, deposit levels may be affected by a number of factors, including interest rates paid by competitors, perceived safety, general interest rate levels, returns available to customers on alternative investments, and general economic conditions. If market interest rates rise or our competitors raise the rates they pay on deposits, our funding costs may increase, either because we raise our rates to avoid losing deposits or because we lose deposits and must rely on more expensive sources of funding. Higher funding costs could reduce our net interest margin and net interest income and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from operations.

Therefore, Southern States Bank may be required to rely from time to time on secondary sources of liquidity to meet withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations or support growth. Southern States Bank has lines of credit in place with the Federal Home Loan Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and correspondent banks that Southern States believes are adequate to meet the Bank’s liquidity needs. However, there can be no assurance that these arrangements will be sufficient to meet future liquidity needs, particularly if loan demand grows faster than anticipated.

The Company is a separate and distinct entity from the Bank, and depends on the issuance of capital stock and borrowings, which could include subordinated debt, as well as dividends from the Bank, for liquidity.

Southern States may not be able to adequately measure and limit the credit risks associated with its loan portfolio, which could adversely affect its profitability.

As a part of the products and services that Southern States offers, Southern States makes commercial and commercial real estate loans. The principal economic risk associated with each class of loans is the creditworthiness of the borrower, which is affected by the strength of the relevant business market segment, local market conditions, and general economic conditions. Additional factors related to the credit quality of commercial loans include the quality of the management of the business and the borrower’s ability both to properly evaluate changes in the supply and demand characteristics affecting its market for products and services, and to effectively respond to those changes. Additional factors related to the credit quality of commercial real estate loans include tenant occupancy rates and the quality of management of the property. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risks associated with Southern States loan portfolio could have an adverse effect on Southern States’ business, financial condition, and results of operations.

For a variety of reasons, customers may, from time to time, be unable to meet their loan obligations to us. Loan modifications and payment deferrals provide our borrowers with temporary relief, but such relief may be insufficient. Thus, we could experience various impairments of such loans, including a delay in payments of principal and interest, and borrowers may be unable to meet their loan payments timely. In the event we are forced to foreclose upon collateral securing our loans, we may be unable to sell such collateral timely at reasonable prices. All of the foregoing could have adverse consequences on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a community banking institution, Southern States has smaller lending limits and different lending risks than certain of its larger, more diversified competitors.

Southern States is a community banking institution that provides banking services to the local communities in the market areas in which it operates. Southern States’ ability to diversify economic risks is limited by Southern States’ local markets and economies. Southern States lends primarily to individuals and small to medium-sized businesses, which may expose Southern States to greater lending risks than those of banks that lend to larger, better-capitalized businesses with longer operating histories. These small to medium-sized businesses and entrepreneurs may have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity, and less developed internal controls and financial reporting than larger entities. If economic conditions negatively impact our markets generally, and small to medium-sized businesses are adversely affected, Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected. In addition, Southern States’ legally mandated lending limits are lower than those of certain of Southern States’ competitors that have more capital than Southern States has. These lower lending limits may discourage borrowers with lending needs that exceed Southern States’ limits from doing business with Southern States.

Our business success and growth depends significantly on key management personnel and our ability to attract and retain key people.

Southern States depends heavily upon its senior management team. Our success and growth depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain key people with customer relationships. We compete with other financial services companies for people primarily on the basis of compensation and benefits, support services and financial position. Intense competition exists for key employees with demonstrated ability, and we may be unable to hire or retain such employees. We may also be impacted by general labor market constraints. The loss of the services of a member of Southern States’ senior management team, or an inability to attract other experienced banking personnel, could adversely affect Southern States’ business. Some of these adverse effects could include the loss of personal contacts with existing or potential customers, as well as the loss of special technical knowledge, experience, and skills of such individuals who are responsible for Southern States’ operations.

Risks Related to Banking Regulation

Southern States is subject to extensive regulation in the conduct of its business, which imposes additional costs on Southern States and adversely affects its profitability.

As a bank holding company, Southern States is subject to federal regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the examination and reporting requirements of the Federal Reserve. Southern States Bank is subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the FDIC and ASBD. Federal and state regulation of the banking industry, along with tax and accounting laws, regulations, rules, and standards, may limit Southern States’ operations significantly and control the methods by which Southern States conducts business, as they limit those of other banking organizations. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund, and the banking system as a whole, and not stockholders or other creditors. These regulations affect lending practices, capital structure, capital levels, investment practices, dividend policy, and overall growth, among other things. For example, federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations limit the manner in which Southern States may offer and extend credit. In addition, the laws governing bankruptcy generally favor debtors, making it more expensive and more difficult to collect from customers who become subject to bankruptcy proceedings.

Southern States also may be required to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make any changes necessary to comply with new or additional regulations that may be adopted by Congress or the banking regulators. This allocation of resources, as well as any failure to comply with applicable requirements, may negatively impact Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of Southern States’ business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and Southern States’ failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which Southern States becomes subject as a result of such examinations could materially and adversely affect Southern States.

Southern States and the Bank are subject to supervision and regulation by banking agencies that periodically conduct examinations of their businesses, including compliance with laws and regulations. Southern States and any nonbanking subsidiaries are subject to supervision and periodic examination by the Federal Reserve. The Bank is subject to supervision and periodic examination by the FDIC and the ASBD. Accommodating such examinations may require management to reallocate resources, which would otherwise be used in the day-to-day operation of other aspects of Southern States’ business. If, as a result of an examination, any such banking agency was to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, allowance for credit losses, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of Southern States’ operations had become unsatisfactory, or that Southern States or its management were in violation of any law or regulation, such banking agency may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to

issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in Southern States’ capital, to restrict Southern States’ growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against Southern States, its officers, or directors, to remove officers and directors, and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate Southern States Bank's deposit insurance. If Southern States becomes subject to any such a regulatory action, it could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ business, financial condition, and results of operations. See “Item 1. & 2. Business and Properties—Supervision and Regulation.”

FDIC deposit insurance assessments may materially increase in the future, which would have an adverse effect on earnings.

The deposits of Southern States Bank are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits and, accordingly, subject it to the payment of FDIC deposit insurance assessments. We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums that we are required to pay for FDIC deposit insurance. A bank’s regular assessments are determined by its risk classification, which is based on certain financial information and the level of supervisory concern that it poses. In order to maintain a strong funding position and restore the reserve ratios of the DIF, the FDIC has, in the past, increased deposit insurance assessment rates and charged a special assessment to all FDIC-insured financial institutions. While the FDIC’s special assessment in 2023 generally only applied to banks with over $5.0 billion in total assets, further increases in assessment rates or special assessments that apply to all banks may occur in the future, especially if there are significant financial institution failures. Any future special assessments, increases in assessment rates or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Southern States and Southern States Bank are subject to capital requirements by regulators.

Applicable regulations require Southern States and Southern States Bank to maintain specific capital standards in relation to the respective credit risks of their assets and off-balance sheet exposures. Various components of these requirements are subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Southern States Bank maintains a “well capitalized” status under the current regulatory framework. Southern States Bank’s failure to maintain a “well capitalized” status could affect customers’ confidence in Southern States Bank, which could adversely affect its ability to do business. In addition, failure to maintain such status could also result in restrictions imposed by regulators on Southern States Bank’s growth, brokered deposits and deposit rates, dividends, management compensation and other activities. Any such effect on customers or restrictions by regulators could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

The Federal Reserve may require Southern States to commit capital resources to support the Bank.

Federal law requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks, and to commit resources to support such subsidiary banks. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when Southern States may not have the resources to provide it and therefore may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital, even if a further investment was not otherwise warranted.

Southern States may need to raise additional capital in the future, including as a result of potential increased minimum capital thresholds established by regulators, but that capital may not be available when it is needed or may be dilutive to stockholders.

Southern States is required by federal and state regulatory authorities to meet regulatory capital requirements. Institutions that seek acquisitions such as Southern States are expected to maintain capital substantially above regulatory minimums. Recent regulations implementing minimum capital standards require financial institutions to maintain higher minimum capital ratios and place a greater emphasis on common equity and tangible common equity as a component of “Tier 1 capital,” which consists generally of stockholders’ equity and qualifying preferred stock, less certain goodwill items and other intangible assets. In order to support Southern States’ operations and comply with regulatory standards, Southern States may need to raise capital in the future. Southern States’ ability to raise additional capital will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time (which are outside of Southern States’ control) and on Southern States’ financial condition and performance. The capital and credit markets have experienced significant volatility in recent years, and capital may not be available to Southern States or on reasonable terms, when needed. In some cases, the markets have produced downward pressure on stock prices and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. If Southern States cannot raise additional capital when needed, its financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected, and its banking regulators may subject Southern States to regulatory enforcement action as outlined above. Furthermore, Southern States’ issuance of additional shares of common stock could dilute the economic ownership interest of Southern States’ stockholders.

The Company is an entity separate and distinct from the Bank.

The Company is an entity separate and distinct from the Bank. Company transactions with the Bank are limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Federal Reserve Regulation W. We depend upon the Bank’s earnings and dividends, which are limited by law and regulatory policies and actions, for cash to pay the Company’s debt and corporate obligations, and to pay dividends to our shareholders. If the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company is limited, the Company’s liquidity and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Southern States’ ability to pay dividends is subject to restriction by various laws and regulations and other factors.

As a bank holding company, Southern States is a separate entity from the Bank and has no material assets other than its equity interest in the Bank. Thus, it has no independent means of generating revenue except for dividends from the Bank and cash and securities it may hold. The Bank or its subsidiaries may be restricted from making distributions to Southern States under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of financing arrangements, or may otherwise be unable to provide such funds.

Declarations of dividends is subject to the approval of our board of directors and subject to limits imposed on us by our regulators. Any future constraints on liquidity at the holding company level could impair Southern States’ ability to declare and pay dividends on Southern States’ common stock. In order to pay any dividends, we rely on dividends from the Bank. Under Alabama law, state-chartered banks must maintain a capital surplus of at least 20% of its capital, which the Bank currently exceeds. Moreover, our Bank is also required by Alabama law to obtain the prior approval of the ASBD Superintendent for its payment of dividends if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year will exceed the total of (1) the Bank’s net earnings (as defined by statute) for that year, plus (2) its retained net earnings for the preceding two years, less any required transfers to surplus. In addition, the Bank must maintain certain capital levels, which may restrict the ability of our Bank to pay dividends to us and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. The federal banking agencies’ capital regulations applicable to Southern States Bank require it to maintain the following capital ratios (when including the 2.5% capital conservation buffer which is made up solely of common equity tier l capital) to avoid limits on capital distributions, including dividends: (i) minimum ratio of common equity tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets of 7%, (ii) minimum ratio of tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8.5%, and (iii) minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 10.5%. Please see “Item 1. & 2. Business and Properties—Supervision and Regulation—Capital Adequacy.” Also, Southern States’ and Southern States Bank’s regulators have the authority to restrict dividends and payments on subordinated notes on each entity, if they determine they are operating in an unsafe or unsound manner, including inadequate capital.

At December 31, 2024, Southern States Bank could pay $78.8 million of dividends to Southern States without prior approval of the Superintendent. However, the payment of dividends is also subject to declaration by our board of directors, which takes into account our financial condition, earnings, general economic conditions and other factors, including statutory and regulatory restrictions. There can be no assurance that dividends will in fact be paid on our common stock in future periods or that, if paid, such dividends will not be reduced or eliminated. However, the amount and frequency of cash dividends, if any, will be determined by our board of directors after consideration of a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (1) our historical and projected financial condition, liquidity and results of operations; (2) our capital levels and needs; (3) any acquisitions or potential acquisitions that we are considering; (4) contractual, statutory and regulatory prohibitions and other limitations; (5) general economic conditions; and (6) other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Our ability to pay dividends may also be limited on account of our outstanding indebtedness, as we generally must make payments on our outstanding indebtedness before any dividends can be paid on our common stock. Finally, because our primary asset is our investment in the stock of the Bank, Southern States is dependent upon dividends from the Bank to pay our operating expenses, satisfy our obligations and pay dividends on our common stock, and the Bank’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock will substantially depend upon its earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate and other factors deemed relevant by its board of directors. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock, or as to the amount of any such dividends. See “Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Dividends and Dividend Policy” and “Item 1. & 2. Business and Properties—Supervision and Regulation.”

Southern States operates in a highly competitive industry and faces significant competition from other financial institutions and financial services providers, which may decrease its growth or profits.

Consumer and commercial banking are highly competitive industries. Southern States’ market areas contain not only a large number of community and regional banks, but also a significant presence of the country’s largest commercial banks. Southern States competes with other state and national financial institutions, as well as savings and loan associations, savings banks, and credit unions, for deposits and loans. In addition, Southern States competes with financial intermediaries, such as consumer finance companies, commercial finance companies, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, securities firms, mutual funds, and several government agencies, as well as major

retailers, all actively engaged in providing various types of loans and other financial services. Some of these competitors may have a longer history of successful operations in Southern States’ market areas and greater ties to local businesses and more expansive banking relationships, as well as more established depositor bases, fewer regulatory constraints, and lower cost structures than Southern States has. Competitors with greater resources may possess an advantage through their ability to maintain numerous banking locations in more convenient sites, to conduct more extensive promotional and advertising campaigns, or to operate a more developed technology platform. Due to their size, many competitors may offer a broader range of products and services, as well as better pricing for certain products and services than Southern States can offer. For example, in the current rate environment, there is an increase in competition for deposits. Further, increased competition among financial services companies due to the recent consolidation of certain competing financial institutions may adversely affect Southern States’ ability to market Southern States’ products and services. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for banks to compete in Southern States’ market areas without a retail footprint by offering competitive rates, and for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks. There has also been an increasing trend of credit unions acquiring banks. Credit unions are tax-exempt entities, which provides an advantage when pricing loans and deposits. The acquisition of banks by credit unions may increase competition for customers and acquisition targets.

The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory, and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms, and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting), and merchant banking.

Southern States’ ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including:

•Southern States’ ability to develop, maintain, and build upon long-term customer relationships based on quality service and high ethical standards;

•Southern States’ ability to attract and retain qualified employees to operate Southern States’ business effectively;

•Southern States’ ability to expand market position;

•the scope, relevance, and pricing of products and services that Southern States offers to meet customer needs and demands;

•the rate at which Southern States introduces new products and services relative to its competitors;

•customer satisfaction with Southern States’ level of service; and

•industry and general economic trends.

Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken Southern States’ competitive position, which could adversely affect Southern States’ growth and profitability, which, in turn, could harm Southern States’ business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Southern States continually encounters technological change and may have fewer resources than its competitors to continue to invest in technological improvements.

The banking and financial services industries are undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to enhancing the level of service provided to customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Southern States’ future success will depend, in part, upon Southern States’ ability to address the needs of customers by using technology to provide products and services that enhance customer convenience and create additional efficiencies in operations. Many of Southern States’ competitors have greater resources to invest in technological improvements, and Southern States may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services, which could reduce its ability to effectively compete.

Any new activities and expansion plans may require regulatory approvals, and failure to obtain them may restrict our growth.

As part of our growth strategy, we may expand our business by pursuing strategic acquisitions of financial institutions and other closely related businesses. Generally, we must receive regulatory approval before we can acquire a bank holding company, an FDIC-insured depository institution or related businesses. In determining whether to approve a proposed acquisition, banking regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, our financial condition, our future prospects and the impact of the proposal on U.S. financial stability. The regulators also review current and projected capital ratios, the competence, experience and integrity of management and its record of compliance with laws and regulations, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served (including the acquiring institution’s record of compliance under the CRA) and the effectiveness of the acquiring institution in combating money laundering activities. Generally, acquirors must be deemed “well managed” and “well capitalized.” The necessary regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that are acceptable to us, or granted at all. In certain cases, where our resulting market shares raises competitive concerns, we may also be required to sell banking locations as a condition to receiving regulatory approval, which condition may not be acceptable to us or, if acceptable to us, may reduce the benefit of any acquisition.

In addition to the acquisition of existing financial institutions, as opportunities arise, we may continue de novo branching as a part of our expansion strategy. De novo branching carries with it numerous risks, including the inability to obtain all required regulatory approvals, which are dependent upon many of the same factors as acquisitions, including our capital management, anti-money laundering and CRA compliance. The failure to obtain these regulatory approvals for potential future strategic acquisitions and de novo banking locations could negatively affect our business plans and restrict our growth.

Southern States is subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The U.S. Department of Justice and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and limitations on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects.

Southern States is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations, and any deemed deficiency by Southern States with respect to these laws could result in significant liability and restrict our potential growth through branching and acquisitions.

The Bank Secrecy Act, the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports when appropriate. In 2019, the “know your customer” rules were expanded to include inquiries regarding beneficial owners of entities. In addition to other bank regulatory agencies, the federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Department of the Treasury, or FinCEN, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the state and federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Drug Enforcement Administration, and Internal Revenue Service. Southern States is also subject to increased scrutiny of compliance with the rules enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury, or OFAC, regarding, among other things, the prohibition of transacting business with, and the need to freeze assets of, certain persons and organizations identified as a threat to the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States. If Southern States’ policies, procedures, and systems are deemed deficient, Southern States would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on Southern States’ ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with its acquisition and business plans. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for Southern States. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

An active, liquid market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained.

Although our common stock is listed on NASDAQ, an active, liquid trading market for our common stock may not be sustained on a long-range basis. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the presence in the marketplace and independent decisions of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock, over which we have no control. Without an active, liquid trading market for our common stock, stockholders may not be able to sell their shares at the volume, prices and times desired or sell their shares at all. Moreover, the lack of an established market could have an adverse effect on the value of our common stock. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our common stock and may impair our ability to expand our business through acquisitions, by using our common stock as consideration, should we elect to do so.

The market price of our common stock may be subject to substantial fluctuations, which may make it difficult for you to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for stockholders to resell their shares at the volume, prices and times desired. There are many factors that may impact the market price and trading volume of our common stock, including, without limitation:

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results, financial condition or asset quality;

•changes in economic or business conditions, such as inflation, labor shortages, supply chain issues, tariffs and trade wars;

•the effects of, and changes in, trade, monetary and fiscal policies, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve, or in laws or regulations affecting us;

•the public reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

•the number of securities analysts covering us;

•publication of research reports about us, our competitors, or the financial services industry generally, or changes in, or failure to meet, securities analysts’ estimates of our financial and operating performance, or lack of research reports by industry analysts or ceasing of coverage;

•changes in market valuations or earnings of companies that investors deem comparable to us;

•the trading volume of our common stock;

•future issuances of our common stock or other securities;

•future sales of our common stock by us or our directors, executive officers or principal stockholders;

•additions or departures of key personnel;

•perceptions in the marketplace regarding our competitors and us;

•changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations, or differing interpretations thereof affecting our business, or enforcement of these laws or regulations;

•new technology used, or services offered by, competitors;

•additional investments from third parties;

•significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving our competitors or us;

•other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services;

•other news, announcements or disclosures (whether by us or others) related to us, our competitors, our core market or the financial services industry; and

•geopolitical conditions such as wars, acts or threats of terrorism, pandemics, military conflicts, tariffs or trade wars.

In particular, the realization of any of the risks described in “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and cause the value of our common stock to decline. The stock market and, in particular, the market for financial institution stocks have at times experienced substantial fluctuations in recent years, which in many cases have been unrelated to the operating performance and prospects of particular companies. In addition, significant fluctuations in the trading volume in our common stock may cause significant price variations to occur. Increased market volatility could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock, which could make it difficult to sell shares at the volume, prices and times desired.

Future sales or the availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of equity securities.

Future sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that large sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or limit our future ability to raise capital through an offering of equity securities.

We may issue shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time as consideration for future acquisitions and investments and under compensation and incentive plans, including the 2017 Incentive Stock Compensation Plan. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of shares of our common stock, or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial. We may also grant registration rights covering those shares of our common stock or other securities in connection with any such acquisitions and investments. Such issuances of common stock may dilute our existing stockholders.

We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares of our common stock issued in connection with an acquisition or under a compensation or incentive plan, including the Plan), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of our securities.

The rights of our common stockholders are subordinate to the rights of the holders of any debt instruments that we may issue and may be subordinate to the holders of any series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future.

On February 7, 2022, we issued and sold in a private placement $48.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.50% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated notes due 2032. On October 26, 2022, we issued and sold in a private placement $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.0% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated notes due

2032. On July 31, 2024, we assumed $4.7 million in aggregate principal amount, net of premium discounts, of 3.50% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated notes due 2031 as a result of our acquisition of Century Bank.

Our existing indebtedness is, and future indebtedness that we may incur will be senior to our common stock. We must make timely payments on our indebtedness before any dividends can be paid on our common stock, and, in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of any indebtedness must be satisfied in full before any distributions can be made to the holders of our common stock. Additionally, the right of a bank holding company to participate in the assets of its subsidiary bank in the event of a bank-level liquidation or reorganization is subject to the claims of the bank’s creditors, including depositors, which generally take priority over bank holding company claims.

Our corporate governance documents, and certain corporate and banking laws applicable to us, could make a takeover more difficult, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (“certificate of incorporation”) and amended and restated bylaws (“bylaws”) could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of our organization or conduct a proxy contest, even if those events were perceived by many of our stockholders as beneficial to their interests. Our certificate of incorporation or bylaws include, among other things, provisions that:

•enable our board of directors to issue additional shares of authorized, but unissued capital stock including additional shares of common stock and preferred stock, without further stockholder approval;

•enable our board to establish the terms of preferred stock, including voting rights, dividend rights, redemption features, rights on liquidation or dissolution, and other qualifications, limitations and restrictions;

•establish an advance notice procedure for director nominations and other stockholder proposals;

•do not permit stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders or act by written consent; and

•enable our board of directors, within limits, to increase the size of the board and fill the vacancies created by the increase.

In the event that we issue preferred stock in the future that has preference over our common stock with respect to payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common stock, the rights of the holders of our common stock or the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected. Any of the foregoing provisions may discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control, including under circumstances in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium over the market price of our shares.

There are also substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies that may discourage investors from purchasing shares of our common stock.

With limited exceptions, federal regulations prohibit a person or company or a group of persons deemed to be “acting in concert” from, directly or indirectly, acquiring 10% or more (5% if the acquirer is a bank holding company) of any class of our voting stock or obtaining the ability to control in any manner the election of a majority of the directors or otherwise direct the management or policies of our company without prior notice or application to, and the approval of, the Federal Reserve. Companies investing in banks and bank holding companies receive additional review and may be required to file Change in Bank Control Act notices. Accordingly, prospective investors must be aware of and comply with these requirements, if applicable, in connection with any purchase of shares of our common stock. These provisions could discourage third parties from seeking to acquire significant interests in us or in attempting to acquire control of us, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (“JOBS”) Act and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” As an emerging growth company:

•we are required to present only two years of audited financial statements and related information;

•we are exempt from the requirement to obtain an attestation report from auditors on management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

•we are not required to comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer;

•we are permitted to provide less extensive disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements pursuant to the rules applicable to smaller reporting companies, which means we do not have to include a compensation discussion and analysis and certain other disclosures regarding our executive compensation; and

•we are not required to give our stockholders non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements.

We may take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have at least $1.24 billion in annual gross revenues, (ii) the date on which we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act (the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $700 million in market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of the prior June 30), (iii) the date on which we issue more than $1.00 billion of non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period, or (iv) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering in 2021. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens. We have elected to adopt some of the reduced disclosure requirements described above.

We expect to take advantage of some of the reduced reporting and other requirements of the JOBS Act with respect to the periodic reports we will file with the SEC and proxy statements that we use to solicit proxies from our stockholders. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than what you might receive from public reporting companies from which you hold equity interests.

In addition, the JOBS Act permits us to take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards affecting public companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period, which means that the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as any financial statements that we file in the future, may not be subject to all new or revised accounting standards generally applicable to public companies for the transition period as long as we remain an emerging growth company or until we affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards on a non-delayed basis.

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile or decline.

Any deficiencies in our financial reporting or internal controls could materially and adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we became subject to the FDIC rules requiring annual management reports on our financial statements, our internal controls and for compliance with laws and regulations related to safety and soundness. SEC rules require that our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer periodically certify the existence and effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with the first Annual Report on Form 10-K we file following the date we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, but no later than our Annual Report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026, we will be required to include our independent registered public accounting firm’s attestation report on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This process will require significant documentation of policies, procedures and systems, and review of that documentation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting by our internal auditing and accounting staff and our independent registered public accounting firm. This process will require considerable time and attention from management, which could prevent us from successfully implementing our business initiatives and improving our business, financial condition and results of operations, strain our internal resources, and increase our operating costs. We may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses and outside auditor fees during the implementation of these changes and thereafter.

During the course of our testing we may identify deficiencies that would have to be remediated to satisfy the SEC rules for certification of our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is defined by the standards issued by the PCAOB as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a consequence, we would have to disclose in periodic reports we file with the SEC any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The existence of a material weakness would preclude management from concluding that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and would preclude our independent auditors from expressing an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, disclosures of deficiencies of this type in our SEC reports could cause investors to lose confidence in our financial reporting, and may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, and could result in the delisting of our securities from the securities exchanges on which they trade. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary to produce reliable financial reports and to prevent fraud. If we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting, it may materially and adversely affect us.

Securities analysts may not initiate or continue coverage on us.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities analysts publish about us and our business. We do not have any control over these securities analysts, and they may not cover us. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to publish regular reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our common stock to decline. If we are covered by securities analysts and are the subject of an unfavorable report, the price of our common stock may decline.

An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit and is subject to risk of loss.

Your investment in our common stock is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. Your investment is subject to investment risk, and your investment may lose money.

Our stock repurchase program may not enhance long-term stockholder value, and stock repurchases, if any, could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and will diminish our cash reserves.

On December 20, 2023, we announced that our board of directors approved an extended Program that authorized us to repurchase up to $10.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2024. On January 14, 2025, the board of directors announced that it had extended the Program for another $10.0 million to be in effect until December 31, 2025, with the timing of purchases and number of shares repurchased under the Program dependent upon a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements, and market conditions. We are not obligated to purchase any shares under the Program and the Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice.

Repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a stock repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, repurchases under our stock repurchase program will diminish our cash reserves, which impacts our ability to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions, support our operations, invest in securities, and pay dividends and could result in lower overall returns on our cash balances. Stock repurchases may not enhance shareholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares of stock, and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

General Risk Factors

We are subject to risk due to increasing interest rates.

Beginning March 2020, we were in a low interest rate environment. In March 2020, the target federal funds rate decreased 150 bps to a range of 0.00% to 0.25% and remained at that rate until March 2022, when the Federal Reserve began increasing the target federal funds rate. The Federal Reserve increased the target federal funds rate by 25 bps in March 2022; 50 bps in May 2022; 75 bps in each of June, July, September, and November 2022; and 50 bps in December 2022, resulting in a range of 4.25% to 4.50% as of December 31, 2022. The Federal Reserve also increased interest rates in 2023, with 25 basis point increases in January, March, May and July 2023, resulting in a range of 5.25% to 5.5% as of December 31, 2023. The Federal Reserve decreased interest rates in 2024, with a 50 basis point decrease in September and 25 basis point decreases in November and December, resulting in a range of 4.25% to 4.5% as of December 31, 2024.

Our costs of funds may change as a result of changing interest rates. Additionally, our deposits may face competitive pressures. Different rates also have an effect on our investment securities portfolio. Additionally, changing rates to manage the economy may impact the economies generally, which may in turn impact the demand for loans.

Use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan secured by real property does not ensure the value of the real property collateral.

In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, Southern States generally requires an appraisal. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made, and appraisals are based upon various assumptions about the real property and local market conditions. If the appraisal does not accurately reflect the amount that may be obtained upon any sale or foreclosure of the property, Southern States may not realize an amount equal to the indebtedness secured by the property.

Southern States uses information technology in its operations, offers online banking services to its customers, and depends on outside third party vendors for data processing services. Unauthorized access to Southern States or its customers’ confidential or proprietary information as a result of a cyber-attack or otherwise could expose Southern States to reputational harm and litigation and adversely affect Southern States’ ability to attract and retain customers.

Southern States relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. Any failure or interruption of these systems could impair or prevent the effective operation of Southern States’ customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, lending, or other functions. Information security risks for financial institutions have significantly increased in recent years, in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunication technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, foreign governments, hackers, terrorists, activists, and other external parties. Southern States and its service providers are under continuous and expanding threats of loss due to hacking and cyber-attacks, especially as Southern States continues to expand customer applications using the internet, wireless, mobile and other remote channels to transact business. Therefore, the secure processing, transmission, and storage of information in connection with Southern States’ online banking services are critical elements of its operations. However, Southern States’ network could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses and other malware, phishing schemes, or other security failures. In addition, customers may use personal smartphones, tablet PCs, or other mobile devices that are beyond Southern States’ control systems in order to access Southern States’ products and services. Southern States’ and its service providers’ technologies, systems and networks, and customers’ devices, may become the target of cyber-attacks, electronic fraud, or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss, or destruction of Southern States or its customers’ confidential, proprietary, and other information, or otherwise disrupt Southern States or its customers’ or other third parties’ business operations. As cyber threats continue to evolve, Southern States may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against these threats or to alleviate or investigate problems caused by such threats. To the extent that Southern States’ activities or the activities of Southern States’ customers involve the processing, storage, or transmission of confidential customer information, any breaches or unauthorized access to such information could present significant regulatory costs and expose Southern States to litigation and other possible liabilities. Any inability to prevent these types of security threats could also cause existing customers to lose confidence in Southern States’ systems and could adversely affect Southern States’ reputation and ability to generate deposits. While Southern States has not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches to date, Southern States may suffer such losses in the future.

Southern States relies on software and systems developed and/or operated by third-party vendors to process various transactions. These systems include, but are not limited to, general ledger, payroll systems and employee benefits, loan and deposit processing, and securities portfolio accounting. While Southern States reviews the security and controls instituted by the applicable vendors and performs its own testing of user controls, Southern States relies on the continued maintenance of controls and data security by these third-party vendors, including safeguards over the security of customer data.

The increased use of online banking may increase the risks related to our information technology systems, including cyber-attacks and unauthorized access.

The occurrence of any cyber-attack or information security breach could result in potential liability to clients, reputational damage, damage to Southern States’ competitive position, and the disruption of Southern States’ operations, all of which could adversely affect Southern States’ financial condition or results of operations, lead to increased compliance and insurance costs and reduce stockholder value.

The accuracy of our financial statements and related disclosures could be affected if the judgments, assumptions or estimates used in our critical accounting policies are inaccurate.

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result, if future events or regulatory views differ significantly from the judgments, assumptions and estimates in our critical accounting policies, those events or assumptions could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and may require us to revise or restate prior period financial statements or realize losses not previously recognized, cause damage to our reputation and the price of our common stock and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations are affected by fiscal and monetary policy. Actions by monetary and fiscal authorities, including the Federal Reserve, could lead to inflation, deflation, or other economic impacts that could adversely affect Southern States’ financial performance. The primary impact of inflation on Southern States’ operations most likely will be reflected in increased operating costs. Conversely, deflation generally will tend to erode collateral values and diminish loan quality. Virtually all of Southern States’ assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates and the shape of the yield curve have a more significant

impact on Southern States’ performance than general levels of inflation or deflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or by the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services.

Southern States depends on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with customers and counterparties, Southern States may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. Southern States also may rely on representations of customers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. In deciding whether to extend credit, Southern States may depend upon its customers’ representations that their financial statements conform to GAAP and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the customer. Southern States also may rely on customer representations and certifications, or other audit or accountants’ reports, with respect to the business and financial condition of its clients. Southern States’ financial condition, results of operations, financial reporting, and reputation could be negatively affected if Southern States relies on materially misleading, false, inaccurate, or fraudulent information.

As a community bank, Southern States’ ability to maintain Southern States’ reputation is critical to the success of Southern States’ business, and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect Southern States’ performance.

Southern States’ reputation is one of the most valuable components of its business. As such, Southern States strives to conduct its business in a manner that enhances its reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring, and retaining employees who share Southern States’ core values of being an integral part of the communities Southern States serves, delivering superior service to customers, and caring about customers and associates and maintaining Southern States’ credit culture. If Southern States’ reputation is negatively affected, by the actions of Southern States’ employees or otherwise, Southern States’ business and, therefore, Southern States’ operating results may be materially adversely affected.

Southern States historical growth rate and performance may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results.

We may not be able to sustain our past rate of growth or grow our business at all. Consequently, our past results of operations will not necessarily be indicative of our future operations.

If the communities in which Southern States operates do not grow, or if the prevailing economic conditions locally or nationally are less favorable than Southern States has historically realized, then its ability to implement its business strategies may be adversely affected, and its actual growth and financial performance may materially change.

Moreover, Southern States cannot give any assurance that Southern States will benefit from any market growth or favorable economic conditions in its market areas even if they do occur. If Southern States’ senior management team is unable to provide the effective leadership necessary to implement Southern States’ strategic plan, including the successful integration of any acquisition, Southern States’ actual financial performance may be materially adversely different from Southern States’ expectations and goals. Additionally, to the extent that any component of Southern States’ strategic plan requires regulatory approval, if Southern States is unable to obtain necessary approval without material adverse conditions, Southern States will be unable to completely implement its strategy, which may adversely affect its actual growth and results of operations and financial condition. The inability to successfully implement Southern States’ strategic plan could adversely affect the price of Southern States’ common stock.

The internal controls that Southern States has implemented in order to mitigate risks inherent to the business of banking might fail or be circumvented.

Management regularly reviews and updates Southern States’ internal controls and procedures that are designed to manage the various risks in Southern States’ business, including credit risk, operational risk, and interest rate risk. No system of controls, however well-designed and operated, can provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the system will be met. If there were a failure of such a system, or if a system were circumvented, there could be a material adverse effect on Southern States’ financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in accounting standards could materially impact Southern States’ financial statements.

From time to time, the FASB or the SEC may change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of Southern States’ financial statements. Such changes may result in Southern States being subject to new or changing accounting and reporting standards. In addition, the bodies that interpret the accounting standards (such as banking regulators or outside auditors) may change their interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. These changes may be beyond Southern States’ control, can be hard to predict, and can materially impact how Southern States records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases,

Southern States could be required to apply a new or revised standard retrospectively, or apply an existing standard differently, also retrospectively, in each case resulting in its needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements.

Severe weather, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, tariffs, trade wars, acts of war or terrorism or other external events could have significant effects on our business.

Severe weather and natural disasters, including hurricanes, tornados, droughts and floods, epidemics and pandemics, tariffs, trade wars, acts of war or terrorism or other external events could have a significant effect on our ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue and/or cause us to incur additional expenses. Although management has established disaster recovery and business continuity policies and procedures, the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The SEC and federal bank regulators have also recently updated their guidance for pandemics, which may cause us to change our operations and business continuity efforts. We are monitoring the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and Israel and Hamas. While we do not expect that these conflicts will be directly material to us, collateral effects of the geopolitical instability could adversely affect the global economy or domestic markets, including ours.

Southern States is or may become involved from time to time in suits, legal proceedings, information-gathering requests, investigations, and proceedings by governmental agencies and third parties that may lead to adverse consequences.

Many aspects of Southern States’ business involve substantial risk of legal liability. Southern States is subject to being threatened to be named as a defendant in lawsuits arising from its business activities. In addition, from time to time, Southern States is, or may become, the subject of governmental and self-regulatory agency information-gathering requests, reviews, investigations and proceedings, and other forms of regulatory inquiry, including by bank regulatory agencies, the SEC, and law enforcement authorities. The results of such proceedings could lead to significant civil or criminal penalties, including monetary penalties, damages, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, restrictions on the way in which Southern States conducts its business, or reputational harm.

Changes in laws and government regulation may have a material effect on Southern States’ results of operations.

Financial institutions have been the subject of significant legislative and regulatory changes and may be the subject of further significant legislation or regulation in the future, none of which is within Southern States’ control. New proposals for legislation could be introduced in the U.S. Congress that could further substantially increase regulation of the bank and non-bank financial services industries, impose restrictions on the operations and general ability of firms within the industry to conduct business consistent with historical practices, including in the areas of compensation, interest rates, financial product offerings, and disclosures, and have an effect on bankruptcy proceedings with respect to consumer residential real estate mortgages, among other things. Federal and state regulatory agencies also frequently adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. Changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies, including changes in their interpretation or implementation by regulators, could affect Southern States in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could, among other things, subject Southern States to additional costs and lower revenues, limit the types of financial services and products that Southern States may offer, ease restrictions on non-banks and thereby enhance their ability to offer competing financial services and products, increase compliance costs, and require a significant amount of management’s time and attention. Failure to comply with statutes, regulations, or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil monetary penalties, or reputational damage, each of which could have a material adverse effect on Southern States’ business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our profitability and liquidity may be affected by changes in interest rates and interest rate levels, the shape of the yield curve and economic conditions.

Our profitability depends upon net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investments, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Net interest income will be adversely affected if market interest rates on the interest we pay on deposits and borrowings increases faster than the interest earned on loans and investments. Interest rates, and consequently our results of operations, are affected by general economic conditions (national, international and local) and fiscal and monetary policies, as well as expectations of these rates and policies and the shape of the yield curve. Our income is primarily driven by the spread between these rates. As a result, a steeper yield curve, meaning long-term interest rates are significantly higher than short-term interest rates, would provide the Bank with a better opportunity to increase net interest income. Conversely, a flattening yield curve could pressure our net interest margin as our cost of funds increases relative to the spread we can earn on our assets. In addition, net interest income could be affected by asymmetrical changes in the different interest rate indexes, given that not all of our

assets or liabilities are priced with the same index. A reduction in interest rates could negatively affect our net interest margin.

Increases in interest rates may cause consumers to shift their funds to more interest-bearing instruments and to increase the competition for and costs of deposits. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investment assets or from transaction deposits to higher interest-bearing time deposits, we could lose a relatively low cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income. Increases in market interest rates may reduce demand for loans, including residential mortgage loans originations. At the same time, increases in rates will increase the rates we charge on variable rate loans and may increase our net interest margin. Higher interest rates would decrease the values of our existing fixed rate securities investments and could potentially adversely affect the values and liquidity of collateral securing our loans. The effects of increased rates and the related risks to us depend on the rates of changes in our costs of funds and interest earned on our loans and investments, the shape of the yield curve, and our ability to manage such changes.

Liquidity risks could affect operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, proceeds from loan repayments or sales proceeds from maturing loans and securities, and other sources could have a negative effect on our liquidity. Our funding sources include federal funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements, core and non-core deposits, and short- and long-term debt. We maintain a portfolio of securities that can be used as a source of liquidity. We are also members of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, where we can obtain advances collateralized with eligible assets. There are other sources of liquidity available to the Company or the Bank should they be needed, including our ability to acquire additional non-core deposits. We may be able, depending upon market conditions, to otherwise borrow money or issue and sell debt and preferred or common securities in public or private transactions. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our activities on terms which are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically, or the financial services industry or the economy in general. General conditions that are not specific to us, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry could adversely affect us.

The highly-publicized failures of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank and First Republic Bank during the first half of 2023 caused significant disruptions in the banking industry. These industry developments negatively impacted overall customer confidence in the safety of their deposits, particularly uninsured deposits, at some regional banks. As a result, some customers moved deposits to, or maintained deposits with, larger financial institutions or moved funds to investment alternatives outside the banking industry. The rapid failures of these large banks highlighted risks associated with advances in technology that increase the speed at which information, concerns and rumors can spread through traditional and new media and increase the speed at which deposits can be moved from bank to bank or outside the banking system, heightening liquidity concerns of traditional banks. Concerns about liquidity in the banking industry and the safety of uninsured deposits that may result from similar events in the future may materially adversely impact our liquidity, cost of funds, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital and results of operations.

The obligations associated with being a public company require significant resources and management attention.

As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses that we have not incurred as a private company, particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and other rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, legislation passed by Congress, the PCAOB and NASDAQ, each of which imposes additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. As a public company, we are required to, among other things:

•prepare and distribute periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other stockholder communications in compliance with the federal securities laws and rules;

•expand the roles and duties of our board of directors and committees thereof;

•institute more comprehensive financial reporting and disclosure compliance procedures;

•establish new internal policies, including those relating to trading in our securities, and internal and disclosure controls and procedures;

•involve and retain to a greater degree outside counsel and accountants in the activities listed above;

•enhance our investor relations function;

•retain additional personnel; and

•comply with the listing standards of NASDAQ.

We expect these rules and regulations and future changes in laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, which have created uncertainty for public companies, will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This

could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. Our investment in compliance with existing and evolving regulatory requirements will result in increased administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. These increased costs could require us to expend time and money that we could otherwise use to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Our risk management program is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks across various aspects of our company, including financial, operational, regulatory, reputational, and legal. Cybersecurity is a critical component of this program, given the increasing reliance on technology and potential cyber threats. Our Information Security Officer (“ISO”) is primarily responsible for this cybersecurity component and is a key member of the risk management organization, reporting directly to the Chief Executive Officer.

Our objective for managing cybersecurity risk is to avoid or minimize the impacts of external threat events or other efforts to penetrate, disrupt or misuse our systems or information. The structure of our information security program is designed around the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework, regulatory guidance, and other industry standards. In addition, we leverage certain industry and government associations, third-party benchmarking, audits, and threat intelligence feeds to facilitate and promote program effectiveness. The information security program is periodically reviewed with the goal of addressing changing threats and conditions.

We employ an in-depth, layered, defensive strategy that embraces a “trust by design” philosophy when designing new products, services, and technology. We leverage people, processes, and technology as part of our efforts to manage and maintain cybersecurity controls. We also employ a variety of preventative and detective tools designed to monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on suspected advanced persistent threats. We have established processes and systems designed to mitigate cyber risk, including regular and on-going education and training for employees, preparedness simulations and tabletop exercises, and recovery and resilience tests. We engage in regular assessments of our infrastructure, software systems, and network architecture, using internal cybersecurity experts and third-party specialists. We also maintain a third-party risk management program designed to identify, assess, and manage risks, including cybersecurity risks, associated with external service providers and our supply chain. We also actively monitor our email gateways for malicious phishing email campaigns and monitor remote connections as a significant portion of our workforce has the option to work remotely. We leverage internal and external auditors and independent external partners to periodically review our processes, systems, and controls, including with respect to our information security program, to assess their design and operating effectiveness and make recommendations to strengthen our risk management program.

We maintain a Business Continuity Plan that provides a documented framework for responding to actual or potential cybersecurity incidents, including timely notification of and escalation to the appropriate Board-approved management committees. The Business Continuity Plan is coordinated through the Information Security Officer and key members of management are embedded into the Plan by its design. The Business Continuity Plan facilitates coordination across multiple parts of our organization and is evaluated at least annually.

Notwithstanding our defensive measures and processes, the threat posed by cyber-attacks is severe. Our internal systems, processes, and controls are designed to mitigate loss from cyber-attacks. To date, risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected our company.

Governance

Our ISO is accountable for managing our enterprise information security department and delivering our information security program. The responsibilities of this department include cybersecurity risk assessment, defense operations, incident response, vulnerability assessment, threat intelligence, identity access governance, third-party risk management, and business resilience. The foregoing responsibilities are covered on a day-to-day basis by a first line of defense program. This endpoint program is monitored 24/7 and would notify IT staff of an incident. Most incidents would be mitigated by monitoring staff of the endpoint program, but IT staff would have to be involved in more severe incidents. This mitigation is resolved from an always updating database. In severe cases, the device that triggers the incident would be locked down and a plan of action would be put in place. The second line of defense is

a monitored firewall. This would also notify IT staff of an incident. Last line of defense is IT Staff. The department is augmented by an information security specialist that is on a monthly retainer. Individuals within the department are generally subject to professional education requirements.

Our board of directors has approved a committee comprised of directors and management called the Information Technology Committee. This committee provides oversight and governance of the technology program and the information security program. This committee meets quarterly to provide oversight of the risk management strategy, standards, policies, practices, controls, and mitigation and prevention efforts employed to manage security risks. More frequent meetings may occur from time to time in accordance with the Business Continuity Plan in order to facilitate timely informing and monitoring efforts. The ISO reports summaries of key issues, including significant cybersecurity and/or privacy incidents.

The ISO has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 21 years and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Management Information Systems from Auburn University. The ISO is also a graduate of the Alabama Banking School of the University of South Alabama. The ISO also holds multiple professional certifications, including specialized certifications in vendor risk management and community banking technology.

Item 2. Properties

Our description of properties is contained in “Part 1—Item 1. & 2. Business and Properties” above.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Southern States and Southern States Bank are parties to various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of their respective businesses, including proceedings to collect loans or enforce security interests. In the opinion of management, none of these legal proceedings currently pending will, when resolved, have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or the results of operations of Southern States or Southern States Bank. However, given the nature, scope and complexity of the extensive legal and regulatory landscape applicable to our business, including laws and regulations governing consumer protection, fair lending, fair labor, privacy, information security and anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws, we, like all banking organizations, are subject to heightened legal and regulatory compliance and litigation risks.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SSBK.” Our shares have been traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market since August 12, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.

Holders of Record

As of March 11, 2025, there were approximately 550 holders of record, excluding stockholders for whom shares are held in nominee or street name.

Dividends and Dividend Policy

Our stockholders are entitled to receive dividends on common stock only if, when and as declared by our board of directors from funds legally available therefor under Alabama corporate law and as limited by our banking regulators. We paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.09 per share on February 15, 2024, May 16, 2024, August 12, 2024 and November 15, 2024, resulting in cash dividends of $0.36 per share for the year ended December 31, 2024. Any future determination relating to dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations; our capital levels and needs; acquisitions; contractual, statutory and regulatory prohibitions and other limitations; general economic conditions; and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. There can be no assurance that in the future we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock, or as to the amount of any future dividends.

For information on regulatory restrictions on our and the Bank’s present and future ability to pay dividends, see “Item 1. & 2. Business & Properties—Supervision and Regulation.”

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our purchase of shares of common stock made during the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of stock repurchases made under our publicly announced stock repurchase program (the “Program”) and are summarized in the table below.


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of the Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program(1)
					(dollars in thousands)

January 1 - January 31, 2024	—	$	—	—	$	10,000
February 1 - February 29, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
March 1 - March 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
April 1 - April 30, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
May 1 - May 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
June 1 - June 30, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
July 1 - July 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
August 1 - August 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
September 1 - September 30, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
October 1 - October 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
November 1 - November 30, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
December 1 - December 31, 2024	—	—		—	10,000
Total	—	$	—	—	$	10,000

(1) On December 20, 2023, we announced that our board of directors approved an extended Program that authorized us to repurchase up to $10.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2024. On January 15, 2025, the board of directors announced that it had extended the Program for another $10.0 million to be in effect until December 31, 2025, with the timing of purchases and number of shares repurchased under the Program dependent upon a variety of factors including price, trading volume, corporate and regulatory requirements, and market conditions. We are not obligated to purchase any shares under the Program and the Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice.

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on From 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and are based on certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable but may not be realized. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors,” “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements appearing in this discussion and analysis. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

Overview

Southern States Bancshares, Inc. (including its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “our” or “we”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Anniston, Alabama. We operate primarily through our wholly owned subsidiary, Southern States Bank (the “Bank”), an Alabama banking corporation. On July 31, 2024, we completed our acquisition of Century Bank of Georgia (“Century Bank”). The acquisition expanded the Company's presence in the Georgia market, adding two offices in Rockmart and Cartersville, Georgia. We provide banking services from fifteen offices in Alabama and Georgia and two LPOs in Georgia. The Bank is a full-service community banking institution that offers an array of deposit, loan and other banking-related products and services to businesses and individuals in our communities. Our principal business activities include commercial and retail banking.

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to provide the reader with information that will assist in the understanding of our business, results of operations, financial condition and financial statements; changes in certain key items in our financial statements from period to period; and the primary factors that we use to evaluate our business.

Overview of 2024 Results

Net income was $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Significant measures for the year included:

•Return on average assets (“ROAA”) was 1.31% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 1.44% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

•Return on average equity (“ROAE”) was 14.39% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 16.16% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

•Basic earnings per common share was $3.72 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3.63 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

•Net interest margin of 3.61% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 3.81% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

•Net interest income increased $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing a 14.5% increase over the year ended December 31, 2023.

•Loans, net of unearned income, were $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2024, a $342.1 million, or 18.2%, increase compared to December 31, 2023.

•Deposits were $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2024, a $393.1 million, or 19.5%, increase compared to December 31, 2023.

•Deposits, excluding brokered deposits, were $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2024, a $474.0 million, or 26.5% increase compared to December 31, 2023.

Primary Factors Used to Evaluate Our Business

The most significant factors we use to evaluate our business and results of operation are net income, return on average assets and return on average equity. We also use net interest income, noninterest income and noninterest expense.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is our principal source of net income and represents the difference between interest income and interest expense. We generate interest income from interest-earning assets that we own, including loans and investment securities. We incur interest expense from interest-bearing liabilities, including interest-bearing deposits and other borrowings, notably FHLB advances, our subordinated notes (the “Notes”) and our Line of Credit.

Changes in the market interest rates and interest rates we earn on interest-earning assets or pay on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the volume and types of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing liabilities, are usually the largest drivers of periodic changes.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income primarily consists of: (i) service charges on deposit accounts; (ii) swap fees; (iii) SBA/USDA fees; (iv) bank card services and interchange fees; (v) mortgage banking activities; (vi) benefits from changes in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) and (vii) other miscellaneous fees and income.

Our income from service charges on deposit accounts, which includes nonsufficient funds fees, is impacted by several factors, including number of accounts, products utilized and account holder cash management behaviors. These are further impacted by deposit products utilized by customers, marketing of new products and other factors. The income recognized on SBA and USDA loans, mortgage banking and interest rate swaps are impacted by prevailing market conditions and volumes of loans originated.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense primarily consists of: (i) salaries and employee benefits; (ii) equipment and occupancy expenses; (iii) professional and other service fees; (iv) data processing and telecommunication expenses; (v) FDIC deposit insurance and regulatory assessments; and (vi) other operating expenses.

Primary Factors Used to Evaluate Our Financial Condition

The most significant factors we use to evaluate and manage our financial condition include asset quality, capital and liquidity.

Asset Quality

We monitor the quality of our assets based upon factors including level and severity of deterioration in borrower cash flows and asset quality. Problem assets are assessed and reported as delinquent, classified, nonperforming or nonaccrual. We also monitor credit concentrations. We manage the allowance for credit losses to reflect loan volumes, identified credit and collateral conditions, economic conditions and other qualitative factors.

Capital

We monitor capital using regulatory capital ratios. Factors used other than regulatory rules include overall financial condition, including the trend and volume of problem assets, reserves, risks, level and quality of earnings, and anticipated growth, including acquisitions.

Liquidity

Deposits primarily consist of commercial and personal accounts maintained by businesses and individuals in our primary market areas. We also utilize brokered deposits, Qwickrate certificates of deposits and reciprocal deposits through a third-party network that effectively allows depositors to receive insurance on amounts greater than the FDIC insurance limit, which is currently $250,000. We manage liquidity based on factors that include the amount of core deposits to total deposits, level of non-customer deposits, short-term funding needs and sources, and the availability of unused funding sources.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

We had net income of $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net income of $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $2.9 million, or 9.1%. The increased net income was the result of a substantial increase in net interest income and a considerable decrease in provision for credit losses, which was significantly offset by a substantial increase in noninterest expense, coupled with a considerable increase in income taxes and a sizable decrease in noninterest income.

The following table shows the average outstanding balance of each principal category of our assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity, together with the average yields on our assets and average costs of our liabilities for the periods indicated. Yields and costs are calculated by dividing the annualized income or expense by the average daily balances of the corresponding assets or liabilities for the same period.


	For the Years Ended
	2024						2023
	Average Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate		Average Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate
	(dollars in thousands)

Assets:
Interest-earning assets:
Loans, net of unearned income(1)	$	2,061,604	$	146,712	7.12	%	$	1,711,006	$	114,662	6.70	%
Taxable securities	171,878		8,462		4.92	%	152,707		6,806		4.46	%
Nontaxable securities	46,065		952		2.07	%	47,340		977		2.06	%
Other interest-earnings assets	257,533		13,655		5.30	%	192,433		9,815		5.10	%
Total interest-earning assets	$	2,537,080	$	169,781	6.69	%	$	2,103,486	$	132,260	6.29	%
Allowance for credit losses	(26,302)						(21,233)
Noninterest-earning assets	153,572						129,489
Total Assets	$	2,664,350					$	2,211,742

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	90,252		105		0.12	%	90,231		82		0.09	%
Savings and money market accounts	997,349		38,576		3.87	%	851,351		28,124		3.30	%
Time deposits	695,892		31,949		4.59	%	480,871		17,162		3.57	%
FHLB advances	39,847		2,006		5.03	%	39,830		1,848		4.64	%
Other borrowings	96,941		5,438		5.61	%	87,023		4,932		5.67	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	1,920,281	$	78,074	4.07	%	$	1,549,306	$	52,148	3.37	%

Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	470,376					$	436,571
Other liabilities	31,469						28,185
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities	$	501,845					$	464,756
Stockholders’ Equity	242,224						197,680
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	2,664,350					$	2,211,742

Net interest income			$	91,707					$	80,112
Net interest spread(2)					2.62	%					2.92	%
Net interest margin(3)					3.61	%					3.81	%

(1)Includes nonaccrual loans.

(2)Net interest spread is the difference between interest rates earned on interest-earning assets and interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities.

(3)Net interest margin is a ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets for the same period.

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates.

The following tables set forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income during the periods shown. Information is provided with respect to: (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate); and (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been proportionately allocated to both volume and rate.


	Year Ended December 31, 2024 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Changes due to:
	Volume		Rate		Total Variance
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans, net of unearned income	$	24,740	$	7,310	$	32,050
Taxable securities	944		712		1,656
Nontaxable securities	(27)		2		(25)
Other interest-earning assets	3,451		389		3,840
Total increase in interest income	$	29,108	$	8,413	$	37,521

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	—		23		23
Savings and money market accounts	5,647		4,805		10,452
Time deposits	9,872		4,915		14,787
FHLB advances	1		157		158
Other borrowings	556		(50)		506
Total increase in interest expense	$	16,076	$	9,850	$	25,926
Increase in net interest income	$	13,032	$	(1,437)	$	11,595

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $91.7 million compared to $80.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $11.6 million, or 14.5%. The increase in net interest income was comprised of a $37.5 million, or 28.4%, increase in interest income, partially offset by a $25.9 million, or 49.7%, increase in interest expense. The increase in interest income was substantially the result of a $350.6 million, or 20.5%, increase in average loans outstanding from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, coupled with a 0.42% increase in average loan yield as higher rate loans were recorded from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. The increase in average loans outstanding was due to growth, partially as a result of the Century Bank acquisition. The $25.9 million increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase of $371.0 million, or 23.9%, in average interest-bearing liabilities from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, coupled with a 0.70% increase in the cost paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in average interest-bearing deposits was due to growth, partially as a result of the Century Bank acquisition. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net interest margin and net interest spread were 3.61% and 2.62%, respectively, compared to 3.81% and 2.92%, respectively, for the same period in 2023.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $5.0 million compared to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The provision for the year ended December 31, 2024 included a $1.7 million provision as a result of the acquisition of Century Bank as well as additional provisions based on loan growth, qualitative factors and individually analyzed loans, whereas provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 was based primarily on growth as well as economic factors. In the year ended December 31, 2024, there were net charge offs of $997,000. In the year ended December 31, 2023, there were net charge offs of $583,000.

The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross loans was 1.27% and 1.29% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $7.4 million compared to $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.5 million, or 16.7%, which primarily resulted from a decrease in other operating income, primarily due to a large fee related to the early payoff of a purchased loan during the year ended December 31, 2023, a decline in swap fees during the year ended December 31, 2024, substantially due to the Company not participating in any swap transactions, along with less realized net gains on securities during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company applied for the Voluntary Disclosure Program (“VDP”) associated with the Employee Retention Credit (“ERC”) program during the third quarter of 2023 and received approval during the fourth quarter of 2024. The year ended December 31, 2024 included $1.2 million in ERC as a participant in the program, which partially offset the decreased noninterest income from the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth the major components of our noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Increase (Decrease)
	(dollars in thousands)

Service charges on deposit accounts	$	2,022	$	1,790	$	232
Swap fees	27		691		(664)
SBA/USDA fees	391		344		47
Bank card services and interchange fees	1,970		1,556		414
Mortgage banking activities	356		533		(177)
Net gain on securities	108		555		(447)
ERC	1,162		—		1,162
Other operating income(1)	1,354		3,405		(2,051)
Total noninterest income	$	7,390	$	8,874	$	(1,484)

(1)Other operating income includes income and fees associated with miscellaneous services, increases in the cash surrender value of BOLI and BOLI benefit claims, and a fee related to the payoff of large loan.

Income from service charges on deposit accounts includes fees for overdraft charges, insufficient funds charges, account analysis service fees on commercial accounts, and monthly account service fees. These fees increased $232,000, or 13.0%, to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to additional overall income as a result of the acquisition of Century Bank.

Interest rate swap fees represent fees received when the Bank’s customer enters into a back-to-back swap agreement and fair value adjustments. These fees decreased $664,000, or 96.1%, to $27,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $691,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Bank did not participate in interest rate swaps during the year ended December 31, 2024, but did realize a net fair value adjustment as income.

SBA/USDA fees primarily include gains on the sale of loans and servicing of the loans. These fees increased $47,000, or 13.7%, to $391,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $344,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to additional gains on the sales of loans during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, which was partially offset by a reduction in servicing income during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Bank card services and interchange fees are derived from debit cards and foreign ATM transactions. These fees increased $414,000, or 26.6%, to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to more transactional volume, partially as a result of the acquisition of Century Bank, that generated an increase in fees during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Income from mortgage banking activities primarily includes origination fees and gains on the sale of mortgage loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Income from mortgage banking activities decreased $177,000, or 33.2%, to $356,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $533,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was the result of decreased volumes in the secondary market primarily based on reduced mortgage demand from increased interest rates.

Net gain on securities was $108,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, as a result of market adjustments on equity securities. Net gain on securities was $555,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, substantially as a result of market adjustments on equity securities.

The Company applied for the VDP associated with the ERC program during the third quarter of 2023 and received approval during the fourth quarter of 2024. The year ended December 31, 2024 included $1.2 million in ERC as a participant in the program.

Other operating income decreased $2.1 million, or 60.2%, to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.9 million fee related to the early payoff of a $12.0 million purchased loan during the year ended December 31, 2023, coupled with a reduction in nonrecurring income from a third-party during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company recorded the $1.9 million fee in noninterest income instead of interest income as this was unusually large and atypical and would have an unusual impact on net interest margin. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in BOLI income, resulting from the purchase of additional BOLI insurance and from the acquisition of Century Bank.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $48.5 million compared to $41.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $6.7 million, or 15.9%, which primarily resulted from an increase in other operating expenses and merger-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table sets forth the major components of our noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Increase (Decrease)
	(dollars in thousands)

Salaries and employee benefits	$	26,221	$	25,665	$	556
Equipment and occupancy expenses	3,021		2,776		245
Professional services	2,571		2,244		327
Professional fees related to ERC	236		—		236
Data processing fees	3,070		2,528		542
Other real estate expense (income)	277		(111)		388
Merger-related expenses	1,511		—		1,511
Other operating expenses(1)	11,641		8,774		2,867
Total noninterest expense	$	48,548	$	41,876	$	6,672

(1)Other operating expenses include items such as FDIC insurance, telephone expenses, marketing and advertising expense, debit card expenses, courier fees, directors’ fees, travel and entertainment expenses, insurance, fraud and forgery losses, uninsured deposit program expenses, tax credit investment expenses, amortization of intangibles and provision for unfunded credit commitments.

Salaries and employee benefits primarily include: (i) amounts paid to employees for base pay, incentive compensation, and bonuses; (ii) health and other related insurance paid by the Bank on behalf of our employees; and (iii) retirement plans provided for employees, including the 401(k) and non-qualified plans maintained for certain key employees. Salaries and employee benefits increased $556,000, or 2.2%, from $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an overall increase in salaries and employee benefits, notably related to our supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”), as a result of additional participation,

partially due to the acquisition of Century Bank. The increase was partially offset by a one-time retirement-related expense of $1.6 million paid to our former CEO in May 2023 and reductions in expenses associated with restricted stock units from retirements.

Equipment and occupancy expenses consist of depreciation on property, premises, equipment and software, rent expense for leased facilities, maintenance agreements on equipment, property taxes, and other expenses related to maintaining owned or leased assets. Equipment and occupancy expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $3.0 million compared to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $245,000, or 8.8%. The increase was primarily due to additional equipment and occupancy expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of the acquisition of Century Bank.

Professional services expenses, which include legal fees, audit and accounting fees, and consulting fees, increased $327,000, or 14.6%, to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily the result of an increase in placement fees associated with utilizing additional brokered deposits during 2024 and acceleration of expenses on brokered deposit calls that took place during September 2024. These increases were partially offset by decreases in legal fees and third-party expenses incurred on interest rate swaps during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The year ended December 31, 2024 included professional fees paid to a third party related to ERC.

Data processing fees, which primarily consists of data processing services for core processing from a third-party vendor, increased $542,000, or 21.4%, to $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily the result of additional software and general increases, partially as a result of the acquisition of Century Bank.

Other real estate expense (income) decreased $388,000, or 349.5%, to a net expense of $277,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, from a net income of $111,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The year ended December 31, 2023 included rental income related to a property sold in December 2023 and a recovery associated with a property that sold in 2020.

The acquisition of Century Bank resulted in the recognition of $1.5 million in merger-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other operating expenses increased $2.9 million, or 32.7%, to $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was substantially due to a $1.2 million wire fraud loss incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 that was not a systematic issue, only a procedural incident, along with an increase in FDIC insurance and regulatory assessments and additional operating expenses related to a tax credit investment during the year ended December 31, 2024. The acquisition of Century Bank resulted in additional overall other operating expenses, most of which was core deposit intangible amortization.

Financial Condition

Total assets grew $401.6 million, or 16.4%, to $2.8 billion at December 31, 2024 from $2.4 billion at December 31, 2023.

Loans, net of unearned income, increased $342.1 million, or 18.2%, to $2.2 billion at December 31, 2024 from $1.9 billion at December 31, 2023.

Securities portfolio increased $17.8 million, or 9.0%, to $216.5 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $198.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Cash and cash equivalents grew $9.6 million, or 3.8%, to $260.2 million at December 31, 2024, from $250.7 million at December 31, 2023.

Deposits grew $393.1 million, or 19.5%, to $2.4 billion at December 31, 2024 compared to $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023. The majority of the growth was due to an increase of $255.7 million in interest-bearing deposits, coupled with a $137.4 million increase in noninterest-bearing deposits. Brokered deposits decreased $80.8 million from December 31, 2023. Total deposits, excluding brokered deposits, grew 26.5% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Total stockholders’ equity increased $64.9 million, or 30.2%, to $279.9 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $215.0 million at December 31, 2023. The increase was substantially due to the issuance of $31.5 million in common stock for the acquisition of Century Bank, along with earnings growth.

Loan Portfolio

Loans represent the largest portion of earning assets, greater than the securities portfolio or any other asset category, and the quality and diversification of the loan portfolio is an important consideration when reviewing the Company’s financial condition.

The Company originates residential real estate loans for the secondary market. The Company sells the residential real estate loans exclusively to two private investors who solely and independently make the credit decisions and set the closing conditions. The loans are closed in the Company’s name but are immediately assigned to the designated investor. These loans have an average turn time to purchase of 30 days or less. These mortgage loans are designated on the Company’s balance sheet as held for sale. This segment represents less than 0.020% of total loans based on the latest thirteen-month average.

We have three loan portfolio segments: real estate (“RE”) which is divided into three classes, commercial and industrial (“C&I”), and consumer and other. A class is generally determined based on the initial measurement attribute, risk characteristic of the loan, and method for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Classes within the RE portfolio segment include construction and development or (“C&D”), residential mortgages, and commercial mortgages.

Our loan clients primarily consist of small to medium sized business, the owners and operators of these businesses, as well as other professionals, entrepreneurs and high net worth individuals. We believe owner-occupied and investment commercial real estate loans, residential construction loans and commercial business loans provide us with higher risk-adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, and are complemented by our relatively lower risk residential real estate loans to individuals.

The following describes risk characteristics relevant to each of the loan portfolio segments:

Real estate—The Company offers various types of real estate loan products, which are divided into the classes described below. All loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate:

•Construction and development, or C&D, loans include extensions of credit to real estate developers or investors where repayment is dependent on the sale of the real estate or income generated from the real estate collateral.

•Residential mortgages include 1-4 family first mortgage loans, which are repaid by various means such as a borrower’s income, sale of the property, or rental income derived from the property. These include second liens or open-end residential real estate loans, such as home equity lines. These loans are typically repaid by the same means as 1-4 family first mortgages.

•Commercial mortgages include both owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and other commercial real estate loans, such as commercial loans secured by income producing properties. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans made to operating businesses are long-term financing of land and buildings and are repaid by cash flows generated from business operations. Real estate loans for income-producing properties such as apartment buildings, office and industrial buildings, and retail shopping centers are repaid from rent income derived from the properties.

Commercial and industrial—This loan portfolio segment includes loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases, leases, or expansion projects. Loans are repaid by business cash flows. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrower, particularly cash flows from the borrowers’ business operations.

Consumer and other—This loan portfolio segment includes direct consumer installment loans, overdrafts and other revolving credit loans. Loans in this portfolio are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures.

The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of the composition of loans, excluding loans held for sale on the dates indicated:


	December 31,
	2024				2023
	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	238,603	10.7	%	$	242,960	12.9	%
Residential	315,083		14.1	%	224,603		11.9	%
Commercial	1,350,091		60.4	%	1,144,867		60.5	%
Commercial and industrial	317,887		14.3	%	269,961		14.3	%
Consumer and other	11,580		0.5	%	8,286		0.4	%
Gross Loans	2,233,244		100.0	%	1,890,677		100.0	%
Deferred loan fees	(6,675)				(6,169)
Allowance for credit losses	(28,338)				(24,378)
Loans, net	$	2,198,231			$	1,860,130

Gross loans increased $342.6 million, or 18.1%, to $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2024 compared to $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2023. Portfolio segments and classes remained relatively consistent since December 31, 2023.

The following table details maturities and sensitivity to interest rate changes of our gross loans by category at December 31, 2024:


	Due in One Year or Less		Due After One Year Through Five Years		Due After Five Years Through Fifteen Years		Due After Fifteen Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	73,550	$	133,687	$	7,895	$	23,471	$	238,603
Residential	29,880		150,667		66,688		67,848		315,083
Commercial	148,813		754,817		213,099		233,362		1,350,091
Commercial and industrial	93,995		162,175		59,890		1,827		317,887
Consumer and other	3,899		7,379		302		—		11,580
Gross Loans	$	350,137	$	1,208,725	$	347,874	$	326,508	$	2,233,244

Amount due after one year at
fixed interest rates
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	22,906
Residential	95,090
Commercial	665,159
Commercial and industrial	124,857
Consumer and other	5,020
Gross Loans	$	913,032

Amount due after one year at
variable interest rates
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	142,147
Residential	190,113
Commercial	536,119
Commercial and industrial	99,035
Consumer and other	2,661
Gross Loans	$	970,075

The majority of our fixed rate loans have a one to five-year maturity. This type of loan has historically been approximately 50% of total loans over the past three years because the majority of our commercial loans are priced with five-year balloons.

We are primarily involved in real estate and commercial lending activities with customers throughout our markets in Alabama and Georgia. About 85.2% of our gross loans were secured by real property as of December 31, 2024, compared to 85.3% as of December 31, 2023. We believe that these loans are not concentrated in any one single property type and that they are geographically dispersed throughout our markets. Our debtors’ ability to repay their loans is substantially dependent upon the economic conditions of the markets in which we operate, which consist primarily of wholesale/retail and related businesses.

Commercial real estate loans were 60.4% of total gross loans as of December 31, 2024 and represented 60.5% of total gross loans as of December 31, 2023. C&D loans were 10.7% of total gross loans as of December 31, 2024, and represented 12.9% of total gross loans as of December 31, 2023. The regulatory concentration ratio of the Company’s commercial real estate loans to total risk-based Bank capital is 284.6% as of December 31, 2024 and 296.8% as of December 31, 2023. C&D loans represented 67.4% of total risk-based Bank capital as of December 31, 2024 compared to 80.9% as of December 31, 2023. The regulatory concentration ratios of commercial real estate loans and construction and development loans to total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were each below the

300%/100% concentration guidelines provided by regulators. Further, these loans are geographically diversified, primarily throughout our markets in Alabama and Georgia.

The Company has established concentration limits in its loan portfolio for commercial real estate loans by loan types, including collateral and industry, among others. The sector concentration is actively managed by the Senior Management team, including the Chief Executive Officer and President, Chief Risk/Credit Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

The Company requires all business purpose loans to be underwritten by a centralized underwriting department located in Birmingham, Alabama. Industry-tested underwriting guidelines are used to assess a borrower’s historical cash flow to determine debt service, and the Company further stress tests the debt service under higher interest rate scenarios. Financial and performance covenants are used in commercial lending to allow us to react to a borrower’s deteriorating financial condition, should that occur.

Construction and Development. Loans for residential construction are for single-family properties to developers or investors. These loans are underwritten based on estimates of costs and the completed value of the project. Funds are advanced based on estimated percentage of completion for the project. Performance of these loans is affected by economic conditions as well as the ability to control the costs of the projects. This category also includes commercial construction projects.

Construction and development loans decreased $4.4 million, or 1.8%, to $238.6 million as of December 31, 2024 from $243.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The majority of this decrease was primarily due to loan reclassifications to commercial real estate in the Company’s Atlanta, Georgia market.

Residential. We offer one-to-four family mortgage loans on both owner-occupied primary residences and investor-owned residences, which make up 55.2% of our residential loan portfolio. Our residential loans also include home equity lines of credit, which total $27.2 million, or 8.6% of our residential portfolio as of December 31, 2024. By offering a full line of residential loan products, the owners of the small to medium sized businesses that we lend to use us, instead of a competitor, for financing a personal residence. We also offer multi-family loans, which comprise 35.7% of the portfolio. Other residential loans make up the remaining 0.5% of the portfolio.

Residential multi-family loans increased $90.5 million, or 40.3%, to $315.1 million as of December 31, 2024 from $224.6 million as of December 31, 2023. The majority of this increase was due to loans acquired from the acquisition of Century Bank, and to a lesser extent, loan growth in the Company’s Atlanta, Georgia market.

Commercial Real Estate. The Company’s commercial real estate loan portfolio includes loans for commercial property that is owned by real estate investors, construction loans to build owner-occupied properties, and loans to developers of commercial real estate investment properties and residential developments. Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to the Company’s commercial loans. These loans are underwritten primarily based on projected cash flows for income-producing properties and collateral values for non-income-producing properties. The repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loans or the sale or refinancing of the property. Real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing the Company’s real estate portfolio are diversified by type and geographic location. The Company believes the diversity helps reduce the exposure to adverse economic events that may affect any single market or industry.

Commercial real estate loans increased $205.2 million, or 17.9%, to $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2024 from $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2023. The increase in commercial real estate loans during this period was mostly driven by general increases in lending activity, primarily in the Company’s legacy Georgia markets, coupled with loans acquired from the acquisition of Century Bank. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio was comprised of $655.5 million in non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans and $110.2 million in commercial construction loans.

Commercial and Industrial. Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably. Underwriting standards have been designed to determine whether the borrower possesses sound business ethics and practices, to evaluate current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations, and to ensure appropriate collateral is obtained to secure the loan. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and, secondarily, on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets, such as real estate, accounts receivable, or inventory, and typically include personal guarantees. Owner-

occupied real estate is included in commercial and industrial loans, as the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the operations of the commercial borrower’s business rather than on income-producing properties or the sale of the properties.

Commercial and industrial loans increased $47.9 million, or 17.8% to $317.9 million as of December 31, 2024 from $270.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The majority of this increase was due to loan growth primarily in the Company’s Atlanta and Columbus, Georgia markets, coupled with loans acquired from the acquisition of Century Bank.

Consumer and Other. The Company utilizes the central underwriting department for all consumer loans over $200,000 in total credit exposure regardless of collateral type. Loans below this threshold are underwritten by the responsible loan officer in accordance with the Company’s consumer loan policy. The loan policy addresses types of consumer loans that may be originated and the requisite collateral, if any, which must be perfected. We believe the relatively smaller individual dollar amounts of consumer loans that are spread over numerous individual borrowers minimize risk.

Consumer and other loans (non-real estate loans) increased $3.3 million, or 39.8%, to $11.6 million as of December 31, 2024 from $8.3 million as of December 31, 2023. The majority of this increase was primarily due to loans acquired from the acquisition of Century Bank.

Loan Participations

In the normal course of business, the Company periodically sells participating interests in loans to other banks and investors. All participations are sold on a proportionate (pro-rata) basis with all cash flows divided proportionately among the participants and no party has the right to pledge or exchange the entire financial asset without the consent of all the participants. Other than standard 90-day prepayment provisions and standard representations and warranties, participating interests are sold without recourse. We also purchase loan participations from time to time.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, loan participations sold to third parties (which are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets) totaled $175.6 million and $127.8 million, respectively. We sell participations to manage our credit exposures to borrowers and concentration guidelines. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we purchased loan participations totaling $135.6 million and $121.8 million, respectively. The variances come from purchases and sales of participations in the ordinary course of business.

Allowance for Credit Losses

As described previously under Recent Accounting Pronouncements, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“CECL”) effective January 1, 2023.

For loans the allowance for credit losses is based on the Company’s evaluation of the loan portfolio, past loan loss experience, current asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The process is inherently subjective and subject to significant change as it requires material estimates. The allowance is increased by a provision for credit losses, which is charged to expense, and reduced by charge offs, net of recoveries. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

Loans with similar risk characteristics are evaluated in pools and, depending on the nature of each identified pool, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow, probability of default / loss given default, or remaining life method. The historical loss experience estimate by pool is then adjusted by forecast factors that are quantitatively related to the Company’s historical credit loss experience, such as national unemployment rates and gross domestic product. Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated each quarter by the Company and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors.

The estimated credit losses for each loan pool are then adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. The qualitative adjustments either increase or decrease the quantitative model estimation. The Company considers factors that are relevant within the qualitative framework which include the following: changes in lending policies and quality of loan reviews, changes in nature and volume of loans, changes in volume and trends of problem loans, changes in concentration risk, trends in underlying collateral values, changes in competition, legal and regulatory environment and changes in economic conditions.

Credit losses for loans that no longer share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are excluded from the collective evaluation and estimated on an individual basis. Specific allowances are estimated based on one of several methods, including the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, observable market value of similar debt or the present value of expected cash flows.

The Company measures expected credit losses over the contractual term of a loan, adjusted for estimated prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless there is a reasonable expectation that a loan modification will be executed. Credit losses are estimated on the amortized cost basis of loans. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Credit Exposure

The Company also has off-balance sheet financial instruments, which include unfunded credit commitments and letters of credit. The Company minimizes these risks through underwriting guidelines and prudent risk management techniques. For off-balance sheet instruments, the allowance for credit losses is calculated in accordance with Topic 326, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit and considers the probability of a drawdown on the commitment and other factors. The allowance is reported as a component of other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments are reported in the income statement as a component of other operating expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet financial instruments was $1.4 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The allowance for credit losses was $28.3 million at December 31, 2024 compared to $24.4 million at December 31, 2023, an increase of $4.0 million, or 16.2%. Additional provisions were recorded based on overall growth in loans and increases for qualitative economic factors and individually analyzed loans.

The following table provides an analysis of the allowance for credit losses as of the dates indicated.


		As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
		2024			2023
	(dollars in thousands)

Average loans, net of unearned income		$	2,061,604		$	1,711,006
Loans, net of unearned income		2,226,569			1,884,508
Allowance for credit losses at beginning of the period		24,378			20,156
Impact of adoption of ASC 326		—			(1,285)
Charge offs:
Construction and development		—			3
Residential		11			—
Commercial		157			—
Commercial and industrial		1,210			686
Consumer and other		25			8
Total charge offs		1,403			697
Recoveries:
Construction and development		—			—
Residential		34			41
Commercial		—			—
Commercial and industrial		367			54
Consumer and other		5			19
Total recoveries		406			114
Net charge offs		$	997		$	583

Provision for credit losses		$	4,957		$	6,090
Balance at end of period		$	28,338		$	24,378

Allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments at beginning of the period		$	1,239		$	—
Impact of adoption of ASC 326		—			1,285
Impact from acquisition		199			—
Credit for credit losses on unfunded commitments		(33)			(46)
Balance at the end of the period		$	1,405		$	1,239

Ratio of allowance to end of period loans		1.27		%	1.29		%
Ratio of net charge offs to average loans		0.05		%	0.03		%

Net charge offs for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $997,000, an increase of $414,000 compared to net charge offs of $583,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the allocation of net charge offs to average gross loans by major loan category:


	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	NCO (Recovery)		Average Balance		NCO (Recovery) to Average Loans		NCO (Recovery)		Average Balance		NCO (Recovery) to Average Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	—	$	250,467	0.00	%	$	3	$	225,780	0.00	%
Residential	(23)		261,065		(0.01)	%	(41)		213,718		(0.02)	%
Commercial	157		1,244,405		0.01	%	—		1,002,690		0.00	%
Commercial and industrial	843		295,471		0.29	%	632		260,750		0.24	%
Consumer and other	20		10,196		0.20	%	(11)		8,068		(0.14)	%
Total average gross loans	$	997	$	2,061,604	0.05	%	$	583	$	1,711,006	0.03	%

The following table presents the allocation of the allowance for credit losses for each respective loan category with the corresponding percentage of loans in each category to total loans:


	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amount		Percentage of loans in each category to gross loans		Amount		Percentage of loans in each category to gross loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	5,422	10.7	%	$	5,448	12.9	%
Residential	4,351		14.1	%	3,049		11.9	%
Commercial	14,088		60.4	%	11,329		60.5	%
Commercial and industrial	4,367		14.3	%	4,466		14.3	%
Consumer and other	110		0.5	%	86		0.4	%
Total	$	28,338	100.0	%	$	24,378	100.0	%

Nonperforming Loans

Loans are considered delinquent when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more. Delinquent loans may remain on accrual status between 30 days and 90 days past due. Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as nonaccrual loans. Typically, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when principal or interest payments are past due 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, there is a reasonable doubt as to collectability in the normal course of business. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Income on nonaccrual loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the loan’s principal balance is deemed collectible. Loans are restored to accrual status when loans become well-secured and management believes full collectability of principal and interest is probable.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. Depending on a particular loan’s circumstances, the Company measures impairment of a loan based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell if the loan is collateral dependent. A loan is considered collateral dependent when repayment of the loan is based solely on the liquidation of the collateral. Fair value, where possible, is determined by independent appraisals, typically on an annual basis. Between appraisal periods, the fair value may be adjusted based on specific events, such as if deterioration of quality of the collateral comes to the Company’s attention as part of its problem loan monitoring process, or if discussions with the borrower lead us to believe the last appraised value no longer reflects the actual market for the collateral. The impairment amount on a collateral-dependent loan is charged off to the allowance if deemed not collectible and the impairment amount on a loan that is not collateral-dependent is set up as a specific reserve.

Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs. Any write-down to fair value at the time of transfer to other real estate owned is charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Costs of improvements are capitalized, whereas costs related to holding other real estate owned and subsequent write-downs to the value are expensed. Any gains and losses realized at the time of disposal are reflected in income.

Real estate, which the Company acquires as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, is classified as foreclosed assets until sold and is initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new carrying value. Foreclosed assets totaled $0 at December 31, 2024.

Nonperforming loans include nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more. Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans plus OREO and collateral taken in foreclosure or similar proceedings.

Total nonperforming loans increased $5.4 million from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. The net increase was primarily attributable to a significant commercial and industrial loan, which has since been paid down significantly, and a commercial real estate loan being placed on nonaccrual status.

Nonperforming Assets

The following table sets forth the allocation of the Company’s nonperforming assets among different asset categories as of the dates indicated. Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans plus OREO and repossessed property. Nonperforming loans include nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more.


	December 31,
	2024			2023
	(dollars in thousands)

Nonaccrual loans	$	6,434		$	1,017
Past due loans 90 days or more and still accruing interest	99			160
Total nonperforming loans	6,533			1,177
OREO	—			33

Total nonperforming assets	$	6,533		$	1,210

Allowance for credit losses	$	28,338		$	24,378
Gross loans outstanding at the end of period	$	2,233,244		$	1,890,677
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans	1.27		%	1.29		%
Allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans	433.77		%	2071.20		%
Nonperforming loans to gross loans	0.29		%	0.06		%
Nonperforming assets to gross loans and OREO	0.29		%	0.06		%

Nonaccrual loans by category:
Real estate mortgages:
Construction and development	$	415		$	—
Residential	559			252
Commercial	2,097			765
Commercial and industrial	3,363			—
Consumer and other	—			—
Total	$	6,434		$	1,017

Securities Portfolio

The securities portfolio serves the following purposes: (i) it provides liquidity to supplement cash flows from the loan and deposit activities of customers; (ii) it can be used as an interest rate risk management tool since it provides a large base of assets and the Company can change the maturity and interest rate characteristics more readily than the loan portfolio to better match changes in the deposit base and other Company funding sources; (iii) it is an alternative interest-earning asset when loan demand is weak or when deposits grow more rapidly than loans; and (iv) it provides a source of pledged assets for securing certain deposits and borrowed funds, as may be required by law or by specific agreement with a depositor or lender.

The securities portfolio consists of securities classified as available for sale and held to maturity. All available for sale securities are reported at fair value. Securities available for sale consist primarily of state and municipal securities and mortgage-backed securities. All held to maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. Securities held to maturity consist of state and municipal securities. We determine the appropriate classification at the time of purchase.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the securities portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,678	$	—	$	(869)	$	8,809
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)	2,029		7		(206)		1,830
State and municipal securities	46,353		23		(4,613)		41,763
Corporate debt securities	15,024		13		(910)		14,127
Asset based securities	14,663		176		(347)		14,492
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE	119,848		234		(4,233)		115,849
Total securities available for sale	$	207,595	$	453	$	(11,178)	$	196,870

Securities Held to Maturity


State and municipal securities	19,611		—		(3,579)		16,032



Total securities held to maturity	$	19,611	$	—	$	(3,579)	$	16,032
Total securities	$	227,206	$	453	$	(14,757)	$	212,902


December 31, 2023
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities	$	9,721	$	—	$	(949)	$	8,772
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)	2,446		37		(215)		2,268
State and municipal securities	45,220		21		(4,172)		41,069
Corporate debt securities	12,517		—		(1,258)		11,259
Asset based securities	19,112		54		(479)		18,687
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE	101,306		164		(4,525)		96,945
Total securities available for sale	$	190,322	$	276	$	(11,598)	$	179,000

Securities Held to Maturity


State and municipal securities	19,632		—		(3,399)		16,233



Total securities held to maturity	$	19,632	$	—	$	(3,399)	$	16,233
Total securities	$	209,954	$	276	$	(14,997)	$	195,233

Certain securities have fair values less than amortized cost and, therefore, contain unrealized losses. At December 31, 2024, we evaluated the securities that had an unrealized loss for credit impairment and determined all declines in value to be

temporary. We anticipate full recovery of amortized cost with respect to these securities by maturity, or sooner in the event of a more favorable market interest rate environment. We do not intend to sell these securities and it is not probable that we will be required to sell them before recovery of the amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity.

The following tables set forth certain information regarding contractual maturities and the weighted average yields of our investment securities as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Weighted average yield is calculated by taking the sum of each category of securities multiplied by the respective yield for a given maturity, and dividing by the sum of the securities for the same maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


	Due in One Year or Less				Due After One Year Through Five Years				Due After Five Years Through Ten Years				Due After Ten Years				Total
	Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities	$	2,000	1.33	%	$	6,219	1.34	%	$	1,459	1.61	%	$	—	—	%	$	9,678	1.38	%
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)	—		—		—		—		2,029		4.33		—		—		2,029		4.33
State and municipal securities	427		1.64		1,828		2.50		4,678		2.35		39,420		2.08		46,353		2.12
Corporate debt securities	—		—		3,507		5.30		11,517		5.01		—		—		15,024		5.07
Asset based securities	—		—		1,270		2.20		1,734		1.53		11,659		6.15		14,663		5.26
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE	10,329		6.96		22,780		7.00		8,495		5.25		78,244		4.81		119,848		5.44
Total securities available for sale	$	12,756	5.90	%	$	35,604	5.44	%	$	29,912	4.25	%	$	129,323	4.10	%	$	207,595	4.46	%

Securities Held to Maturity


State and municipal securities	—		—		—		—		16,801		2.38		2,810		2.36		19,611		2.37



Total securities held to maturity	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	16,801	2.38	%	$	2,810	2.36	%	$	19,611	2.37	%
Total securities	$	12,756	5.90	%	$	35,604	5.44	%	$	46,713	3.57	%	$	132,133	4.06	%	$	227,206	4.28	%


	Due in One Year or Less				Due After One Year Through Five Years				Due After Five Years Through Ten Years				Due After Ten Years				Total
	Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Weighted Average Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2023
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	—	%	$	6,197	1.31	%	$	3,524	1.48	%	$	—	—	%	$	9,721	1.38	%
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs)	—		—		—		—		1,699		6.34		747		1.54		2,446		4.88
State and municipal securities	482		1.90		1,595		1.85		3,833		2.12		39,310		1.99		45,220		2.00
Corporate debt securities	—		—		3,015		4.85		9,502		4.94		—		—		12,517		4.92
Asset based securities	—		—		864		2.20		3,979		3.41		14,269		6.64		19,112		5.76
Mortgage-backed GSE residential/multifamily and non-GSE	9,847		7.63	%	29,493		6.29		6,943		4.34		55,023		4.83		101,306		5.50
Total securities available for sale	$	10,329	7.36	%	$	41,164	5.17	%	$	29,480	3.89	%	$	109,349	4.03	%	$	190,322	4.43	%

Securities Held to Maturity


State and municipal securities	—		—		—		—		7,743		2.39		11,889		2.37		19,632		2.37



Total securities held to maturity	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	7,743	2.39	%	$	11,889	2.37	%	$	19,632	2.37	%
Total securities	$	10,329	7.36	%	$	41,164	5.17	%	$	37,223	3.58	%	$	121,238	3.86	%	$	209,954	4.24	%

Bank Owned Life Insurance

We maintain investments in BOLI policies to help control employee benefit costs, as a protection against loss of certain key employees and as a tax planning strategy. We are the sole owner and beneficiary of the BOLI policies. At December 31, 2024, BOLI totaled $39.4 million compared to $29.9 million at December 31, 2023. The increase represents additional insurance of $8.6 million, of which $5.9 million was a result of the acquisition of Century Bank, and an increase in the cash surrender value.

Deposits

Deposits represent the Company’s primary and most vital source of funds. We offer a variety of deposit products including demand deposits accounts, interest-bearing products, savings accounts and certificate of deposits. The Bank also acquires brokered deposits, QwickRate internet certificates of deposit, and reciprocal deposits through the IntraFi network. The reciprocal deposits include both the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) and Insured Cash Sweep program. The Company is a member of the IntraFi network, which effectively allows depositors to receive FDIC insurance on amounts greater than the FDIC insurance limit, which is currently $250,000. IntraFi allows institutions to break large deposits into smaller amounts and place them in a network of other IntraFi institutions to ensure full FDIC insurance is gained on the entire deposit. Generally, internet and reciprocal deposits are not brokered deposits for regulatory purposes.

Our strong asset growth requires us to place a greater emphasis on both interest and noninterest-bearing deposits. Deposit accounts are added by loan production cross-selling, customer referrals, marketing advertisements, mobile and online banking and our involvement within our communities.

Total deposits at December 31, 2024 were $2.4 billion, representing an increase of $393.1 million, or 19.5%, compared to $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, 23.8% of total deposits were comprised of noninterest-bearing demand accounts, 49.0% of interest-bearing non-maturity accounts and 27.2% of time deposits. Brokered deposits represented 6.2% of total deposits.

The following table summarizes our deposit balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
	Amount		Percent of Total	Amount		Percent of Total
	(dollars in thousands)

Noninterest-bearing transaction	$	575,357	23.8%	$	437,959	21.7%
Interest-bearing transaction	1,128,959		46.8%	946,347		46.9%
Savings	52,472		2.2%	35,412		1.7%
Time deposits, $250,000 and under	512,717		21.3%	500,406		24.8%
Time deposits, over $250,000	141,792		5.9%	98,065		4.9%
Total deposits	$	2,411,297	100.0%	$	2,018,189	100.0%

The following tables set forth the maturity of time deposits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31, 2024
	Maturity Within:
	Three Months		Three Months Through 12 Months		Over 12 Months Through 3 Years		Over 3 Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)

Time deposits, less than $100,000	$	100,724	$	130,085	$	28,448	$	12,292	$	271,549
Time deposits, $100,000 through $250,000	99,332		137,619		3,383		834		241,168
Time deposits, over $250,000	78,170		61,916		895		811		141,792
Total time deposits	$	278,226	$	329,620	$	32,726	$	13,937	$	654,509


	December 31, 2023
	Maturity Within:
	Three Months		Three Months Through 12 Months		Over 12 Months Through 3 Years		Over 3 Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)

Time deposits, less than $100,000	$	47,117	$	155,751	$	76,776	$	18,751	$	298,395
Time deposits, $100,000 through $250,000	76,980		112,809		11,560		662		202,011
Time deposits, over $250,000	42,646		53,105		2,013		301		98,065
Total time deposits	$	166,743	$	321,665	$	90,349	$	19,714	$	598,471

Time deposits issued in amounts of more than $250,000 represent the type of deposit most likely to affect the Company’s future earnings because of interest rate sensitivity. The effective cost of these funds is generally higher than other time deposits because the funds are usually obtained at premium rates of interest.

The following table presents the average balance and average rate paid on each of the following deposit categories as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
	Average Balance		Average Rate Paid	Average Balance		Average Rate Paid
	(dollars in thousands)

Noninterest-bearing transaction	$	470,376	—%	$	436,571	—%
Interest-bearing transaction	90,252		0.12%	90,231		0.09%
Money markets	955,392		4.02%	808,880		3.47%
Savings	41,957		0.33%	42,471		0.20%
Time deposits	695,892		4.59%	480,871		3.57%
Total deposits	$	2,253,869	3.13%	$	1,859,024	2.44%

Our uninsured deposits, which are the portion of deposit accounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000, were $760.1 million and $615.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents the maturities of our time deposits in excess of the insurance limit of $250,000 as of December 31, 2024.


	December 31, 2024
	(dollars in thousands)

Three months	$	58,047
Over 3 months through 6 months	35,557
Over 6 months through 12 months	23,159
Over 12 months	1,381
Total	$	118,144

Borrowed Funds

In addition to deposits, we utilize advances from the FHLB and other borrowings as a supplementary funding source to finance our operations.

FHLB Advances. The FHLB allows us to borrow, on both short and long-term, collateralized by a blanket floating lien on first mortgage loans and commercial real estate loans as well as FHLB stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had borrowing capacity from the FHLB of $148.8 million and $162.7 million, respectively. We had $22.0 million in FHLB borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and $70.0 million as of December 31, 2023. All our outstanding FHLB advances have fixed rates of interest.

The following table sets forth our FHLB borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
	(dollars in thousands)

Amount outstanding at end of period	$	22,000		$	70,000
Weighted average interest rate at end of period	5.34		%	5.02		%
Maximum month-end balance	$	55,000		$	70,000
Average balance outstanding during the period	$	39,847		$	39,830
Weighted average interest rate during the period	5.03		%	4.64		%

Lines of Credit. The Bank has uncollateralized, uncommitted federal funds lines of credit with multiple banks as a source of funding for liquidity management. The total amount of the lines of credit was $102.2 million and $99.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $10.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. There was $92.2 million and $89.2 million available as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window. The Bank has the ability to borrow funds from the Federal Reserve Bank utilizing the discount window, as an instrument that allows us to borrow on a short-term basis to meet temporary liquidity needs. The Bank had borrowing capacity of $272.9 million and $295.7 million as a source of funding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $0 and $10.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There was $272.9 million and $285.7 million available as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Federal Reserve Bank Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”). On March 12, 2023, the Federal Reserve Bank, Department of Treasury and the FDIC issued a joint statement outlining actions taken to protect the U.S. economy by strengthening public confidence in the banking system as a result of and in response to recently announced bank closures. Among other actions, the Federal Reserve Board announced that it would make available additional funding to eligible depository institutions through the creation of a new BTFP. The BTFP provides eligible depository institutions an additional source of liquidity. On March 11, 2024, BTFP ended and ceased providing new loans, and, as a result, the Bank has no more borrowing capacity or availability to borrow, but had $8.0 million outstanding as of December 31, 2024. The

Bank had borrowing capacity of $11.3 million as a source of funding as of December 31, 2023, of which $7.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023. There was $4.3 million available as of December 31, 2023.

First Horizon Line of Credit. During 2019, the Company obtained the $25.0 million Line of Credit with First Horizon, which was extended in August 2024 and matures in August 2026. The Line of Credit is collateralized by 100% of the capital stock of the Bank. The Line of Credit includes various financial and nonfinancial covenants. The Line of Credit has a variable interest rate linked to the WSJ Prime Rate with an initial interest rate of 4.75% per annum (but in no event less than 3.00% per annum), and requires quarterly interest payments. The balance outstanding under the Line of Credit as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.

Subordinated Debt Securities

On February 7, 2022, the Company issued $48.0 million of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due February 2032 (the “Notes”). The Notes bear interest at 3.50% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. From and including February 7, 2027, to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to a Three-Month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 205 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company is entitled to redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment on or after February 7, 2027, and to redeem the Notes in whole upon certain other events. On September 19, 2024, the Company redeemed $500,000 of the Notes held by Century Bank in connection with the acquisition, resulting in a principal amount $47.5 million at December 31, 2024.

On October 26, 2022, the Company issued $40.0 million of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due October 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). The 2032 Notes bear interest at 7.00% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. From and including October 26, 2027, to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to a Three-Month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 306 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Company is entitled to redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment on or after October 26, 2027, and to redeem the 2032 Notes in whole upon certain other events.

On July 31, 2024, the Company assumed Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due December 2031 from the acquisition of Century Bank (the “Century Notes”) in an aggregate principal amount, net of premium adjustments, of $4.7 million. The Century Notes mature on December 22, 2031, and through December 22, 2026 will bear a fixed rate of interest of 3.50% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. From and including December 22, 2026, to but excluding the maturity date or early redemption date, the interest will reset quarterly to a floating rate per annum equal to the then current Three-Month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 242 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to the measure of our ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers, while at the same time meeting our operating, capital and strategic cash flow needs, all at a reasonable cost. We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of customers, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to meet the return on investment objectives of our shareholders.

Interest rate sensitivity involves the relationships between rate-sensitive assets and liabilities and is an indication of the probable effects of interest rate fluctuations on the Company’s net interest income. Interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities are those with yields or rates that are subject to change within a future time period due to maturity or changes in market rates. A model is used to project future net interest income under a set of possible interest rate movements. The Company’s Asset Liability Committee, or ALCO, reviews this information to determine if the projected future net interest income levels would be acceptable. The Company attempts to stay within acceptable net interest income levels.

Our liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and access to alternative sources of funds. Our liquid assets include cash, interest-bearing deposits in correspondent banks, federal funds sold, and the fair value of unpledged investment securities. Other available sources of liquidity include wholesale deposits, and additional borrowings from correspondent banks, FHLB advances, federal reserve bank borrowings and the Line of Credit.

Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are primarily met through cash flow from operations, redeployment of prepaying and maturing balances in our loan and investment portfolios, and increases in customer deposits. Other

alternative sources of funds will supplement these primary sources to the extent necessary to meet additional liquidity requirements on either a short-term or long-term basis.

The Company and the Bank are separate corporate entities. The Company’s liquidity depends primarily upon dividends received from the Bank and capital and debt issued by the Company. The Company relies on its liquidity to pay interest and principal on Company indebtedness, company operating expenses, and dividends to Company shareholders.

Our percentage of deposits that were uninsured as of December 31, 2024, was approximately 31.5%. We believe this percentage would place the Company’s level of uninsured deposits below peer average and peer median. We attribute this lower level of uninsured deposits to having a deposit base with less concentrated deposits than those of the institutions that failed, especially when considering our commercial banking focus. This is due primarily to our focus on banking small businesses that allows us to accumulate larger quantities of insured commercial accounts than a bank that is focused on larger clients. In addition, the Company also utilizes an uninsured deposit program.

Capital Requirements

We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking regulators. Failure to meet regulatory capital requirements may result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for “prompt corrective action” (described below), we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting policies. The capital amounts and classifications are subject to qualitative judgments by the federal banking regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

As of December 31, 2024, both the Company and the Bank exceeded all the minimum bank regulatory capital requirements to which the Company and the Bank were subject.

The table below summarizes the minimum capital requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank from a regulatory perspective, as well as the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Basel III capital guidelines require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total capital, Tier 1 capital, and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. In addition, under Basel III, the Bank is subject to a capital conservation buffer, which requires it to maintain common equity Tier 1 capital of 2.50% above minimum capital requirements for the common equity Tier 1 ratio, Tier 1 risk-based ratio and total risk-based ratio to avoid limitations on distributions and discretionary bonus payments.

In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires, among other things, that the federal banking regulators take prompt corrective action with respect to FDIC-insured depository institutions that do not meet certain minimum capital requirements. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act’s prompt corrective action regime, insured depository institutions are divided into five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. A depository institution is defined to be well capitalized if it has a common equity tier 1 capital ratio (“CET1 capital”) of at least 6.5%, a leverage ratio of at least 5%, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8%, and a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10%, and it is not subject to a directive, order or written agreement to meet and maintain specific capital levels. Bank holding companies are not suspect to prompt corrective action.

The Company and the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements under Basel III and the Bank met all the minimum capital adequacy requirements to be considered “well capitalized” for prompt corrective action purposes as of the dates reflected in the table below. As a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in total consolidated assets, the Company is eligible to be treated as a “small bank holding company” under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement. As a result, the Company’s capital adequacy is evaluated at the bank level and on a parent-only basis, and it is not subject to consolidated capital standards for regulatory purposes. The ratios set forth below as to the Company are for illustrative purposes in the event the Company were to become subject to consolidated capital standards for regulatory purposes. The column styled “Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes” includes the 2.50% capital conservation buffer.


	Actual			Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes			Minimums To Be “Well Capitalized” Under Prompt Corrective Action
	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio
	(dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2024

Tier 1 capital (to average assets)
Company	$	245,711	8.67%	$	113,353	4.00%	$	—	—
Bank	$	324,487	11.45%	$	113,353	4.00%	$	141,691	5.00%

CET 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	245,711	9.84%	$	174,815	7.00%	$	—	—
Bank	$	324,487	12.99%	$	174,815	7.00%	$	162,328	6.50%

Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	245,711	9.84%	$	212,275	8.50%	$	—	—
Bank	$	324,487	12.99%	$	212,275	8.50%	$	199,788	8.00%

Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	367,954	14.73%	$	262,222	10.50%	$	—	—
Bank	$	354,230	14.18%	$	262,222	10.50%	$	249,735	10.00%


	Actual			Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes			Minimums To Be “Well Capitalized” Under Prompt Corrective Action
	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio
	(dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2023

Tier 1 capital (to average assets)
Company	$	205,582	8.99%	$	91,503	4.00%	$	—	—
Bank	$	274,850	12.01%	$	91,503	4.00%	$	114,379	5.00%

CET 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	205,582	9.20%	$	156,378	7.00%	$	—	—
Bank	$	274,850	12.30%	$	156,378	7.00%	$	145,209	6.50%

Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	205,582	9.20%	$	189,888	8.50%	$	—	—
Bank	$	274,850	12.30%	$	189,888	8.50%	$	178,718	8.00%

Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Company	$	319,199	14.29%	$	234,568	10.50%	$	—	—
Bank	$	300,467	13.45%	$	234,568	10.50%	$	223,398	10.00%

Contractual Obligations

The following tables contain supplemental information regarding our total contractual obligations at December 31, 2024.


	Payments Due as of December 31, 2024
	Within One Year		One to Five Years		After Five Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)

Time deposits	$	607,846	$	46,636	$	27	$	654,509
FHLB advances	22,000		—		—		22,000
Subordinated notes	—		—		91,245		91,245
Other borrowings	18,000		(21)		—		17,979
Total contractual obligations	$	647,846	$	46,615	$	91,272	$	785,733

We believe that we will be able to meet our contractual obligations as they come due through the maintenance of adequate cash levels. We expect to maintain adequate cash levels through profitability, loan and securities repayment and maturity activity and continued deposit gathering activities. We have in place various borrowing mechanisms for both short-term and long-term liquidity needs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit to our customers is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are not recorded as an asset or liability by the Company until the instrument is exercised. The contractual or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement we have in particular classes of financial instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as they do for on-balance sheet instruments. The amount and nature of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the potential borrower.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private short-term borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds collateral supporting those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary.

The following table summarizes commitments we have made as of the dates presented.


	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(dollars in thousands)

Commitments to extend credit	$	401,912	$	501,935
Standby letters of credit	5,901		2,846
Total	$	407,813	$	504,781

Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our interest rate risk policy provides management with the guidelines for effective funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We have historically managed our sensitivity position within our established guidelines.

Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those that have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

We manage our exposure to interest rates by adjusting our balance sheet assets and liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by ALCO in accordance with policies approved by the Bank’s board of directors. ALCO formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, ALCO considers the impact on earnings and capital of the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors. ALCO meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, ALCO reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity. Management also employs methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which include an analysis of the relationships between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and an interest rate risk simulation model and shock analyses.

We use interest rate risk simulation models and shock analyses to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and fair value of equity, and the impact of changes in interest rates on other financial metrics.

Contractual maturities and re-pricing opportunities of loans are incorporated in the models. The average lives of non-maturity deposit accounts are based on decay assumptions and are incorporated into the models. All of the assumptions used in our analyses are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the models cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the models’ simulated results due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.

On a quarterly basis, we run a simulation model for a static balance sheet and other scenarios. These models test the impact on net interest income from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. Under the static model, rates are shocked instantaneously and ramped rates change over a 12-month and 24-month horizon based upon parallel and non-parallel yield curve shifts. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Non-parallel simulation involves analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve. Our internal policy regarding internal rate risk simulations currently specifies that for parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 10% for a 100 basis point shift, 15% for a 200 basis point shift, 20% for a 300 basis point shift, and 25% for a 400 basis point shift.

The following tables summarize the simulated change in net interest income over a 12-month horizon as of the dates indicated:


	Percent Change in Net Interest Income
	December 31,
	2024	2023
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)
+400	2.30	6.00
+300	2.10	4.90
+200	1.70	3.60
+100	0.90	1.90
-100	(1.10)	(3.60)
-200	(3.50)	(6.10)
-300	(7.70)	(8.50)
-400	(12.60)	(12.30)

Inflation and increases in interest rates may result from fiscal stimulus and monetary stimulus, and the Federal Reserve has indicated it is willing to permit inflation to run moderately above its 2% target for some time. Increases in interest rates have caused consumers to shift their funds to more interest-bearing instruments and to increase the competition for and costs of deposits. Customers movement of bank deposits into other investment assets or from transaction deposits to higher interest-bearing time deposits have caused our funding costs to increase. Additionally, any such loss of funds could result in lower loan originations and growth, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Increases in market interest rates may reduce demand for loans, including residential mortgage loan originations. At the same time, increases in rates will increase the rates we charge on variable rate loans and may increase our net interest margin. Higher interest rates would decrease the values of our existing fixed rate securities investments and could potentially adversely affect the values and liquidity of collateral securing our loans. The effects of increased rates will depend on the rates of changes in our costs of funds and interest earned on our loans and investments and the shape of the yield curve.

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and conform to general practices within our industry. To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates, assumptions and judgments based on available information. These estimates, assumptions and judgments affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements and, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions and judgments reflected in the financial statements. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the estimates, assumptions and judgments inherent in those policies, are critical to understanding our financial statements.

The following is a discussion of the critical accounting policies and significant estimates that we believe require us to make the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments. Additional information about these policies can be found in Note 1 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. The allowance for credit losses is based on the Company’s evaluation of the loan portfolios, past loan loss experience, current asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse

situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The process is inherently subjective and subject to significant change as it requires material estimates. The allowance is increased by a provision for credit losses, which is charged to expense, and reduced by charge offs, net of recoveries. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

The Company measures expected credit losses over the contractual term of a loan, adjusted for estimated prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless there is a reasonable expectation that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed. Credit losses are estimated on the amortized cost basis of loans. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company estimates and recognizes an allowance for credit losses for held to maturity debt securities pursuant to ASU No. 2016-13. The Company has a zero-loss expectation for its held to maturity securities portfolio, except for U.S. State and Municipal securities, and therefore it is not required to estimate an allowance for credit losses related to these securities. For held to maturity securities that do not have a zero-loss expectation, the allowance for credit losses is based on the security’s amortized cost, excluding interest receivable, and represents the portion of the amortized cost that the Company does not expect to collect over the life of the security. The allowance for credit losses is determined using average industry credit ratings and historical loss experience, and is initially recognized upon acquisition of the securities, and subsequently remeasured on a recurring basis. The Company evaluates available for sale debt securities that experienced a decline in fair value below amortized cost for credit impairment. In performing an assessment of whether any decline in fair value is due to a credit loss, the Company considers the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost, changes in credit ratings, any adverse economic conditions, as well as all relevant information at the individual security level, such as credit deterioration of the issuer, explicit or implicit guarantees by the federal government or collateral underlying the security. If it is determined that the decline in fair value was due to credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The non-credit related decrease in the fair value, such as a decline due to changes in market interest rates, is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company recognizes a credit impairment if the Company has the intent to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost.

Valuation of Foreclosed Assets. Foreclosed assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less selling costs. Any write-down to fair value at the time of transfer to foreclosed assets is charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Costs of

improvements are capitalized, whereas costs relating to holding foreclosed assets and subsequent write-downs to the value are expensed. The valuation of foreclosed assets is a significant estimate and is regularly evaluated by management for accuracy by taking into consideration periodic independent appraisals adjusted for estimated costs to sell. Because current economic conditions can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the valuation of the Company’s foreclosed assets could significantly and quickly change, particularly when updated appraisal valuations are obtained on individual properties.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The information required for this item is included in “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders

Southern States Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiary

Anniston, Alabama

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Southern States Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.

Birmingham, Alabama

March 14, 2025

SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	27,321	$	19,710
Interest-bearing deposits in banks	153,833		134,846
Federal funds sold	79,080		96,095
Total cash and cash equivalents	260,234		250,651

Securities available for sale, at fair value ($207,595 amortized cost, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2024; $190,322 amortized cost, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023)	196,870		179,000
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost ($16,032 at fair value, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2024; $16,233 at fair value, $0 allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023)	19,611		19,632
Other equity securities, at fair value	3,697		3,649
Restricted equity securities, at cost	4,441		5,684
Loans held for sale	404		450

Loans, net of unearned income	2,226,569		1,884,508
Less allowance for credit losses	28,338		24,378
Loans, net	2,198,231		1,860,130

Premises and equipment, net	32,048		26,426
Accrued interest receivable	10,111		8,711
Bank owned life insurance	39,431		29,884
Annuities	16,772		15,036
Foreclosed assets	—		33
Goodwill	33,176		16,862
Core deposit intangible	8,939		899
Other assets	24,289		29,616

Total assets	$	2,848,254	$	2,446,663

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

Liabilities:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	575,357	$	437,959
Interest-bearing	1,835,940		1,580,230
Total deposits	2,411,297		2,018,189

Other borrowings	17,979		26,994
FHLB advances	22,000		70,000
Subordinated notes	91,245		86,679
Accrued interest payable	2,172		1,519
Other liabilities	23,672		28,318
Total liabilities	2,568,365		2,231,699


Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Common stock, $5 par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized; 9,889,260 and 8,841,349 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	49,821		44,479
Capital surplus	106,637		78,361
Retained earnings	134,075		102,523
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(7,936)		(8,379)
Unvested restricted stock	(567)		(466)
Vested restricted stock units	(2,141)		(1,554)

Total stockholders' equity	279,889		214,964

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	2,848,254	$	2,446,663

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

SOUTHERN STATES BANCSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands, except per share amounts)


	For the Years Ended
	2024	2023
Interest income:
Loans, including fees

Southern States Bancshares, Inc. 10-K