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CRH FORM 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-32846

CRH public limited company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Ireland			98-0366809
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Stonemason’s Way, Rathfarnham, Dublin 16, D16 KH51, Ireland

+353 1 404 1000

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class:	Trading Symbol(s):	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered:
Ordinary Shares of €0.32 each	CRH	New York Stock Exchange
5.200% Guaranteed Notes due 2029	CRH/29	New York Stock Exchange
5.125% Guaranteed Notes due 2030	CRH/30	New York Stock Exchange
4.400% Guaranteed Notes due 2031	CRH/31	New York Stock Exchange
6.400% Notes due 2033	CRH/33A	New York Stock Exchange
5.400% Guaranteed Notes due 2034	CRH/34	New York Stock Exchange
5.500% Guaranteed Notes due 2035	CRH/35	New York Stock Exchange
5.000% Guaranteed Notes due 2036	CRH/36	New York Stock Exchange
5.875% Guaranteed Notes due 2055	CRH/55	New York Stock Exchange
5.600% Guaranteed Notes due 2056	CRH/56	New York Stock Exchange

CRH FORM 10-K

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended
transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant
to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ ~~Yes ☐ No~~

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. □

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of
incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery
period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). □

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, as of the last business day of CRH plc’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 2830, ~~2024~~2025), was $5161,~~283~~825,~~330~~009,~~098~~498. CRH plc has no non-voting common equity.

As of February 134, ~~2025~~2026, the number of outstanding ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares was ~~676~~668,~~475~~250,~~037~~818 (excluding Treasury stock of 4037,~~944~~976,~~153~~624 shares).

~~Documents~~DOCUMENTS ~~Incorporated~~INCORPORATED byBY ~~Reference~~REFERENCE: Portions of CRH plc’s proxy statement to be prepared in connection with its ~~2025~~2026 Annual General Meeting (the 'Proxy Statement') are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. CRH plc intends to file the Proxy Statement with the SEC no later than 120 days following December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

~~EXPLANATORY~~CRH ~~NOTE~~FORM 10-K

~~CRH~~CERTAIN plc (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the 'Company’, 'CRH’, the ‘Group’, ‘we’, ‘us’ or ‘our’), a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Ireland, previously determined, as of June 30, 2024 (including as a result of more than 50% of its ordinary shares being held by U.S. residents), that it will no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer as defined under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ‘Exchange Act’). TERMS

~~Effective~~Except as ofotherwise ~~January~~specified 1or the context otherwise requires, ~~2025~~references to 'CRH', the 'Company', 'we', 'us' or 'our' refer to CRH isplc a(together ~~U.S.~~with ~~domestic~~its ~~issuer.~~consolidated subsidiaries), and references to years indicate our fiscal year ended December 31 of the respective year.

References to this 'Form 10-K' are to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

All references to the 'Consolidated Financial Statements' are to Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

CRH FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I		PAGE
Item 1	Business	6
Item 1A	Risk Factors	1312
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	1918
Item 1C	Cybersecurity	2019
Item 2	Properties	2120
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	2726
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	2726
PART II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	2827
Item 6	[Reserved]	3029
Item 7	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3130
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	5045
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	5146
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements ~~with~~With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	9993
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	9993
Item 9B	Other Information	~~100~~94
Item 9C	Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	~~100~~94
PART III
Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	~~101~~95
Item 11	Executive Compensation	~~101~~95
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	~~101~~95
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	~~101~~95
Item 14	Principal ~~Accountant~~Accounting Fees and Services	~~101~~95
PART IV
Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	~~102~~96
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	~~103~~98
Signatures		~~104~~99

~~CRH Form 10-K~~ 4

CRH FORM 10-K

Forward-Looking Statements – Safe Harbor Provisions Under The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act Of 1995

In order to ~~utilize~~rely upon the “Safe Harbor” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, CRH is providing the following cautionary statement.

This document contains statements that are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements with respect to the financial condition, results of operations, business, viability and future performance of CRH and certain of the plans and objectives of CRH. These forward-looking statements may generally, but not always, be identified by the use of words such as “will”, “anticipates”, “should”, “could”, “would”, “targets”, “aims”, “may”, “continues”, “expects”, “is expected to”, “estimates”, “believes”, “intends” or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts or matters of fact at the date of this document.

In particular, the following, among other statements, are all forward-looking in nature: statements regarding the benefits of CRH’s connected portfolio and entrepreneurial culture; plans and expectations regarding supply-side dynamics, customer demand, pricing, costs, underlying drivers for growth in infrastructure, residential and non-residential activity, including the megatrends of transportation, water and reindustrialization, and macroeconomic and other trends in CRH’s markets, ~~including~~particularly ~~onshoring, regulatory trends, and investment~~ in ~~technology,~~North ~~clean energy and manufacturing~~America; plans and expectations regarding government and private funding initiatives and priorities, including the timing and amount of government funding, particularly with respect to the Infrastructure Investment and ~~its~~Jobs Act (IIJA), and reindustrialization activity in North America, Europe and Australia, and the effects on CRH’s business; plans and expectations regarding CRH’s strategy, ~~expansionary~~growth capital expenditures, investments in technology, competitive advantages, growth opportunities, innovation, research and development and acquisitions and divestitures, including the timing for completion, tax and accounting effects and expected commercial and market benefits; plans and expectations regarding the outcome of pending legal proceedings and provisions for environmental and remediation costs; plans and expectations regarding the timing and amount of share buybacks and dividends, including the CRH plc Board of Directors’s (the Board) policy offor consistent long-term dividend growth; expectations regarding taxation of U.S. holders of our shares, including applicability of Irish Dividend Withholding Tax (DWT) and Irish stamp duty; expectations regarding the Company’s income tax reserves and returns; plans and expectations regarding equity ~~incentive~~compensation plans and pension plans; plans and expectations regarding CRH’s balance sheet, capital allocation, financial capacity, accounting policies, cash flows and working capital; plans and expectations regarding CRH’s ability to fund its long-term contractual obligations, maturing debt obligations, capital expenditures, and other liquidity requirements; plans and expectations regarding the ~~Share Option Schemes; plans and expectations regarding CRH’s inclusion on certain equity indices; plans and expectations regarding the~~ effect of existing and future laws, rules and regulations on CRH’s business; and plans and expectations regarding human capital initiatives, workplace safety, sustainability and climate change, CRH’s decarbonization targets, sustainability-related initiatives and business opportunities, including investments, impacts of the changing regulatory landscape, and the delivery of and consumer demand for sustainable solutions and products~~; and plans and expectations regarding the potential impact and evolving nature of risks and CRH’s management of such risks~~.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future and reflect the Company’s current expectations and assumptions as to such future events and circumstances that may not prove accurate. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this document. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements other than as required by applicable law.

A number of material factors could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements, certain of which are beyond our control, and which include, ~~among~~but ~~other~~are ~~factors~~not limited to: economic and financial conditions, including changes in interest rates, inflation, price volatility and/or labor and materials shortages; demand for infrastructure, residential and non-residential construction and our products in geographic markets in which we operate; increased competition and its impact on prices and market position; increases in energy, labor and/or other raw materials costs; adverse changes to laws and regulations, including in relation to climate change; the impact of unfavorable weather; investor and/or consumer sentiment regarding the importance of sustainable practices and products; availability of public sector funding for infrastructure programs; political uncertainty, including as a result of political and social conditions in the jurisdictions CRH operates in, or adverse political developments, including the ongoing geopolitical conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East; failure to complete or successfully integrate acquisitions or make timely divestitures; cyber-attacks and exposure of associates, contractors, customers, suppliers and other individuals to health and safety risks, including due to product failures. Additional factors, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual outcomes and results to be materially different from those expressed by the forward-looking statements in this report including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described herein and in “Risk Factors” in Part 1, Item 1A of this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K ~~for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the ‘Annual Report on Form 10-K’)~~.

~~CRH Form 10-K~~ 5

CRH FORM 10-K

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

CRH is athe leading provider of building materials ~~that~~critical ~~build,~~to ~~connect~~modernizing ~~and~~infrastructure. ~~improve~~With our ~~world.~~team Inof ~~2024~~83,032 ~~the~~people ~~Company~~across ~~generated~~3,961 ~~$35.6~~locations, ~~billion~~our ofunmatched ~~revenues~~scale, ~~$3.5~~connected ~~billion~~portfolio, and deep local relationships make us the partner of ~~net~~choice ~~income~~for transportation, water and ~~$6.9~~reindustrialization ~~billion~~projects, ofshaping ~~Adjusted~~communities EBITDA*for a better tomorrow.~~1Since~~ ~~formation~~The Company, which has market leadership positions in ~~1970~~North America, ~~CRH~~Europe and Australia, has ~~evolved~~grown ~~from~~rapidly ~~being~~since aformation ~~supplier~~in 1970 and in 2025 generated $37.4 billion of ~~base~~Total ~~materials~~revenues, to$3.8 ~~solving~~billion ~~complex~~of ~~construction~~Net ~~challenges~~income ~~for~~and ~~our~~$7.7 ~~customers~~billion of Adjusted EBITDA*.1

~~CRH’s~~In ~~differentiated~~2025, ~~solutions~~40% ~~strategy~~of ~~uniquely~~Total ~~integrates~~revenues ~~materials~~came from infrastructure, ~~products~~32% from residential construction and ~~services~~28% ~~across~~from ~~the~~non-residential construction. ~~value~~60% ~~chain,~~of ~~better~~Total ~~serving~~revenues ~~our~~came ~~customers’~~from ~~needs~~sales ~~and~~to ~~driving~~new-build ~~repeat~~construction, ~~business~~ while ~~making~~40% ~~construction~~of ~~simpler,~~Total ~~safer~~revenues came from repair and ~~more~~remodel ~~sustainable~~activity.

~~The~~CRH’s ~~Company~~connected ~~integrates~~portfolio ~~essential~~supplies building materials ~~(aggregates~~across ~~and~~the ~~cement),~~construction value~~-added~~ ~~building~~chain, ~~products~~better asserving ~~well~~our ascustomers’ needs and driving repeat business while making construction ~~services~~simpler, tosafer ~~provide~~and ~~our~~more ~~customers~~sustainable. ~~with~~This ~~complete~~customer-centric ~~connected~~approach ~~solutions.~~combines ~~CRH’s~~our ~~capabilities~~unique entrepreneurial culture, ~~innovation~~leading performance and ~~technical~~local ~~expertise~~market ~~enable~~knowledge itwith our value-added building products and services to be a valuable partner for customers across our end-markets. CRH’s leading positions of scale serve transportation and critical infrastructure ~~projects~~, ~~complex~~reindustrialization ~~non-residential~~projects ~~construction~~and commercial and ~~outdoor~~residential ~~living~~construction ~~solutions~~activity.

CRH’s ~~business~~has ~~addresses~~a ~~the~~proven ~~needs~~track record of ~~customers~~growing ~~across~~and ~~infrastructure~~creating value through acquisition with over 1,250 ~~non-residential~~deals ~~and~~completed ~~residential~~in ~~construction~~our ~~markets~~history. InWe ~~2024,~~acquire ~~approximately~~businesses ~~35%~~at ofattractive ~~revenues~~valuations ~~came~~and ~~from~~create ~~infrastructure~~value ~~(such~~by asconnecting ~~highways,~~them ~~streets,~~with ~~roads~~our ~~and~~existing ~~bridges),~~operations ~~30%~~and ~~from~~generating ~~non-residential~~synergies. ~~construction~~The ~~(including~~Company ~~construction~~takes ~~and~~an ~~maintenance~~active ofapproach ~~critical~~to ~~water,~~portfolio ~~energy~~management and ~~telecommunications~~continuously ~~projects,~~reviews inthe ~~addition~~competitive tolandscape ~~manufacturing,~~for ~~commercial,~~attractive ~~warehouse~~investment and ~~data~~divestiture ~~center~~opportunities ~~facilities)~~to deliver further growth and ~~35%~~value ~~from~~creation ~~residential~~for ~~construction~~shareholders. ~~Approximately~~In ~~60%~~2025, CRH completed 38 acquisitions for a total consideration of ~~revenues~~$4.1 ~~came~~billion ~~from~~compared ~~sales~~with to$5.0 ~~new-build~~billion ~~construction,~~in ~~while~~2024. ~~40%~~The largest acquisition in 2025 was in our Americas Materials Solutions segment where the Company completed the acquisition of ~~revenues~~Eco ~~came~~Material ~~from~~Technologies ~~repair~~(Eco ~~and~~Material), ~~remodel~~North ~~activity~~America’s leading supplier of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs).

~~Operating~~CRH ~~in 28 countries, the Company~~ has ~~market~~a ~~leadership~~primary ~~positions~~listing inon ~~North~~the ~~America,~~New ~~Europe~~York ~~and~~Stock ~~Australia.~~Exchange In(NYSE) ~~2024, approximately 72% of net income~~ and ~~74%~~an ofinternational ~~Adjusted~~secondary EBITDA*listing ~~was~~on ~~generated~~the inLondon ~~North~~Stock ~~America.~~Exchange ~~The~~(LSE) ~~United States is expected to be a key driver of future growth~~ for ~~CRH~~its ~~due~~Ordinary ~~to continued economic expansion~~Shares, aeach ~~growing~~listing ~~population~~represented ~~and~~by ~~significant~~the ~~public~~ticker ~~investment~~symbol ~~in construction~~“CRH”. InReferences ~~2024,~~to ~~approximately~~the ~~28%~~'Ordinary ofShares' ~~net income~~ and ~~26%~~'Common ofShares' ~~Adjusted~~refer EBITDA*to ~~was generated by~~ our ~~International~~ordinary ~~Division.~~shares ~~Our International businesses, which benefit from strong economic and construction growth prospects as well as recurring repair and remodel demand, are an important strategic part~~ of ~~the Company~~€0.32 CRH intends to continue to expand its North American and International operations given significant government support for infrastructure and increasing demand for customer-connected solutions in major infrastructure and commercial projectseach.

~~CRH~~Our ~~has~~Connected a proven track record in value creation through acquisition which over the last decade has accounted for approximately 60% of the Company’s growth. We achieve this by acquiring businesses at attractive valuations and creating value by integrating them with our existing operations and generating synergies. The Company takes an active approach to portfolio management and continuously reviews the competitive landscape for attractive investment and divestiture opportunities to deliver further growth and value creation for shareholders. In 2024, CRH completed 40 acquisitions for a total consideration of $5.0 billion compared with $0.7 billion in 2023. The largest acquisition in 2024 was in our Americas Materials Solutions segment where the Company completed the acquisition of a portfolio of cement and readymixed concrete operations and assets in Texas. The Company also completed the acquisition of a majority stake (57%) in the Australian building materials business Adbri Ltd (Adbri) within our International Solutions segment. Portfolio

CRH’s ~~has~~connected aportfolio ~~primary~~of ~~listing~~value-added onbuilding ~~the~~materials, ~~New~~products ~~York~~and ~~Stock~~services ~~Exchange~~serves ~~(NYSE)~~transportation and ancritical ~~international~~infrastructure ~~secondary~~construction ~~listing on the London Stock Exchange~~ (~~LSE)~~including ~~for~~highways, ~~its~~bridges, ~~ordinary~~rail, ~~shares~~water, ~~each~~energy ~~listing~~and ~~represented~~telecommunications byprojects), ~~the~~reindustrialization ~~ticker~~activity ~~symbol~~(including ~~“CRH”.~~manufacturing ~~References~~and todata ~~the~~center ~~'Ordinary~~projects) ~~Shares'~~ and ~~'Common~~commercial ~~Shares'~~and ~~refer~~residential tomarkets ~~our~~across ~~ordinary~~North ~~shares~~America, ofEurope ~~€0.32~~and ~~each~~Australia.

~~Effective~~Essential asMaterialsEssential Materials, consisting of ~~January~~aggregates 1,and ~~2025~~cementitious materials, are the foundation of CRH’s isconnected portfolio. Our businesses manufacture and supply these materials for use extensively in a Uwide range of construction applications, from major road and infrastructure projects to large-scale reindustrialization facilities and the development and refurbishment of commercial buildings, private residences and public spaces.S. ~~domestic~~Our ~~issuer~~focus on continuous business improvement, deep materials and local market knowledge and our extensive network of locations drives performance and helps us deliver value to our customers. Customers typically range from national, regional and local governments to contractors and other construction product and service providers.

~~Customer-Connected~~Road ~~Solutions~~SolutionsCRH is a leading provider of materials, products and services for road construction in North America and Europe. With our capabilities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance and circularity, we deliver a range of innovative products and services for our customers to better connect our communities, from major public highway infrastructure projects to residential roads, airports and parking lots. As responsible operators considerate of our environmental impact, we optimize the use of recycled materials in our paving services, thereby reducing waste, emissions and energy consumption. Together with our Essential Materials businesses, we have developed our roads offering to provide customers with quality, flexibility, speed, expertise and convenience through our deep market knowledge and highly capable team of professionals.

~~CRH’s~~Building ~~strategy~~and ~~integrates~~Infrastructure ~~building~~SolutionsOur Building & Infrastructure Solutions connect and protect critical infrastructure to help solve complex construction challenges for transportation, water, energy, telecommunications and reindustrialization projects. Working closely with our Essential Materials and Roads businesses, we provide materials, products and engineering services byto ~~providing~~enable ~~them~~the transition to ~~customers~~a asmore ~~complete~~durable ~~solutions~~built environment. With a particular focus on below-ground construction, we are a leading provider of multi-material products that ~~solve~~renew ~~complex~~and ~~challenges~~protect ~~across~~the critical infrastructure that enhances the ~~built~~daily ~~environment~~lives of millions of people.

Essential Materials

Essential Materials, consisting of aggregates and cement, are the foundation of CRH’s strategy. Our vertically integrated businesses manufacture and supply these materials for use extensively in a wide range of construction applications, ranging from major road and infrastructure projects to the development and refurbishment of commercial buildings, private residences, public spaces and communities. Our deep materials and market knowledge, along with our extensive network of locations and assets, drive our performance and helps us deliver value to our customers. Customers typically range from national, regional and local governments to contractors and other construction product and service providers.

Road Solutions

CRH is a leading provider of solutions for sustainable road construction in North America and Europe. With our capabilities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance and circularity, we deliver a range of innovative solutions for our customers to better connect our communities, from major public highway infrastructure projects to residential roads, airports and parking lots. As responsible operators considerate of our environmental impact, we optimize the use of recycled materials in our paving services, thereby reducing waste, emissions and energy consumption. Fully integrated with our Essential Materials businesses, we have developed our Road Solutions offering to provide customers with quality, flexibility, speed, expertise and convenience through our deep market knowledge and highly capable team of professionals.

Building and Infrastructure Solutions

Our Building & Infrastructure Solutions connect, protect and transport critical water, energy and telecommunications infrastructure to help solve complex construction challenges. We integrate design, materials, products and engineering to enable the transition to a more sustainable and resilient built environment. Our products have a particular focus on the below-ground built environment where we are a leading provider of multi-material infrastructure that connects and protects the critical projects that enhance the daily lives of millions of people.

* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.1

CRH Form 10-K 6

Outdoor Living Solutions

CRH’s Outdoor Living ~~Solutions~~businesses integrate specialized materials, products and design features to enhance the quality of private and public spaces. We help our customers in residential and commercial markets create unique outdoor settings by providing ~~solutions~~products for repair, remodel and new construction projects. ~~Our~~Outdoor ~~business~~Living is closely ~~connected~~linked to our Essential Materials businesses and to our customers through a ~~broad~~wide geographic network asproviding ~~well as~~ a comprehensive suite of products ~~and~~including ~~services spanning~~ hardscapes, masonry, fencing, railing, and packaged lawn and garden products~~, pool finishes and composite decking~~. We place a strong focus on anticipating the needs of ~~our~~ customers ~~and constantly strive to exceed their expectations. We do this~~ by continually enhancing our offering through innovation and technology, portfolio expansion and multifaceted collaboration.

~~Innovation~~* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliation and ~~Sustainability~~Supplementary Information” on pages 35 to 38 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.1

We are accelerating investment in innovation to develop a higher-performing and more sustainable built environment. Through our $250 million Venturing and Innovation Fund we are supporting the development of new technologies and innovative solutions to meet the increasingly complex needs of customers and evolving trends in construction. Our CRH Ventures platform partners with and invests strategically in construction and climate technology start-ups across the entire construction value chain, to pilot and scale cutting-edge and innovative technologies. Our ability to replicate and scale our innovation and technical expertise between geographies provides us with opportunities for further growth. Through our Innovation Center for Sustainable Construction (iCSC), we have a global network of experts across our businesses collaborating in the research, development and replication of innovative solutions. 6

~~Sustainability is deeply embedded in all aspects of our business and sustainability leadership is a key pillar of~~ CRH’s ~~purpose.~~FORM CRH’s building materials solutions play an important role in shaping a more sustainable built environment and, in 2024, revenues from products with enhanced sustainability attributes1 was $14.6 billion, an increase of 5% compared with 2023 and an increase of 16% compared with 2022.10-K

~~Our~~Business ~~sustainability~~Segment ~~framework~~InformationFor ~~identifies three global challenges for society and~~ the ~~built~~year ~~environment:~~ended ~~water,~~December circularity and decarbonization. Our strategy focuses on transforming essential materials into value-added and innovative solutions to address these global challenges. By uniquely integrating our materials31, ~~products and services~~2025, weCRH ~~are~~was ~~positioned~~organized tothrough ~~capture~~three ~~further~~segments ~~value and accelerate growth~~ across ~~CRH~~two Divisions.

~~•Water~~Americas DivisionCRH’s Americas Division is comprised of two segments: WeAmericas ~~are~~Materials ~~advancing~~Solutions ~~solutions~~and toAmericas ~~address~~Building ~~global~~Solutions. ~~water~~The ~~challenges~~North byAmerican ~~enhancing~~market’s ~~flood~~positive ~~resilience~~fundamentals, including significant public investment in infrastructure and ~~improving~~private ~~water~~investment ~~management.~~in ~~This~~reindustrialization ~~includes~~activity, ~~upgrading~~is ~~water~~driving ~~infrastructure~~demand for CRH’s connected portfolio of materials, ~~improving~~products ~~wastewater~~and ~~treatment~~services. Over several decades, ~~recharging~~CRH ~~groundwater~~has established difficult to replicate, leading positions of scale across North America and ~~conserving~~employs ~~water~~49,828 people at 2,127 locations across ~~the~~48 ~~supply~~U.S. ~~chain~~states and seven Canadian provinces.

•Circularity: We are reimagining the way materials are used to enable a more circular economy. Our efforts include preserving natural resources, recycling and reusing construction and waste materials, facilitating resource-efficient buildings and infrastructure and building more circular supply chains.

•Decarbonization: We are developing innovative solutions to support a low-carbon future. Our goals include reducing our absolute carbon emissions, minimizing operational carbon from our products and creating energy-efficient solutions to facilitate a clean energy transition.

In 2024, we continued to enhance our capabilities to meet these challenges through investment in innovative technologies. Two recent examples include our investment in FIDO AI, supporting the development of artificial intelligence leak detection software to accelerate our water infrastructure solutions in North America, as well as our strategic investment partnership with Sublime Systems, a U.S.-based company operating in the field of sustainable cement production. Through these efforts, we continue to develop and deliver innovative, climate-resilient solutions for our customers.

By continuing to meet the changing needs of our customers and society, we aim to drive further growth and value creation. In addition, we are striving to create a positive impact on the natural world, helping our people and communities to thrive. We stand out as a responsible business by collaborating to ensure a more sustainable supply chain and embedding responsible conduct at each level throughout our organization.

Business Segment Information

During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company’s segments changed to three segments across two divisions. Refer to Note 20 “Segment information” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

Americas Division

CRH’s Americas Division comprises two segments: Americas Materials Solutions and Americas Building Solutions. The North American market’s positive fundamentals, including strong population growth and significant public investment in construction, is driving demand for CRH’s connected portfolio of materials, products and services. Over several decades, CRH has established difficult to replicate, leading positions of scale across the United States and Canada. The Division employs approximately 47,400 people at 2,008 locations across 48 states of the United States and seven Canadian provinces.

Americas Materials Solutions

Americas Materials Solutions ~~provides~~manufactures and supplies building materials for the construction and maintenance of public and private infrastructure, commercial and ~~commercial~~industrial applications, and residential buildings in North America. The primary materials produced by this segment include aggregates, ~~cement~~cementitious materials, readymixed concrete and asphalt. This segment also provides paving and construction services for customers. In 2025, this segment accounted for 45% of CRH’s Total revenues and 52% of Adjusted EBITDA.

InThe ~~2024,~~Americas ~~this~~Materials Solutions segment ~~accounted~~leverages ~~for~~our ~~approximately~~benefits ~~45%~~of scale, deep industry expertise, strong local brands and an extensive array of essential materials to implement CRH’s ~~total~~strategy, ~~revenues~~offering high-quality materials, products and ~~54%~~services ofto ~~Adjusted~~satisfy ~~EBITDA~~multiple customer needs. ~~Approximately~~In ~~50%~~turn, ofthis ~~segment~~enables ~~revenues~~CRH ~~came~~to ~~from~~provide ~~infrastructure~~a value-enhancing, ~~30%~~differentiated ~~from~~service, ~~non-residential~~saving ~~construction~~time and ~~20%~~reducing ~~from~~logistical ~~residential~~challenges ~~construction~~for our customers. ~~New~~Through this customer-~~build~~centric ~~construction~~approach ~~accounts~~CRH ~~for~~aims ~~approximately~~to ~~60%~~reduce oflead ~~segment~~times ~~revenues~~and ~~while~~complexity, deepening relationships, driving repeat business and increasing the ~~remaining~~share ~~40%~~of ~~came~~customer ~~from~~wallet ~~repair~~spent ~~and~~on ~~remodel~~CRH ~~activity~~products and services.

~~The~~Our ~~Americas~~unmatched ~~Materials Solutions segment leverages our benefits of~~ scale, ~~strong~~and ~~market~~connected ~~knowledge,~~portfolio ~~deep~~are ~~industry~~defining ~~expertise~~characteristics ~~and extensive array~~ of ~~essential~~this ~~materials to implement CRH’s strategy~~segment, ~~offering~~enabling ~~value-added~~us ~~solutions~~to ~~which~~optimize ~~combine~~production ~~different~~throughout ~~types~~the ofsupply ~~materials,~~chain ~~products~~ and ~~services~~ to ~~satisfy~~capture ~~multiple~~greater ~~customer needs~~value. In ~~turn,~~order ~~this enables CRH~~ to ~~provide~~support aits ~~value-enhancing~~operations, ~~differentiated~~the ~~experience,~~Company ~~saving~~has ~~time~~established ~~and~~a ~~reducing~~network ~~logistical~~of ~~challenges~~long-term ~~for~~reserves ~~customers.~~at ~~Through~~quarry ~~this~~locations, ~~customer-connected~~predominantly ~~approach~~adjacent ~~CRH aims~~ to ~~reduce~~urban ~~lead~~areas ~~times~~where ~~and~~demand ~~complexity,~~for ~~deepening~~its ~~relationships,~~materials ~~driving repeat business~~ and ~~increasing the share of customer wallet spent on CRH~~ products ~~and~~is ~~services~~strongest.

Vertical integration is a defining characteristic within this segment, enabling us to optimize production throughout the supply chain and to capture greater value. In order to support its operations, the Company has established a network of long-term reserves at quarry locations, predominantly adjacent to urban areas where demand for its materials and products is strongest.

1 Revenues from products with enhanced sustainability attributes is defined as revenues derived from those products that incorporate any, or a combination of: recycled materials; are produced using alternative energy and fuel sources; have a lower carbon footprint as compared to those products using traditional manufacturing processes; and are designed to specifically benefit the environment.

CRH Form 10-K 7

Americas Building Solutions

Americas Building Solutions manufactures, ~~supplies~~ and ~~delivers~~supplies high-quality, value-added, innovative ~~solutions~~products ~~for~~that ~~the~~connect ~~built~~and ~~environment~~protect critical infrastructure in communities across North America. Products in this segment are highly specified, designed and engineered thereby adding value for the customer. This segment serves ~~complex~~large-scale ~~critical~~ infrastructure construction (~~such~~including astransportation, water, energy and telecommunications projects), ~~transportation~~reindustrialization activity (including manufacturing and ~~telecommunications~~data center projects) and provides outdoor living solutions for enhancing private and public spaces. In 2025, Americas Building Solutions accounted for 19% of CRH’s Total revenues and 19% of Adjusted EBITDA.

InThis ~~2024,~~segment ~~Americas~~capitalizes ~~Building~~on ~~Solutions~~secular ~~accounted~~market ~~for~~trends, ~~approximately~~including ~~20%~~the ofurgent ~~CRH’s~~need ~~total~~to ~~revenues~~upgrade transportation and ~~20%~~water ofinfrastructure, ~~Adjusted~~the ~~EBITDA.~~increased ~~Approximately~~investment ~~65%~~in ofreindustrialization ~~segment~~activity ~~revenues~~and ~~came~~the ~~from~~growing ~~sales~~demand tofor ~~residential,~~more ~~25%~~sustainable construction to ~~non~~provide high-~~residential~~quality ~~and~~durable ~~10%~~building toproducts. ~~infrastructure~~CRH’s ~~markets.~~ability ~~Repair~~to ~~and~~provide ~~remodel~~products ~~activity~~which ~~accounted~~are ~~for~~tailored ~~approximately~~to ~~60%~~the specific requirements of ~~segment~~individual ~~revenues,~~customer ~~with~~projects ~~the~~helps ~~remaining~~to ~~40%~~drive ~~from~~competitive ~~new-build~~advantage ~~construction~~and deliver sustainable growth in this segment.

This segment analyzes market trends, including increasing urbanization, demand for more sustainable construction and evolving customer preferences to devise high-quality, effective building product solutions. CRH’s ability to provide solutions which are tailored to the specific requirements of individual customer projects helps to drive competitive advantage and deliver sustainable growth in this segment.

International Division

CRH’s International Division, which ~~comprises~~is comprised of one segment, International Solutions, is a leading provider of ~~integrated~~ building ~~solutions~~materials ~~primarily~~ across Europe and Australia. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the former Europe Materials Solutions and Europe Building Solutions segments were combined into this International Solutions segment reflecting how the business is managed. In Eastern Europe and Australia we see ~~higher~~high-growth potential through strong economic activity, while in Western Europe, CRH’s businesses operate in attractive markets backed by significant public infrastructure spending and region- wide ~~programs~~initiatives that ~~support~~promote increased construction activity. In these regions, CRH is experiencing increasing demand for its ~~customer-connected~~materials ~~solutions~~and product offering. The International Division employs ~~approximately 32~~33,~~400~~204 people at 1,~~808~~834 locations across 27 countries.

International Solutions

International Solutions integrates building materials, products and services for the construction and renovation of ~~public~~transportation infrastructure, critical utility networks, commercial and residential buildings, and outdoor living spaces. CRH has established itself as a leader in its markets, enabling strong value creation through commercial excellence and performance improvement initiatives, while serving growing demand across the construction value chain for innovative and value-added products and services. In 2025, this segment accounted for 36% of CRH’s Total revenues and 29% of Adjusted EBITDA.

InMaterials ~~2024,~~and ~~this~~Products ~~segment~~The ~~accounted~~following ~~for~~materials ~~approximately 35% of CRH’s total revenues~~ and ~~26%~~products ofare ~~Adjusted~~produced ~~EBITDA. Approximately 35% of segment revenues came from infrastructure, 35% from residential construction,~~ and ~~30%~~supplied ~~from~~by ~~non-residential~~CRH’s ~~construction.~~connected ~~New-build~~portfolio ~~construction accounted for approximately 70%~~ of ~~segment revenues, with the remaining 30% from repair and remodel activity~~businesses.

Materials and Products

The following materials and products are produced and supplied by CRH’s connected portfolio of businesses.

Aggregates

Aggregates are naturally occurring mineral deposits such as granite, limestone and sandstone. CRH extracts these deposits and processes them for sale as aggregates products such as crushed stone, sand and gravel. Typically, aggregates are used in road and rail infrastructure, building foundations and in the production of products including concrete and asphalt. Annualized aggregates sales ~~volumes2~~volumes1 in ~~2024~~2025 ~~for~~were 380.7 million tons of which the Americas Division and International Division were ~~229~~231.81 million tons and ~~143~~149.16 million tons, respectively.

~~Cement~~Cementitious Materials

Cement is produced from limestone reserves and is the primary binding agent in the production of concrete products, including readymixed concrete and mortars, which are used extensively throughout the built environment. Cementitious Materials also include fly ash, pozzolans, synthetic gypsum, calcined clay and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) used to enhance the performance and sustainability of concrete. Annualized ~~cement~~cementitious material sales ~~volumes2~~volumes1 in ~~2024~~2025 ~~for~~were 59.0 million tons of which the Americas Division and International Division were 1323.9 million tons and 35.71 million tons, respectively.

1 Annualized sales volumes reflect the full-year impact of acquisitions and divestitures during the year and may vary from actual volumes sold. This includes volumes which are used internally
(e.g. aggregates supplied internally for cement production).


7

CRH FORM 10-K

Concrete

Concrete is a highly versatile building material, comprised of aggregates bound together with cement and water. Readymixed concrete is the most commonly used form of concrete. It forms the foundations of buildings and homes, roads, tunnels and bridges, water management systems and clean energy structures. While readymixed concrete is supplied to customers for on-site casting, CRH’s infrastructural concrete businesses produce and supply precast and pre-stressed concrete products such as ~~floor and wall elements, beams and~~ vaults, pipes and manholes. These products are delivered to, and assembled at, construction sites where they are used throughout the ~~modern~~ built environment. Annualized readymixed concrete sales volumes2 in ~~2024~~2025 ~~for~~were 39.5 million cubic yards of which the Americas Division and International Division were 1716.47 million cubic yards and 2122.18 million cubic yards, respectively.

Asphalt

Asphalt consists of aggregates bound together with bitumen and is widely used as a surface material in roads, bridges, airport runways, sidewalks and other amenities. In recent years, the use of recycled materials in asphalt has increased considerably. Using materials from existing road surfaces to produce new asphalt reduces the demand for virgin material, extends the life of our aggregates reserves and contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of the product. Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) are used extensively by CRH businesses to produce new asphalt products for road and other surfaces. Annualized asphalt sales volumes2 in ~~2024~~2025 ~~for~~were 62.8 million tons of which the Americas Division and International Division were 52.29 million tons and 109.09 million tons, respectively.

Building Products

CRH’s ~~strategy~~connected ofportfolio ~~vertical integration~~ utilizes our essential materials to produce a range of value-added building products ~~and solutions~~. These include the manufacturing of concrete and polymer-based products such as underground vaults, drainage systems, enclosures and modular precast structures. ~~which~~These are typically supplied to the transportation, water, energy, ~~telecommunications~~ and ~~railroad~~telecommunications markets, in addition to complex reindustrialization projects. CRH also ~~provides~~manufactures a ~~range~~variety of ~~engineered~~concrete ~~steel~~masonry, hardscape and ~~polymer-based~~related ~~anchoring~~products including pavers, ~~fixing~~blocks and ~~connecting~~curbs, ~~solutions~~retaining ~~for~~walls aand ~~variety~~slabs. ofFurther ~~new~~CRH produces fencing and railing systems, lawn and garden products and packaged concrete mixes. These products are supplied to residential, commercial and do-~~build~~it-yourself (DIY) construction ~~applications~~markets.

2 Annualized sales volumes reflect the full-year impact of acquisitions and divestitures during the year and may vary from actual volumes sold. This includes volumes which are used internally (e.g. aggregates supplied internally for cement production).

CRH Form 10-K 8

Further, CRH manufactures a variety of concrete masonry, hardscape and related products including pavers, blocks and curbs, retaining walls and slabs. CRH also produces fencing and railing systems, composite decking, lawn and garden products and packaged concrete mixes. These products are supplied to residential, commercial and do-it-yourself (DIY) construction markets.

Key Trends and Opportunities

~~Key~~Industry-specific ~~trends~~megatrends ~~affecting~~that are shaping how CRH evolves to meet the ~~development~~needs of ~~CRH's~~its ~~businesses~~customers include:

•~~Population~~Increased ~~growth~~levels ~~and~~of ~~urbanization~~funding ~~driving~~support ~~increasing~~for ~~demand~~transportation ~~for~~infrastructure ~~construction~~such as roads, bridges, tunnels, airports and rail networks;

•~~Economic~~Growing ~~development~~reindustrialization activity in North America, Europe and ~~further~~Australia ~~investment~~driving construction in ~~infrastructure,~~areas ~~commercial~~such as manufacturing and ~~residential~~data ~~projects~~centers; ~~and~~

•~~Recurring~~The continued need to ~~repair,~~upgrade ~~maintain~~ and ~~upgrade~~modernize ~~the~~aging ~~built~~critical ~~environment~~infrastructure such as ~~existing~~water, ~~buildings~~energy and ~~infrastructure~~telecommunications ~~age~~systems; ~~and wear.~~

In•A ~~addition,~~changing ~~there~~regulatory ~~are~~landscape ~~several~~supporting ~~industry-specific~~demand ~~trends~~for ~~that~~innovative ~~are~~products ~~shaping~~for ~~how~~a ~~CRH~~more ~~evolves~~resilient toand ~~meet~~sustainable ~~the~~built ~~needs~~environment; ofand ~~its customers:~~

•Unprecedented levels of funding support for critical infrastructure and the onshoring of manufacturing activity;

•An evolving regulatory landscape driving increasing customer demand for innovative, connected solutions to deliver a more resilient and sustainable built environment; and

•Supply-side dynamics, such as labor constraints, driving increasing investment in automation, technology and digital solutions.

In addition, broader key trends affecting the development of CRH's businesses include:

•Population growth and urbanization driving increasing demand for construction and building materials;

•Economic development and further investment in infrastructure, non-residential and residential projects; and

•The recurring need to maintain, repair and upgrade the built environment as buildings and civil infrastructure age and wear.

Innovation and Sustainability

Investing in technology and innovation across our operations enables CRH to develop higher performing businesses and better serve our customers' needs. Our locally-led, globally-enabled approach and our leading performance model enable us to innovate across diverse geographies and markets, where it matters most for our customers.

Our customer-centric approach to innovation harnesses the strength of our internal research and development capabilities with the power of external partnerships and ventures across our connected growth platforms. We have a network of experts across our businesses collaborating in the research and development of innovative solutions. Our ability to replicate and scale our innovation and technical expertise between our Americas’ and International businesses gives us further opportunities for growth. CRH Ventures, our venture capital arm, works in partnership with start-ups, industry players, and academic institutions to pilot and scale cutting-edge technologies and accelerate progress towards a more resilient built environment.

Sustainability is embedded in our strategy and is an important enabler of our leading performance model. Our sustainability framework identifies three areas: water, circularity, and decarbonization where CRH’s connected portfolio of essential materials, infrastructure products, and value-added services positions us to capture further value and accelerate growth.

•Water: addressing the urgent need to modernize and expand water infrastructure through engineered solutions and management systems for water-resilient communities.

•Circularity: reimagining the way materials are used, including recycling and reusing construction and waste materials to create value, protect our asset base and extend the life of our reserves.

•Decarbonization: developing innovative solutions that support the construction of resilient, lower-carbon buildings and infrastructure.

CRH continues to enhance its capabilities to develop a higher-performing and more sustainable built environment through investment in innovative technologies. The acquisition of Eco Material, a leader in SCMs, positions CRH at the forefront of next-generation cement and concrete. Our strategic investment in VODA.ai expands our capabilities in water asset management with Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven technology. This platform helps utilities manage aging water infrastructure by providing AI-driven predictive analytics to assess pipe condition and risk across transmission, distribution, and collection systems.

We continue to build on our strong sustainability foundations: embedding responsible business conduct across our operations, protecting the natural world, and helping our people and communities to thrive.

2 Annualized sales volumes reflect the full-year impact of acquisitions and divestitures during the year and may vary from actual volumes sold. This includes volumes which are used internally
(e.g. aggregates supplied internally for cement production).


8

CRH FORM 10-K

Environmental and Governmental

Regulations

Our operations in the United States are subject to federal, state and local laws, while our European operations are subject to local, national ~~environmental laws~~ and ~~regulations stemming primarily from~~ European Union (EU) ~~directives~~laws and regulations. Our operations elsewhere are typically subject to both national and local regulatory requirements.

Compliance and Costs

Compliance with applicable regulations requires capital investment and ongoing expenditures for the operation and maintenance of systems and implementation of improvement programs. These include investments in licensing, permitting and monitoring, waste and water management plans, reductions in air emissions and energy consumption, promotion and protection of biodiversity, education and training, as well as employment of environmental specialists within CRH. These capital investments and expenditures were not material to CRH’s earnings, results of operations or financial condition in ~~2024~~2025 and ~~2023~~2024.

Management believes that its current provision for environmental and remediation costs is reasonable and that any potential non-compliance at its operations and facilities with applicable environmental laws and regulations is not likely to have a material adverse effect on CRH’s operations or financial condition. See Item 3. “Legal Proceedings" and Note 1312 “Asset retirement obligations” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Land and Environmental ~~Management~~ManagementWe generally own or lease the real estate on which our main raw materials, aggregates and other minerals are located. As part of our business model, we have established an extensive global network of extractive sites comprised of 1,334 properties, of which 252,791 acres of land are owned and 128,651 acres are leased. These extractive sites provide us with the raw materials to manufacture various primary building materials, such as aggregates, cementitious materials, asphalt, readymixed concrete and concrete products. We offer these products directly for sale and integrate them into our downstream products and services. Materials produced by our aggregates and cementitious materials businesses, for example, can be supplied to our downstream businesses for use in our Road Solutions, Building & Infrastructure Solutions and Outdoor Living Solutions businesses.

WeOur ~~generally~~operations ~~own~~are ortypically ~~lease~~required ~~the~~to ~~real~~comply ~~estate~~with ongovernment ~~which~~land ~~our~~use ~~main~~plans ~~raw materials, aggregates~~ and ~~other~~zoning ~~minerals are located~~requirements. AsWe ~~part~~are ofrequired ~~our~~by ~~vertically~~government ~~integrated~~authorities ~~business~~to ~~model,~~obtain weoperating ~~have~~permits ~~established~~and anresource ~~extensive~~rights, ~~global~~such ~~network~~as ofwater ~~extractive~~rights, ~~sites~~to ~~comprised~~conduct ofcertain 1operations,~~296~~ ~~properties,~~such ofas ~~which~~quarries, ~~246~~mines,~~058~~ ~~acres~~production ~~of land are owned~~ and ~~129,818~~distribution ~~acres are leased~~facilities. ~~These~~The ~~extractive~~terms ~~sites~~and ~~provide~~general usavailability ~~with~~of ~~the~~government ~~raw~~permits ~~materials~~required to ~~manufacture~~conduct ~~various~~our ~~primary~~business ~~building~~influence ~~materials,~~the ~~such~~scope asof ~~aggregates,~~our ~~cement,~~operations ~~asphalt,~~at ~~readymixed~~the ~~concrete~~respective ~~and concrete products~~sites. We ~~offer~~are ~~these~~also ~~products~~required ~~directly~~to ~~for~~obtain ~~sale~~permits and ~~integrate~~adhere ~~them~~to ~~into~~applicable ~~our~~restrictions, ~~downstream~~often ~~products~~including ~~and~~establishing ~~services.~~appropriate ~~Materials~~environmental ~~produced~~management ~~by our aggregates and cement businesses~~systems, ~~for example, can be supplied~~ to ~~our~~minimize ~~downstream~~the ~~businesses~~risk ~~for~~that ~~use~~necessary inpermits ~~our~~are ~~Road Solutions~~revoked, ~~Building~~modified &or ~~Infrastructure~~not ~~Solutions and Outdoor Living Solutions businesses~~renewed.

Our operations are typically required to comply with government land use plans and zoning requirements. We are required by government authorities to obtain permits to operate certain workplaces, such as quarries, mines, production and distribution facilities, including water rights required to operate many of our sites. The terms and general availability of government permits required to conduct our business influence the scope of our operations on the respective sites. We are also required to obtain permits and adhere to applicable restrictions, often including establishing appropriate environmental management systems, to minimize the risk that necessary permits are revoked, modified or not renewed.

CRH is also subject to multiple laws that require the Company, as a mine operator, to reclaim and restore properties after mining activities have ceased. As a result, we are required to record reasonable provisions for such reclamation in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

From time to time, we are required by law and/or contractual obligations to investigate and remediate releases of hazardous substances at our manufacturing sites and at sites where hazardous substances from our operations may have been disposed of. Where we have been required to incur such expenses, we are required to record reasonable provisions for such remediation in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Clean Air Act in the United States and similar laws elsewhere require that certain of our facilities, including our cement plants, obtain and maintain air emissions permits that subject them to pollution control requirements and require pre-approval for constructing certain facilities. In addition, the Clean Water Act in the United States and similar laws elsewhere require certain of our facilities to maintain permits limiting pollutants discharged into receiving waters and to implement technological controls to manage the discharge of stormwater and wastewater from those operations. CRH is also required to comply with laws designed to promote biodiversity and protect ecosystems. ~~From~~Therefore, CRH may from time to time, ~~CRH may~~ be required to install additional equipment or technologies to remain in compliance with such environmental regulations.

~~Climate~~Sustainability ~~Change~~Performance

~~We believe the transition to a more sustainable built environment represents a significant commercial opportunity for~~ CRH. Weis ~~are~~committed ~~well-positioned~~ to ~~support~~driving ~~the~~profitable ~~increased~~growth ~~demand for more sustainable products, which is underpinned~~ by ~~robust~~providing ~~funding~~its ~~programs~~customers ~~and~~with ~~regulatory~~innovative ~~policies~~solutions inthat ~~the~~make ~~geographies~~construction insimpler, ~~which we operate. In addition~~safer, ~~extreme~~and ~~weather events are increasing the need for~~ more ~~climate-resilient infrastructure~~sustainable.

CRH’s ~~Form~~connected 10portfolio of essential materials, infrastructure products, and value-~~K 9~~added services play an important role in shaping a more resilient built environment and in 2025, revenues from products with enhanced sustainability attributes3 were $15.7 billion, an increase of 7% compared with 2024.

CRH ~~has~~is ancontinuing ~~absolute~~to ~~carbon~~advance ~~dioxide~~its ~~(CO2)~~contribution ~~emissions~~to ~~reduction~~the ~~target~~circular ofeconomy, ~~30%~~preserving byscarce ~~2030~~natural ~~(from~~resources aand ~~2021~~using ~~base~~more ~~year)~~recycled ~~inclusive~~materials ofin ~~organic business growth~~construction. ~~The~~In ~~Science~~2025, ~~Based~~CRH ~~Targets~~recycled ~~initiative (SBTi) has validated our targets3 in line with a 1~~51.~~5°C~~2 ~~trajectory.~~million Atonnes ~~significant portion~~ of ~~the~~wastes ~~actions~~and ~~required~~by-products, tosourced ~~deliver~~internally onand ~~the~~from ~~2030~~other ~~roadmap are based on known technologies~~industries, ~~well-established~~for ~~operational~~use ~~excellence~~as ~~programs~~alternative materials and ~~activities~~fuels in ~~which~~its ~~CRH~~products ~~has~~and aprocesses ~~proven~~(2024: ~~track record of delivery~~44.7 ~~CRH’s roadmap includes incremental capital expenditure of approximately $150~~ million ~~per annum on average, which is subject to strict internal investment criteria and the net business benefit is expected to increase revenues and profitability~~tonnes).

In ~~2024~~2025, ~~our~~ Scope 1 and 2 absolute carbon emissions decreased by 41%, from 3129.07 million tonnes4 in ~~2023~~2024 to 29.75 million tonnes in ~~2024~~2025, as weCRH made further progress implementing the key levers in ~~our~~its decarbonization roadmap. ~~which~~CRH ~~offset~~successfully ~~the~~delivered ~~impact~~on ofits ~~an increase in emissions arising from changes in our business portfolio. Our~~ cement-specific net CO2 emissions per tonne of cementitious product ~~reduced~~target toof ~~537kg~~520kg ~~(562kg~~by ~~in 2023)~~2025. WeAdjusting ~~are~~for ~~also continuing to advance our contribution to~~ the ~~circular~~impact ~~economy,~~of ~~preserving~~changes ~~scarce~~in ~~natural~~CRH’s ~~resources~~portfolio ~~and~~since ~~using~~the ~~more~~target ~~recycled~~was ~~materials~~set in ~~construction. In 2024~~2019, weCRH’s ~~recycled 44.7 million tonnes of by~~cement-~~products~~specific ~~and~~net ~~wastes,~~CO2 ~~sourced~~emissions ~~internally~~per ~~and~~tonne ~~from~~of ~~other~~cementitious ~~industries,~~product ~~for~~was ~~use~~518kg ~~as alternative materials and fuels~~ in ~~our~~2025. ~~products~~This ~~and~~represents ~~processes~~a ~~(43.9~~33% ~~million~~reduction ~~tonnes~~on in1990 ~~2023)~~levels.

CRH has an absolute carbon emissions reduction target of 30% by 2030 (from a 2021 base year) inclusive of organic business growth. In 2023, the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) validated CRH’s targets5 in line with a 1.5°C trajectory.

A significant portion of the actions required to deliver on the 2030 roadmap are based on known technologies, well-established operational excellence programs and activities in which CRH has a proven track record of delivery. CRH’s roadmap includes incremental capital expenditure of approximately $150 million annually on average through 2030, which is subject to strict internal investment criteria and the net business benefit is expected to increase revenues and profitability.

3 Revenues from products with enhanced sustainability attributes is defined as revenues derived from those products that incorporate any, or a combination of: recycled materials; are produced using alternative energy and fuel sources; have a lower carbon footprint as compared to those products using traditional manufacturing processes; and/or are designed to specifically benefit the environment.

4 Note all sustainability metrics are presented in metric tonnes. Scope 1, 2 and 3 absolute carbon emissions were 47.0 million tonnes in 2025 (2024: 47.1 million tonnes).

5 The SBTi’s Target Validation Team has classified CRH’s Scope 1 and Scope 2 target ambition and has determined that it is in line with a 1.5°C trajectory.


9

CRH FORM 10-K

Supply Chain

CRH employs a dedicated global purchasing team and its supply chain combines ~~vertical~~internal ~~integration~~supply, ~~as well as~~ external ~~suppliers~~sources and third-party service providers to deliver products to customers in various markets.

As outlined on page 9, CRH owns or leases the real estate on which its main raw materials are located and has established an extensive global network of quarries. As part of its vertically integrated business model, the raw materials from these quarries are used to manufacture primary building materials, such as aggregates, cement, asphalt, readymixed concrete and concrete products, which are offered directly for sale or integrated into downstream products and services.

CRH is a significant purchaser of certain materials and resources important to its business, including ~~cement~~cementitious materials, bitumen, steel, ~~supplementary cementitious materials~~ and energy supplies, all of which it acquires at market rates. CRH is not dependent on any one source for the supply of these materials and resources, other than in certain jurisdictions with regard to the supply of gas and electricity.

CRH also utilizes various external suppliers and service providers throughout its business in addition to its internal supply chains, which enables it to economically source various raw materials, equipment and other inputs and to transport finished ~~product~~products to customers. The Company is committed to establishing a sustainable and resilient supply chain. ~~The~~and ~~Company~~ takes an active approach to monitoring ~~the resilience of its supply chain and ensures that~~ it ~~has access to a satisfactory level of required inputs at all times~~.

~~Seasonality~~SeasonalityActivity in the construction industry is dependent to a considerable extent on the seasonal impact of weather on the Company’s operating locations, with periods of higher activity in some markets during spring and summer which may reduce significantly in winter due to inclement conditions and extreme weather events. In addition to impacting demand for our products and services, adverse weather can negatively impact the production processes for a variety of reasons. For example, workers may not be able to work outdoors in sustained high temperatures and heavy rainfall and/or other unfavorable weather conditions.

~~Activity~~Competitive inEnvironmentCRH ~~the construction industry~~ is ~~dependent~~a tomarket aleader ~~considerable~~in ~~extent~~many onof the ~~seasonal~~construction ~~impact~~markets ofit ~~weather~~operates onin ~~the~~across ~~Company’s~~North ~~operating locations~~America, ~~with~~Europe ~~periods~~and ofAustralia. ~~higher~~CRH ~~activity~~prioritizes investment in ~~some~~ markets ~~during~~with ~~spring~~attractive fundamentals including population and ~~summer~~economic growth, which ~~may~~drive ~~reduce~~demand ~~significantly~~for inconstruction. ~~winter~~Many ~~due~~of tothe ~~inclement~~markets ~~conditions~~in ~~and~~which ~~extreme~~CRH ~~weather~~operates ~~events.~~are Inhighly ~~addition~~fragmented, toand ~~impacting~~as ~~demand~~a ~~for~~result, ~~our~~CRH products and services, ~~adverse~~face ~~weather~~strong ~~can~~competition. ~~negatively~~The ~~impact~~Company’s ~~the~~profits ~~production~~are ~~processes~~sensitive ~~for~~to achanges ~~variety~~in ofvolumes ~~reasons.~~and ~~For~~prices ~~example,~~which ~~workers~~are ~~may~~impacted ~~not~~from betime ~~able~~ to ~~work~~time ~~outdoors~~by incompetitive ~~sustained~~conditions ~~high~~experienced ~~temperatures~~in ~~and~~different ~~heavy rainfall and/or other unfavorable weather conditions~~markets.

Competitive Environment

CRH is a market leader in many of the construction markets it operates in across North America, Europe and Australia. CRH prioritizes investment in markets with attractive fundamentals including population and economic growth, which drive demand for construction. Many of the markets in which CRH operates are highly fragmented, and as a result, CRH products and services face strong competition. The Company’s profits are sensitive to changes in volumes and prices which are impacted from time to time by competitive conditions experienced in different markets.

Pricing for products is impacted by macroeconomic conditions, the number of competitors, the degree of utilization of production capacity, the specifics of product demand, innovation and differentiation, among other factors.

Fragmented markets continue to offer focused growth opportunities for CRH. Similarly, competitors may seek to expand their existing positions or enter new markets and the Company may experience competition for potential acquisitions identified by CRH management.

3Intellectual ~~The~~Property ~~SBTi’s~~and ~~Target~~Research ~~Validation~~& ~~Team~~DevelopmentCRH ~~has~~relies ~~determined~~on ~~that~~a ~~CRH’s~~combination ~~target~~of ~~ambition~~intellectual ~~for~~property ~~Scope~~laws, 1confidentiality procedures and ~~Scope~~contractual 2,provisions asto ~~well~~protect asits ~~Scope~~proprietary 3assets and brands. CRH owns, or has applied for ~~purchased~~intellectual ~~clinker~~property rights, including patents, trademarks, service marks and ~~cement~~internet domain names, isboth indomestically ~~line~~and ~~with~~internationally, awhere 1appropriate.~~5°C~~ ~~trajectory.~~

4CRH ~~Note~~engages ~~all~~in ~~sustainability~~ongoing ~~metrics~~research ~~are~~& ~~presented~~development inprojects ~~metric~~to ~~tonnes.~~improve ~~Scope~~existing ~~1, 2~~ and 3develop ~~absolute~~new ~~CO2~~technologies ~~emissions~~to ~~were~~drive ~~47.1~~further ~~million~~growth ~~tonnes~~and invalue ~~2024 (44~~creation.~~1 million tonnes in 2023).~~

~~CRH~~The ~~Form~~Company’s ~~10-K 10~~research initiatives include:

~~Intellectual~~•A ~~Property~~$250 million Venturing and ~~Research~~Innovation &Fund, ~~Development~~launched in 2022, to support the development of new technologies and innovative solutions. To date, research initiatives across the Company include hydrogen use, CO2 mineralization projects, novel cements, AI technology and Carbon Capture Usage and Storage (CCUS);

CRH relies on a combination of intellectual property laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect its proprietary assets and brands. CRH has registered or applied for registration of trademarks, service marks and internet domain names, both domestically and internationally, where appropriate.

CRH engages in ongoing research & development projects to improve existing and develop new technologies that will empower more sustainable forms of construction in the future. The Company’s research initiatives include:

•A $250 million Venturing and Innovation Fund to support the development of new technologies and innovative solutions. To date, research initiatives across the Company include hydrogen use, CO2 mineralization projects, novel cements, artificial intelligence technology and Carbon Capture Usage and Storage (CCUS);

•CRH Ventures, the Company’s venture capital arm, invests in, and partners with, construction technology and climate technology companies across the construction value chain to pilot and scale new technologies and innovations that will enable safer, smarter and more sustainable construction; and

•~~iCSC,~~ CRH’s ~~global~~internal ~~center~~innovation ofnetwork ~~excellence~~ provides expertise and leadership to identify and analyze global market and construction trends and new growth opportunities ~~to maximize the value of sustainable innovation~~. ~~The~~CRH's ~~iCSC incorporates a global~~ network of laboratories and experts atacross ~~CRH’s~~ operating companies ~~collaborating~~collaborate to advance research on ~~sustainable~~ building materials and processes, such as climate-resilient water infrastructure and low-carbon cement and concrete.

Through these initiatives, CRH is supporting the development of new technologies and innovative solutions to meet the increasingly complex needs of customers and evolving trends in construction.

Human Capital Resources

People are our priority, and we believe that building a safe and inclusive work environment that empowers and inspires our global workforce is core to our success. In ~~2024~~2025, we employed ~~approximately 79~~83,~~800~~032 people at 3,~~816~~961 locations in 28 countries, of which ~~approximately 47~~49,~~400~~828 were in the Americas Division and 3233,~~400~~204 in the International Division. Some of our businesses are seasonal in nature which results in peaks and troughs in employment numbers across certain sections of our workforce. These changes are managed through fair and flexible hiring practices.

Safety and Well-Being

The safety and well-being (including physical and mental health) of our employees, contractors, and other stakeholders is embedded in CRH’s values. Our ambition is to have a culture of safety and wellness working towards zero harm, with a target of zero fatalities in any year. The Safety, Environment & Social Responsibility Committee, a Board committee, receives regular reports in relation to safety indicators.

CRH invests substantial time, effort, and financial resources to comply with applicable regulations and ensure a safe workplace. In ~~2024~~2025, 9493% of our locations had zero accidents and we achieved a lost -time incident rate of 0.2231 based on the number of incidents per 200,000 work hours for employees and contractors globally. We continue to monitor near misses, prioritizing those high potential learning events to achieve our goal of zero harm. We also invest in initiatives and programs across CRH, including training, technologies and ~~our~~ equipment to increase the standard of safety across our operations and reduce risks. ~~CRH further supports our employees through our health and well-being programs providing tools, social support and strategies for physical and mental health.~~

Our mining operations, manufacturing facilities and other operations are subject to a variety of worker health and safety requirements, including laws and regulations administered by the United States’ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and their state-level and foreign equivalents. Failure to comply with these applicable workplace health and safety requirements can result in sanctions and claims for personal injury and property damage and/or the closure of sites. 10

CRH FORM 10-K

CRH further supports our employees through our health and well-being programs providing tools, social support and strategies for physical and mental health.

Our mining operations, manufacturing facilities, and other operations are subject to a variety of worker health and safety requirements, including laws and regulations administered by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and their state-level and foreign equivalents. Failure to comply with these applicable workplace health and safety requirements can result in sanctions and claims for personal injury and property damage and/or the closure of sites.

Employee Engagement

~~Employee~~At ~~engagement~~CRH, iswe ~~critical~~want into ~~generating~~enhance ~~insights~~and ~~regarding~~sustain ~~CRH’s~~a ~~performance~~ culture, ~~training~~where ~~and~~everyone ~~career~~feels ~~development opportunities~~empowered, ~~safety culture~~respected, ~~corporate~~and ~~purpose,~~supported ~~initiatives~~ to ~~support~~grow. ~~inclusion~~The Board and ~~overall~~management ~~strategy.~~team ~~The~~are ~~Board~~committed ~~has~~to ~~delegated~~building ~~responsibility~~an ~~for~~inclusive ~~the~~culture ~~management~~where talented people of ~~employee~~all ~~engagement~~backgrounds tohave ~~the~~opportunities ~~Nomination~~and &can ~~Corporate~~perform ~~Governance~~at ~~Committee~~their best. ~~Through~~CRH ~~employee~~has an engagement strategy which is built on, weamong ~~gain~~other things, a ~~better~~firm ~~understanding~~commitment ofto nurture respect and inclusion. Employee engagement is critical to understanding what matters most to our employees. Weand ~~continue~~in togenerating ~~adapt~~insights ~~engagement~~regarding ~~strategies,~~CRH’s ~~ways~~performance ofculture, ~~working~~training and ~~leadership~~career development ~~approaches~~opportunities, ~~based~~safety onculture, ~~employee~~corporate ~~feedback~~purpose, initiatives to support inclusion, and overall strategy.

~~Working~~The ~~with~~Board has delegated responsibility for the ~~executive~~management of employee engagement to the Nomination & Corporate Governance Committee. We continue to adapt engagement strategies, ways of working, and leadership ~~team~~development (approaches based on employee feedback. Working with the Global Leadership Team), CRH develops action plans based on the results of these engagements. The proximity of our senior leaders to daily operations across CRH is a key reason for the Company's continued success and enables dynamic engagement across our operations.

We respect the rights of our employees to form and join trade unions and take part in collective bargaining. We operate both unionized and non-unionized workplaces.

We are focused on creating a global workforce that will drive performance now and for years to come. Learning and ~~Development~~development is integral to embedding our culture and values, ensuring compliance with policies and attracting, retaining and developing top talent. We invest in talent development throughout our businesses, empowering our employees across all levels of education and employment to grow their careers through personal and professional development opportunities to ensure we have a pipeline of talent in place for the next generation of leaders at CRH. We continue to roll out our Frontline Leadership Program, which provides leadership development training for frontline supervisors across CRH, advancing the skills of our employees across a range of programs such as management, inclusive leadership, and safety. We have also established multiple training and compliance programs to support appropriate conduct, including mandatory annual trainings regarding anti-bribery, anti-fraud, and anti-theft topics.

WeCRH ~~are~~promoted ~~focused~~inclusion onthrough ~~creating~~ a ~~global~~range ~~workforce~~of ~~that~~initiatives ~~will drive performance now~~ and ~~for~~developments ~~years~~in to2025, ~~come.~~including ~~Learning~~the ~~and~~ development isof ~~integral to embedding our culture and values~~toolkits, ~~ensuring compliance with policies and attracting~~forums, ~~retaining~~ and ~~developing~~supports ~~top~~for ~~talent. We invest in talent development throughout~~ our ~~businesses,~~Employee ~~empowering~~Resource ~~our~~Groups employees across all levels of education and employment to grow their careers through personal and professional development opportunities to ensure we have a pipeline of talent in place for the next generation of leaders at CRH(ERGs). WeOur ~~continue~~ERGs toare ~~roll out our Frontline Leadership Program~~voluntary, ~~which~~employee-led ~~provides leadership development training for frontline supervisors across CRH~~groups, ~~advancing~~open ~~the~~to ~~skills~~all ~~of our~~ employees. ~~across~~Their aaim ~~range~~is ofto ~~programs~~foster ~~such~~an ~~as management,~~ inclusive ~~leadership~~workplace ~~and~~by ~~safety.~~strengthening ~~We have also established multiple training and compliance programs to support appropriate conduct~~communication, ~~including mandatory annual trainings regarding anti-bribery~~community, ~~anti-fraud~~ and ~~anti-theft~~employee ~~topics~~experience.

Inclusion and Engagement

At CRH, we want to enhance and sustain a culture where fairness, inclusion and belonging are achievable for everyone. The Board and management team are committed to building a respectful and inclusive culture where talented people of all backgrounds have opportunities and can perform at their best. CRH has an engagement strategy which is built on, among other things, a firm commitment to nurture respect and inclusion as a core capability.

CRH promoted our inclusion and engagement goals through a range of initiatives and developments in 2024, including the development of new toolkits, forums and supports for our Employee Resource Groups (ERGs). Our ERGs are voluntary, employee-led groups, open to all employees including allies. Their aim is to foster an inclusive workplace by strengthening communication, community and employee experience.

CRH Form 10-K 11

Available Information

The Company maintains an internet address at www.crh.com and makes available free of charge through its website its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments thereto, if any, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, which are available as soon as reasonably practicable after CRH files or furnishes such information to the SEC. The Company also posts its ~~proxy~~Proxy ~~statements~~Statements on its ~~corporate~~ website. Investors may also access such documents via the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

References in this document to other documents on the CRH website are included only as an aid to their location and are not incorporated by reference into this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K. CRH’s website provides the full text of earnings updates, and copies of presentations to analysts and investors.

Further, copies of CRH’s key corporate governance policies and other reports, including its Code of Business Conduct, Sustainability Performance Report and the charters for Committees of the Board, may be found on the CRH website.

The Company undertakes no obligation to update any statements contained in this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K or the documents incorporated by reference herein for revisions or changes after the filing date of this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10‐K, other than as required by law.

We post ~~on our website~~ news releases, announcements and other statements about our business performance, results of operations and sustainability matters on our website, some of which may contain information that may be deemed material to investors. Additionally, we use our LinkedIn account (www.linkedin.com/company/crh), as well as our other social media channels from time to time, to post announcements that may contain information that may be deemed material to investors. Our executive officers may use similar social media channels to disclose public information. We encourage investors, the media and others interested in CRH to review the business and financial information we or our executive officers post on our website and the social media channels identified above. Information on CRH’s website or such social media channels does not form part of, and is not incorporated into, this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K.

~~CRH Form 10-K 12~~11

CRH FORM 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information contained in this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following risk factors before investing in our ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares. The following risks are considered material to our business based upon current knowledge, information, and assumptions. The risks and uncertainties we describe below relate to future events, expectations, trends, and operating periods, are subject to change and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are not aware or that we currently believe are immaterial may also adversely affect the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company. If any of the possible events described below were to occur, the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company could be materially and adversely affected. If that happens, the market price of our ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares could decline, and holders of our ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares could lose all or part of their investment.

This ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including (but not limited to) the risks described below and elsewhere in this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K.

Risks Related Toto Our Industry ~~And~~and Our Business Industry Cyclicality and Economic ConditionsCRH’s business depends on construction demand, and construction activity is inherently cyclical and influenced by multiple factors, including global and national economic circumstances (particularly those affecting the infrastructure and construction markets), monetary policy, consumer sentiment, swings in fuel and other input costs, and weather conditions that may, individually or collectively, disrupt outdoor construction activity.

~~Industry~~Given ~~Cyclicality~~the nature of our core products, many of which cannot be transported on a cost-effective basis over long distances, our operations are particularly sensitive to the economic conditions in the local markets in which we operate. In general, economic uncertainty and ~~Economic~~rising ~~Conditions~~interest rates can exacerbate negative trends in construction activity, including when current and/or prospective customers are unable to obtain credit or issue bonds, which can lead to the postponement, delay and/or cancellation of projects, and an associated negative impact on demand for building materials and related services. With a significant proportion of construction activity undertaken outside (e.g. highway construction), demand for and the utilization of the Company's products and services such as cementitious materials, aggregates, asphalt, concrete, and concrete products can be highly seasonal in line with customer demand, and may additionally be impacted by acute and/or chronic changes in global and/or localized weather events/conditions.

~~CRH’s~~In ~~business depends on construction demand~~addition, ~~and~~CRH ~~construction~~may ~~activity~~also isbe ~~inherently~~negatively ~~cyclical~~impacted ~~and~~by ~~influenced~~fluctuations byin ~~multiple~~the ~~factors,~~price ~~including~~of ~~global~~fuel and ~~national~~principal ~~economic~~energy-related ~~circumstances~~raw ~~(particularly~~materials, ~~those~~which ~~affecting~~accounted ~~the~~for ~~infrastructure~~approximately ~~and~~10% ~~construction~~of ~~markets),~~Total ~~monetary~~revenues ~~policy~~in 2025, ~~consumer~~consistent ~~sentiment,~~with ~~swings~~10% in ~~fuel~~2024, ~~and~~with ~~other~~no ~~input~~guarantee ~~costs,~~that ~~and~~the ~~weather~~Company ~~conditions~~will ~~that~~continue ~~may,~~to ~~individually~~be orable ~~collectively,~~to ~~disrupt~~absorb ~~outdoor~~these ~~construction~~inflationary ~~activity~~pressures.

~~Given~~Government ~~the~~Infrastructure nature of our core products, many of which cannot be transported on a cost-effective basis over long distances, our operations are particularly sensitive to the economic conditions in the local markets in which we operate. In general, economic uncertainty and rising interest rates can exacerbate negative trends in construction activity, including when current and/or prospective customers are unable to obtain credit or issue bonds, which can lead to the postponement, delay and/or cancellation of projects, and an associated negative impact on demand for building materials and related services. With a significant proportion of construction activity undertaken outside (e.g. highway construction), demand for and the utilization of the Company'SpendingCRH’s ~~products~~financial ~~and~~performance ~~services such as aggregates, asphalt and concrete can be highly seasonal in line with customer demand, and~~ may ~~additionally~~ be adversely impacted by ~~acute~~reductions ~~and/~~or ~~chronic~~delays ~~changes~~ in ~~global~~government ~~and/or~~infrastructure ~~localized weather events/conditions~~spending.

InA ~~addition,~~significant ~~CRH~~percentage ~~may~~of ~~also~~the beCompany’s ~~negatively~~products ~~impacted~~and/or services is consumed by ~~fluctuations~~public ininfrastructure projects, including the ~~price~~construction of ~~fuel~~highways and ~~principal~~bridges. ~~energy-related~~Accordingly, ~~raw~~demand ~~materials,~~for ~~which~~our ~~accounted~~products ~~for~~may ~~approximately~~be ~~10%~~impacted ofby ~~total~~adverse ~~revenues~~changes in ~~2024~~public policy, ~~compared~~as towell ~~11%~~as the financial resources and investment strategy of government bodies in ~~2023,~~our ~~with~~markets. noThe ~~guarantee~~allocation ~~that~~of government funding for public infrastructure programs is a key driver for our markets, such as the ~~Company~~infrastructure ~~will~~elements ~~continue~~of tothe beIIJA ~~able~~in tothe ~~absorb~~United ~~these~~States ~~inflationary~~and ~~pressures~~large European infrastructure initiatives.

Government Infrastructure Spending

CRH’s financial performance may be adversely impacted by reductions or delays in government infrastructure spending.

A significant percentage of the Company’s products and/or services is consumed by public infrastructure projects, including the construction of highways and bridges. Accordingly, demand for our products may be impacted by adverse changes in public policy, as well as the financial resources and investment strategy of government bodies in our markets. The allocation of government funding for public infrastructure programs is a key driver for our markets, such as the infrastructure elements of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) in the United States, and large European infrastructure initiatives.

However, government budget deficits might reduce government infrastructure investment and reduce demand for the Company’s products. Similarly, any significant delay and/or adverse change in investment strategy by policy makers in any of the Company’s key markets could reduce market demand, adversely impacting financial performance.

Adverse Geopolitical Change/~~Environment~~EnvironmentAdverse public policy, economic, social, and political situations in any country in which the Company operates could lead to a number of risks including health and safety risks for the Company's people, a fall in demand for the Company’s products, business interruption, restrictions on repatriation of earnings and/or a loss of plant access.

~~Adverse~~CRH ~~public~~primarily ~~policy~~operates across North America, ~~economic~~Europe, ~~social~~ and ~~political~~Australia. ~~situations~~The ineconomies ~~any~~of ~~country~~these countries in which ~~the~~we ~~Company~~operate ~~operates~~are ~~could~~broadly ~~lead~~stable. toHowever, athey ~~number~~are ofat ~~risks~~varying ~~including~~stages ~~health~~of ~~and~~development, ~~safety~~which ~~risks~~presents ~~for~~multiple ~~the~~risks ~~Company's~~and ~~people,~~uncertainties athat ~~fall~~could inadversely ~~demand~~affect ~~for~~ the Company’s ~~products,~~operations ~~business~~and ~~interruption,~~financial ~~restrictions~~results. onThese ~~repatriation~~risks ~~of earnings~~ and~~/or~~ auncertainties ~~loss~~include: ~~of plant access.~~

CRH primarily operates across North America, Europe and Australia. The economies of these countries in which we operate are broadly stable. However, they are at varying stages of development, which presents multiple risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect the Company’s operations and financial results. These risks and uncertainties include:

•Changes in political, social or economic conditions;

•New or strengthened trade protection measures, currency controls or import or export licensing requirements;

•Political unrest and currency shocks;

•Social activism and civil disturbance, terrorist events or outbreak of armed conflict, among other potential causes;

•Labor and procurement practices which contravene ethical considerations and regulatory requirements;

•Unexpected changes in regulatory and tax requirements; and

•Lockdowns or other restrictions due to public health emergencies, such as pandemics.

In addition, CRH has people, assets, and operations in Ukraine and neighboring countries, which face physical risk due to the ongoing conflict. The Board and management are actively monitoring the situation in Ukraine, as uncertainty continues to exist due to the ongoing conflict in the region.

~~CRH Form 10-K 13~~12

~~Health~~CRH ~~and~~FORM ~~Safety Performance~~10-K

~~CRH~~Health and Safety PerformanceCRH’s businesses operate in an industry with inherent health and safety risks, including the operation of heavy vehicles, working at height, use of mechanized processes, and handling of substances and materials potentially hazardous to people, animal life and/or the environment. Any failure to ensure safe workplaces could result in a deterioration in CRH’s safety performance and related adverse regulatory action or legal liability. Health and safety incidents could significantly impact CRH’s operational and financial performance, as well as its reputation.

CRH’s safety risks extend to sites not wholly within our control, including outdoor paving and construction sites. This environment presents a complex challenge which requires safe behaviors and engagement from employees as well as robust Company policies and procedures. A high number of accidents may pose additional challenges in recruiting new employees, ensuring operational continuity and maintaining licenses and permits.

Further, CRH is subject to a broad and stringent range of existing and evolving laws, regulations, standards, and best practices with respect to health and safety in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Should CRH’s health and safety frameworks, processes, and controls fail to comply with such regulations, the Company could be exposed to significant potential legal liabilities and penalties. Any failure resulting in the discharge or release of hazardous substances to the environment (e.g. storage tank leaks, or explosions) could in addition expose CRH to significant liability remediation costs and/or penalties that impact our financial position.

In addition, potential issues with products could lead to health, safety and other issues for our broad range of stakeholders including our employees, contractors, customers, and communities.

The ~~recurrence~~occurrence ~~of Covid-19 and/~~or ~~similarly~~recurrence of disruptive/dangerous pandemics could materially endanger our workers and/or contractors.

People ~~Management~~ManagementCRH may not achieve its strategic objectives if it is not successful in attracting, engaging, retaining, and developing employees with the required skill sets, planning for leadership succession, developing an engaged and inclusive workforce, and building constructive relationships with collective representation groups.

~~CRH~~The ~~may~~identification ~~not~~and ~~achieve~~subsequent ~~its~~assessment, ~~strategic~~management, ~~objectives~~development, ifand itdeployment of talented individuals is ~~not~~of ~~successful~~major importance in ~~attracting,~~continuing ~~engaging,~~to ~~retaining~~deliver on the Company’s strategy and ~~developing~~in ~~employees~~ensuring ~~with~~that succession planning objectives for key executive roles throughout its international operations are satisfied. As well as ensuring the ~~required~~Company ~~skill~~identifies, ~~sets~~hires, ~~planning~~integrates, ~~for~~engages, ~~leadership~~develops, ~~succession~~and promotes talent, ~~developing~~the anCompany ~~engaged~~must attract and ~~inclusive~~retain a broad workforce, representing diversity of thought and ~~building~~perspective ~~constructive~~and ~~relationships~~maintain ~~with~~an ~~collective~~inclusive ~~representation~~working ~~groups~~environment. Our ability to achieve these objectives depends on the availability of a pool of workers with the required training and skills, and the attractiveness of our employer value proposition compared with competing employers.

The ~~identification~~Company ~~and~~operates ~~subsequent~~in ~~assessment,~~a ~~management,~~labor-intensive ~~development~~industry and ~~deployment~~can offace ~~talented~~frontline ~~individuals~~labor isshortages ~~of major importance in continuing to deliver on the Company’s strategy and in ensuring~~ that ~~succession~~impact ~~planning objectives for key executive roles throughout~~ its ~~international~~ability ~~operations~~to ~~are~~produce ~~satisfied. As well as ensuring the Company identifies~~goods, ~~hires,~~operate ~~integrates~~facilities, ~~engages, develops~~ and ~~promotes~~install ~~talent~~products. Additionally, ~~the~~any ~~Company~~significant ~~must~~loss ~~attract~~of ~~and~~employee ~~retain~~resources for a ~~broad~~sustained ~~workforce~~period ~~representing diversity~~ of ~~thought~~time ~~and perspective and maintain an inclusive working environment~~(e.g. ~~Our~~due ~~ability~~ to ~~achieve~~sickness ~~these~~or ~~objectives depends on the availability of~~ a ~~pool~~public ofhealth ~~workers~~emergency) ~~with~~could ~~the~~impact ~~required training and skills, and~~ the ~~attractiveness~~Company’s ofability ~~our~~to ~~employer~~maintain ~~value proposition compared with competing employers~~operations.

The Company ~~operates~~must inalso amaintain ~~labor-intensive~~constructive ~~industry~~relationships ~~and~~with ~~can~~the ~~face frontline~~ trade/labor ~~shortages~~unions that ~~impact~~represent ~~its~~certain ~~ability~~employees tounder ~~produce~~collective ~~goods,~~agreements. ~~operate~~Failure ~~facilities~~to ~~and~~do ~~install~~so ~~products.~~could ~~Additionally,~~mean ~~any~~that ~~significant~~the ~~loss~~Company ofcannot ~~employee~~renegotiate ~~resources~~on ~~for~~appropriate aterms ~~sustained~~the ~~period~~relevant ofcollective ~~time~~agreements ~~(e.g.~~upon ~~due~~expiration toand ~~sickness~~may face strikes or work stoppages as a ~~public~~consequence. ~~health~~Poor ~~emergency)~~labor relations could ~~impact~~create reputational risk for the Company’s ~~ability~~and/or todisrupt ~~maintain~~our businesses, raise costs, and reduce revenues and earnings from the affected locations, with potential adverse effects on the results of operations and financial condition of the Company.

~~The~~Strategic ~~Company~~Mineral ~~must~~Reserves ~~also~~and ~~maintain~~PermittingFailure ~~constructive~~of ~~relationships~~CRH ~~with~~to ~~the~~maintain ~~trade/labor~~access ~~unions that represent certain employees under collective agreements. Failure~~ to domineral soresources ~~could~~and ~~mean~~reserves, ~~that~~plan ~~the~~for ~~Company~~reserve ~~cannot~~depletion, ~~renegotiate on appropriate terms the relevant collective agreements upon expiration~~ and ~~may~~secure ~~face strikes~~ or ~~work~~maintain ~~stoppages~~permits ~~as a consequence. Poor labor relations could create reputational risk~~ for ~~the~~its ~~Company~~mining ~~and/or~~operations ~~disrupt~~may ~~our~~result ~~businesses,~~in ~~raise~~operation ~~costs and reduce revenues and earnings from the affected locations~~stoppages, ~~with~~adversely ~~potential~~impacting ~~adverse effects on the results of operations and~~ financial ~~condition of the Company~~performance.

Strategic Mineral Reserves and Permitting

Failure of CRH to maintain access to mineral resources and reserves, plan for reserve depletion and secure or maintain permits for its mining operations may result in operation stoppages, adversely impacting financial performance.

Continuity of the cash flows derived from the production and sale of certain building materials depends on satisfactory reserves planning, including appropriate long-term arrangements for their replacement. The high weight-to-price ratio of the aggregates we consume generally makes it uneconomical to transport them over long distances, and accordingly it is important to secure high quality mineral resources local to our markets or adjacent to appropriate logistical hubs (e.g. rail infrastructure). Any failure to adequately plan for reserve depletion, or accurately forecast future growth markets, could lead to a failure to maintain, and/or acquire and develop required sites, especially given long development lead times, and associated operational stoppages that adversely impact financial performance and cash flows.

Appropriate reserves are increasingly scarce, and licenses and permits required for operations are also becoming harder to secure (e.g. due to increasing resistance from communities that have expanded around potential attractive reserves). In addition, the Company cannot guarantee that it will continue to satisfy the many terms and conditions under which such licenses and permits are granted and/or renewed.

Reserve estimates and projections of production rates of the minerals used in the Company’s products inherently contain numerous assumptions and uncertainties, that, for example, may depend upon geological interpretation, and statistical inferences or assumptions drawn from drilling and sampling analysis. If such interpretations, inferences or assumptions are subsequently proven incorrect and differ materially from actual geological conditions and/or production rates, we may exhaust reserves more quickly than anticipated over the long-term.

The failure to plan adequately for current and future extraction and utilization or to ensure ongoing compliance with requirements of issuing authorities could lead to operational disruptions and negatively affect our long-term financial results. For additional information on the Company’s reserves position, see pages 2221 to 2625.

~~Climate Change and Policy~~13

~~The impact of climate change may adversely affect~~ CRH’s ~~operations~~FORM and cost base and the stability of markets in which the Company operates. Risks related to climate change that could affect the Company’s operations and financial performance include both physical risks (such as acute and chronic changes in weather) and transitional risks (such as technological development, policy and regulation change and market and economic responses).10-K

Climate Change and Policy
The impact of climate change may adversely affect CRH’s operations and cost base and the stability of markets in which the Company operates. Risks related to climate change that could affect the Company’s operations and financial performance include both physical risks (such as acute and chronic changes in weather) and transitional risks (such as technological development, policy and regulation change, and market and economic responses).

Risks related to climate change that could affect the Company’s operations and/or financial performance are discussed as follows:

Physical

Acute weather events such as hurricanes or flooding, and chronic events such as increased precipitation, rising sea levels and/or temperatures may have an adverse effect on the Company’s business and operations. Operational productivity and demand for the Company’s products may be reduced during these weather events leading to reduced financial performance. Changing population demographics and other macro events arising from climate change may also impact demand for our products in significantly affected areas.

CRH Form 10-K 14

Transition

•Legal and Regulatory: As stakeholder expectations with regard to climate change continue to evolve, and various governmental bodies in our markets propose changes to laws and regulations covering emissions, carbon allowances and taxation, we may be exposed to increased operational, compliance and litigation related risks and costs. Efforts to address climate change through laws and regulations, for example by requiring reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as CO2 can create economic risks and uncertainties for the Company’s businesses. Such risks could include the introduction of more extensive carbon emissions caps and associated carbon costs, additional costs of installing equipment to reduce emissions to comply with GHG limits, and higher costs from the imposition of legislative and/or regulatory controls. There is a risk of reduced competitiveness due to any failure of equalization measures to level costs between domestic producers and importers from countries with lower enforced environmental regulations/GHG constraints.

•Technology: The Company has publicly set itself carbon emission reduction goals and ambitions, the delivery of which may depend on the rapid advancement of technologies, such as CCUS, that are still in early prototype or development phases. If our assumptions as to technology development timelines and/or our ability to economically access them prove inaccurate, we may be unable to deliver our emissions targets.

•Reputational: Any failure to reduce emissions arising from our operations or meet investor and other stakeholder groups’ expectations with regard to emissions reductions may adversely impact the Company's reputation and/or increase the likelihood of associated stakeholder litigation. In addition, the Company may incur materially increased costs related to increases in the cost of carbon, requirements to make further capital investments, reduced access to capital, challenges in retaining and/or attracting talent, local community opposition to operating facilities, and any inability to secure licensing permits.

Portfolio ~~Management~~ManagementCRH engages in acquisition and divestiture activity as part of active portfolio management, and this portfolio management activity presents risks around due diligence, execution, and integration of assets. Additionally, the Company may be liable for liabilities of companies it has acquired or divested. Failure to efficiently identify and execute deals may limit the Company’s growth potential and impact financial performance.

~~CRH~~The ~~engages~~Company’s in acquisition strategy depends on successfully identifying and ~~divestiture~~acquiring ~~activity~~suitable asassets ~~part~~at ofprices ~~active~~that ~~portfolio~~satisfy ~~management~~our stringent cash flow and return on investment criteria. The Company may not be able to identify such companies, and, ~~this~~even ~~portfolio~~if ~~management~~identified, ~~activity~~may ~~presents~~not ~~risks~~be ~~around~~able to acquire them because of a variety of factors including the outcome of due diligence processes, ~~execution~~the ability to raise required funds on acceptable terms, regulatory approvals (including in certain instances from competition authorities) and ~~integration~~competition offor ~~assets~~transactions from peers and other entities acquiring companies in the building materials sector. ~~Additionally~~In addition, situations may arise where the Company may be liable for ~~liabilities~~the ofpast ~~companies~~acts, itomissions ~~has~~or liabilities of acquired companies, or ~~divested.~~may ~~Failure~~remain toliable ~~efficiently~~in ~~identify~~cases ~~and~~of ~~execute~~divestiture ~~deals~~(including ~~may~~for ~~limit~~potential ~~the~~environmental ~~Company’s~~liabilities ~~growth~~or potential ~~and~~ongoing ~~impact~~information ~~financial~~technology ~~performance~~(IT) support).

The Company’s acquisition strategy depends on successfully identifying and acquiring suitable assets at prices that satisfy our stringent cash flow and return on investment criteria. The Company may not be able to identify such companies, and, even if identified, may not be able to acquire them because of a variety of factors including the outcome of due diligence processes, the ability to raise required funds on acceptable terms, regulatory approvals (including in certain instances from competition authorities) and competition for transactions from peers and other entities acquiring companies in the building materials sector. In addition, situations may arise where the Company may be liable for the past acts, omissions or liabilities of acquired companies, or may remain liable in cases of divestiture (including for potential environmental liabilities or potential on-going information technology (IT) support).

In addition, the Company’s ability to realize the expected benefits from acquisitions depends in part on its ability to integrate newly-acquired businesses. If the Company fails to integrate acquisitions, it may not achieve expected growth synergies or financial, operating or other benefits, and it may incur write-downs, impairment charges or unforeseen liabilities that could negatively affect its operating results or financial position or could otherwise harm its business. Further, integrating an acquired business, products, or technology, or remediating post-acquisition underperformance and associated operational challenges, could divert management time and resources from other matters.

The Company may decide to use shares of its common stock to complete an acquisition and/or make strategic investments in other companies, which may dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and adversely impact the price of our stock.

~~Early~~Payment ~~Stage~~of ~~Business~~Dividends/~~Technology~~Share ~~Investment~~Repurchase ProgramCRH may not pay dividends or make other returns of capital to shareholders in the future, and our current share repurchase program may not enhance long-term shareholder value.

~~CRH’s~~We ~~venture~~cannot guarantee that we will pay or maintain dividends at their current level, or effect other future returns of capital ~~unit~~(including, ~~may~~without ~~fail~~limitation, share repurchases). Our ability to ~~achieve~~pay ~~expected~~dividends ~~commercial~~or ~~success~~effect ~~and~~other returns of capital depends on factors such as our financial ~~returns~~performance, cash flow requirements, business outlook, working capital requirements, interest expenses, economic climate, regulatory considerations, and ~~CRH~~any ~~may~~other ~~lose~~factors ~~all~~deemed orsignificant ~~part~~by ofthe Board in exercising its ~~investments~~discretion into ~~early-stage~~return ~~companies~~capital. In addition, under Irish law dividends may only be paid, and share repurchases and redemptions must generally be funded only, out of distributable reserves.

~~CRH~~In addition, ~~through~~we ~~its~~cannot ~~$250~~guarantee ~~million~~that ~~Venturing~~our share repurchase program of our Ordinary Shares will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term shareholder value. The timing and ~~Innovation~~actual ~~Fund~~number of shares repurchased/redeemed will depend on a variety of factors including the price, ~~makes~~cash ~~investments~~availability inand ~~early~~other ~~stage~~market ~~ventures~~conditions; ~~focused~~the onshare ~~construction~~repurchase program does not oblige us to repurchase/redeem any specific dollar amount or to acquire/redeem any specific number of shares, ~~sustainability~~and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. The existence of our share repurchase program could also cause increased volatility in the price of our Ordinary Shares or increase the price of our Ordinary Shares and ~~digitalization~~thus ~~technology~~reduce ~~whose~~their ~~products~~liquidity. Additionally, repurchases and ~~services~~redemptions under our share repurchase program will diminish our cash reserves, which may ~~offer~~adversely usaffect ~~future~~our ~~competitive~~financial ~~advantage~~position.

Investing in early-stage businesses and/or technologies presents inherent risks, with the potential that we may lose all or part of our investment if they fail to achieve anticipated strategic, technological and financial returns. If we realize losses on our venture investments, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted.14

~~Sustainable~~CRH ~~Products~~FORM ~~and Innovation~~10-K

IfEarly-Stage Business/Technology Investment CRH’s ~~fails~~venture tocapital ~~develop~~unit ~~new~~may ~~sustainable~~fail ~~products~~to ~~that~~achieve ~~meet~~expected ~~customer~~commercial ~~needs,~~success weand ~~may~~financial ~~fall~~returns, ~~behind~~and ~~our~~CRH ~~competitors~~may ~~and~~lose ~~our~~all ~~financial~~or ~~performance~~part ~~may~~of beits ~~adversely~~investments ~~impacted~~in early-stage companies.

CRH, through its $250 million Venturing and Innovation Fund, makes investments in early-stage ventures focused on construction, sustainability and digitalization technology whose products and services may offer us future competitive advantage.

Investing in early-stage businesses and/or technologies presents inherent risks, with the potential that we may lose all or part of our investment if they fail to achieve anticipated strategic, technological, and financial returns. If we realize losses on our venture investments, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted.

Sustainable Products and Innovation
If CRH fails to develop new sustainable products that meet customer needs, we may fall behind our competitors and our financial performance may be adversely impacted.

We operate in competitive markets with customers continuously pushing suppliers to deliver new, innovative products and solutions that enable them to work more efficiently, reduce their environmental footprint and realize greater cost savings. This is especially so in relation to changing customer preferences and demands for high-performance sustainability solutions with enhanced emissions and/or circularity profiles, including those with greater recycled content and/or innovations to existing products, that help them to deliver on their own climate and/or emissions-related commitments.

The failure to keep up with the pace of technological change may lead to increased operational costs and financial loss through the inability to supply products to customers who require innovative and low-carbon sustainable solutions. Failure to leverage innovation and other sustainability initiatives, for example transitioning to innovative lower-carbon products such as RAP, permeable paving solutions, lower-carbon cements and other high-performance sustainability solutions, may shorten product life cycles or give rise to early product obsolescence thus impairing financial performance and/or future value creation.

Commodity Products and SubstitutionCRH manufactures and supplies a large number of commodity products into highly competitive markets. Failure by CRH ~~Form~~to ~~10-K 15~~maintain pricing in an inflationary environment and to differentiate its products from its competitors could adversely impact our financial performance.

Commodity Products and Substitution

CRH manufactures and supplies a large number of commodity products into highly competitive markets. Failure by CRH to maintain pricing in an inflationary environment and to differentiate its products from its competitors could adversely impact our financial performance.

Many of the Company’s products are commodities that face strong volume and price competition, with pricing impacted by macroeconomic conditions, the competitive environment, the degree of utilization of production capacity and the specifics of product demand, among other factors. In addition, the Company’s local competitors are increasingly innovative and cost competitive, and our products may also face competition from substitute products, including new products, that the Company does not produce. Any significant shift in demand preference to these alternate products could adversely impact market share and results of operations.

The Company may experience downward pricing pressure from time to time across its different markets and may not always be able to raise prices to offset increased operating expenses and inflationary pressures. The Company’s profits are particularly sensitive to changes in volume, as the cement business is capital-intensive and thus has significant fixed and semi-fixed costs.

Any failure to maintain strong customer relationships could result in an inability to respond to changing consumer preferences and approaches to construction. Failure to differentiate and innovate could lead to ~~market share decline, with~~ adverse impacts on financial performance.

Enabling Business ~~Technology~~TechnologyCRH depends on multiple types of information and operational technologies, and failure to properly manage and maintain such technologies could adversely impact our ability to operate.

~~CRH~~The ~~depends~~Company onmakes ~~multiple~~significant ~~types~~capital ofinvestments in information and operational ~~technologies~~technology, and systems to promote operational efficiency and maintain competitive advantage. Some of these investments relate to complex, multi-year technology deployments that require specialist customization and project management to deliver expected value (including Enterprise Reporting Program (ERP) and industrial control systems deployments and upgrades). The Company maintains a complex operating environment in relation to both information and operating technology, that includes on-premises, hybrid and cloud technologies supported by a mixture of third-party outsourced service providers and internal resources. Any failure to properly manage the customization and/or ~~maintain~~deployment ~~such~~of these systems or this complex operating environment may result in additional costs being incurred and/or delayed or eroded benefit realization. If we fail to make the required technological investments at the right time, or fail to appropriately leverage emerging technologies, ~~could~~we ~~adversely~~may ~~impact~~lose competitive advantage and/or inhibit our ability to ~~operate~~comply with evolving laws and/or regulations.

The Company makes significant capital investments in information and operational technology, and systems to promote operational efficiency and maintain competitive advantage. Some of these investments relate to complex, multi-year technology deployments that require specialist customization and project management to deliver expected value (including Enterprise Reporting Program (ERP) and industrial control systems deployments and upgrades). The Company maintains a complex operating environment in relation to both information and operating technology, that includes on-premises, hybrid and cloud technologies supported by a mixture of third-party outsourced service providers and internal resources. Any failure to properly manage the customization and/or deployment of these systems or this complex operating environment may result in additional costs being incurred, and/or delayed or eroded benefit realization. If we fail to make the required technological investments at the right time, we may lose competitive advantage and/or inhibit our ability to comply with evolving laws and/or regulations.

Given the specific nature of the technology that the Company implements, it often relies on the support of specialist third-parties; any failure to secure appropriately skilled and experienced third-parties may result in an increased risk of unsuccessful implementations, time delays and/or increased costs.

Major Business ~~Interruption~~InterruptionCRH depends on the continued availability of people, production equipment, processes and systems, and our production could be materially disrupted by operational failures, which would have a negative impact on our profitability.

CRH depends on the continued availability of people, production equipment, processes and systems, and our production could be materially disrupted by operational failures, which would have a negative impact on our profitability.

Given the capital-intensive nature of some of our product lines, with significant fixed and semi-fixed costs, the Company's profits are particularly sensitive to changes in volume, creating an exposure to any natural and/or human events that could disrupt production.

The ongoing, efficient operation of our facilities is often dependent on important pieces of equipment and IT networks/infrastructure. These can present single points of failure and can be difficult to quickly and/or easily replace due to long supply chain lead times and high associated capital costs. It is possible we could experience periodic disruption to equipment availability for a variety of reasons, including accidents, mechanical failures, fires/explosions, and extreme weather conditions.

In addition to damaging equipment, extreme weather events could also disrupt operations through delaying project start dates, extending product curing times, and/or disrupting infrastructure on which we depend including power and water networks. In addition, the manual nature of some of our manufacturing processes and infrastructure projects, including highway construction and maintenance, creates a high level of dependency on our highly skilled workforce. Any event that materially inhibits our people from being able to work, including an inability to get to our facilities and/or customer sites or widespread sickness/pandemic, could materially disrupt our operations, with adverse impacts on financial performance.

~~Cybersecurity~~15

CRH ~~depends~~FORM ~~on multiple information and operational technology systems, including certain systems for which third~~10-parties are in whole or in part responsible. We may be unable to protect our assets and data against increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity attacks. Security breaches, IT interruptions or data loss could result in significant business disruption, loss of production, reputational damage and/or regulatory penalties.K

~~The~~CybersecurityCRH ~~Company~~depends ~~has~~on ~~not~~multiple ~~been~~information ~~subject~~and tooperational atechnology ~~cyber-attack~~systems, ~~that~~including ~~has~~certain ~~had~~systems afor ~~material~~which ~~impact~~third-parties onare ~~our~~in ~~operations~~whole or ~~financial~~in ~~results~~part responsible. ~~However,~~We ~~we have faced attempted cyber-attacks and~~ may ~~face~~be ~~future~~unable ~~cyber-attacks,~~to ~~including~~protect ~~malware~~our orassets ~~ransomware~~and ~~attacks,~~data oragainst ~~suffer~~increasingly ~~other~~sophisticated ~~human~~cybersecurity ~~or technological errors that have a material impact~~attacks. ~~Breaches~~Security breaches, ~~significant~~ IT interruptions or ~~errors could disrupt production software, permit manipulation of financial~~ data, ~~and~~loss could ~~lead~~result toin ~~corruption~~significant ~~or theft of sensitive data that we collect and retain about our customers, suppliers, employees and~~ business ~~performance. Following a material cybersecurity incident~~disruption, ~~the~~loss ~~Company~~of ~~may incur significant remediation costs~~production, ~~may~~reputational ~~face~~damage ~~regulatory proceedings~~ and/or ~~private~~regulatory ~~litigation, and may suffer damage to our reputation and customer confidence in our operations~~penalties.

The Company has not been subject to a cyber-attack that has had a material impact on our operations or financial results. However, we have faced attempted cyber-attacks and are likely to face future cyber-attacks, including malware or ransomware attacks, or suffer other human or technological errors that have a material impact. Breaches, significant IT interruptions or errors could disrupt production software, permit manipulation of financial data, and could lead to corruption or theft of sensitive data that we collect and retain about our customers, suppliers, employees, and business performance. Following a material cybersecurity incident, the Company may incur significant remediation costs, may face regulatory proceedings and/or private litigation, and may suffer damage to our reputation and customer confidence in our operations.

Our businesses rely on information and operational technologies to support critical business processes and activities, and failures or breaches of such technologies could lead to production curtailment and/or other operational disruptions. We rely on specialist third-parties to provide many of our information and operational technology systems, and vulnerabilities within such third-party systems could have a material negative effect on us. The third-parties on whom we rely may themselves be affected by cybersecurity breaches or failures, which could lead to operational disruption or other negative consequences that could adversely impact our own business and financial condition.

In addition, the Company regularly engages in acquisition activity as part of its active portfolio management. Many newly-acquired companies rely on different information and operational technology systems to the rest of the Company and may not have cybersecurity protections comparable to those implemented throughout the existing Company. Integrating newly-acquired companies and assets and implementing appropriate cybersecurity controls may be more resource-intensive and time-consuming than anticipated. Failure to appropriately integrate new acquisitions into our cybersecurity and IT systems can lead to vulnerabilities and make our systems more complex to secure. Further, the global nature of our operations and diverse information and operational technologies used across the Company may result in potential delays in the detection and reporting of cyber incidents. In addition, as cybersecurity threats evolve, including from emerging technologies, such as advanced forms of AI and quantum computing, the Company is increasingly required to expend additional resources to enhance our cybersecurity protection measures and may be required to expend additional resources to investigate and remediate identified vulnerabilities.

~~CRH~~Supply ~~Form~~Chain ~~10-K 16~~FailureCRH’s ability to maintain production capacity and/or quality depends on the reliable and economic sourcing of various input materials, and failure to manage any material disruption in our supply chains could adversely impact our ability to service our customers and result in a deterioration in operational and/or financial performance.

Supply Chain Failure

CRH’s ability to maintain production capacity and/or quality depends on the reliable and economic sourcing of various input materials, and failure to manage any material disruption in our supply chains could adversely impact our ability to service our customers and result in a deterioration in operational and/or financial performance.

The Company must reliably and economically source various raw materials, equipment and other inputs from many third-party suppliers and then transport finished products to satisfy customer demands and meet contractual requirements. Our ability to balance maintaining resilient supply chains with optimizing our working capital and inventory levels is critical to the continuity and strong financial returns of our operations. Any failure to manage any material disruption in our supply chains, including where we do not hold adequate buffer stocks and/or are unable to source adequate alternatives within acceptable timelines and at reasonable cost, could adversely impact our ability to service our customers and result in a deterioration in operational and/or financial performance, and reputational damage.

Some of the raw materials, equipment, transport and other inputs that the Company requires are limited to a small number of suppliers from which the Company can economically and/or practically source, which often have long lead times. Any of our suppliers may experience temporary, prolonged or even permanent operational disruption (e.g. significant system outages) and/or capacity in the market may fall below required levels (e.g. for haulage capacity), which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s operations, financial performance, and reputation. In addition, in certain markets in which the Company operates, including markets for steel, cement, bitumen and ~~supplementary cementitious materials~~SCMs, contracted market demand can far outstrip supply, which may restrict the Company’s ability to obtain alternative suppliers or additional volumes where necessary. Our focus on responsible sourcing practices and other Environmental & Social Governance (ESG) considerations may also limit the pool of acceptable suppliers from which we may choose to source.

Construction Contracts A number of our projects/contracts are complex, spanning multiple parties, years and/or products, and our future financial results may be adversely affected if we incorrectly forecast project budgets, deliver projects that do not meet contracted standards, or fail to deliver on time.

A number of our projects/contracts are complex, spanning multiple parties, years and/or products, and our future financial results may be adversely affected if we incorrectly forecast project budgets, deliver projects that do not meet contracted standards, or fail to deliver on time.

Across the Company’s business lines, we enter into contracts for complex, multi-year projects that comprise multiple product lines and as such are exposed to inherent risks related to forecasting and budgeting, project management and delivery, and quality control.

Any failure to manage these risks may reduce the Company’s profitability and/or damage its reputation, with associated impacts on our ability to bid for and/or win future contracts.

Risks Related Toto Financial, Regulatory ~~And~~and Reporting Environment

Laws, Regulations and Business ~~Conduct~~ConductCRH is subject to a wide variety of local and international laws and regulations. CRH may face adverse operational and financial effects and reputational damage, including significant fines, debarment or other sanctions, due to litigation or investigations in connection with breaches or perceived breaches of such laws and regulations or otherwise. In addition, we are governed by the Irish Companies Act, which differs from laws generally applicable to U.S. companies.

CRH is subject to a wide variety of local and international laws and regulations. CRH may face adverse operational and financial effects and reputational damage, including significant fines, debarment or other sanctions, due to litigation or investigations in connection with breaches or perceived breaches of such laws and regulations or otherwise. In addition, we are governed by the Irish Companies Act, which differs from laws generally applicable to U.S. companies.

As an Irish incorporated company, with a primary listing on the NYSE and an international secondary listing on the LSE, CRH must comply with a wide variety of local and international laws and regulations, including the Irish Companies Act, U.S. securities laws and regulations, NYSE listing requirements, the Market Abuse Regulation, the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules, and other relevant legislation and regulation. The Company is also subject to various statutes, regulations and laws affecting land usage, zoning, labor and employment practices, competition/anti-trust, financial reporting, taxation, anti-fraud and theft, anti-bribery, anti-corruption, governance, data protection and data privacy and security, environmental, health and safety, and international trade and sanctions laws, among other matters.


16

CRH FORM 10-K

There can be no assurance that the Company’s policies and procedures will afford adequate protection against compliance failures or other fraudulent and/or corrupt activities. Any failure to comply with the requirements of any of these laws and/or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and/or reputation, with resultant litigation or investigations, the imposition of significant fines, sanctions, debarment from operating in key markets, and/or reputational damage. Where subject to litigation, we establish reserves in line with the requirements of the relevant accounting standards, where there is a clearly defined past event, when the loss is assessed as probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount. These estimated reserves are based on the facts and circumstances known to the Company at the time of estimation and subsequent reporting and subsequent developments related to these matters may affect our assessment and estimates.

In addition, we are incorporated under Irish law, which treats interested director and officer transactions and shareholder lawsuits differently than the laws generally applicable to U.S.- incorporated corporations and our shareholders may thus have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. As we are an Irish company, the duties of our directors and officers are generally owed to CRH plc. Our shareholders will generally not have a personal right of action against our directors or officers and in limited circumstances only may exercise rights of action on behalf of the Company.

Financial ~~Instruments~~InstrumentsCRH uses financial instruments throughout its businesses giving rise to interest rate and leverage, foreign currency, counterparty, credit rating, and liquidity risks. A downgrade of the Company’s credit ratings may give rise to increases in future funding costs and may impair the Company’s ability to raise funds on acceptable terms. In addition, insolvency of the financial institutions with which the Company conducts business may adversely impact the Company’s financial position.

CRH uses financial instruments throughout its businesses giving rise to interest rate and leverage, foreign currency, counterparty, credit rating and liquidity risks. A downgrade of the Company’s credit ratings may give rise to increases in future funding costs and may impair the Company’s ability to raise funds on acceptable terms. In addition, insolvency of the financial institutions with which the Company conducts business may adversely impact the Company’s financial position.

Risks related to Company financing that could affect its operations and/or financial performance are discussed as follows:

Interest rate and leverage risks As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding gross indebtedness, including overdrafts, finance lease liabilities and the impact of derivatives, of approximately $18.2 billion, compared to $14.3 billion in 2024, and Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash of approximately $4.1 billion, compared to $3.8 billion in 2024. The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate profile. Significant acquisition activity could adversely affect our leverage profile and, in turn, adversely impact operating and financial flexibility as well as financial position. There can be no assurance that the Company will not be adversely impacted by increases in borrowing costs in the future.

AsForeign atcurrency ~~December~~risksIf ~~31, 2024,~~ the Company’s ~~had~~reporting ~~outstanding~~currency ~~gross~~weakens ~~indebtedness,~~relative ~~including~~to ~~overdrafts,~~the ~~finance~~basket ~~lease~~of ~~liabilities~~foreign ~~and~~currencies ~~the~~in ~~impact~~which ofNet ~~derivatives,~~Debt*6is ofdenominated ~~approximately~~(including ~~$14.3~~the ~~billion~~euro, ~~compared~~Pound toSterling, ~~$11.8~~Canadian ~~billion~~Dollar, inAustralian ~~2023~~Dollar, ~~and~~Philippine ~~cash~~Peso, ~~and~~Polish ~~cash~~Zloty, ~~equivalents~~ and ~~restricted~~Swiss ~~cash~~Franc), ofthe ~~approximately~~Net ~~$3.8~~Debt* ~~billion,~~balance ~~compared~~would toincrease; ~~$6.4~~the ~~billion~~converse inwould ~~2023.~~apply ~~The~~if the Company’s ~~uses~~reporting ~~interest~~currency ~~rate~~was ~~swaps~~ to ~~manage its interest rate profile~~strengthen. ~~While~~Where ~~current~~economically ~~leverage is low~~feasible, ~~acquisition~~Net ~~activity~~Debt* ~~could~~is ~~adversely~~maintained ~~impact~~in ~~operating~~the ~~and~~same ~~financial~~relative ~~flexibility~~ratio as ~~well~~capital asemployed ~~financial~~to ~~position.~~act ~~There~~as ~~can~~an beeconomic nohedge ~~assurance~~of ~~that~~ the ~~Company~~underlying ~~will~~currency ~~not be adversely impacted by increases in borrowing costs in the future~~assets.

~~CRH~~Counterparty ~~Form~~risksInsolvency 10of the financial institutions with which the Company conducts business or a downgrade in their credit ratings may lead to losses in the cash balances that the Company holds with such financial institutions or losses in derivative transactions that the Company has entered into with these parties and may render it more difficult for the Company to utilize existing debt capacity or otherwise obtain financing for operations. The Company holds significant cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash on deposit and derivative transactions with a variety of highly-~~K 17~~rated financial institutions which as of December 31, 2025, totaled $4.1 billion and $60 million, compared to $3.8 billion and $27 million, respectively, in 2024. In addition, certain of the Company’s activities give rise to significant amounts receivable from counterparties at the balance sheet date; as of December 31, 2025, this balance was $4.7 billion and in 2024 this balance was $4.4 billion.

~~Foreign~~Credit ~~currency~~rating ~~risks~~risksA downgrade of the Company’s credit ratings may give rise to increases in funding costs in respect of future debt and may, among other matters, impair its ability to access debt markets or otherwise raise funds or enter into lines of credit, for example, on acceptable terms. Such a downgrade may result from factors specific to the Company, including increased indebtedness stemming from acquisition activity, or from other factors such as general economic or sector specific weakness, Central Bank monetary policy, governmental fiscal policy or sovereign credit rating ceilings. In addition, any downgrade, suspension or withdrawal of one or more of our ratings could result in the market price, yield or marketability of our securities being adversely affected.

IfLiquidity risksThe principal liquidity risks stem from the ~~Company’s~~maturation ~~reporting~~of ~~currency~~debt ~~weakens~~obligations ~~relative~~and derivative transactions. The Company aims to ~~the~~achieve ~~basket~~flexibility in funding sources through a variety of ~~foreign~~means ~~currencies~~including in(i) ~~which~~maintaining ~~Net~~cash ~~Debt*5is~~and ~~denominated~~cash equivalents with a number of highly-rated counterparties; (~~including~~ii) meeting the ~~euro,~~bulk ~~Pound~~of ~~Sterling,~~debt ~~Canadian~~requirements ~~Dollar,~~through ~~Australian~~debt ~~Dollar,~~capital ~~Philippine~~markets ~~Peso,~~or ~~Polish~~other ~~Zloty,~~term ~~and~~financing; ~~Swiss Franc~~(iii), limiting the ~~Net~~annual Debt*maturity ~~balance~~of ~~would~~such ~~increase~~balances; ~~the~~and ~~converse~~(iv) ~~would~~having ~~apply~~surplus ifcommitted ~~the~~bank ~~Company’s~~lines ~~reporting~~of ~~currency~~credit. ~~was~~However, market or economic conditions may make it difficult at times to ~~strengthen.~~realize ~~Where~~this ~~economically~~objective. ~~feasible~~In addition, ~~Net~~continued Debt*focus ison ~~maintained~~climate inchange ~~the~~by ~~same~~investors ~~relative~~and ~~ratio~~lenders asmay ~~capital~~affect ~~employed~~their topreferences ~~act~~and assentiments, anpotentially ~~economic~~impacting ~~hedge~~the Company’s access to and cost of ~~the~~capital, ~~underlying~~and ~~currency~~investment ~~assets~~attractiveness.

~~Counterparty~~6** ~~risks~~Represents a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information” on pages 35 to 38 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Insolvency of the financial institutions with which the Company conducts business or a downgrade in their credit ratings may lead to losses in the cash balances that the Company holds with such financial institutions or losses in derivative transactions that the Company has entered into with these parties and may render it more difficult for the Company to utilize existing debt capacity or otherwise obtain financing for operations. The Company holds significant cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash on deposit and derivative transactions with a variety of highly rated financial institutions which at December 31, 2024, totaled $3.8 billion and $27 million, compared to $6.4 billion and $37 million, respectively, in 2023. In addition, certain of the Company’s activities give rise to significant amounts receivable from counterparties at the balance sheet date; at December 31, 2024, this balance was $4.4 billion and in 2023 this balance was $4.1 billion.17

~~Credit~~CRH ~~rating~~FORM ~~risks~~10-K

ATaxation ~~downgrade~~Charge ofand ~~the~~Balance ~~Company’s~~Sheet ~~credit~~ProvisioningCRH ~~ratings~~is ~~may~~exposed ~~give rise~~ to ~~increases~~uncertainties instemming ~~funding~~from ~~costs~~governmental actions in respect of ~~future~~taxes ~~debt~~paid ~~and may, among other matters, impair its ability to access debt markets~~ or ~~otherwise~~payable ~~raise~~in ~~funds~~the orfuture ~~enter~~in ~~into~~all ~~lines~~jurisdictions of ~~credit,~~operation. ~~for~~In ~~example~~addition, onvarious ~~acceptable~~assumptions ~~terms.~~are ~~Such~~made ain ~~downgrade~~the ~~may~~computation ~~result~~of ~~from~~the ~~factors~~overall ~~specific~~tax tocharge ~~the~~and ~~Company,~~in ~~including~~balance ~~increased~~sheet ~~indebtedness~~provisions ~~stemming~~which ~~from~~may ~~acquisition~~need ~~activity,~~to orbe ~~from~~adjusted ~~other~~over ~~factors~~time. ~~such~~Changes asin ~~general~~tax ~~economic~~regimes or ~~sector~~assessment ~~specific~~of ~~weakness,~~additional ~~Central~~tax ~~Bank~~liabilities ~~monetary~~in ~~policy,~~future ~~governmental~~tax ~~fiscal~~audits ~~policy~~could orresult ~~sovereign~~in ~~credit~~incremental ~~rating~~tax ~~ceilings.~~liabilities Inwhich ~~addition,~~could ~~any~~have ~~downgrade,~~a ~~suspension~~material oradverse ~~withdrawal~~effect ofon ~~one~~cash orflows ~~more~~and ~~of our ratings could result in~~ the ~~market~~financial ~~price,~~results ~~yield or marketability~~ of ~~our securities being adversely affected~~operations.

Liquidity risks

The principal liquidity risks stem from the maturation of debt obligations and derivative transactions. The Company aims to achieve flexibility in funding sources through a variety of means including; (i) maintaining cash and cash equivalents with a number of highly rated counterparties; (ii) meeting the bulk of debt requirements through debt capital markets or other term financing; (iii) limiting the annual maturity of such balances; and (iv) having surplus committed bank lines of credit. However, market or economic conditions may make it difficult at times to realize this objective. In addition, continued focus on climate change by investors and lenders may affect their preferences and sentiments, potentially impacting the Company’s access to and cost of capital, and investment attractiveness.

Taxation Charge and Balance Sheet Provisioning

CRH is exposed to uncertainties stemming from governmental actions in respect of taxes paid or payable in the future in all jurisdictions of operation. In addition, various assumptions are made in the computation of the overall tax charge and in balance sheet provisions which may need to be adjusted over time. Changes in tax regimes or assessment of additional tax liabilities in future tax audits could result in incremental tax liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on cash flows and the financial results of operations.

The Company’s income tax charge is based on reported profits and statutory tax rates, which reflect various allowances and reliefs and tax efficiencies available to the Company in the multiple tax jurisdictions in which it operates. The determination of the Company’s provision for income tax requires certain judgments and estimates in relation to matters where the ultimate tax outcome may not be certain. The recognition of deferred tax assets also requires judgment as it involves an assessment of the future recoverability of those assets. In addition, the Company is subject to tax audits which can involve complex issues that could require extended periods to conclude, the resolution of which is often not within its control. Although management believes that the estimates included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Company’s tax return positions are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the final outcome of these matters will equal the estimates reflected in the Company’s historical income tax provisions and accruals.

As a multinational corporation, the Company is subject to various taxes in all jurisdictions in which it operates. Economic and political conditions, tax rates and the interpretation of tax rules in these jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, particularly during periods of administrative change or fiscal deficit. In addition, the Company’s future effective income tax rate could be affected (positively or negatively) by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets or changes in tax laws or their interpretation.

Finally, changes to international tax principles, for example at an EU level, could adversely affect the Company’s effective tax rate or result in higher cash tax liabilities. If the Company’s effective income tax rate was to increase, its cash flows and the financial results of operations could be adversely affected.

Foreign Currency ~~Translation~~TranslationA proportion of CRH’s revenues are in currencies other than its reporting currency, and adverse changes in exchange rates could negatively affect retained earnings.

A proportion of CRH’s revenues are in currencies other than its reporting currency, and adverse changes in exchange rates could negatively affect retained earnings.

The principal foreign exchange risks to which the Consolidated Financial Statements are exposed pertain to (i) adverse movements in reported results when translated into the reporting currency; and (ii) declines in the reporting currency value of net investments which are denominated in a wide basket of currencies other than the reporting currency.

Given the geographic spread of the Company, a significant proportion of its revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities are denominated in currencies other than the Company’s reporting currency, including the euro, Pound Sterling, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Philippine Peso, Polish Zloty, and Swiss Franc. From year to year, adverse changes in the exchange rates used to translate these and other foreign currencies into the reporting currency have impacted and will continue to impact consolidated results.

5**Goodwill ~~Represents~~Impairment aCRH ~~non-GAAP~~may ~~measure.~~be ~~See~~required ~~the~~to ~~discussion~~write-down ~~within~~its ~~'Non-GAAP~~goodwill, ~~Reconciliation~~which ~~and~~could ~~Supplementary~~have ~~Information'~~an adverse impact on ~~pages~~the 40Company’s toretained 42earnings.

CRH Form 10-K 18

Goodwill Impairment

CRH may be required to write-down its goodwill, which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s retained earnings.

Significant underperformance in any of the Company’s major reporting units or the divestiture of businesses in the future may give rise to a material write-down of goodwill. While a non-cash item, a material write-down of goodwill could have a substantial impact on the Company’s retained earnings.

Under U.S. GAAP, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to annual impairment testing, or more frequently if events or circumstances change in a manner that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. A detailed discussion of the impairment testing process, the key assumptions used, the results of that testing, and the related sensitivity analysis is contained in section “Critical Accounting Estimates” of Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” on page 4642.

Accounting ~~Estimates~~EstimatesCRH’s financial reporting requires the use of accounting estimates for a number of significant items.

CRH’s financial reporting requires the use of accounting estimates for a number of significant items.

The accounting standards used in preparation of our audited Consolidated Financial Statements are complex and involve the making of significant estimates and assumptions in their interpretation and application that are inherently uncertain and/or require subjective judgments. In the event these assumptions and/or judgments prove incorrect or different values were to be applied (e.g. through the adoption of different methods of calculation), our reported financial results could be materially higher or lower. We make accounting estimates in relation to a wide range of matters that are relevant to our business, such as impairment of long-lived assets, business combinations, impairment of goodwill, pension and other postretirement benefits, tax matters and litigation, including self-insurance and environmental compliance costs.

Any changes to accounting standards previously applied in the preparation of our audited Consolidated Financial Statements could affect future reported results compared with prior years, and/or see the revision of prior reporting where any retrospective application is required.

Self-Insurance CRH may elect or be required to self-insure specific risk exposures, and failure or inability to obtain appropriate insurance coverage could result in increased insurance and claims costs that adversely affects our financial results.

CRH may elect or be required to self-insure specific risk exposures, and failure or inability to obtain appropriate insurance coverage could result in increased insurance and claims costs that adversely affects our financial results.

CRH elects to self-insure up to certain limits through one or more of its wholly-owned captive insurance companies (captives). The Company’s captives provide coverage in respect of multiple lines of insurance to the Company’s operating and non-operating entities up to certain designated limits, both each-and-every and in the annual aggregate. Where insurable losses exceed those limits, CRH would need to rely on external insurance and/or reinsurance from global institutions of appropriate credit standing, and such external insurance and/or reinsurance may not be available at an appropriate cost or at all.

Risks Related To Our Common Stock

Payment of Dividends/Share Repurchase Program

CRH may not pay dividends or make other returns of capital to shareholders in the future, and our current share repurchase program may not enhance long-term shareholder value.

We cannot guarantee that we will pay or maintain dividends at their current level, or effect other future returns of capital (including, without limitation, share repurchases). Our ability to pay dividends or effect other returns of capital depends on factors such as our financial performance, cash flow requirements, business outlook, working capital requirements, interest expenses, economic climate, regulatory considerations, and any other factors deemed significant by the Board in exercising its discretion to return capital. In addition, under Irish law dividends may only be paid, and share repurchases and redemptions must generally be funded only, out of distributable reserves.

In addition, we cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program of our ordinary shares will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term shareholder value. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased/redeemed will depend on a variety of factors including the price, cash availability and other market conditions; the share repurchase program does not oblige us to repurchase/redeem any specific dollar amount or to acquire/redeem any specific number of shares, and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may adversely affect the trading price of our ordinary shares. The existence of our share repurchase program could also cause increased volatility in the price of our ordinary shares or increase the price of our ordinary shares and thus reduce their liquidity. Additionally, repurchases and redemptions under our share repurchase program will diminish our cash reserves, which may adversely affect our financial position.

Relocation of Primary Listing

CRH faces risks associated with the relocation of our primary listing.

On September 25, 2023, CRH relocated the primary listing of its ordinary shares from the LSE to the NYSE. The Company has an international secondary listing on the LSE and accordingly our ordinary shares are now listed on both exchanges. As a result of the relocation of the primary listing CRH has ceased to be eligible for inclusion in certain UK and European equity indices.

Following the transition to the NYSE, CRH has been added to the MSCI USA Equity Index, the S&P TMI Index and the Russell 1000 Equity Index. The Company aims to be included in other relevant equity indices for which it believes it is eligible, including the S&P 500 Index. Inclusion is however at the discretion of the respective index providers. There is a risk that the Company may not be admitted, which may adversely affect the price and liquidity of the ordinary shares.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

~~CRH Form 10-K 19~~18

CRH FORM 10-K

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

CRH leverages its Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework, which accords with internationally recognized standards, to identify, assess, respond, monitor, manage, and report material cybersecurity risks facing the Company. CRH manages cybersecurity risk at multiple levels within the Company. Given CRH’s wide geographic spread, the frequency and possible scale of acquisition activity, the diversity of the types of IT systems operated by CRH companies, and the decentralized nature of its operations, CRH implements an amalgam of centralized and decentralized processes for IT management. Under this model, Company-level management and the management of CRH’s operating companies and business units share responsibility for cybersecurity management and collaborate on assessing, identifying, and managing material risks.

CRH’s operating companies and business units use a variety of tools and processes to identify and manage material cybersecurity risks. CRH utilizes multiple monitoring tools and practices to identify and detect unusual activities and/or potential cybersecurity incidents, including potential system breaches, and to verify the effectiveness of protective measures. CRH’s operating companies and business units implement various risk mitigation strategies, including continuously strengthening security measures, improving incident response plans through post-incident evaluations and assessments, investing in security technologies, providing regular and focused employee training, and transferring risk through cybersecurity insurance.

At the ~~Group~~ Enterprise-level, CRH conducts a semi-annual bottom-up risk assessment focused on CRH’s operating companies and business units, including cybersecurity-related risks, which evaluates the impact and likelihood of the identified cyber risks and the effectiveness of existing security measures, policies, and procedures. CRH also requires that each operating company completes a self-assessment regarding its cyber controls and risk, including user awareness training, email security protection, multi-factor authentication, system patch management, identity management, network segregation, antivirus and web protections, asset inventory, privileged access management, logging, monitoring, and incident response capabilities.

As described further below under “Cybersecurity Governance”, CRH’s Board and senior management receive regular briefings on cybersecurity risks facing CRH and are closely involved in identifying cybersecurity risks, developing CRH’s plan for managing such risks, and continuously refining CRH’s cyber defenses in response to the information gathered through the above-mentioned risk assessments.

To manage the risk of a material impact on CRH’s operations or financial performance due to a cybersecurity incident, CRH has implemented a mandatory Cybersecurity Incident Escalation Standard as part of its Company-wide Information Security Policy. This Standard, which is supported by relevant guidelines and procedural documentation, provides a structured approach adapted to the systems of each CRH operating company and business unit to manage the incident response process through a series of pre-defined phases, including triage, containment, eradication, recovery, and post-incident analysis.

CRH also provides regular and focused training to aid employees in understanding and complying with relevant Company policies and applicable regulations, including those related to cybersecurity.

Assessment and management of cybersecurity risks is a key component of CRH’s broader risk governance processes as cybersecurity is a core risk facing the Company. Identification of cybersecurity risks is integrated into CRH’s overall ERM framework, with a focus on risks related to information systems, data security, operational technology, and technology infrastructure.

CRH works closely with multiple external advisors specializing in cybersecurity to improve its ability to identify and detect, protect against, and recover from, cybersecurity incidents. In addition, CRH leverages certain managed service providers to aid in triaging and monitoring potentially malicious activities. CRH is dependent upon third-party service providers for certain IT-related services, and has systems of oversight to evaluate potential risks in certain critical third-parties on whom CRH has a material dependency. These systems would include the use of vendor security questionnaires, vulnerability assessments, and annual audits. The Company’s Internal Audit function conducts regular audits of our IT infrastructure and implementation of our Global Information Security Policy and related significant internal cyber initiatives as part of our governance, risk, and compliance framework. These internal audits include a structured assessment of the design and implementation of IT and security controls and assess the operation of our Information Security Management Systems (ISMS). The internal audit program evaluates the effectiveness of technical, operational, and administrative security controls, and identifies opportunities for continual improvement.

CRH has not been subject to a cyber-attack that has had a material impact on our operations or financial results. For additional information, please refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors”.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board is responsible for strategy, risk, and governance, including oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board has delegated to the Audit Committee primary responsibility for oversight of cybersecurity risk management and the associated internal control systems. The Audit Committee is currently made up of six independent directors with a range of relevant cybersecurity, information technology, and operational technology experience. Board-level responsibility for overseeing information security is further supported by our Cyber Security Council, which provides strategic direction, governance, and oversight of all information security matters. The Council operates with senior management representation and regularly reviews cyber‑risk, compliance obligations, and our security performance. This governance structure aims to ensure that information security priorities, risks, and improvements are consistently aligned with organizational objectives and regulatory expectations.

The Audit Committee receives updates at least annually from the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) on the design and progress of key information security initiatives in addition to regular briefings on cybersecurity and management of cybersecurity-related risks from relevant members of management, including the Head of ERM and ~~our~~the CISO. Recent updates from the CISO have focused on ~~the~~cyber ~~Company’s~~transformation, ~~information~~threats ~~security~~and ~~strategy~~trends, ~~ongoing~~ security assessments, cyber resilience initiatives, and ~~ongoing~~awareness ~~projects~~and training. The Audit Committee is responsible for updating the Board on identified risks related to cybersecurity.

Our Global Leadership Team is responsible for the execution of CRH’s strategy and governance, including implementation and review of our ERM framework, which has identified cybersecurity as a core risk for CRH. CRH has established the role of CISO to provide technical leadership on a day-to-day basis in assessing and managing the Company’s material cybersecurity risks and liaising with the chief information officers of CRH’s Divisions. ~~Our~~The CISO has 25 years of experience working in IT, including more than a decade spent in prior technical and senior management roles related to cybersecurity. The divisional chief information officers have in excess of 20 years of experience, on average, in IT-related and cybersecurity-related roles and, together with the CISO, hold a variety of recognized and specialized credentials related to cybersecurity and IT.


19

CRH FORM 10-K

The Divisional chief information officers have in excess of 20 years of experience, on average, in IT-related and cybersecurity-related roles and, together with the CISO, hold a variety of recognized and specialized credentials related to cybersecurity and IT.

CRH also maintains a Company-wide incident response function centered in our Group Information Security (GIS) team, led by the CISO. GIS responds to potential incidents across CRH in accordance with predetermined severity classifications. In line with CRH’s Cybersecurity Incident Escalation Standard and supporting guidelines and procedural documentation, incidents that are deemed potentially material to the Company and/or which may lead to the exposure of confidential or sensitive data are immediately escalated to GIS for review and, as necessary, mitigation and remediation actions are taken. GIS and the CISO also review regular attestation reports that are required to be prepared by CRH’s operating companies and business units regarding cybersecurity incidents that did not meet the threshold for immediate escalation.

Following cybersecurity incidents, GIS, in conjunction with members of management of CRH’s operating companies and business units as necessary, conduct post-incident analysis and exercises designed to strengthen CRH’s cybersecurity practices. The Risk Committee and Global Leadership Team are briefed on the occurrence, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents on a regular basis, including ad-hoc briefings covering significant or potentially material incidents.

The Risk Committee, which is made up of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal and Corporate Affairs Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and the Divisional Presidents of CRH ~~Form~~Americas 10and CRH International, is the executive oversight body for risk management, including cybersecurity risks and the work of the CISO, GIS and related teams. The Risk Committee meets quarterly with the Head of ERM to assess risks facing CRH, and, on an as-~~K 20~~needed basis, meets with other members of CRH management regarding cybersecurity risks and developments. The Risk Committee also reviews the semi-annual risk updates that are provided to the Audit Committee prior to dissemination.

The Risk Committee, which is made up of our Chief Financial Officer, Group General Counsel, Chief Operating Officer and the Divisional Presidents of CRH Americas and CRH International, is the executive oversight body for risk management, including cybersecurity risks and the work of the CISO, GIS and related teams. The Risk Committee meets quarterly with the Head of ERM to assess risks facing CRH, and, on an as-needed basis, meets with other members of CRH management regarding cybersecurity risks and developments. The Risk Committee also reviews the half-yearly risk updates that are provided to the Audit Committee prior to dissemination.

Item 2. Properties

As of February 134, ~~2025~~2026, we had a total of 3,~~816~~961 operating locations:

	Americas Materials Solutions	Americas Building Solutions	International Solutions
United States	1,~~608~~725	~~307~~311	109
Europe	–	4	1,~~587~~596
Rest of World	6665	2322	~~211~~229
Total	1,~~674~~790	~~334~~337	1,~~808~~834

Our building materials operating locations include product production facilities, mobile plants, and retail facilities. Some of these operating locations are located on the same sites as our mining properties described below under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”. Significant building materials operating locations for CRH’s subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2025, are the cementitious facilities in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Australia, and the Philippines. These facilities include plant and equipment such as kilns, crushers, calciners, coolers, and silos used to process limestone and other raw materials into cement as well as equipment used to extract and transport limestone from CRH quarries. The clinker (the key intermediate product in the manufacture of cement) capacity for our significant building material locations is set out in the table below:

Our building materials operating locations include product production facilities, mobile plants and retail facilities. Some of these operating locations are located on the same sites as our mining properties described below under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”. Significant building materials operating locations for CRH’s subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2024, are the cement facilities in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Australia and the Philippines. These facilities include plant and equipment such as kilns, crushers, calciners, coolers, and silos used to process limestone and other raw materials into cement as well as equipment used to extract and transport limestone from CRH quarries. The clinker (the key intermediate product in the manufacture of cement) capacity for our significant building material locations is set out in the table below:


	Country	Number of Plants	Average Clinker Capacity (tons per hour)
Americas Materials Solutions
South	United States	4	602
West	United States	6	780
Great Lakes	United States, Canada	2	298

International Solutions
Western Europe	United Kingdom, Ireland, France	8	898
Central & Eastern Europe	Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia	8	1,712
Australia	Australia	2	204
Philippines	Philippines	5	714

During ~~2024~~2025, CRH’s material cement kilns operated on average at 7372% utilization. Our building solutions businesses have many types of manufacturing facilities including paver, masonry, precast, pipe, dry-mix, fencing and railing, and lawn and garden plants. These facilities include plant and equipment such as automated presses, batching systems, packaging equipment, kilns, coolers, and silos which are used to turn raw materials into finished goods for our cementitious products as well as equipment such as presses, extruders, and molds which are used in the fencing, railing, plastic pipe, trench and metals, and enclosure businesses.

Other ~~Properties~~PropertiesIn addition to the properties described above and those disclosed under the heading “Mineral Reserves and Resources: Background”, CRH has corporate offices in New York, New York (leased) and Dublin, Ireland (owned). The Company also leases administrative offices for each of its two Divisions, including a CRH Americas Divisional headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and a CRH International Divisional headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

InCRH ~~addition~~also toowns ~~the properties described above~~ and ~~those~~leases, ~~disclosed~~directly ~~under~~or ~~the~~indirectly ~~heading~~through ~~“Mineral~~third-parties, ~~Reserves~~heavy ~~and~~mobile ~~Resources: Background”~~equipment, ~~CRH has corporate offices in New York~~trucks, ~~New York (leased)~~ and ~~Dublin,~~vehicles ~~Ireland (owned). The Company also leases administrative offices~~ for ~~each~~production ~~of its two Divisions, including a CRH Americas divisional headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia~~ and atransportation ~~CRH International divisional headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands~~purposes.

Condition CRH ~~also~~believes ~~owns~~that ~~and~~all ~~leases,~~the ~~directly~~facilities orare ~~indirectly~~in ~~through~~good ~~third-parties~~condition, ~~heavy~~adequate ~~mobile~~for ~~equipment,~~their ~~trucks~~purpose and ~~vehicles~~suitably ~~for~~utilized ~~production~~according to the individual nature and ~~transportation~~requirements ~~purposes~~of the relevant operations. CRH has a continuing program of improvements and replacements of properties when considered appropriate to meet the needs of the individual operations.

~~Condition~~ 20

CRH ~~believes~~FORM that all the facilities are in good condition, adequate for their purpose and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations. CRH has a continuing program of improvements and replacements of properties when considered appropriate to meet the needs of the individual operations.10-K

~~CRH~~Mineral ~~Form~~Reserves ~~10-K 21~~and Resources

~~Mineral~~BackgroundCRH’s ~~Reserves~~mineral ~~And~~reserves ~~Resources~~(reserves) and mineral resources (resources) for the production of primary building materials (which encompasses aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel), cement and lime, asphalt, readymixed concrete and concrete products) fall into a variety of categories spanning a wide number of rock types and geological classifications. These reserves and resources are found within our extensive network of quarry locations in attractive local markets globally. This disclosure of the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (Subpart 1300). As of December 31, 2025, the Company has 1,334 mining properties with 252,791 acres of owned and 128,651 acres of leased land, respectively, as disclosed in the table on page 24, the locations of which are presented by geographic location in the maps on page 25.

~~Background~~None of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties are individually material to the Company as of December 31, 2025. A summary disclosure of CRH’s mining operations is provided on pages 22 to 25.

~~CRH’s~~As ~~mineral~~of ~~reserves~~December ~~(reserves)~~31, ~~and~~2025, ~~mineral~~the ~~resources~~Company’s ~~(resources)~~reserves ~~for~~and ~~the~~resources ~~production~~estimations of ~~primary building materials (which encompasses aggregates (crushed stone~~27,519 ~~sand~~million tons and ~~gravel)~~12,968 ~~cement~~million ~~and lime~~tons, ~~asphalt~~respectively, ~~readymixed~~as ~~concrete~~disclosed ~~and~~on ~~concrete~~pages ~~products)~~22 ~~fall~~to ~~into~~23, aare ~~variety~~calculated ofin ~~categories~~accordance ~~spanning~~with aSubpart ~~wide number of rock types and geological classifications~~1300. ~~These~~The Company’s reserves and resources ~~are~~disclosures ~~found~~may ~~within~~not ~~our~~be ~~extensive~~comparable ~~network~~to ofsimilar ~~quarry~~disclosures ~~locations~~disclosed in ~~attractive local markets globally. This disclosure of the Company’s mining properties has been prepared in~~ accordance with the requirements of ~~Subpart~~other ~~1300~~countries ~~of Regulation S-K (Subpart 1300). As of December 31, 2024, the Company has 1,296 mining properties with 246,058 acres of owned~~ and ~~129,818~~should ~~acres~~be ofread ~~leased land, respectively, as disclosed~~ in ~~the~~conjunction ~~table~~with ~~on page 25~~ the ~~locations~~disclosures ofthat ~~which~~follow ~~are~~on ~~presented~~pages by22 ~~geographic~~to ~~location in the maps on page 26~~25.

~~None~~CRH operates predominantly production stage properties, with a limited number of development and exploration stage properties, as such terms are defined in Subpart 1300. Predominantly, CRH’s ~~mineral-bearing~~production stage properties ~~are~~provide ~~individually~~raw ~~material~~materials tofor ~~the~~on-site ~~Company~~modern ascement ofand ~~December~~aggregates ~~31,~~producing ~~2024~~facilities. AAlmost ~~summary~~exclusively, ~~disclosure~~CRH utilizes surface mining and, with a very limited number of exceptions, CRH’s ~~mining~~and ~~operations~~its isoperating ~~provided~~companies onare ~~pages~~the 23only tooperators 26of the properties.

AsReservesReserves ofare ~~December~~classified ~~31,~~into ~~2024~~two categories, ~~the~~probable ~~Company’s~~ reserves and ~~resources~~proven ~~estimations of 26~~reserves,~~685~~ ~~million tons and 11,573 million tons, respectively, as disclosed on pages 23 to 24, are calculated~~ in ~~accordance~~order ~~with Subpart 1300. The Company’s reserves and resources disclosures may not be comparable to similar disclosures disclosed in accordance with the requirements~~ of ~~other~~increasing ~~countries~~geological ~~and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures that follow on pages 23 to 26~~confidence.

~~CRH~~The ~~operates~~Company’s ~~predominantly~~estimate ~~production~~of ~~stage~~27,519 ~~properties~~million tons of reserves, ~~with~~as adisclosed ~~limited~~on ~~number~~page of22 ~~development~~analyzed ~~and~~by ~~exploration~~rock ~~stage~~type ~~properties~~(Hard rock, asSand ~~such~~& ~~terms~~Gravel, ~~are~~and ~~defined~~Other), inare ~~Subpart~~of ~~1300.~~recoverable ~~Predominantly~~stone, ~~CRH’s~~sand, ~~production~~and ~~stage~~gravel ~~properties~~of ~~provide~~suitable ~~raw~~quality ~~materials~~ for ~~on-site~~economic ~~modern~~extraction, ~~cement~~based on drilling and ~~aggregates~~studies ~~producing~~by ~~facilities~~the Company’s geologists and engineers. ~~Almost~~These ~~exclusively,~~estimates ~~CRH~~also ~~utilizes~~consider ~~surface~~reasonable ~~mining~~economic and, ~~with~~operating aconstraints ~~very~~as ~~limited~~to ~~number~~maximum depth of ~~exceptions,~~overburden ~~CRH~~ and ~~its~~stone ~~subsidiaries~~excavation and are ~~the~~subject ~~only~~to ~~operators~~permitting ofor ~~the~~other ~~properties~~restrictions.

Reserves

Reserves are defined in Subpart 1300 as “an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted”. Reserves are classified into two categories, probable and proven reserves, in order of increasing geological confidence.

The Company’s estimate of 26,685 million tons of reserves, as disclosed on page 23 analyzed by rock type (Hard rock, Sand & Gravel and Other), are of recoverable stone, sand, and gravel of suitable quality for economic extraction, based on drilling and studies by the Company’s geologists and engineers. These estimates also consider reasonable economic and operating constraints as to maximum depth of overburden and stone excavation and are subject to permitting or other restrictions.

The disclosed reserves and resources estimations which include diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the mineral is mined, extracted or processed have been estimated by qualified persons, as such term is defined within Subpart 1300.

Not all minerals that may be on CRH’s mineral-bearing properties have been assessed and such properties may be assessed for mineral reserves or resources in future years, as required by operational needs.

CRH’s properties are subject to a wide variety of permitting procedures and conditions, which vary between jurisdictions. Many of CRH’s properties require separate permits from multiple authorities, including but not limited to environmental, mining, regional and national administrative authorities. The periods of validity and the conditions of these permits may be different.

ResourcesResources are classified into three categories, inferred, indicated or measured resources, in order of increasing geological confidence. Indicated or measured resources can be converted to reserves by the application of certain modifying factors which include, but are not limited to, consideration of mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental compliance, plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups, and governmental factors. There is no certainty that any of the resources disclosed on page 23 will be converted into reserves. Resources have not been fully assessed using modifying factors, however, an initial assessment has been completed in accordance with Subpart 1300.

AInternal ~~mineral~~ControlsCRH ~~resource~~has isestablished ~~defined~~appropriate ingovernance ~~Subpart~~processes ~~1300~~to assupport “athe ~~concentration~~publication ~~or occurrence~~ of ~~material~~our of2025 ~~economic~~reserves ~~interest~~and inresources ordisclosures. onReserve ~~the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality,~~ and ~~quantity~~resource ~~that~~estimates ~~there~~ are ~~reasonable~~subject ~~prospects~~to ~~for~~annual ~~economic~~review ~~extraction.~~by Aeach ~~mineral resource is a reasonable estimate~~ of ~~mineralization,~~the ~~taking into account~~ relevant ~~factors~~operating ~~such~~companies asacross ~~cut-off~~the ~~grade,~~Company ~~likely~~in ~~mining~~conjunction ~~dimensions, location or continuity, that,~~ with the ~~assumed~~relevant ~~and~~qualified ~~justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable”~~persons. ~~Resources~~CRH ~~are~~has ~~classified~~established ~~into~~and ~~three~~maintains ~~categories,~~a ~~inferred,~~number ~~indicated or measured resources, in order~~ of ~~increasing~~internal ~~geological~~controls ~~confidence. Indicated or measured resources can be converted~~ to ~~reserves~~address by the ~~application~~risks ofinherent ~~certain~~in ~~modifying~~the ~~factors~~mineral ~~which~~reserves ~~include,~~and ~~but~~resources ~~are~~reporting ~~not~~process. ~~limited~~These ~~to,~~internal ~~consideration~~controls ofhave ~~mining,~~been ~~processing,~~embedded ~~metallurgical,~~into ~~infrastructure,~~the ~~economic, marketing, legal, environmental compliance, plans, negotiations, or agreements with~~ local ~~individuals~~control orenvironments ~~groups,~~ and ~~governmental~~operate ~~factors.~~across ~~There is no certainty that any of~~ the ~~resources~~business, ~~disclosed~~including oncontrols ~~page~~at 24an ~~will~~operating ~~be converted into reserves. Resources have not been fully assessed using modifying factors~~company, ~~however,~~Divisional anand ~~initial assessment has been completed in accordance with Subpart 1300~~Enterprise-level.

Internal Controls

CRH has established appropriate governance processes to support the publication of our 2024 reserves and resources disclosures. Reserve and resource estimates are subject to annual review by each of the relevant operating companies across the Company in conjunction with the relevant qualified persons. CRH has established and maintains a number of internal controls to address the risks inherent in the mineral reserves and resources reporting process. These internal controls have been embedded into the local control environments and operate across the business, including controls at an operating company, divisional and Group level.

As CRH’s reserves and resources are predominantly in production stage properties, features of the internal controls relating to quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) include:

•Databases and data repositories for exploration and/or production data that contain accurate and precise data from which reserves and resources can be evaluated, and operational plans can be developed;

•Verification sampling and testing of known mineralization. This is generally required to establish compliance with regulations on product qualities. Verification testing confirms geological maps prepared during earlier exploration programs; and

•In the case of cement raw materials, facility laboratories participate in an externally managed annual review process with ISO 17025 accredited independent laboratories.

~~CRH Form 10-K 22~~21

CRH FORM 10-K

When exploration programs are conducted, QA/QC measures include:

•Ensuring that surface or drill sampling results in the highest quality sample possible. This would include down-hole surveying of drill holes as necessary;

•Obtaining pictures of drill sample (e.g. core) for future reference;

•Geological core logging, where the geological description of each sample interval is recorded prior to laboratory analysis;

•Ensuring the integrity of samples from point of origin to analytical laboratory; and

•Using nationally or regionally accredited laboratories for all analyses and tests for exploration programs in properties containing aggregates.

In addition, to provide further assurance over the Company’s mineral reserves and resources reporting process, the Company’s Internal Audit function completed a limited scope review across a sample of material reporting entities on the operation of these internal controls as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of proven and probable aggregates, cement, and lime mineral reserves atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and the related percentages by rock type.

		Reserves
		Proven				Probable				Total Reserves (i) (ii)
	Country	Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type
		Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type
			Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other
	Country		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	8,~~067~~406	76%	1617%	87%	9,~~745~~938	8685%	89%	6%	1718,~~812~~344	81%	12%	7%
	Canada	~~456~~472	7072%	3028%	–	~~169~~174	8486%	1614%	–	~~625~~646	7475%	2625%	–
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)	1,~~993~~885	82%	18%	–	1,~~262~~307	93%	7%	–	3,~~255~~192	8687%	1413%	–
	Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iv)	267	82%	18%	–	232	51%	49%	–	499	68%	32%	–
	Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU, HR) (iv)	328	86%	14%	–	213	53%	47%	–	541	73%	27%	–
	Australia	~~476~~591	8991%	119%	–	~~227~~442	9591%	59%	–	~~703~~1,033	91%	9%	–
	Philippines	54	100%	–	–	5	100%	–	–	59	100%	–	–
Subtotal		11,~~313~~736	78%	17%	5%	1112,~~640~~079	8685%	910%	5%	2223,~~953~~815	82%	13%	5%
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	~~745~~736	98%	–	2%	~~272~~270	100%	–	–	1,~~017~~006	98%	–	2%
	Canada	~~159~~157	100%	–	–	22	100%	–	–	~~181~~179	100%	–	–
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)	~~407~~410	96%	–	4%	~~151~~137	94%	–	6%	~~558~~547	96%	–	4%
	Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iv)	~~695~~684	9596%	1%–	4%	~~563~~577	8589%	32%	129%	1,~~258~~261	9193%	21%	76%
	Australia	145	100%	–	–	1	–	–100%	~~100%~~–	146	99%	–1%	1%–
	Philippines	~~455~~449	6968%	7%	2425%	58	84%	–	16%	~~513~~507	70%	6%	24%
Subtotal		2,~~606~~581	92%	21%	67%	1,~~067~~065	9193%	1%	86%	3,~~673~~646	92%	1%	7%
Lime
International Solutions	Australia	3029	3032%	7068%	–	29	9497%	63%	–	5958	6165%	3935%	–
Subtotal		3029	3032%	7068%	–	29	9497%	63%	–	5958	6165%	3935%	–
Total		1314,~~949~~346	8081%	14%	65%	1213,~~736~~173	8687%	8%	65%	2627,~~685~~519	83%	1112%	65%

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral reserves is “in-situ” reserves.

(iii) All reserves quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The ~~country~~countries and their respective codes are Croatia: HR, Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

CRH’s mineral reserves and resources are used predominantly for the production and sale of aggregates, cement and lime. The average sales price for the period January 1, ~~2024,~~2025 to October 31, ~~2024~~2025, for aggregates and cement was $1819.50 and $~~135~~140.45 per ton, respectively, for our Americas Materials Solutions’ businesses and $12.06 and $~~119~~121.31 per ton, respectively, for our International Solutions’ businesses. The average sales price for lime within our International Solutions' businesses over this time period was $~~165~~161.65 per ton. These prices, which are used for estimation of both mineral reserves and resources, are impacted by product mix, geographic location, and foreign currency.

~~CRH Form 10-K 23~~22

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of measured, indicated and inferred aggregates, cement and lime resources as of December 31, 2024, and the related percentage of these resources by rock type. CRH’s ~~mineral~~FORM ~~resources in the table below are disclosed exclusive of mineral reserves.~~10-K

Resources
		Measured				Indicated					Total Measured & Indicated					Inferred					Total Resources(i) (ii)
	Country	Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type				Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type				Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type
			Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel		Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel		Other		Hard Rock		Sand & Gravel	Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	1,014	92%	5%	3%	1,583	82%	17%		1%	2,597	86%	12%		2%	4,333	75%		23%	2%	6,930
	Canada	354	94%	6%	–	—	—	—		—	354	94%	6%		–	96	100%		–	–	450
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)	331	20%	80%	–	571	80%	19%		1%	902	58%	42%		–	403	92%		8%	–	1,305
	Central & Eastern Europe (RO, SK, CH) (iv)	248	76%	24%	–	52	78%	22%		–	300	76%	24%		–	16	14%		86%	–	316
	Australia	26	100%	–	–	347	67%	33	%	–	373	70%	30	%	–	516	100	%	–	–	889
Subtotal		1,973	79%	19%	2%	2,553	79%	20%		1%	4,526	79%	20%		1%	5,364	78%		20%	2%	9,890
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	38	85%	–	15%	40	93%	–		7%	78	89%	–		11%	316	100%		—	–	394
	Canada	49	89%	–	11%	—	—	–		—	49	89%	–		11%	—	—		—	–	49
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)	138	100%	–	–	62	90%	–		10%	200	97%	–		3%	47	95%		5%	–	247
	Central & Eastern Europe (DE, RO, SK, UA) (iv)	347	57%	–	43%	205	71%	–		29%	552	62%	–		38%	115	100%		–	–	667
	Australia	2	100%	–	–	–	–	–		–	2	100%	–		–	2	100%		–	–	4
	Philippines	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–		–	32	99%		1%	–	32
Subtotal		574	72%	–	28%	307	78%	–		22%	881	74%	–		26%	512	100%		–	–	1,393
Lime
International Solutions	Australia	71	82%	18%	–	218	48%	52%		–	289	56%	44%		–	1	–		100%	–	290
Subtotal		71	82%	18%	–	218	48%	52%		–	289	56%	44%		–	1	–		100%	–	290
Total		2,618	78%	15%	7%	3,078	77%	20%		3%	5,696	77%	18%		5%	5,877	80%		18%	2%	11,573

The table below presents, by segment and geographic location, the tons of measured, indicated, and inferred aggregates, cement, and lime resources as of December 31, 2025, and the related percentages of these resources by rock type. CRH’s mineral resources in the table below are disclosed exclusive of mineral reserves.


Resources
		Measured				Indicated					Total Measured & Indicated				Inferred				Total Resources (i) (ii)
		Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type				Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type			Tons (iii)	Grade: % by rock type
	Country		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel		Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other		Hard Rock	Sand & Gravel	Other
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	1,184	93%	4%	3%	2,167	86%	13%		1%	3,351	88%	10%	2%	4,605	78%	20%	2%	7,956
	Canada	332	90%	10%	–	1	–	100%		–	333	90%	10%	–	106	100%	–	–	439
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iv)	367	34%	66%	–	547	81%	18%		1%	914	63%	37%	–	398	93%	7%	–	1,312
	Central & Eastern Europe (RO, SK, CH) (iv)	217	84%	16%	–	52	78%	22%		–	269	83%	17%	–	16	14%	86%	–	285
	Australia	303	99%	1%	–	495	77%	23	%	–	798	85%	15%	–	516	100%	–	–	1,314

Subtotal		2,403	84%	15%	1%	3,262	84%	15%		1%	5,665	84%	15%	1%	5,641	81%	17%	2%	11,306

Cement
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	38	85%	–	15%	40	93%	–		7%	78	89%	–	11%	316	100%	–	–	394
	Canada	49	89%	–	11%	–	–	–		–	49	89%	–	11%	–	100%	–	–	49
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iv)	138	100%	–	–	62	90%	–		10%	200	97%	–	3%	47	95%	5%	–	247
	Central & Eastern Europe (DE, RO, SK, UA) (iv)	328	55%	–	45%	205	71%	–		29%	533	61%	–	39%	115	100%	–	–	648
	Australia	2	100%	–	–	–	–	–		–	2	100%	–	–	–	–	–	–	2
	Philippines	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	32	99%	1%	–	32
Subtotal		555	72%	–	28%	307	77%	–		23%	862	74%	–	26%	510	99%	1%	–	1,372

Lime
International Solutions	Australia	71	82%	18%	–	218	21%	79%		–	289	36%	64%	–	1	–	100%	–	290

Subtotal		71	82%	18%	–	218	21%	79%		–	289	36%	64%	–	1	–	100%	–	290
Total		3,029	82%	12%	6%	3,787	79%	18%		3%	6,816	80%	16%	4%	6,152	82%	16%	2%	12,968

(i) CRH has no individually material mineral-bearing properties requiring individual property disclosure under Subpart 1300.

(ii) CRH’s point of reference for the estimation of the Company’s mineral resources is “in-situ” resources.

(iii) All resources quantities are quoted in millions of short tons.

(iv) The ~~country~~countries and their respective codes are Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.

~~CRH Form 10-K 24~~23

~~The~~CRH ~~table~~FORM ~~below outlines the number of facilities by segment and geographic location along with the annualized extraction (in millions of tons) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2024.~~10-K

	Country	No. of Quarries /pits	Surface acreage (acres) (i)		Annualized extraction(millions of tons)			Years to Depletion(ii)
			Owned	Leased	2022	2023	2024
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	719	138,464	71,662	203.2	211.6	207.1	86
	Canada	33	14,129	1,717	20.5	20.3	17.1	32
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iii)	394	40,870	24,117	85.8	79.6	76.3	40
	Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU) (iii)	38	2,807	1,213	11.3	10.9	12.3	43
	Australia	24	9,518	1,858	–	–	10.4	67
	Philippines	1	–	440	–	–	–	–
Subtotal		1,209	205,788	101,007	320.8	322.4	323.2
Cement
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	11	22,233	2,647	10.1	11.6	11.8	91
	Canada	2	1,053	17	2.2	3.4	2.2	70
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iii)	18	7,060	556	14.2	15.2	10.8	42
	Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iii)	29	3,131	4,595	16.5	17.1	18.1	73
	Australia	12	3,632	1,127	–	–	2.8	53
	Philippines	5	2,469	531	7.2	7.7	7.0	70
Subtotal		77	39,578	9,473	50.2	55.0	52.7
Lime
International Solutions	Australia	10	692	19,338	–	–	3.7	47
Subtotal		10	692	19,338	–	–	3.7
Total		1,296	246,058	129,818	371.0	377.4	379.6

The table below outlines the number of facilities by segment and geographic location along with the annualized extraction (in millions of tons) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2025.

(i) The disclosures in the table above include the surface area of infrastructure, process plants, waste piles, water storage, water treatment plants and boundary areas of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties. Remote properties such as offices, distribution facilities and readymixed concrete plants are not included.


	Country	No. of Quarries/pits	Surface acreage (acres) (i)		Annualized extraction (millions of tons)			Years to Depletion (ii)
			Owned	Leased	2023	2024	2025
Aggregates
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	736	136,345	69,519	211.6	207.1	204.5	88
	Canada	33	14,295	1,717	20.3	17.1	17.5	35
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES, DK, FI) (iii)	385	41,099	23,768	79.6	76.3	78.2	41
	Central & Eastern Europe (PL, RO, SK, CH, HU, HR) (iii)	44	2,991	1,486	10.9	12.3	14.9	43
	Australia	48	16,217	3,063	–	10.4	9.4	104
	Philippines	1	–	440	–	–	–	–
Subtotal		1,247	210,947	99,993	322.4	323.2	324.5

Cement
Americas Materials Solutions	United States	11	23,537	2,647	11.6	11.8	12.0	85
	Canada	2	1,053	17	3.4	2.2	1.9	72
International Solutions	Western Europe (UK, IE, FR, ES) (iii)	18	7,118	571	15.2	10.8	10.5	45
	Central & Eastern Europe (DE, PL, RO, RS, SK, CH, UA) (iii)	29	3,343	4,529	17.1	18.1	17.2	72
	Australia	12	3,632	1,025	–	2.8	2.4	57
	Philippines	5	2,469	531	7.7	7.0	6.1	73
Subtotal		77	41,152	9,320	55.0	52.7	50.1

Lime
International Solutions	Australia	10	692	19,338	–	3.7	1.9	20

Subtotal		10	692	19,338	–	3.7	1.9
Total		1,334	252,791	128,651	377.4	379.6	376.5

(iii) ~~Years~~ The todisclosures ~~depletion~~in isthe ~~based~~table onabove include the ~~average~~surface area of ~~the~~infrastructure, ~~three~~process ~~years~~plants, waste piles, water storage, water treatment plants, and boundary areas of CRH’s ~~2022~~mineral-bearing toproperties. ~~2024~~Remote ~~annualized~~properties ~~extraction~~such as offices, distribution facilities and readymixed concrete plants are not included.

(~~iii~~ii) ~~The~~ Years ~~country~~to ~~and~~depletion ~~their~~is ~~respective~~based ~~codes~~on ~~are~~the ~~Denmark:~~average ~~DK,~~of ~~Finland:~~the ~~FI,~~three ~~France:~~years’ ~~FR,~~2023 ~~Germany:~~to ~~DE,~~2025 ~~Hungary:~~annualized ~~HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK~~extraction.

~~CRH~~(iii) The ~~Form~~countries ~~10-K 25~~and their respective codes are Croatia: HR, Denmark: DK, Finland: FI, France: FR, Germany: DE, Hungary: HU, Ireland: IE, Poland: PL, Romania: RO, Serbia: RS, Slovakia: SK, Spain: ES, Switzerland: CH, Ukraine: UA, United Kingdom: UK.


24

CRH FORM 10-K

CRH Mineral-Bearing Locations

Mineral Map Layout_2025_v10_Embedded-01.jpg

Mineral Map Layout_2025_v10_Embedded-02.jpg


l			Represents the location of CRH’s mineral-bearing properties

~~CRH Form 10-K 26~~25

CRH FORM 10-K

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Company is from time to time a party to various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe any pending legal proceeding to which the Company is a party will have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

CRH has elected to use a $1 million threshold for disclosing certain proceedings under environmental laws to which a governmental authority is a party. Applying this threshold, there were no relevant legal proceedings to disclose for this period.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

The information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S‐K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95 to this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10‐K.

~~CRH Form 10-K 27~~26

CRH FORM 10-K

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market ~~Information~~InformationCRH has a primary listing on the NYSE and an international secondary listing on the LSE of its Ordinary Shares, each represented by the ticker symbol ‘CRH’. As of February 4, 2026, there were approximately 14,350 holders of record of our Ordinary Shares.

~~CRH~~Irish ~~has~~Taxation of U.S. HoldersThe following is a ~~primary~~general ~~listing~~summary onof the ~~NYSE~~main Irish tax considerations applicable to the purchase, ownership and andisposition ~~international~~of ~~secondary~~our ~~listing~~Ordinary Shares by U.S. holders. This description is based on ~~the~~Irish ~~LSE~~law and practices as of ~~its~~the ~~ordinary~~latest ~~shares~~practicable date, ~~each~~and ~~represented~~administrative byor judicial changes may modify the ~~ticker~~tax ~~symbol~~consequences ~~‘CRH’~~described below. AsThe ofstatements ~~February~~do ~~13,~~not ~~2025,~~constitute ~~there~~tax ~~were~~advice ~~approximately~~and ~~15,000~~are ~~holders~~intended ofonly ~~record~~as ofa ~~our~~general ~~ordinary shares~~guide.

Withholding Tax on Dividends: Dividends on our Ordinary Shares would generally be subject to Irish ~~Taxation~~DWT at the rate of 25%, unless an exemption applies. Dividends on our Ordinary Shares that are owned by residents of the United States and held beneficially through the Depository Trust Company (DTC) will not be subject to DWT provided that the address of the beneficial owner of the Ordinary Shares in the records of the broker is in the United States. Dividends on our Ordinary Shares that are owned by residents of the United States and held directly (outside of DTC) will not be subject to DWT provided that the shareholder has completed the appropriate Irish DWT form and this form remains valid. Such shareholders must provide the appropriate Irish DWT form to our Transfer Agent, Computershare Trust Company N.A., before the record date for the first dividend payment to which they are entitled. If any shareholder who is resident in the United States receives a dividend subject to DWT, he or she should generally be able to apply for a refund from the Irish Revenue Commissioners. The Double Taxation Treaty between Ireland and the United States contains provisions regarding withholding tax, but it is generally not necessary for U.S. ~~Holders~~resident shareholders to rely on the treaty due to the wide scope of DWT exemptions under Irish law.

~~The~~Income ~~following~~Tax ison aDividends: ~~general~~A ~~summary~~shareholder ofwho ~~the~~is ~~main~~neither ~~Irish~~resident ~~tax~~nor ~~considerations~~ordinarily ~~applicable~~resident toin ~~the~~Ireland ~~purchase, ownership~~ and ~~disposition~~who ofis ~~our~~entitled ~~ordinary~~to ~~shares~~an byexemption ~~U.S.~~from ~~holders.~~DWT ~~This~~generally ~~description~~has isno ~~based~~liability onfor Irish ~~law~~income ~~and~~tax ~~practices~~or asfor of the ~~latest~~Irish ~~practicable~~universal ~~date~~social charge on CRH dividends, ~~and~~unless ~~administrative~~he or ~~judicial~~she ~~changes~~holds ~~may~~his ~~modify~~or ~~the~~her ~~tax~~Ordinary ~~consequences~~Shares ~~described~~through ~~below.~~a ~~The~~branch ~~statements~~or doagency ~~not~~in ~~constitute~~Ireland ~~tax~~which ~~advice~~carries ~~and~~out ~~are~~a ~~intended~~trade ~~only~~on ashis aor ~~general~~her ~~guide~~behalf.

~~Withholding~~Capital ~~Tax~~Gains ~~on Dividends~~Tax: ~~Dividends~~A onshareholder ~~our~~who ~~ordinary~~is ~~shares~~neither ~~would~~resident ~~generally~~nor beordinarily ~~subject~~resident toin ~~Irish~~Ireland ~~DWT at the rate of 25%, unless an exemption applies. Dividends on our ordinary shares that are owned by residents of the United States~~ and ~~held~~does ~~beneficially through the Depositary Trust Company (DTC), will~~ not behold ~~subject~~our toOrdinary ~~DWT~~Shares ~~provided that the address of the beneficial owner of the ordinary shares~~ in ~~the~~connection ~~records~~with ofa ~~the~~trade ~~broker~~or isbusiness incarried ~~the United States. Dividends~~ on ~~our ordinary shares that are owned~~ by ~~residents~~such ~~of the United States and held directly (outside of DTC) will not be subject to DWT provided that the~~ shareholder has completed the appropriate Irish DWT form and this form remains valid. Such shareholders must provide the appropriate Irish DWT form to our Transfer Agent, Computershare Trust Company N.A., before the record date for the first dividend payment to which they are entitled. If any shareholder who is resident in ~~the~~Ireland ~~United~~through ~~States receives~~ a ~~dividend~~branch ~~subject to DWT, he~~ or ~~she~~agency should ~~generally~~not be ~~able~~subject to ~~apply for a refund from the~~ Irish ~~Revenue Commissioners. The Double Taxation Treaty between Ireland and the United States contains provisions regarding withholding~~ tax, ~~but~~on itcapital isgains ~~generally not necessary for U.S. resident shareholders to rely~~ on ~~the~~a ~~treaty~~disposal ~~due to the wide scope~~ of ~~DWT~~our ~~exemptions~~Ordinary ~~under Irish law~~Shares.

~~Income~~Capital Acquisitions Tax: onIrish ~~Dividends:~~capital Aacquisitions ~~shareholder~~tax ~~who~~(CAT) is ~~neither~~comprised ~~resident~~principally ~~nor~~of ~~ordinarily~~gift ~~resident~~tax inand ~~Ireland~~inheritance ~~and~~tax. ~~who~~CAT iscould ~~entitled~~apply to ana ~~exemption~~gift ~~from~~or ~~DWT~~inheritance ~~generally~~of ~~has~~our noOrdinary ~~liability~~Shares ~~for~~irrespective ~~Irish~~of ~~income~~the ~~tax~~place of residence, ordinary residence or ~~for~~domicile of the ~~Irish~~parties. ~~universal~~The ~~social~~person ~~charge~~who onreceives ~~CRH~~the ~~dividends,~~gift ~~unless~~or heinheritance orhas ~~she~~primary ~~holds~~liability ~~his~~for orCAT. ~~her~~CAT ~~ordinary~~is ~~shares~~levied ~~through~~at a ~~branch~~rate orof ~~agency~~33% above certain tax-free thresholds. Shareholders in ~~Ireland~~the ~~which~~United ~~carries~~States ~~out~~should aconsult ~~trade~~their onown ~~his~~tax advisers as to whether CAT is creditable or ~~her~~deductible ~~behalf~~in computing U.S. tax liabilities.

~~Capital~~Stamp ~~Gains Tax~~Duty: ATransfer ~~shareholder~~of ~~who~~our isOrdinary ~~neither~~Shares ~~resident~~other ~~nor~~than ~~ordinarily~~via ~~resident~~transfer of book-entry interests in ~~Ireland~~DTC ~~and~~may ~~does~~be ~~not~~subject ~~hold~~to Irish stamp duty. Transfers of our ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares via transfer of book entry interests in ~~connection~~the ~~with~~DTC awill ~~trade~~not orbe ~~business~~subject ~~carried~~to onIrish bystamp ~~such~~duty. However, if a shareholder inholds ~~Ireland~~our Ordinary Shares directly rather than beneficially through aDTC, ~~branch~~any ortransfer ~~agency~~of ~~should~~shares ~~not~~could be subject to Irish ~~tax~~stamp onduty ~~capital~~(currently ~~gains~~at onthe arate ~~disposal~~of 1% of ~~our~~the ~~ordinary~~higher of the price paid or the market value of the shares acquired). Payment of Irish stamp duty is generally a legal obligation of the transferee.

~~Capital~~Other ~~Acquisitions~~Shareholder ~~Tax:~~MattersThere ~~Irish~~are ~~capital~~no ~~acquisitions~~legislative ~~tax~~or ~~(CAT)~~other islegal ~~comprised~~provisions ~~principally~~currently ofin ~~gift~~force ~~tax~~in ~~and~~Ireland ~~inheritance~~or ~~tax.~~arising ~~CAT~~under ~~could~~our ~~apply~~Articles tothat arestrict ~~gift~~the orpayment ~~inheritance~~ of ~~our~~dividends ~~ordinary~~or ~~shares~~distributions ~~irrespective~~to holders of ~~the~~our ~~place~~Ordinary ofShares ~~residence,~~not ~~ordinary~~resident ~~residence~~in orIreland, ~~domicile~~except offor ~~the~~Irish ~~parties.~~laws ~~The~~and ~~person~~regulations ~~who~~that ~~receives~~restrict the ~~gift~~remittance orof ~~inheritance~~dividends, ~~has~~distributions ~~primary~~and ~~liability~~other ~~for~~payments ~~CAT.~~in ~~CAT~~compliance iswith ~~levied~~the atsanctions alaws ~~rate~~ of ~~33%~~the ~~above~~Security ~~certain~~Council ~~tax-free~~of ~~thresholds. Shareholders in~~ the United ~~States~~Nations, ~~should~~the ~~consult~~European ~~their~~Union ~~own~~(and ~~tax~~any ~~advisers~~of asits tomembers), ~~whether~~the ~~CAT~~United isKingdom, ~~creditable~~and orthe ~~deductible~~United ~~in computing U~~States.~~S. tax liabilities.~~

~~Stamp~~Dividend ~~Duty:~~PolicyCRH ~~Transfer~~has ofpaid ~~our~~dividends ~~ordinary~~on ~~shares~~its ~~other~~Ordinary ~~than~~Shares ~~via~~each ~~transfer~~fiscal ofyear ~~book-entry~~since ~~interests~~the information of the ~~DTC~~Company ~~may~~in be1970. ~~subject~~While towe ~~Irish~~currently ~~stamp~~expect ~~duty.~~a ~~Transfers~~dividend ofto ~~our~~be ~~ordinary~~paid ~~shares~~in ~~via~~the ~~transfer~~future, offuture ~~book~~dividend ~~entry~~payments ~~interests~~(and inamounts ~~the~~thereof) ~~DTC~~ will ~~not~~depend beon ~~subject~~our toearnings, ~~Irish~~capital ~~stamp~~requirements, ~~duty.~~financial ~~However~~condition, ifand aother ~~shareholder~~factors ~~holds~~considered relevant by our ~~ordinary~~Board. ~~shares~~Dividends ~~directly~~are ~~rather~~paid ~~than~~to ~~beneficially~~registered ~~through~~shareholders ~~DTC,~~on ~~any~~the ~~transfer~~record ofdate ~~shares~~for ~~could~~the bedividend. ~~subject~~In toline ~~Irish~~with ~~stamp~~the ~~duty~~Company's ~~(currently~~policy atof ~~the~~consistent ~~rate~~long-term ofdividend 1%growth ofand ~~the~~supported ~~higher~~by ofits strong financial position, the ~~price~~Board ~~paid~~approved ordividends ~~the~~totaling ~~market~~$1.48 ~~value~~per share in respect of ~~the~~2025, ~~shares~~a ~~acquired)~~5.7% ~~Payment~~increase ofon ~~Irish~~the ~~stamp~~prior ~~duty~~year is(2024: ~~generally~~$1.40), abroken ~~legal~~into ~~obligation~~quarterly dividends of ~~the transferee~~$0.37 ~~The~~per ~~potential~~share ~~for~~being ~~stamp~~paid ~~duty~~on ~~could~~April 16, ~~adversely~~2025, ~~affect~~June 25, ~~the~~2025, ~~price~~September 24, of2025, ~~our~~and ~~ordinary~~December 16, ~~shares~~2025, respectively.

~~Other~~Dividends ~~Shareholder~~are ~~Matters~~paid wholly in cash. The default payment currency is U.S. Dollar for shareholders who hold their Ordinary Shares through a DTC participant. It is also U.S. Dollar for shareholders holding their Ordinary Shares in registered form, unless a currency election is registered with CRH’s Transfer Agent, Computershare Trust Company N.A., in advance of the applicable record date. The default payment currency for shareholders holding their Ordinary Shares in the form of Depository Interests is euro. Such shareholders can elect to receive dividends in U.S. Dollar or Pound Sterling by providing their instructions to the Company’s Depositary Interest provider, Computershare Investor Services plc, in advance of the applicable record date.

~~There~~Securities ~~are~~Authorized noFor ~~legislative~~Issuance orUnder ~~other~~Equity ~~legal~~Compensation ~~provisions~~PlansOur ~~currently~~equity incompensation ~~force~~plan ininformation ~~Ireland~~required orby ~~arising~~this ~~under~~item ~~our~~is ~~Articles~~incorporated ~~that~~by ~~restrict~~reference ~~the payment of dividends or distributions~~ to ~~holders~~the ofinformation ~~our ordinary shares not resident~~ in ~~Ireland,~~Part ~~except for Irish laws and regulations that restrict the remittance of dividends~~III, ~~distributions~~Item ~~and~~12. ~~other payments in compliance with the sanctions laws of the~~ “Security ~~Council~~Ownership of ~~the~~Certain ~~United~~Beneficial ~~Nations,~~Owners ~~the~~and ~~European~~Management ~~Union (~~and ~~any~~Related ofStockholder ~~its~~Matters” ~~members),~~of ~~the~~this ~~United~~Form ~~Kingdom and the United States~~10-K.

~~Dividend Policy~~27

CRH ~~has~~FORM paid dividends on its ordinary shares each fiscal year since the formation of the Company in 1970. Dividends are paid to shareholders on the Register of Members on the record date for the dividend. The Board continues to believe that a policy of consistent long10-term dividend growth is appropriate for the Company. In line with this dividend growth strategy, and our strong financial position, the Board approved dividends totaling $1.40 per share in respect of 2024, a 5% increase on the prior year (2023: $1.33), broken into quarterly dividends of $0.35 per share being paid on April 17, 2024, June 26, 2024, September 25, 2024, and December 18, 2024, respectively. It is proposed to pay a quarterly dividend of $0.37 per share on April 16, 2025 to shareholders registered at the close of business on March 14, 2025 in respect of the first quarter of 2025. K

~~Dividends~~Share ~~are~~Performance ~~paid~~GraphThe ~~wholly~~performance ingraph ~~cash.~~below ~~The~~compares ~~default~~the ~~payment~~five-year ~~currency~~cumulative istotal ~~U.S.~~shareholder ~~Dollar~~return ~~for~~of ~~shareholders~~our ~~who~~Ordinary ~~hold~~Shares ~~their~~from ~~ordinary~~December ~~shares~~31, ~~through~~2020 ato ~~DTC~~December ~~participant.~~31, ~~It is also U.S. Dollar for shareholders holding their ordinary shares in registered form~~2025, ~~unless a currency election is registered~~ with ~~CRH’s~~the ~~Transfer~~cumulative ~~Agent,~~total ~~Computershare~~return ~~Trust~~for ~~Company~~the ~~N.A.~~same inperiod ~~advance~~ of the ~~applicable~~S&P ~~record~~500 ~~date.~~Index ~~The~~and ~~default payment currency for shareholders holding their ordinary shares in~~ the ~~form~~S&P of500 ~~Depository~~Materials ~~Interests is euro~~Index. ~~Such~~The ~~shareholders~~graph ~~can~~assumes ~~elect~~that tothe ~~receive~~initial ~~dividends~~investment in ~~U.S.~~our ~~Dollar~~Ordinary orShares ~~Pound~~and ~~Sterling~~each byindex ~~providing~~was ~~their instructions to the Company’s Depositary Interest provider~~$100, ~~Computershare~~with ~~Investor~~reinvestment ~~Services plc, in advance~~ of ~~the applicable record date~~dividends.

Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Our equity compensation plan information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in Part III, Item 12. “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CRH Form 10-K 28

Share Performance Graph

The performance graph below compares the five-year cumulative total shareholder return of our ordinary shares from December 31, 2019, to December 31, 2024, with the cumulative total return for the same period of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Materials Index. The graph assumes that the initial investment in our ordinary shares and each index was $100, with reinvestment of dividends.

Performance data for the Company is provided as of the last trading day of each relevant fiscal year. The share price performance graph is not indicative of future share price performance.

Comparative Total Return ($)	~~2019~~2020	~~2020~~2021	~~2021~~2022	~~2022~~2023	~~2023~~2024	~~2024~~2025
CRH plc	100.00	109.10	138.65	107.72	195.14	265.20
CRH	100.00	127.08	98.73	178.86	243.08	332.63
S&P 500	100.00	~~118~~128.3968	~~152~~105.3436	~~124~~133.7303	~~157~~166.4828	~~196~~195.8598
S&P 500 Materials	100.00	~~120~~127.7328	~~153~~111.6766	~~134~~125.8067	~~151~~125.7162	~~151~~138.6685

The performance graph above is being furnished solely to accompany this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K. It is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or under the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

Recent Sales Ofof Unregistered Securities

None.

~~CRH Form 10-K 29~~28

CRH FORM 10-K

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	(a)Total Number of Shares Purchased	(b)Average Price Paid per Share	(c)Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (i)	(d)Maximum Number of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 – October 31, 2024	1,073,950	$91.62	1,073,950	51,818,930
October 1 – October 31, 2025	671,015	$118.66	671,015	62,808,207
November 1 – November 30, 2024	796,638	$99.93	796,638	49,385,302
November 1 – November 30, 2025	740,757	$113.76	740,757	59,431,900
December 1 – December 31, 2024	802,015	$97.82	802,015	48,583,287
December 1 – December 31, 2025	696,400	$124.84	696,400	58,735,500
Total	2,~~672~~108,~~603~~172		2,~~672~~108,~~603~~172

(i) In May 2018, CRH announced its intention to introduce a share repurchase program to repurchase ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares (the ‘Program’). In the fourth quarter of ~~2024~~2025, the Company returned a further $0.3 billion of cash to shareholders through the repurchase of 2,~~672~~108,~~603~~172 ~~ordinary~~Ordinary ~~shares~~Shares (equivalent to 0.43% of the Company’s issued share capital as of December 31, 2025). This brought total cash returned to shareholders under the Program to $89.46 billion since its commencement in May 2018. The purchases in the fourth quarter of ~~2024~~2025 were completed under the following tranches:

Date Announced		Max Amount to be Repurchased (in $ millions)	~~Expiry~~Expiration Date
August 8, 2024	(Tranche 22)	300	November 6, 2024
August 6, 2025	(Tranche 26)	300	November 5, 2025
November 7, 2024	(Tranche 23)	300	February 26, 2025
November 5, 2025	(Tranche 27)	300	February 17, 2026

Item 6. [Reserved]

~~CRH Form 10-K 30~~29

CRH FORM 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to convey and promote understanding of management’s perspective regarding operational and financial performance for fiscal years ~~2024,~~2025 ~~2023~~ and ~~2022~~2024. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this ~~Annual Report on~~ Form 10-K.

~~The~~For ~~following~~a discussion ~~contains~~of ~~trend~~our ~~information~~fiscal ~~and~~year ~~forward-looking~~2024 ~~statements. Actual~~ results ~~could~~compared ~~differ~~with ~~materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements, as well as from~~ our ~~historical~~fiscal ~~performance,~~year ~~due~~2023 ~~to various factors~~results, ~~including,~~please ~~but~~refer ~~not limited~~ to, ~~those discussed in~~ Item 1A7. ~~“Risk~~"Management's ~~Factors”~~Discussion and ~~“Forward-Looking~~Analysis ~~Statements~~of –Financial ~~Safe~~Condition ~~Harbor~~and ~~Provisions~~Results ~~Under~~of ~~The~~Operations" ~~Private~~portion ~~Securities~~of ~~Litigation~~the ~~Reform~~Company's ~~Act~~2024 ~~Of 1995” and elsewhere in this~~ Annual Report on Form 10-K~~. Our operating results depend upon economic cycles~~, ~~seasonal~~filed ~~and~~with ~~other~~the ~~weather‐related~~SEC ~~conditions,~~on ~~and~~February ~~trends in government expenditures~~26, ~~among other factors~~2025. ~~Accordingly, financial results for any year presented, or year‐to‐year comparisons of reported results, may not be indicative of future operating results.~~

The following discussion contains trend information and forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements, as well as from our historical performance, due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements – Safe Harbor Provisions Under The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act Of 1995” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our operating results depend upon economic cycles, seasonal and other weather‐related conditions, and trends in government funding initiatives, among other factors. Accordingly, financial results for any year presented, or year‐to‐year comparisons of reported results, may not be indicative of future operating results.

Overview

CRH is athe leading provider of building materials ~~that~~critical ~~build,~~to ~~connect~~modernizing ~~and~~infrastructure. ~~improve~~With our ~~world.~~team ~~Since~~of ~~formation in 1970~~83,032 ~~CRH~~people ~~has~~across ~~evolved~~3,961 ~~from~~locations, ~~being~~our aunmatched ~~supplier~~scale, ofconnected ~~base~~portfolio, ~~materials~~and todeep ~~solving~~local ~~complex~~relationships ~~construction~~make ~~challenges~~us ~~for~~the ~~our~~partner ~~customers.~~of ~~CRH’s~~choice ~~differentiated~~for ~~solutions strategy uniquely integrates materials~~transportation, ~~products~~water and ~~services~~reindustrialization ~~across~~projects, ~~the~~shaping ~~construction~~communities ~~value~~for ~~chain,~~a better ~~serving our customers’ needs and driving repeat business~~tomorrow. ~~This customer-connected approach is making construction simpler, safer and more sustainable.~~

CRH’s ~~integrates~~connected ~~essential~~portfolio supplies building materials ~~(aggregates~~across ~~and~~the ~~cement),~~construction value~~-added~~ ~~building~~chain, ~~products~~better asserving ~~well~~our ascustomers’ needs and driving repeat business while making construction ~~services~~simpler, tosafer ~~provide~~and ~~our~~more ~~customers~~sustainable. ~~with~~This ~~complete~~customer-centric ~~solutions.~~approach ~~CRH’s~~combines ~~capabilities~~our unique entrepreneurial culture, ~~innovation~~leading performance and ~~technical~~local ~~expertise~~market ~~enable~~knowledge itwith our value-added building products and services to be a valuable partner for customers across our end-markets. CRH’s leading positions of scale serve transportation and critical infrastructure, reindustrialization projects, ~~complex~~and ~~non-~~commercial and residential construction ~~and~~activity ~~outdoor~~in ~~living~~North ~~solutions~~America, Europe and Australia.

Financial performance highlights:

CRH delivered another record performance in ~~2024~~2025 resulting in the following performance highlights (compared to ~~2023 and 2022~~2024):

•Total revenues increased to $3537.64 billion, compared with $3435.96 billion in ~~2023 and $32.7 billion in 2022~~2024;

•Net income increased to $3.58 billion compared with $3.15 billion in ~~2023, primarily due to higher gross profit along with higher gains on disposal of long-lived assets and divestitures~~2024. ~~Net income was $3.9 billion in 2022.~~ Adjusted EBITDA* increased to $67.97 billion in ~~2024~~2025 from $6.29 billion in ~~2023. In 2022 Adjusted EBITDA* was $5.4 billion~~2024;

•Net income margin was 910.91% in ~~2024,~~2025 ~~8.8% in 2023~~ and 119.9% in ~~2022~~2024. Adjusted EBITDA margin* was 1920.5% in ~~2024~~2025, an increase of ~~180~~100 basis points (bps) compared with an Adjusted EBITDA margin* of 1719.75% in ~~2023. In 2022, the Adjusted EBITDA margin* was 16.5%~~2024;

•Operating cash ~~flow5~~flow6 and Net cash provided by operating activities as a percentage of Net income of $5.6 billion and 148% were ahead of 2024 levels of $5.0 billion ~~was~~and in142%, ~~line~~respectively. ~~with~~Adjusted ~~2023~~Free ~~operating~~Cash ~~cash~~Flow* ~~flow~~and Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion* of $5.0 billion and 131% were ahead of ~~2022~~2024 ~~operating~~levels ~~cash flow~~ of $34.82 billion and 120%, respectively; 67

•~~Return~~Operating onincome ~~Net~~as ~~Segment~~a ~~Assets~~percentage ~~was~~of ~~15.3%~~average ininvested ~~2024,~~capital 14was 15.42% in ~~2023~~2025 and 1316.17% in ~~2022~~2024. Adjusted Return on ~~Net~~Invested ~~Assets~~Capital* (~~RONA~~Adjusted ROIC)*, ~~increased~~decreased by ~~20bps~~130bps to 1512.51% in ~~2024~~2025, from ~~15.3% in 2023. RONA* was~~ 13.34% in ~~2022~~2024; and

•~~Basic~~Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS) ~~from continuing operations~~ in ~~2024~~2025 was $5.0651 compared with $45.3602 in ~~2023 and $3~~2024.58 inDiluted ~~2022. Basic~~ EPS pre-impairment* ~~from continuing operations~~ was $5.4857 in ~~2024,~~2025 ~~$4.65 in 2023~~ and $35.5843 in ~~2022~~2024.

Capital allocation highlights:

•~~Cash~~38 ~~paid~~acquisitions tocompleted ~~shareholders~~for ina ~~2024~~total ~~through~~consideration ~~dividends~~of ~~was~~ $14.71 billion ~~and~~in ~~through~~2025, ~~share~~compared ~~buybacks~~with ~~was~~ $15.30 billion, ~~compared~~in ~~with $0~~2024.9 ~~billion~~A ~~and~~further $32.07 billion, ~~respectively,~~was invested in ~~2023,~~growth and ~~$0.9~~maintenance ~~billion~~capital ~~and~~expenditure projects in 2025, compared with $1.2.6 billion, ~~respectively,~~ in ~~2022~~2024;

•~~Full~~Cash ~~year~~paid ~~dividend~~to ~~per~~shareholders ~~share~~in ~~increase~~2025 ofthrough 5%dividends ~~resulting~~was in$1.0 abillion ~~dividend~~and ~~per~~through share ofbuybacks was $1.402 ~~in 2024~~billion, ~~from~~compared with $1.337 inbillion ~~2023~~ and $1.273 billion, respectively, in ~~2022~~2024;

•~~Ongoing~~Full ~~share~~year ~~buyback~~dividend ~~program~~per inshare ~~2024~~increase ~~repurchased~~of ~~approximately~~6% ~~15.9~~resulting ~~million~~in ~~ordinary shares for~~ a ~~total~~dividend ~~consideration~~per share of $1.348 ~~billion, compared with $3.0 billion~~ in ~~2023~~2025, ~~and~~from $1.240 ~~billion~~ in ~~2022~~2024; and

•40Ongoing ~~acquisitions~~share ~~completed~~buyback ~~for~~program ~~a total consideration of $5.0 billion~~ in ~~2024,~~2025 ~~compared~~repurchased ~~with~~approximately $011.7 ~~billion~~million inOrdinary ~~2023~~Shares ~~and~~for ~~$3.3~~a ~~billion~~total inconsideration ~~2022.~~of ~~A further~~ $21.62 billion ~~was invested in development and replacement capital expenditure projects in 2024~~, compared with $1.83 billion ~~and $1.5 billion~~ in ~~2023 and 2022, respectively~~2024.

~~Delivering~~Development OnreviewThe ~~Our~~Company ~~Vision~~takes an active approach to portfolio management and continuously reviews the competitive landscape for attractive investment and divestiture opportunities to deliver further growth and value creation for shareholders.

In 2025, CRH ~~continues~~completed to38 ~~evolve~~acquisitions ~~its~~for ~~business~~a tototal ~~improve~~consideration ~~performance~~of $4.1 billion. Our largest acquisition in 2025 was in our Americas Materials Solutions segment where we acquired Eco Material, ~~deliver~~a ~~for~~leading ~~its~~supplier ~~stakeholders~~of ~~and~~SCMs ~~respond~~in toNorth ~~the~~America, ~~ever-changing~~for ~~needs~~a total consideration of ~~its~~$2.1 ~~customers~~billion. ~~Our~~The ~~strategy~~Eco ~~enables~~Material transaction strategically positions CRH to ~~realize~~meet ~~our~~growing ~~vision~~demand for SCMs to ~~develop~~modernize ~~sustainable~~North ~~solutions~~America's ~~that~~infrastructure. ~~build~~In addition, ~~connect~~we completed another 18 acquisitions in our Americas Materials Solutions segment and ~~improve~~five acquisitions in our ~~world.~~Americas ~~CRH~~Building ~~has~~Solutions asegment ~~specific~~for ~~set~~a oftotal ~~capabilities~~2025 investment in the ~~markets~~Americas inof ~~which~~$3.4 itbillion. ~~operates~~We ~~along~~also ~~with~~completed ~~decades~~14 ofacquisitions ~~experience~~in ~~and~~our ~~deep~~International ~~customer~~Solutions ~~relationships.~~segment ~~CRH~~for ~~leverages~~a ~~its~~total ~~scale~~2025 ~~and~~investment ~~best~~of ~~practices~~$0.7 ~~across~~billion. ~~the~~CRH ~~Company~~completed tosix ~~provide~~divestitures ~~value-added~~and ~~materials,~~realized ~~products~~proceeds from divestitures and ~~services~~disposal asof ~~construction~~long-lived ~~solutions~~assets ~~that~~(including ~~solve~~deferred ~~complex~~divestiture ~~problems~~consideration ~~for~~received) ~~its~~of ~~customers~~$0.5 billion.

~~These~~* Represents ~~solutions~~a ~~allow~~non-GAAP usmeasure. toSee ~~create~~“Non-GAAP ~~further~~Reconciliation ~~value for our customers by combining our products, materials~~ and ~~services~~Supplementary ~~which~~Information” ~~drive~~on ~~commercial~~pages ~~and~~35 ~~operational benefits. This connected portfolio allows us~~ to ~~leverage~~38 ~~production~~for ~~and~~a ~~logistics~~reconciliation ~~efficiencies~~ to ~~drive increased profitability and asset utilization. We can reduce waste and advance~~ the ~~sustainability~~most ofdirectly ~~construction.~~comparable WeGAAP ~~believe it also makes our business less capital intensive and drives a higher rate of return delivering superior long-term value and higher growth for shareholders~~measure.

*6 Operating ~~Represents~~cash aflow ~~non-GAAP~~refers ~~measure.~~to ~~See~~Net ~~the~~cash ~~discussion~~provided ~~within~~by ~~'Non-GAAP~~operating ~~Reconciliation~~activities ~~and~~as ~~Supplementary~~reported ~~Information'~~in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows on pages 4052 to 4253.7

~~5 Operating cash flow refers to net cash provided by operating activities as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows on pages 56 to 57.6~~ 30

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 31

AIn ~~business~~2024, ~~optimized~~CRH completed 40 acquisitions for ~~industry~~a total consideration of $5.0 billion. Our largest acquisition in 2024 was in our Americas Materials Solutions segment where we acquired an attractive portfolio of cement and readymixed concrete operations and assets in Texas, for a total consideration of $2.1 billion. In addition, we completed another 20 acquisitions in our Americas Materials Solutions segment and 10 acquisitions in our Americas Building Solutions segment for a total 2024 spend in the Americas of $3.8 billion. We also completed nine acquisitions in our International Solutions segment for a total 2024 spend of $1.2 billion, including the acquisition of a majority stake in Adbri, a market leader in cement and aggregates in Australia. In 2024, CRH completed 10 divestitures and realized proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-~~leading~~lived ~~performance~~assets (including deferred divestiture consideration received) of $1.4 billion, primarily related to the divestiture of the European Lime operations.

Through the successful execution of its strategy, CRH has shaped its business to capitalize on the attractive fundamentals driving demand in higher-growth construction markets in North America, Europe and Australia.

Customer-connected solutions strategy: Our differentiated strategy is focused on uniquely integrating materials, products and services across the construction value chain. We leverage our scale, expertise and best practices to provide sustainable solutions that solve complex problems for our customers. We utilize specific expertise in areas such as materials science, design and engineering to innovate and create new products. This allows us to do more for our customers and help deliver a higher performing and more sustainable built environment.

Performance-focused operator: CRH has the ability to leverage its connected portfolio of assets in the most attractive markets and this has resulted in our record 2024 results with 12% increase in Adjusted EBITDA*, 180 bps increase in Adjusted EBITDA margin* and 16% higher basic EPS from continuing operations, with basic EPS from continuing operations on a pre-impairment*7basis 18% higher. These results are underpinned by a differentiated strategy delivered by an experienced management team with deep industry knowledge and a proven track record of consistent financial and operational delivery.

Strong and flexible balance sheet: At December 31, 2024, total short-term and long-term debt was $14.0 billion, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $3.8 billion and Net Debt* was $10.5 billion. We believe our strong and flexible balance sheet provides CRH with significant financial capacity for long-term value creation through accretive acquisitions, expansionary capital expenditure and cash returns to shareholders through dividends and share buybacks.

Focused growth

Our customers have an increasing need for more holistic solutions and CRH maximizes its overall growth potential by focusing on its ability to deliver solutions that meet this growing need. We are focused on delivering our customer-connected solutions strategy and to do so we are working to better connect our people, capabilities, assets and customers across businesses, markets, and geographies. We acquire businesses at attractive valuations and create value by integrating them with our existing operations and realizing synergies in areas including procurement, operational excellence, human resources, technology and sales.

Development review

In 2024, CRH completed 40 acquisitions for a total consideration of $5.0 billion.

The largest acquisition in 2024 was in Americas Materials Solutions where CRH acquired an attractive portfolio of cement and readymixed concrete operations and assets in Texas, for a total consideration of $2.1 billion. In addition, Americas Materials Solutions completed a further 20 acquisitions and Americas Building Solutions completed 10 acquisitions for a total 2024 spend in the Americas of $3.8 billion. International Solutions completed nine acquisitions for a total 2024 spend of $1.2 billion, including the acquisition of a majority stake in Adbri, a market leader in cement and aggregates in Australia.

CRH completed 10 divestitures and realized proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets (including deferred divestiture consideration received) of $1.4 billion, primarily related to the divestiture of the European Lime operations.

In 2023, CRH completed 22 acquisitions for a total consideration of $0.7 billion. On the divestitures front, CRH realized proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets (including deferred divestiture consideration received) of $0.1 billion.

The largest acquisition in 2023 was in Americas Building Solutions where the Company completed the acquisition of Hydro International, a leading provider of stormwater products, wastewater treatment products, wastewater services, and data solutions in North America and Europe. In addition, Americas Building Solutions completed a further four acquisitions and Americas Materials Solutions completed eight acquisitions in the United States, for a total 2023 spend in the Americas of $0.4 billion. International Solutions completed nine acquisitions for a total 2023 spend of $0.3 billion.

In 2022, CRH completed 29 acquisitions for a total consideration of $3.3 billion.

The largest acquisition in 2022 was in Americas Building Solutions where the Company completed its acquisition of Barrette Outdoor Living, Inc. (Barrette) for $1.9 billion. In addition, Americas Building Solutions completed a further seven acquisitions and Americas Materials Solutions completed 10 acquisitions for a total 2022 spend in the Americas of $3.1 billion. International Solutions completed 11 acquisitions for a total 2022 spend of $0.2 billion.

The largest divestiture in 2022 was the Building Envelope business for cash proceeds of $3.5 billion (enterprise value of $3.8 billion including lease liabilities transferred of $0.3 billion). A further eight divestitures were completed across CRH, realizing total proceeds of $0.2 billion and $0.2 billion was realized from the disposal of long-lived assets and deferred divestiture consideration.

Outlook

We expect ~~positive~~favorable underlying demand across our key end-~~use~~ markets ~~in 2025~~, underpinned by significant public investment in ~~critical~~ infrastructure, ~~combined~~and ~~with~~continued ~~increased~~reindustrialization ~~re-industrialization~~ activity. inWithin ~~key~~the ~~non-~~residential ~~segments.~~sector ~~This~~we ~~backdrop~~expect resilient repair and remodel activity while the new-build segment is expected to ~~support~~remain ~~overall~~subdued. ~~demand~~Assuming ~~levels~~normal seasonal weather patterns and ~~further~~absent ~~positive~~any ~~pricing~~major ~~across~~dislocations in the political or macroeconomic environment, CRH's superior strategy, connected portfolio and leading positions of scale in attractive high-growth markets, together with our ~~business.~~strong and flexible balance sheet, are expected to underpin another year of growth and value creation in 2026.

Our North American businesses expect continued positive momentum in infrastructure activity, supported by robust state and federal funding. Non-residential activity continues to benefit from secular tailwinds in key growth areas. Although the residential sector continues to be supported by strong long-term demand fundamentals, the new-build segment is expected to remain subdued while repair and remodel activity remains resilient.

In our International operations, we expect infrastructure activity to be underpinned by government and EU funding. Non-residential construction continues to be aided by onshoring of supply chains and industrial manufacturing activity. Residential markets are expected to stabilize with structural demand fundamentals supporting a gradual recovery.

Assuming normal seasonal weather patterns and absent any major dislocations in the political or macroeconomic environment, CRH’s leading positions of scale in attractive higher-growth markets, together with our strong and flexible balance sheet, are expected to underpin another year of growth and value creation in 2025.

7* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.

CRH Form 10-K 32

Market Backdrop

CRH’s results can be impacted by trends and factors in the wider construction markets it is exposed to. The principal construction markets, for all segments, are infrastructure, including highways, streets, roads, tunnels and bridges; non-residential, including construction ~~and maintenance~~ of critical infrastructure for the transport of water and energy, manufacturing, commercial, ~~warehouse~~distribution and data center facilities; and residential, including new-build construction, and repair and remodel activity, of single and multi-family housing. North America is expected to be a key driver of future growth for CRH due to its positive demographic and economic fundamentals, including significant public investment in infrastructure and private investment in reindustrialization activity. Our International businesses, which benefit from strong economic and construction growth prospects as well as recurring repair and remodel demand, are an important strategic part of the Company. In 2025, approximately 75% of Net income and 71% of Adjusted EBITDA* was generated in North America, while approximately 25% of Net income and 29% of Adjusted EBITDA* was generated by our International Division. CRH intends to continue to expand its North American and International operations given significant government support for infrastructure and increasing investment in transportation, water and reindustrialization projects. See ‘Business Segment Information’ in Item 1. “Business” for details by segment. 8

~~Infrastructure~~InfrastructureAmericasOur North American businesses expect positive momentum in infrastructure activity, underpinned by robust state and federal funding, and continued support from the IIJA which was signed into law in November 2021. The IIJA is expected to provide federal highway funding of approximately $350 billion, including $110 billion of incremental funding for roads, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. We see significant funding runway ahead with approximately 50% of expected funds yet to be deployed. Aided by the IIJA, U.S. highway and bridge contract awards remained at elevated levels in 2025, underpinning a positive outlook for 2026 as state budgets reflect the need for increased public investment in infrastructure.

InInternationalAfter ~~2024~~a solid 2025, ~~approximately~~the ~~35%~~outlook offor ~~revenues~~2026 ~~were~~in ~~derived~~our ~~from~~International markets is underpinned by government and EU funding for the infrastructure sector, which typically fluctuates less than residential and non-residential sectors. In this sector, the impact of the business cycle is mitigated by long-term projects and a high share of activities financed by the public sector, with multinational EU funds serving as a stabilizing factor in some of our larger markets.

~~Americas~~Non-ResidentialAmericas

~~Our~~In North ~~American~~America, ~~businesses~~a ~~expect~~key ~~positive~~driver ~~momentum~~of demand in ~~infrastructure~~the ~~activity,~~non-residential ~~underpinned~~sector byis ~~robust~~increased ~~state~~reindustrialization ~~and~~activity ~~federal~~across ~~funding,~~our ~~and~~operating ~~supported~~footprint. byLarge, ~~the~~multi-year ~~IIJA~~construction ~~which~~projects ~~was~~(including ~~signed~~data ~~into~~centers, ~~law~~semiconductors, inpharmaceutical ~~November~~& ~~2021.~~auto ~~This~~manufacturing ~~provides~~facilities) ~~expected~~are ~~federal~~underpinned ~~highway~~by ~~funding~~supportive ofU.S. ~~approximately~~government ~~$350~~policies ~~billion over five years,~~ including ~~$110~~significant ~~billion~~pledged investments in ~~new~~areas ~~funding~~such ~~for~~as ~~roads,~~manufacturing ~~bridges,~~ and ~~other~~industrial ~~infrastructure projects~~capabilities. ~~Aided~~In byaddition, ~~the~~we ~~IIJA,~~expect ~~U.S.~~critical ~~highway~~infrastructure ~~contract~~to ~~awards~~continue ~~remained~~to atreceive ~~elevated~~significant ~~levels~~funding inover ~~2024,~~the ~~underpinning~~life aof ~~positive~~the ~~outlook~~IIJA ~~for~~in ~~2025~~areas such as ~~state~~water ~~budgets~~(approximately ~~reflect~~$48 ~~the~~billion), ~~need~~energy ~~for~~(approximately ~~increased~~$79 ~~public~~billion) ~~infrastructure~~and ~~funding~~technology ~~for~~(approximately ~~highways~~$65 ~~and bridges~~billion).

InternationalThe non-residential sector outlook is expected to improve in our International markets in 2026, supported by increased investment in technology-related sectors such as semiconductor manufacturing and data center facilities. Having stabilized in 2025, non-residential construction activity is expected to grow in Eastern Europe, underpinned by improving economic fundamentals. In Western Europe and Australia, improving construction confidence and supportive government initiatives are expected to support growth across the region.

After a resilient 2024, the outlook for 2025 in our International markets remains underpinned by government and EU funding for the infrastructure sector, which typically fluctuates less than residential and non-residential sectors. In this sector the impact of the business cycle is mitigated by long-term projects and a high share of activities financed by the public sector, with multinational EU funds a stabilizing factor in some of our larger markets.ResidentialAmericas

~~Non~~Repair and remodel activity is expected to remain resilient in the near-~~Residential~~term due to the continued need to maintain and renew the existing housing stock. The new-build residential sector continues to be challenged by affordability constraints and uncertainty resulting from persistent inflation, rising home prices and fluctuating mortgage rates. Despite the recent decline in interest rates and positive long-term demand fundamentals, the new-build segment is expected to remain subdued.

InInternationalOur ~~2024,~~International ~~approximately~~businesses ~~30%~~are ofmore ~~revenues~~heavily ~~were~~exposed ~~derived~~to ~~from~~the ~~non~~new-build residential ~~construction~~sector, which is expected to gradually recover as a lower interest rate environment unfolds.

~~Americas~~* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information” on pages 35 to 38 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.8

In Americas, a key driver of demand in the non-residential sector is the onshoring of critical manufacturing. Large, multi-year construction projects (data centers, semiconductor chips, liquefied natural gas facilities) are underpinned by initiatives such as the U.S. CHIPS and Science Act, a $280 billion bill with the aim to bolster the United States’ semiconductor capacity. In addition, critical infrastructure is expecting to receive significant funding from the IIJA – water (approximately $48 billion), energy (approximately $79 billion) and technology (approximately $65 billion).31

~~International~~CRH FORM 10-K

The non-residential sector outlook remains mixed in our International markets in 2025. Having declined in 2024, construction activity is expected to grow in Eastern Europe, underpinned by improving economic fundamentals. In the United Kingdom, construction confidence improved steadily through 2024 although sentiment remains subdued in other markets. Non-residential activity in the Division remains supported by increased efforts to onshore manufacturing activity via government stimulus measures.

Residential

In 2024, approximately 35% of revenues were derived from residential construction.

Americas

The residential sector’s recent performance has been influenced by affordability constraints with inflation challenges, rising home prices and high mortgage rates. While residential construction activity continues to be supported by long-term demand fundamentals, the new-build segment is expected to remain subdued. As a result of the aging U.S. housing stock, repair and remodel activity is expected to be less subdued than new-build activity in the near-term.

International

Our International businesses are more heavily exposed to the new-build residential sector, which is expected to gradually recover as a lower interest rate environment unfolds.

CRH Form 10-K 33

Results Of Operations

Revenues are derived from a range of products and services across three segments. The Americas Materials Solutions segment utilizes an extensive network of reserve-backed quarry locations to produce and supply a range of materials including aggregates, ~~cement~~cementitious materials, readymixed concrete, and asphalt, as well as providing paving and construction services. The Americas Building Solutions segment manufactures, supplies and delivers high-quality building products ~~and solutions~~. The International Solutions segment integrates building materials, ~~product~~products and services for the construction and renovation of ~~public~~transportation infrastructure, critical utility networks, commercial and residential buildings, and outdoor living spaces.

The table below summarizes CRH’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the periods indicated.

Consolidated Statements of ~~Income8~~Income9

(in $ millions, except per share data)

For the years ended December 31	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Total revenues	3537,~~572~~447	3435,~~949~~572	3234,~~723~~949
Total cost of revenues	(2223,~~871~~919)	(22,~~986~~871)	(2122,~~908~~986)
Gross profit	1213,~~701~~528	1112,~~963~~701	1011,~~815~~963
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(78,~~852~~283)	(7,~~486~~852)	(7,~~056~~486)
Gain on disposal of long-lived assets	~~237~~235	66237	5066
Loss on impairments	(~~161~~40)	(~~357~~161)	–(357)
Operating income	45,~~925~~440	4,~~186~~925	34,~~809~~186
Interest income	~~143~~146	~~206~~143	65206
Interest expense	(~~612~~810)	(~~376~~612)	(~~344~~376)
Other nonoperating income (expense), net	~~258~~29	~~(2)~~258	(692)
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,714	4,014	3,461
Income before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,805	4,714	4,014
Income tax expense	(1,~~085~~041)	(~~925~~1,085)	(~~762~~925)
Loss from equity method investments	(108)	(17)	–
Income (loss) from equity method investments	26	(108)	(17)
Income from continuing operations	3,521	3,072	2,699
Net income	3,790	3,521	3,072
Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense	–	–	1,190
Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	(28)	(28)
Net income	3,521	3,072	3,889
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(9)	(1)	134
Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	(28)	(27)
Net income attributable to CRH	3,753	3,492	3,178
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)	134	–
Diluted earning per share attributable to CRH	$5.51	$5.02	$4.33
Net income attributable to CRH	3,492	3,178	3,862
Diluted earning per share attributable to CRH - pre-impairment*	$5.57	$5.43	$4.62
Basic earning per share attributable to CRH from continuing operations	$5.06	$4.36	$3.58
Adjusted EBITDA*	7,681	6,930	6,176
Basic earning per share attributable to CRH from continuing operations - pre-impairment*	$5.48	$4.65	$3.58
Adjusted EBITDA*	6,930	6,176	5,388

Total revenuesTotal revenues were $37.4 billion in 2025, an increase of $1.9 billion, or 5%, compared with 2024, driven by favorable end-market demand, disciplined commercial execution and contributions from acquisitions.

~~2024~~For ~~versus~~additional ~~2023~~discussion on segment revenues, see “Segments” section on pages 33 to 34.

Total revenues were $35.6 billion in 2024, an increase of $0.6 billion, or 2%, compared with 2023, with resilient underlying demand in key end-use markets, continued commercial progress and contributions from acquisitions partly offset by lower activity levels in certain regions due to adverse weather and divestitures.

For additional discussion on segment revenues, see “Segments” section on pages 37 to 39.

2023 versus 2022

Total revenues were $34.9 billion, an increase of $2.2 billion, or 7%, compared with 2022, reflecting good underlying demand across key end-use markets, positive pricing and contributions from acquisitions which offset lower volumes compared with the prior year.

Gross profit

Gross profit was $13.5 billion in 2025, an increase of $0.8 billion, or 7%, compared with 2024. ~~versus~~This ~~2023~~reflected Total revenues growth of 5%, with Total cost of revenues also 5% higher. The Gross profit margin of 36.1% increased 40bps from 35.7% in 2024, driven by disciplined cost management, continued operating efficiencies and ongoing business improvement initiatives. The increase in Total cost of revenues was primarily driven by a 6% increase in labor costs, attributable to higher headcount from acquisitions and inflationary pressures, as well as a 20% higher depreciation and amortization expense, reflecting the impact of acquisitions and increased capital expenditure. Energy costs were also impacted by acquisitions in the period and increased by 8%, while other costs were 2% ahead of prior year.

Gross profit was $12.7 billion in 2024, an increase of $0.7 billion, or 6%, compared with 2023, reflecting total revenues growth of 2%, with total cost of revenues 1% lower. The gross profit margin of 35.7% increased 150bps from 34.2% in the prior year, driven by commercial progress, ongoing cost control and operational efficiencies. Total cost of revenues decreased primarily as a result of an 18% decrease in energy costs due to a decline in energy prices, lower activity levels and divestitures. These were partly offset by an increase in labor costs of 6% driven by wage inflation and increased headcount due to acquisitions.

8* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.

CRH Form 10-K 34

2023 versus 2022

Gross profit was $12.0 billion in 2023, an increase of $1.2 billion, or 11%, compared with 2022. This reflected total revenues growth of 7%, with total cost of revenues increasing by 5%. The gross profit margin of 34.2%, increased 110bps from 33.1% in the prior year, due to revenue growth exceeding increases in total cost of revenues. Total cost of revenues increased primarily as a result of subcontractor costs and repairs and maintenance increasing 11% and 9%, respectively, due to the impact of cost inflation. Labor costs increased by 8% due to the impact of acquisitions, wage inflation impacted by continued labor shortages and increased headcount. Energy costs were in line with 2022 and raw materials costs decreased by 1% primarily as a result of lower volumes.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses, which are primarily comprised of haulage costs, labor costs, and other selling and administrative expenses, were $8.3 billion in 2025, an increase of $0.4 billion, or 5%, compared with 2024. ~~versus~~The ~~2023~~increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to labor cost increases of 9%, as a result of increased headcount from acquisitions and wage inflation and a 6% increase in haulage expenses resulting from acquisition activity.

~~Selling,~~Gain ~~general~~on ~~and~~disposal ~~administrative~~of ~~(SG&A)~~long-lived ~~expenses,~~assetsGain ~~which~~on ~~are~~disposal ~~primarily comprised~~ of ~~haulage~~long-lived ~~costs,~~assets ~~labor~~was ~~costs, and other selling and administration expenses, were~~ $~~7.9~~235 ~~billion~~million in ~~2024~~2025, ana ~~increase~~decrease of $~~0.4~~2 ~~billion,~~million ~~or 5%,~~ compared with ~~2023~~2024. ~~The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to labor cost increases of 9%, as a result of increased headcount from acquisitions and wage inflation; partially offset by divestitures.~~

~~2023~~Loss ~~versus~~on ~~2022~~impairmentsLoss on impairments in 2025 was $40 million, compared with $161 million in 2024, and was principally related to International Solutions. The decrease reflects the absence of the larger impairments recorded in 2024, primarily in the International Solutions segment.

~~SG&A~~Interest ~~expenses~~income ~~were~~Interest income was $~~7.5~~146 ~~billion~~million in ~~2023~~2025, an increase of $~~0.4~~3 ~~billion,~~million ~~or 6%,~~ compared with ~~2022~~2024. The increase in SG&A expenses primarily reflects labor cost increases of 14%, as a result of increased headcount, impacted by acquisitions and wage inflation; partially offset by lower haulage costs which decreased 4% compared with 2022 as a result of lower volumes and lower fuel costs.

~~Gain~~9* onRepresents ~~disposal~~a ofnon-GAAP ~~long~~measure. See “Non-~~lived~~GAAP ~~assets~~Reconciliation and Supplementary Information” on pages 35 to 38 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

~~2024 versus 2023~~32

~~Gain~~CRH onFORM ~~disposal of long~~10-~~lived assets was $237 million in 2024, an increase of $171 million compared with 2023. The increase mainly related to the disposal of certain land assets.~~K

~~2023~~Interest ~~versus~~expense ~~2022~~Interest expense was $810 million in 2025, an increase of $198 million, or 32%, compared with 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher gross debt balances. For additional information on our fixed rate debt issuances in 2025, see Note 10 “Debt” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Gain on disposal of long-lived assets was $66 million in 2023, an increase of $16 million compared with 2022, primarily due to gains on disposal of plant and equipment.

Loss on impairments

2024 versus 2023

Loss on impairments in 2024 was $161 million, compared with $357 million in 2023, and principally related to the International Solutions segment where an impairment was recognized related to the Architectural Products reporting unit, driven by challenging market conditions.

2023 versus 2022

Loss on impairments in 2023 was $357 million, compared with $nil million in 2022, and was principally in the International Solutions segment where an impairment was recognized related to our business in the Philippines which has been impacted by challenging market conditions.

Interest income

2024 versus 2023

Interest income was $143 million in 2024, a decrease of $63 million compared with 2023, primarily due to lower levels of cash deposits.

2023 versus 2022

Interest income was $206 million in 2023, an increase of $141 million compared with 2022, as a result of higher interest rates on deposits.

Interest expense

2024 versus 2023

Interest expense was $612 million in 2024, an increase of $236 million, or 63%, compared with 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher gross debt balances and increased interest rates. For additional information on new fixed rate debt issuance, see Note 11 “Debt” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

2023 versus 2022

Interest expense was $376 million in 2023, an increase of $32 million, or 9%, compared with 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest rates on floating rate debt, interest rate swaps and new fixed rate debt issued, partially offset by interest on maturing debt.

Other nonoperating income (expense), net

Other nonoperating income (expense), net was $29 million in 2025, a decrease of $229 million compared with 2024. Other nonoperating income (expense), net includes pension and postretirement benefit costs (excluding service costs), gains and losses from divestitures, and other miscellaneous income and expenses. The reduction versus ~~2023~~prior year was reflective of the non-recurrence of prior year gains on divestitures.

Other nonoperating income (expense), net, was income of $258 million in 2024, an increase of $260 million compared with 2023. Other nonoperating income (expense) net, includes pension and postretirement benefit costs (excluding service costs), gains and losses from divestitures, and other miscellaneous income and expenses. The increase was primarily related to gains on divestitures.

2023 versus 2022

Other nonoperating income (expense), net, was an expense of $2 million in 2023, a decrease of $67 million compared with 2022. The decrease was primarily related to a reduction of loss on divestitures to $nil million in 2023 which was $99 million in 2022, partly offset by pension-related movements of $27 million.

CRH Form 10-K 35

Income tax expense

The Company’s tax rate is driven by the tax rates in jurisdictions in which the Company operates and the relative amount of income earned in each jurisdiction. Income tax expense for the three-year period from ~~2022~~2023 to ~~2024~~2025 is shown below:

in $ millions, except effective tax rate	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,714	4,014	3,461
Income before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,805	4,714	4,014
Income tax expense	(1,~~085~~041)	(~~925~~1,085)	(~~762~~925)
Effective tax rate	2322%	23%	2223%

In 2025, the Company’s Income tax expense was $1,041 million, a decrease of $44 million compared with 2024. ~~versus~~The ~~2023~~effective tax rate was 22% for 2025 compared with 23% for 2024.

InIncome ~~2024,~~(loss) ~~the~~from ~~Company’s~~equity ~~income~~method ~~tax expense was $1.1 billion, an increase of $0.2 billion compared with 2023. The effective tax rate attributable to continuing operations was 23% for 2024, in line with 23% for 2023.~~ investments

~~2023~~In ~~versus~~2025, ~~2022~~income of $26 million was recorded in equity method investments, reflecting contributions from the Company’s investments in North America and Australia, compared with a loss of $108 million in 2024 as a result of an impairment of Yatai Building Materials in China.

In 2023, the Company’s income tax expense was $0.9 billion, an increase of $0.2 billion compared with 2022. The effective tax rate attributable to continuing operations was 23% for 2023 compared with 22% for 2022. The increase in the effective tax rate compared with the prior year was primarily driven by the impact of impairments not deductible for tax purposes in the year.

Loss from equity method investments

2024 versus 2023

In 2024, a loss of $108 million was recorded in equity method investments, primarily driven by an impairment in the Company’s equity method investment in Yatai Building Materials (YBM) in China, where market conditions remained challenging.

2023 versus 2022

In 2023, a loss of $17 million was recorded in equity method investments, primarily driven by the performance of the Company’s equity method investment in YBM in China, where market conditions remained challenging.

Income from continuing operations

2024 versus 2023

Income from continuing operations in 2024 amounted to $3.5 billion, an increase of $0.4 billion on 2023. This result was primarily driven by higher gross profit along with higher gains on divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets, which offset higher interest and SG&A expenses.

2023 versus 2022

Income from continuing operations in 2023 amounted to $3.1 billion, an increase of $0.4 billion on 2022. This result was primarily driven by an improved operating performance and higher interest income, partially offset by loss on impairments and a higher income tax expense.

Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense

2024 versus 2023

Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense was $nil million in both 2024 and 2023.

2023 versus 2022

Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense was $nil million in 2023, compared with income of $1.2 billion related to the divestiture of the Building Envelope business in 2022.

Net income attributable to CRH and earnings per share

2024 versus 2023

Net income attributable to CRH was $3.5 billion in 2024, an increase of $0.3 billion from 2023. Basic EPS from continuing operations for 2024 was $5.06, an increase of 16% on 2023. Basic EPS pre-impairment* from continuing operations for 2024 was $5.48, an increase of 18% on 2023.9

2023 versus 2022

Net income attributable to CRH was $3.2 billion in 2023, a decrease of $0.7 billion from 2022. Basic EPS from continuing operations for 2023 was $4.36, an increase of 22% on 2022. Basic EPS pre-impairment* from continuing operations for 2023 was $4.65.10

* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.9

CRH Form 10-K 36

Segments

~~During~~CRH ~~the~~is ~~fourth~~organized ~~quarter~~through ofthree ~~2024,~~reportable ~~the~~segments ~~Company's~~across ~~reportable~~two ~~segments~~Divisions. ~~changed~~CRH’s toAmericas ~~the~~Division ~~following~~is ~~three~~comprised of two segments: Americas Materials Solutions, and Americas Building Solutions,; and CRH’s International ~~Solutions;~~Division ~~across~~contains ~~two~~the ~~Divisions:~~other ~~CRH Americas and CRH International~~segment.

Within CRH’s segments, revenue is disaggregated by principal activities and products ~~and by primary geographic market~~. Business lines are reviewed and evaluated as follows: (1) Essential Materials, (2) Road Solutions, (3) Building & Infrastructure Solutions, and (4) Outdoor Living Solutions. The ~~vertically integrated~~ Essential Materials businesses manufacture and supply aggregates and ~~cement~~cementitious materials for use in a range of construction and industrial applications. Road Solutions support the manufacturing, installation and maintenance of public highway infrastructure projects and commercial infrastructure ~~projects~~. Building & Infrastructure Solutions connect, ~~protect~~ and ~~transport~~protect critical water, energy and telecommunications infrastructure and deliver complex commercial building projects. Outdoor Living Solutions integrate specialized materials, products and design features to enhance the quality of private and public spaces.

The Company’s measure of segment profit is Adjusted EBITDA, which is defined as earnings from continuing operations before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion, amortization, ~~loss~~Loss on impairments, gain/loss on divestitures and ~~unrealized gain/loss on~~ investments, ~~income~~Income/loss from equity method investments, substantial acquisition-related costs, and pension expense/income excluding current service cost component.

Americas Materials Solutions


		Analysis of Change
in $ millions	2024	Currency	Acquisitions	Divestitures	Organic	2025	% change
Total revenues	16,173	(16)	+961	(16)	(73)	17,029	+5%
Adjusted EBITDA	3,745	(2)	+180	+6	+73	4,002	+7%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	23.2%					23.5%

		Analysis of Change
in $ millions	2023	Currency	Acquisitions	Divestitures	Organic	2024	% change
Total revenues	15,435	(22)	+641	(112)	+231	16,173	+5%
Adjusted EBITDA	3,059	(6)	+180	(36)	+548	3,745	+22%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	19.8%					23.2%

Americas Materials Solutions’ Total revenues were 5% ahead of 2024, as contributions from acquisitions and pricing progress more than offset weather-impacted volumes earlier in the year.

~~Americas~~In Essential Materials, ~~Solutions’~~Total ~~total~~ revenues increased by 8%, supported by good pricing momentum and contributions from acquisitions. Aggregates volumes were 54% ahead of the ~~prior~~same ~~year~~period asin ~~price~~2024, ~~increases~~driven ~~and~~by contributions from acquisitions, ~~offset~~while ~~lower~~cement ~~activity~~volumes ~~levels~~increased ~~which~~by ~~were~~1%. ~~impacted~~Aggregates pricing increased by 4% year-on-year, reflecting adverse ~~weather.~~mix-effects, ~~Organic~~while ~~total~~cement revenues*prices were ahead by 1% ~~ahead~~.

In ~~Essential~~Road ~~Materials~~Solutions, ~~total~~Total revenues ~~were~~increased 5by 4% ~~ahead~~as ofimproved pricing and contributions from acquisitions more than offset weather-impacted volumes. Readymixed concrete volumes increased by 3% compared to the prior year, ~~supported~~driven by ~~aggregates~~acquisitions, ~~and~~while ~~cement~~ pricing, ~~which~~increased ~~were ahead~~ by 102%. Paving and 8construction revenues increased by 2%, ~~respectively.~~with ~~Aggregates~~construction ~~volumes~~backlogs ~~declined~~ahead byof 3%the ~~while~~prior ~~cement~~year. Asphalt volumes increased ~~by 1~~4% ~~compared~~over tothe ~~2023.~~prior year and pricing was in line.

InAdjusted ~~Road~~EBITDA ~~Solutions,~~for ~~total~~Americas ~~revenues~~Materials ~~increased~~Solutions bywas 57% ~~driven~~ahead byof ~~pricing~~2024, ~~progression~~driven ~~and sustained activity levels through continued state and federal funding support. Asphalt prices increased~~ by 3%disciplined ~~while~~cost ~~volumes~~management, ~~impacted~~operational byefficiencies ~~weather, declined 2% against 2023. Paving~~ and ~~construction~~strong ~~revenues~~performance ~~increased~~from ~~5% versus the prior year~~acquisitions. ~~Readymixed~~Adjusted ~~concrete~~EBITDA ~~pricing~~margin was 6%30bps ~~higher~~ahead ~~than~~of the prior year~~, while volumes were 1% ahead~~.

Adjusted EBITDA for Americas Materials Solutions of $3.7 billion was 22% ahead of the prior year with growth across all regions. Positive pricing, disciplined cost management and operational efficiencies along with gains on land asset sales offset lower volumes in certain markets. Organic Adjusted EBITDA* was 18% ahead of 2023. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by 340bps. 33

~~2023~~CRH FORM 10-K

Americas Building Solutions

Analysis of Change

in $ millions

~~2022~~2024

Currency

Acquisitions

Divestitures

Organic

~~2023~~2025

% change

Total revenues

147,~~324~~059

(444)

+~~242~~203

–(34)

~~+913~~(102)

157,~~435~~122

+81%

Adjusted EBITDA

21,~~638~~389

~~(6)~~—

+4254

–(7)

+~~385~~38

31,~~059~~474

+166%

Adjusted EBITDA margin

1819.47%

1920.87%

Americas ~~Materials~~Building Solutions’' ~~total~~Total revenues were 8%up ~~ahead of 2022, 6~~1% ~~ahead~~compared onto anthe organic*prior ~~basis~~year, ~~driven~~supported ~~primarily~~ by ~~price~~disciplined ~~progression~~commercial ~~across~~management ~~all~~and ~~business~~contributions ~~lines~~from ~~and~~acquisitions, ~~partly~~which offset bythe ~~lower~~impact ~~activity~~of ~~levels~~adverse weather earlier in ~~certain~~the ~~regions~~year.

In ~~Essential~~Building ~~Materials~~& ~~total~~Infrastructure ~~revenues~~Solutions, ~~increased~~Total byrevenues 10were 2% ahead of 2024, ~~supported~~driven by ~~double-digit~~a ~~pricing~~strong ~~growth~~performance in ~~both~~the ~~aggregates~~energy ~~and~~sector ~~cement,~~with ~~which~~increased ~~were~~activity ~~ahead~~in bythe ~~14%~~data ~~and~~center ~~15%~~end-market, ~~respectively.~~good ~~Aggregates~~underlying ~~volumes~~activity ~~declined~~in byour 1%water businesses and ~~cement~~contributions ~~volumes~~from ~~declined by 3%, impacted by unfavorable weather in certain regions~~acquisitions.

In ~~Road~~Outdoor Living Solutions, ~~total~~Total revenues ~~increased by 7% driven by increased pricing and positive infrastructure activity underpinned by IIJA funding. Asphalt prices increased by 7% while asphalt volumes~~ were in line with the prior year, as ~~improved~~incremental ~~demand~~growth infrom ~~the~~acquisitions ~~South and West during the second half of the year~~ was offset by ~~lower~~subdued ~~volumes~~residential indemand ~~the Great Lakes~~ and ~~Northeast~~adverse ~~regions.~~weather ~~Paving~~conditions ~~and~~across ~~construction~~certain ~~revenues increased by 6%~~markets. ~~Readymixed concrete pricing was 12% higher compared with 2022, however volumes were 2% behind due to lower activity levels in the South.~~

Adjusted EBITDA infor Americas ~~Materials~~Building Solutions ~~of $3.1 billion~~ was 166% ahead of ~~2022~~prior asyear, ~~increased~~supported ~~pricing~~by ~~across~~ongoing ~~all~~business ~~lines~~improvements, ofasset ~~business~~optimization initiatives and ~~operational~~contributions ~~efficiencies~~from ~~mitigated~~acquisitions, which more than offset the impact of ~~higher~~adverse ~~labor~~weather and ~~subcontractor~~subdued ~~costs~~residential activity. ~~Organic~~ Adjusted EBITDA* margin was ~~15%~~100bps ahead of ~~2022.~~the ~~Adjusted~~prior ~~EBITDA~~year ~~margin increased by 140bps~~period.1110

International Solutions

11* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.

Analysis of Change

in $ millions

2024

Currency

Acquisitions

Divestitures

Organic

2025

% change

Total revenues

12,340

+441

+1,057

(452)

(90)

13,296

+8%

Adjusted EBITDA

1,796

+81

+140

+10

+178

2,205

+23%

Adjusted EBITDA margin

14.6%

16.6%

~~CRH~~International ~~Form~~Solutions’ ~~10-K 37~~Total revenues were 8% ahead of the prior year, driven by contributions from acquisitions and favorable pricing.

~~Americas~~In ~~Building~~Essential ~~Solutions~~Materials, Total revenues were 9% ahead of 2024, as contributions from acquisitions and favorable pricing more than offset the impact of prior year divestitures. Aggregates and cement pricing were 2% and 1% ahead of the prior year, respectively, while aggregates and cement volumes were 5% and 7% ahead of the prior year, benefiting from acquisitions.

		Analysis of Change
in $ millions	2023	Currency	Acquisitions	Divestitures	Organic	2024	% change
Total revenues	7,017	(4)	+193	–	(147)	7,059	+1%
Adjusted EBITDA	1,442	(2)	+34	–	(85)	1,389	(4%)
Adjusted EBITDA margin	20.6%					19.7%

In Road Solutions, Total revenues were 7% ahead of 2024, with volumes and prices in readymixed concrete ahead by 11% and 4%, respectively, benefiting from volume growth and contributions from acquisitions. Asphalt volumes declined 4%, while pricing was in line with the prior year.

InTotal ~~2024,~~revenues ~~Americas~~in Building & Infrastructure Solutions' ~~total~~and ~~revenues~~Outdoor ~~were~~Living 1Solutions increased by 8% ~~ahead~~compared ofto the prior year, assupported ~~positive~~by contributions from acquisitions ~~were partially offset by subdued new-build residential demand and adverse weather~~. ~~Organic total revenues* were 2% behind the prior year.~~

InAdjusted ~~Building~~EBITDA &in ~~Infrastructure~~International Solutions, ~~total~~was ~~revenues were 2~~23% ahead of the prior year, aswith contributions from acquisitions, ~~offset~~pricing ~~lower~~progress ~~activity~~and ~~levels~~operational ~~due~~efficiencies todriving ~~adverse~~improvement. ~~weather~~Adjusted ~~conditions~~EBITDA ~~and~~margin ~~subdued~~increased ~~new-build~~by ~~residential~~200bps ~~demand~~compared to the prior year.

In10 ~~Outdoor Living Solutions, total revenues were flat compared with 2023 as unfavorable weather conditions offset increased sales into the retail channel.~~

Adjusted EBITDA for Americas Building Solutions was 4% behind 2023 and 6% behind on an organic* basis as adverse weather and subdued new-build residential demand impacted performance. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 90bps behind the prior year. 34

12CRH FORM 10-K

Analysis of Change

in $ millions

2022

Currency

Acquisitions

Divestitures

Organic

2023

% change

Total revenues

6,188

(14)

+751

–

+92

7,017

+13%

Adjusted EBITDA

1,219

(4)

+153

–

+74

1,442

+18%

Adjusted EBITDA margin

19.7%

20.6%

Americas Building Solutions recorded total revenues growth of 13%, driven by the continued execution of our integrated solutions strategy, good commercial progress through price increases and contributions from prior year acquisitions, primarily Barrette. Organic total revenues* were 1% ahead of 2022.

In Building & Infrastructure Solutions, total revenues growth was 6% due to increased demand in the water and energy sectors as well as contributions from recent acquisitions.

In Outdoor Living Solutions, total revenues growth was 18%, driven by positive pricing, resilient retail demand and the incremental impact of the Barrette acquisition in July 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA in Americas Building Solutions was 18% ahead of the prior year, 6% ahead on an organic* basis, driven by positive pricing and contributions from recent acquisitions which offset the impact of increased labor and raw materials costs. As a result, the Adjusted EBITDA margin was 90bps ahead of the prior year.13

* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.12

CRH Form 10-K 38

International Solutions

		Analysis of Change
in $ millions	2023	Currency	Acquisitions	Divestitures	Organic	2024	% change
Total revenues	12,497	+141	+808	(542)	(564)	12,340	(1%)
Adjusted EBITDA	1,675	+17	+100	(136)	+140	1,796	+7%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	13.4%					14.6%

International Solutions’ total revenues were 1% behind the prior year. Organic total revenues* were 4% behind as positive pricing momentum and good volume growth in Central and Eastern Europe were offset by lower volumes in Western Europe as well as lower trading activities in the Building & Infrastructure Solutions and Outdoor Living Solutions businesses.

In Essential Materials, total revenues were 2% behind as continued pricing progress and contributions from acquisitions were offset by the divestiture of the European Lime operations. Aggregates volumes were 3% ahead of 2023 with cement volumes 5% ahead, supported by good growth in Central and Eastern Europe as well as recent acquisitions. Aggregates pricing was 4% ahead and overall cement pricing was 3% ahead of 2023.

In Road Solutions, total revenues were 2% ahead of 2023. Volumes and prices were ahead in the readymixed concrete business by 8% and 3%, respectively, benefiting from volume growth in Central and Eastern Europe as well as acquisitions in the period. Asphalt volumes and pricing declined 2% and 1%, respectively. Paving and construction revenues were behind 2023 due to lower activity levels in Western Europe.

Total revenues in Building & Infrastructure Solutions and Outdoor Living Solutions declined by 6% compared with the prior year, amid continued subdued new-build residential activity.

Adjusted EBITDA in International Solutions was $1.8 billion, 7% ahead of 2023, and 8% ahead on an organic* basis, primarily driven by increased pricing, lower energy costs and operational efficiencies. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by 120bps compared with 2023.

202314

Analysis of Change

in $ millions

2022

Currency

Acquisitions

Divestitures

Organic

2023

% change

Total revenues

12,211

+255

+156

(157)

+32

12,497

+2%

Adjusted EBITDA

1,531

+34

+18

(12)

+104

1,675

+9%

Adjusted EBITDA margin

12.5%

13.4%

International Solutions’ performance in 2023 was driven by continued pricing progress which more than offset lower activity levels, resulting in total revenues growth of 2%. Organic* revenues were in line with the prior year.

In Essential Materials, total revenues were 5% ahead of 2022 driven by positive pricing for aggregates and cement which were ahead by 9% and 18%, respectively. Aggregates volumes declined by 7% while cement volumes were 13% behind (10% behind excluding the impact of 2022 divestitures) as activity levels were impacted by lower new-build residential activity and unfavorable weather in several key markets.

In Road Solutions, notwithstanding the impact of adverse weather in the first half of the year, pricing progress across all key markets resulted in total revenues for the year 2% ahead of 2022. Asphalt pricing increased by 10%, while volumes declined by 6%. Paving and construction revenues increased by 10%. Readymixed concrete pricing improved by 17%, while volumes decreased by 14%.

Total revenues in Building & Infrastructure Solutions and Outdoor Living Solutions declined by 2% compared with 2022 as increased infrastructure demand was more than offset by subdued new-build residential activity. Positive pricing and commercial progress was offset by lower activity experienced in several markets of the Precast and Construction Accessories businesses in particular.

In 2023 Adjusted EBITDA in International Solutions was $1.7 billion, 9% ahead of 2022 and 7% ahead on an organic* basis. Adjusted EBITDA growth was primarily driven by positive pricing and lower haulage and raw materials costs, which offset lower volume levels. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by 90bps compared with 2022.

14* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.

CRH Form 10-K 39

Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information

CRH uses a number of non-GAAP ~~performance~~financial measures to monitor financial performance. These measures are referred to throughout the discussion of our reported financial position and operating performance on a continuing operations basis unless otherwise defined and are measures which are regularly reviewed by CRH management. These ~~performance~~financial measures may not be uniformly defined by all companies and accordingly may not be directly comparable with similarly titled measures and disclosures by other companies.

Certain information presented is derived from amounts calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP but is not itself an expressly permitted GAAP measure. The non-GAAP ~~performance~~financial measures as summarized below should not be viewed in isolation or as an alternative to the ~~equivalent~~most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings from continuing operations before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion, amortization, ~~loss~~Loss on impairments, gain/loss on divestitures and ~~unrealized gain/loss on~~ investments, ~~income~~Income/loss from equity method investments, substantial acquisition-related costs, and pension expense/income excluding current service cost component. It is quoted by management in conjunction with other GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures to aid investors in their analysis of the performance of the Company. Adjusted EBITDA by segment is monitored by management in order to allocate resources between segments and to assess performance. ~~Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by expressing Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenues.~~

~~Reconciliation~~Adjusted toEBITDA ~~its~~margin ~~nearest~~is ~~GAAP~~calculated ~~measure~~by isexpressing ~~presented~~Adjusted ~~below:~~EBITDA as a percentage of Total revenues.

in $ millions	2024		2023		2022
Net income	3,521		3,072		3,889
Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense	–		–		(1,190)
Loss from equity method investments (i)	108		17		–
Income tax expense	1,085		925		762
(Gain) loss on divestitures and unrealized gains on investments (ii)	(250)		–		99
Pension income excluding current service cost component (ii)	(7)		(3)		(30)
Other interest, net (ii)	(1)		5		–
Interest expense	612		376		344
Interest income	(143)		(206)		(65)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	1,798		1,633		1,552
Loss on impairments (i)	161		357		–
Substantial acquisition-related costs (iii)	46		–		27
Adjusted EBITDA	6,930		6,176		5,388
Total revenues	35,572		34,949		32,723
Net income margin	9.9	%	8.8	%	11.9	%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	19.5%		17.7%		16.5%
(i) For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total impairment loss comprised $0.35 billion, principally related to the Architectural Products reporting unit within International Solutions and the equity method investment in China. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total impairment loss comprised $62 million within Americas Materials Solutions and $295 million within International Solutions.
(ii) (Gain) loss on divestitures and unrealized gains on investments, pension income excluding current service cost component and other interest, net have been included in Other nonoperating income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(iii) Represents expenses associated with non-routine substantial acquisitions, which meet the criteria for being separately reported in Note 4 “Acquisitions” of the audited financial statements. Expenses in 2024 and in 2022 primarily include legal and consulting expenses related to these non-routine substantial acquisitions.

Reconciliation to its most directly comparable GAAP measure is presented below:

Return on Net Assets (RONA): Return on Net Assets is a key internal pre-tax and pre-impairment (which is non-cash) measure of operating performance throughout the Company and can be used by management and investors to measure the relative use of assets between CRH’s segments. The metric measures management’s ability to generate income from the net assets required to support that business, focusing on both profit maximization and the maintenance of an efficient asset base; it encourages effective fixed asset maintenance programs, good decisions regarding expenditure on property, plant and equipment and the timely disposal of surplus assets. It also supports the effective management of the Company’s working capital base. RONA is calculated by expressing operating income from continuing operations and operating income from discontinued operations excluding loss on impairments (which is non-cash) as a percentage of average net assets. Net assets comprise total assets by segment (including assets held for sale) less total liabilities by segment (excluding finance lease liabilities and including liabilities associated with assets classified as held for sale) as shown below and detailed in Note 3 “Assets held for sale and discontinued operations” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and excludes equity method investments and other financial assets, Net Debt (as defined on page 42) and tax assets and liabilities. The average net assets for the year is the simple average of the opening and closing balance sheet figures.


in $ millions	2025		2024		2023
Net income	3,790		3,521		3,072

(Income) loss from equity method investments (i)	(26)		108		17
Income tax expense	1,041		1,085		925
Gain on divestitures and investments (ii)	(1)		(250)		—
Pension income excluding current service cost component (ii)	(21)		(7)		(3)
Other interest, net (ii)	(7)		(1)		5
Interest expense	810		612		376
Interest income	(146)		(143)		(206)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	2,156		1,798		1,633
Loss on impairments (i)	40		161		357
Substantial acquisition-related costs (iii)	45		46		—
Adjusted EBITDA	7,681		6,930		6,176

Total revenues	37,447		35,572		34,949
Net income margin	10.1	%	9.9	%	8.8	%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	20.5%		19.5%		17.7%

(i) For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Loss on impairments totaled $40 million, principally related to International Solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total impairment loss comprised $0.35 billion, principally related to the Architectural Products reporting unit within International Solutions and the equity method investment in China. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total impairment loss comprised $62 million within Americas Materials Solutions and $295 million within International Solutions.
(ii) Gain on divestitures and investments, pension income excluding current service cost component and other interest, net have been included in Other nonoperating income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(iii) Represents expenses associated with non-routine substantial acquisitions, which meet the criteria for being separately reported in Note 3 “Acquisitions” of the audited financial statements, as well as other acquisition costs of an extraordinary nature. Expenses in 2025 and 2024 primarily include legal, consulting and other tax expenses related to these acquisitions.

~~CRH~~Adjusted ~~Form~~Return 10on Invested Capital (Adjusted ROIC): Effective for the year ended December 31, 2025, we transitioned from presenting Return on Net Assets (RONA), which is a pre-~~K 40~~tax metric, to Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (Adjusted ROIC), which is an after-tax metric adjusted for items affecting comparability because they are of a non-recurring or extraordinary nature. Management believes Adjusted ROIC is a meaningful metric for investors because it illustrates the Company’s effectiveness in generating operating income from invested capital. This metric also reflects the impact of taxation and excludes certain items of a non-recurring or extraordinary nature, offering a more consistent period-over-period comparison of the Company’s underlying return performance.

~~Reconciliation~~Adjusted toROIC ~~its~~is ~~nearest~~an ~~GAAP~~after-tax measure of operating performance and can be used by management and investors to assess how efficiently we use capital to generate operating income. The metric measures management’s ability to generate after-tax adjusted operating income from the capital invested in the business, focusing on both after-tax operating income maximization and the maintenance of an efficient asset base. It is meaningful in order to evaluate fixed asset maintenance programs, decision-making with respect to expenditures on property, plant and equipment and timeliness of disposal of surplus assets. It also supports the evaluation of management of the Company’s working capital base. Adjusted ROIC is calculated by expressing net operating income after tax from continuing operations and net operating income after tax from discontinued operations adjusted for certain items affecting comparability because they are of a non-recurring or extraordinary nature as a percentage of the average of current year and prior year invested capital. The items affecting comparability because they are of a non-recurring or extraordinary nature for the periods presented below: are Loss on impairments and substantial acquisition-related costs. Invested capital is comprised of total equity as shown in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Net Debt (as defined on page 37) and excludes equity method investments. The average invested capital for the year is the simple average of the opening and closing balance sheet figures.

in $ millions		2024	2023	2022
Operating income	A	4,925	4,186	3,809
Operating income from discontinued operations		–	–	89
		4,925	4,186	3,898
Adjusted for loss on impairments (i)		161	357	–
Numerator for RONA computation		5,086	4,543	3,898
Current year
Segment assets (ii)		45,534	38,868	38,504
Segment liabilities (ii)		(9,771)	(10,169)	(8,883)
	B	35,763	28,699	29,621
Finance lease liabilities		257	117	81
		36,020	28,816	29,702
Assets held for sale (iii)		–	1,268	–
Liabilities associated with assets classified as held for sale (iii)		–	(375)	–
		36,020	29,709	29,702
Prior year
Segment assets (ii)		38,868	38,504	37,951
Segment liabilities (ii)		(10,169)	(8,883)	(9,246)
	C	28,699	29,621	28,705
Finance lease liabilities		117	81	83
		28,816	29,702	28,788
Assets held for sale (iii)		1,268	–	–
Liabilities associated with assets classified as held for sale (iii)		(375)	–	–
		29,709	29,702	28,788
Denominator for RONA computation - average net assets		32,865	29,706	29,245
Return on net segment assets (A divided by average of B and C)		15.3%	14.4%	13.1%
RONA		15.5%	15.3%	13.3%
Total assets as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		50,613	47,469	45,319
Total liabilities as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		27,763	25,848	22,279
(i) Operating income is adjusted for loss on impairments. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total impairment loss comprised $161 million within International Solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total impairment loss comprised $62 million within Americas Materials Solutions and $295 million within International Solutions.
(ii) Segment assets and liabilities as disclosed in Note 20 “Segment information” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.
(iii) Assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets classified as held for sale as disclosed in Note 3 “Assets held for sale and discontinued operations” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.


35

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 41

~~Net~~Reconciliation ~~Debt:~~to ~~Net~~its ~~Debt~~most isdirectly ~~used~~comparable byGAAP ~~management~~measure ~~as it gives additional insight into the Company’s current debt position less available cash. Net Debt~~ is ~~provided~~presented to enable investors to see the economic effect of gross debt, related hedges and cash and cash equivalents in total. Net Debt comprises short and long-term debt, finance lease liabilities, cash and cash equivalents and current and noncurrent derivative financial instruments (net).below:

Reconciliation to its nearest GAAP measure is presented below:


in $ millions	2025		2024		2023
Operating income	5,440		4,925		4,186
Loss on impairments (i)	40		161		357
Substantial acquisition-related costs (ii)	45		46		—
Adjusted operating income	5,525		5,132		4,543
Income tax adjustment (iii)	(1,197)		(1,180)		(1,047)
Numerator for Adjusted ROIC computation – adjusted net operating income after tax	4,328		3,952		3,496

Current year
Total equity	25,048		22,466		21,288
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	430		384		333
Short and long-term debt	17,653		13,968		11,642
Finance leases	534		257		117
Derivative financial instruments (net)	60		27		37
Cash and cash equivalents (iv)	(4,096)		(3,720)		(6,390)
Adjusted for:
Equity method investments	(502)		(737)		(620)
Invested capital	39,127		32,645		26,407

Prior year
Total equity	22,466		21,288		22,732
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	384		333		308
Short and long-term debt	13,968		11,642		9,636
Finance leases	257		117		81
Derivative financial instruments (net)	27		37		86
Cash and cash equivalents (iv)	(3,720)		(6,390)		(5,936)
Adjusted for:
Equity method investments	(737)		(620)		(649)
Invested capital	32,645		26,407		26,258

Denominator for Adjusted ROIC computation – average invested capital	35,886		29,526		26,332

Operating income/average invested capital	15.2	%	16.7	%	15.9	%

Adjusted ROIC	12.1	%	13.4	%	13.3	%

(i) For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Loss on impairments totaled $40 million, principally related to International Solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total impairment loss comprised $0.35 billion, principally related to the Architectural Products reporting unit within International Solutions and the equity method investment in China. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total impairment loss comprised $62 million within Americas Materials Solutions and $295 million within International Solutions.
(ii) Represents expenses associated with non-routine substantial acquisitions, which meet the criteria for being separately reported in Note 3 “Acquisitions” of the audited financial statements, as well as other acquisition costs of an extraordinary nature. Expenses in 2025 and 2024 primarily include legal, consulting and other tax expenses related to these acquisitions.
(iii) Income tax adjustment is defined as adjusted operating income multiplied by the Company’s effective tax rate of 22% in 2025 (23% in both 2024 and 2023).
(iv) 2023 includes $49 million cash and cash equivalents reclassified as held for sale.

in $ millions	2024	2023	2022
Short and long-term debt	(13,968)	(11,642)	(9,636)
Cash and cash equivalents (i)	3,720	6,390	5,936
Finance lease liabilities	(257)	(117)	(81)
Derivative financial instruments (net)	(27)	(37)	(86)
Net Debt	(10,532)	(5,406)	(3,867)
(i) 2023 includes $49 million cash and cash equivalents reclassified as held for sale.


36

~~Organic Revenue and Organic Adjusted EBITDA:~~ CRH ~~pursues~~FORM a strategy of growth through acquisitions and investments, with total consideration spent on acquisitions and investments of $5.0 billion in 2024, compared with $0.7 billion in 2023. Acquisitions completed in 2024 and 2023 contributed incremental total revenues of $1.6 billion and Adjusted EBITDA of $0.3 billion in 2024. Cash proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long10-lived assets (including deferred divestiture consideration received) amounted to $1.4 billion in 2024, compared with $0.1 billion in 2023. The total revenues impact of divestitures in 2024 was a negative $0.7 billion and the impact at an Adjusted EBITDA level was a negative $0.2 billion. K

~~The~~Net UDebt: Net Debt is used by management as it gives additional insight into the Company’s current debt position less available cash.S. ~~Dollar~~Net ~~weakened~~Debt ~~against~~is ~~most~~provided ~~major~~to ~~currencies~~enable ~~during~~investors ~~2024~~to ~~resulting~~see inthe aneconomic ~~overall~~effect ~~positive~~of ~~currency~~gross ~~exchange~~debt, ~~impact~~related hedges and cash and cash equivalents in ~~2024~~total. Net Debt is comprised of short and long-term debt, finance lease liabilities, cash and cash equivalents, and current and noncurrent derivative financial instruments (net).

Reconciliation to its most directly comparable GAAP measure is presented below:


in $ millions	2025	2024	2023
Short and long-term debt	(17,653)	(13,968)	(11,642)
Cash and cash equivalents (i)	4,096	3,720	6,390
Finance lease liabilities	(534)	(257)	(117)
Derivative financial instruments (net)	(60)	(27)	(37)
Net Debt	(14,151)	(10,532)	(5,406)

(i) 2023 includes $49 million cash and cash equivalents reclassified as held for sale.

Organic Revenue and Organic Adjusted EBITDA: CRH pursues a strategy of growth through acquisitions and investments, with total consideration spent on acquisitions and investments of $4.1 billion in 2025, compared with $5.0 billion in 2024. Acquisitions completed in 2025 and 2024 contributed incremental total revenues of $2.2 billion and Adjusted EBITDA of $0.4 billion in 2025. Cash proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets (including deferred divestiture consideration received) amounted to $0.5 billion in 2025, compared with $1.4 billion in 2024. The total revenues impact of divestitures in 2025 was a negative $0.5 billion and the impact at an Adjusted EBITDA level was a positive $9 million.

The U.S. Dollar weakened against most major currencies during 2025 resulting in an overall positive currency exchange impact in 2025.

Because of the impact of acquisitions, divestitures, currency exchange translation and other non-recurring items on reported results each year, CRH uses organic revenue and organic Adjusted EBITDA as additional performance indicators to assess performance of pre-existing (also referred to as underlying, like-for-like or ongoing) operations each year.

Organic revenue and organic Adjusted EBITDA are arrived at by excluding the incremental revenue and Adjusted EBITDA contributions from current and prior year acquisitions and divestitures, the impact of exchange translation, and the impact of any one-off items. In the Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section on pages 3733 to 3934, changes in organic revenue and organic Adjusted EBITDA are presented as additional measures of revenue and Adjusted EBITDA to provide a greater understanding of the performance of the Company. Organic change % is calculated by expressing the organic movement as a percentage of the prior year (adjusted for currency exchange effects). A reconciliation of the changes in organic revenue and organic Adjusted EBITDA to the changes in ~~total~~Total revenues and Adjusted EBITDA by segment, is presented with the discussion within each segment’s performance in tables contained in the segment discussion in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” commencing on page 3130.

~~Basic~~Diluted EPS pre‑impairment: ~~Basic~~Diluted EPS pre‑impairment is a measure of the Company's profitability per share from continuing operations excluding any ~~loss~~Loss on impairments (which is non-cash) and the related tax impact of such impairments. It is used by management to evaluate the Company's underlying profit performance and its own past performance. ~~Basic~~Diluted EPS information presented on a pre‑impairment basis is useful to investors as it provides an insight into the Company's underlying performance and profitability. ~~Basic~~Diluted EPS pre‑impairment is calculated as Net income ~~from continuing operations~~ adjusted for (i) ~~net~~Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (ii) ~~net~~Net ~~loss~~ (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (iii) adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests to redemption value and excluding any ~~loss~~Loss on impairments (and the related tax impact of such impairments) divided by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year.

Reconciliation to its ~~nearest~~most directly comparable GAAP measure is presented below:

in $ millions, except share and per share data	~~2024~~2025	Per Share - ~~basic~~diluted	~~2023~~2024	Per Share - ~~basic~~diluted	~~2022~~2023	Per Share - ~~basic~~diluted
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic	683.3		723.9		758.3
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted	677.0		689.5		729.2
Income from continuing operations	3,521	$5.15	3,072	$4.24	2,699	$3.56
Net income	3,790	$5.60	3,521	$5.11	3,072	$4.21
Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	($0.04)	(28)	($0.04)	(2728)	($0.0304)
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(19)	–($0.02)	~~134~~(1)	~~$0.19~~–	–134	–$0.19
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests to redemption value	(3423)	($0.0503)	(2434)	($0.0305)	40(24)	($0.0503)
Income from continuing operations for EPS	3,458	$5.06	3,154	$4.36	2,712	$3.58
Net income attributable to CRH for EPS	3,730	$5.51	3,458	$5.02	3,154	$4.33
Impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets	~~161~~40	$0.2406	~~224~~161	$0.3023	–224	–$0.30
Impairment of equity method investments (net of tax)	151	$0.22	–	–	–	–
Tax related to impairment charges	–	–	(26)	($0.04)	(9)	($0.01)
Tax related to impairment charges	(26)	($0.04)	(9)	($0.01)	–	–
Impairment of equity method investments (net of tax)	–	–	151	$0.22	–	—
Income from continuing operations for EPS – pre-impairment (i)	3,744	$5.48	3,369	$4.65	2,712	$3.58
Net income attributable to CRH for EPS – pre-impairment (i)	3,770	$5.57	3,744	$5.43	3,369	$4.62
(i) Reflective of CRH’s share of impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (2024: $161 million; 2023: $224 million), an impairment of equity method investments (2024: $190 million; 2023: $nil million) and related tax effect.
(i) Reflective of CRH’s share of impairment of property, plant and equipment, intangible and other assets (2025: $40 million; 2024: $161 million; 2023: $224 million), an impairment of equity method investments (2024: $190 million) and related tax effect.

~~CRH Form 10-K 42~~37

~~Liquidity~~CRH ~~and~~FORM ~~Capital Resources15~~10-K

~~The~~Adjusted ~~Company’s~~Free ~~primary~~Cash ~~source~~Flow: ofAdjusted ~~incremental~~Free ~~liquidity~~Cash Flow is ~~cash~~a ~~flows~~liquidity ~~from~~measure ~~operating activities, which combined with the year-end cash~~ and ~~cash equivalents balance, the U.S. Dollar and Euro Commercial Paper Programs, and committed credit lines,~~ is ~~expected~~defined toas beNet ~~sufficient~~cash toprovided ~~meet~~by ~~the~~operating ~~Company’s~~activities ~~working~~adjusted ~~capital needs, capital expenditures, dividends, share repurchases, upcoming debt maturities, and other liquidity requirements associated with our operations~~ for ~~the~~Proceeds ~~foreseeable future. In addition, the Company believes that it will have sufficient ability to fund additional acquisitions via cash flows~~ from ~~internally~~disposal ~~available~~of ~~cash,~~long-lived ~~cash~~assets ~~flows~~less ~~from~~Maintenance ~~operating~~capital ~~activities~~expenditure. ~~and,~~Adjusted ~~subject~~Free toCash ~~market~~Flow ~~conditions,~~Conversion ~~via~~is ~~obtaining~~defined ~~additional~~as ~~borrowings~~Adjusted ~~and/or~~Free ~~issuing~~Cash ~~additional~~Flow ~~debt~~divided orby ~~equity~~Net ~~securities~~income.

~~Total~~Management ~~short~~believes ~~and~~that ~~long-term~~Adjusted ~~debt~~Free ~~was~~Cash ~~$14.0~~Flow ~~billion~~and atAdjusted ~~December~~Free ~~31,~~Cash ~~2024,~~Flow ~~compared~~Conversion ~~with~~are ~~$11.6~~useful ~~billion~~metrics infor ~~2023~~both management and ~~$9.6~~investors ~~billion~~ in ~~2022.~~evaluating Inthe ~~January~~Company’s ~~2024,~~ability ~~€600~~to ~~million~~generate ~~1.875%~~cash ~~euro~~flow ~~Senior~~from ~~Notes~~operations ~~were~~after ~~repaid~~making oninvestments ~~maturity.~~in Inmaintaining ~~May~~its ~~2024,~~asset ~~wholly-owned~~base. ~~subsidiaries~~As ofis the ~~Company~~case ~~issued~~with ~~$750~~the ~~million~~other ~~5.20%~~non-GAAP ~~Senior~~measures ~~Notes due 2029 and $750 million 5.40% Senior Notes due 2034. In July 2024~~presented, asusers ~~part~~should ofconsider the ~~Adbri~~limitations ~~acquisition $0.5 billion~~ of ~~external~~using ~~debt~~Adjusted ~~was~~Free ~~acquired.~~Cash InFlow ~~December~~and ~~2024,~~Adjusted ~~the~~Free ~~Company~~Cash ~~entered~~Flow ~~into~~Conversion, ~~and~~including ~~drew~~the ~~down~~fact athat ~~$750~~those ~~million~~measures ~~two-year~~do ~~term~~not ~~loan~~provide at a ~~fixed~~complete ~~rate~~measure of ~~4.91%.~~our ~~For~~cash ~~additional~~flows ~~information~~for onany ~~new~~period. ~~fixed~~In ~~rate debt issuance~~particular, ~~see~~Adjusted ~~Note~~Free 11Cash ~~“Debt”~~Flow ~~in Item 8. “Financial Statements~~ and ~~Supplementary~~Adjusted ~~Data”.~~Free ~~Net~~Cash Debt*Flow atConversion ~~December~~are ~~31,~~not ~~2024,~~intended ~~was~~to ~~$10.5~~be ~~billion,~~a ~~compared~~measure ~~with~~of ~~$5.4 billion in 2023. The increase in Net Debt* between 2024 and 2023 reflects acquisitions,~~ cash ~~returns~~flow toavailable ~~shareholders~~for ~~through~~management’s ~~dividends~~discretionary ~~and continued share buybacks~~use, as ~~well~~these asmeasures ~~the~~do ~~purchase~~not ofreflect ~~property,~~certain ~~plant~~cash ~~and equipment~~requirements, ~~partially~~such ~~offset~~as bydebt ~~inflows~~service ~~from~~requirements ~~operating activities~~ and ~~proceeds~~other ~~from~~contractual ~~divestitures~~commitments.

~~CRH~~Reconciliation ~~continued~~to its ~~ongoing~~most ~~share~~directly ~~buyback~~comparable ~~program~~GAAP inmeasure ~~2024~~is ~~repurchasing~~presented 15.9 million ordinary shares for a total consideration of $1.3 billion, and in 2023 54.9 million ordinary shares were repurchased for total consideration of $3.0 billion. The Company also made cash dividend payments of $1.7 billion in 2024 and $0.9 billion in 2023.below:

At December 31, 2024, CRH had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $3.8 billion compared with $6.4 billion in 2023 and $5.9 billion in 2022. Total lease liabilities were $1.6 billion compared with $1.5 billion in 2023 and $1.3 billion in 2022.


in $ millions	2025	2024	2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	5,625	4,989	5,017
Proceeds from disposal of long-lived assets	315	272	104
Maintenance capital expenditure (i)	(971)	(1,036)	(866)
Adjusted Free Cash Flow	4,969	4,225	4,255

Net income	3,790	3,521	3,072
Net cash provided by operating activities/Net income	148%	142%	163%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion	131%	120%	139%

(i) Maintenance capital expenditure refers to capital expenditure that is routine, essential, and part of day-to-day operations, focusing on preserving the value, functionality, and profitability of existing assets. Growth capital expenditure is intended to increase profitability by expanding capacity, improving efficiency or fulfilling strategic objectives. A reconciliation of total capital expenditure to maintenance capital expenditure is provided below:

At December 31, 2024, CRH had $3.8 billion of undrawn committed facilities, $3.6 billion of which is available until May 2029. At December 31, 2024, the weighted average maturity of the term debt (net of cash and cash equivalents) was 7.5 years.


in $ millions	2025	2024	2023
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangibles (total capital expenditure)	(2,713)	(2,578)	(1,817)
Growth capital expenditure	(1,742)	(1,542)	(951)
Maintenance capital expenditure	(971)	(1,036)	(866)


38

CRH FORM 10-K

Liquidity and Capital Resources11

The Company’s primary source of incremental liquidity is cash flows from operating activities, which combined with the year-end cash and cash equivalents balance, the uncommitted U.S. Dollar and Euro Commercial Paper Programs, and committed credit lines, is expected to be sufficient to meet the Company’s working capital needs, capital expenditure, dividends, share repurchases, upcoming debt maturities, and other liquidity requirements associated with our operations for the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company believes that it will have sufficient ability to fund additional acquisitions via cash flows from internally available cash, cash flows from operating activities and, subject to market conditions, via obtaining additional borrowings and/or issuing additional debt or equity securities.

Total short and long-term debt was $17.7 billion as of December 31, 2025, compared with $14.0 billion in 2024. In January 2025, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company completed the issuance of $1.25 billion 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030, $1.25 billion 5.500% Senior Notes due 2035, and $0.5 billion 5.875% Senior Notes due 2055. In October 2025, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company completed the issuance of $1.0 billion 4.400% Senior Notes due 2031, $1.0 billion 5.000% Senior Notes due 2036, and $0.5 billion 5.600% Senior Notes due 2056. During the year ended December 31, 2025, $1.2 billion net of U.S. Dollar Commercial Paper and $0.2 billion net of Euro Commercial Paper was repaid. The $1.25 billion Senior Notes due 2025 were repaid on maturity in May 2025. For additional information on fixed rate debt issuances in 2025, see Note 10 “Debt” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Net Debt* as of December 31, 2025, was $14.2 billion, compared with $10.5 billion in 2024. The increase in Net Debt* between 2025 and 2024 reflects acquisitions, cash returns to shareholders through dividends and continued share buybacks, as well as the purchase of property, plant and equipment, partially offset by inflows from operating activities.

CRH continued its ongoing share buyback program in 2025 repurchasing 11.7 million Ordinary Shares for a total consideration of $1.2 billion, and, in 2024, 15.9 million Ordinary Shares were repurchased for total consideration of $1.3 billion. The Company also made cash dividend payments of $1.0 billion in 2025 and $1.7 billion in 2024.

As of December 31, 2025, CRH had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $4.1 billion compared with $3.8 billion in 2024. Total lease liabilities were $2.1 billion compared with $1.6 billion in 2024.

As of December 31, 2025, CRH had $4.3 billion of undrawn committed facilities available until 2030. During April 2025, the Company extended the maturity date of its €3.5 billion ($4.1 billion) multi-currency revolving credit facility to May 2030. As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average maturity of the term debt (net of cash and cash equivalents) was 9.5 years.

Cash flows

Cash flows from operating activities

	For the years ended December 31
in $ millions	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	45,~~989~~625	54,~~017~~989	35,~~800~~017

Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $5.6 billion in 2025 from $5.0 billion in 2024, ~~versus~~an ~~2023~~increase of $0.6 billion. The improvement was driven by higher operating income and favorable working capital movements, reflecting stronger profitability and continued efficient management of operating assets and liabilities during the year.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $5.0 billion in 2024, in line with $5.0 billion in 2023. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2024 was primarily from net income of $3.5 billion, adjusted for depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $1.8 billion and loss on impairments of $0.35 billion, partly offset by higher non-operating cash adjustments and working capital outflows.

2023 versus 2022

Net cash provided by operating activities was $5.0 billion in 2023 and $3.8 billion in 2022. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2023 was primarily from net income of $3.1 billion, adjusted for depreciation, depletion, and amortization of $1.6 billion and loss on impairments of $0.4 billion. The primary drivers of the $1.2 billion increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2023 compared with 2022 were lower non-cash adjustments and positive working capital movements.

Cash flows from investing activities

	For the years ended December 31
in $ millions	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Net cash used in investing activities	(6,~~291~~045)	(26,~~391~~291)	(~~917~~2,391)

Net cash used in investing activities of $6.0 billion in 2025 decreased by $0.3 billion from $6.3 billion in 2024. ~~versus~~This ~~2023~~decrease was primarily driven by lower spend on acquisitions in the year, partly offset by lower proceeds from divestitures, resulting in $0.3 billion less cash used in the period. Capital expenditure of $2.7 billion, increased by $0.1 billion compared with the prior year, reflecting the Company’s continued investment in growth projects.

Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased to $6.3 billion in 2024 from $2.4 billion in 2023, an increase of $3.9 billion. Capital expenditure totaled $2.6 billion, resulting in an increased outflow of $0.8 billion versus prior year. During 2024, net cash used on acquisitions and divestitures was $3.5 billion as acquisition spend exceeded proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets, primarily related to the completed divestiture of the European Lime operations and the divestiture of certain operations in Canada.


	For the years ended December 31
in $ millions	2025	2024	2023
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	596	(1,186)	(2,380)

~~2023~~Net ~~versus~~cash ~~2022~~provided by financing activities was $0.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $1.8 billion. Proceeds from debt issuances were $10.5 billion, an increase of $6.5 billion, which was primarily related to the issuance of $3.0 billion and $2.5 billion in new senior notes issued in January and October 2025, respectively, and the issuance of $4.8 billion of commercial paper. Payments on debt were $7.6 billion, primarily the repayment of $6.0 billion issued under the Company’s commercial paper programs and the repayment of a $1.25 billion bond on maturity in May 2025. Dividends paid were $1.0 billion while outflows related to repurchases of common stock were $1.2 billion in the year.

~~Net~~*Represents ~~cash used in investing activities increased to $2.4 billion in 2023 from $0.9 billion in 2022, an increase of $1.5 billion. This increase was primarily driven by~~ a ~~reduction~~non-GAAP ~~in proceeds from divestitures and increased capital expenditure~~measure. InSee ~~2022,~~“Non-GAAP ~~net~~Reconciliation ~~cash provided by acquisition~~ and ~~divestiture~~Supplementary ~~activity~~Information” ~~was $0.6 billion as divestiture proceeds more than offset acquisition spend. In 2023, net cash used~~ on ~~acquisitions~~pages ~~and~~35 ~~divestitures~~to ~~was~~38 ~~$0.5~~for ~~billion as acquisition spend exceeded proceeds from divestitures and disposal of long-lived assets. Net cash used in investing activities also increased as~~ a ~~result~~reconciliation ~~of purchases of property, plant and equipment increasing~~ to ~~$1.8~~the ~~billion~~most indirectly ~~2023,~~comparable anGAAP ~~increase of $0~~measure.3 ~~billion compared with 2022.~~11

*Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42. 1539

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 43

Cash flows from financing activities

	For the years ended December 31
in $ millions	2024	2023	2022
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,186)	(2,380)	(2,499)

Net cash used in financing activities was $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.2 billion. Proceeds from debt issuances were $4.0 billion, an increase of $0.8 billion, which was primarily related to the issuance and sale of $750 million 5.20% Senior Notes due 2029 and $750 million 5.40% Senior Notes due 2034, the drawdown of a $750 million fixed rate loan due 2026, as well as the issuance of $1.7 billion under the Company’s commercial paper programs. Payments of debt were $1.9 billion, primarily the repayment of the €600 million 1.875% euro Senior Notes on maturity in January 2024 as well as the repayment of $1.2 billion issued under the Company’s commercial paper programs. Dividends paid were $1.7 billion, an increase of 81% compared with 2023. In 2024, the Company moved to payment of quarterly dividends in addition to the payment of the second interim 2023 dividend while the same period in the prior year saw an outflow related to the final 2022 dividend and the first interim 2023 dividend. Outflows related to the repurchases of common stock were $1.5 billion, compared to $3.1 billion in 2023.

2023 versus 2022

The $0.1 billion decrease in cash used in financing activities between 2023 and 2022 was driven by a number of factors. Payments of debt increased to $1.5 billion from $0.4 billion in 2022. CRH repaid a €750 million euro-denominated Senior Notes on maturity in April 2023 and a €500 million euro-denominated Senior Notes on maturity in November 2023. Offsetting these increases in cash outflows was an increase in proceeds from debt issuances when CRH issued €2 billion of euro-denominated Senior Notes in July 2023 as well as net issuance of $1.0 billion under the Company’s U.S. Dollar Commercial Paper Program. Cash outflows related to repurchases of common stock increased to $3.1 billion compared with $1.2 billion in 2022. Dividends paid in 2023 amounted to $0.9 billion, an increase of 3% compared with 2022.

Debt facilities

The following section summarizes certain material provisions of our debt facilities and long-term debt obligations. The following description is only a summary, does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the documents governing such indebtedness (available in the Investors section of our website - www.crh.com).

AtAs of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, maturities for the next four quarters and for the next five years are as follows:

2025 Debt Maturities


2026 Debt Maturities
First Quarter			$0.2 billion
Second Quarter			–
Third Quarter			–
Fourth Quarter			$0.9 billion

First Quarter	$1.6 billion
2026-2030 Debt Maturities
Second Quarter	$1.3 billion
2026	$1.1	billion
Third Quarter	–
2027	$2.2	billion
Fourth Quarter	–
2028	$2.0	billion
2029	$1.4	billion
2030	$2.3 billion

2025-2029 Debt Maturities

2025			$2.9 billion
2026			$1.9 billion
2027			$1.4 billion
2028			$1.5 billion
2029			$1.3 billion

Unsecured senior notes

The main sources of Company debt funding are debt capital markets in North America and Europe. See Note 1110 “Debt” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further details regarding our debt obligations. In January 2025, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company completed the issuance of $1.25 billion 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030, $1.25 billion 5.500% Senior Notes due 2035, and $0.5 billion 5.875% Senior Notes due 2055. In May 2025, $1.25 billion 3.875% Senior Notes due 2025 were repaid on maturity. In October 2025, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company completed the issuance of $1.0 billion 4.400% Senior Notes due 2031, $1.0 billion 5.000% Senior Notes due 2036, and $0.5 billion 5.600% Senior Notes due 2056.

In May 2024, wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company completed the issuance and sale of $750 million 5.20% Senior Notes due 2029 and $750 million 5.40% Senior Notes due 2034.

Bank credit facilities

The Company manages its borrowing ability by entering into committed borrowing agreements. The Company has a multi-currency revolving credit facility (the ‘RCF’), dated May 2023, which is made available from a syndicate of lenders, consisting of a €3.5 billion unsecured, revolving loan facility. ~~with~~During April 2025, the Company completed a one-year extension option of the RCF extending the maturity indate to May ~~2029~~2030. See Note 1110 “Debt” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further details regarding the RCF. ~~In December 2024, the Company entered into and drew down a $750 million two-year term loan at a fixed rate of 4.91%. At December 31, 2024, the loan was fully drawn.~~

Interest on drawings on the ~~Company's~~ RCF are based upon ~~Euro~~the ~~Interbank~~Secured ~~Offer~~Overnight Financing Rate (~~EURIBOR~~SOFR) for ~~euro~~U.S. Dollar drawings, ~~the~~Euro ~~Secured~~Interbank ~~Overnight~~Offer ~~Financing~~ Rate (~~SOFR~~EURIBOR) for ~~U.S.~~euro ~~Dollar~~ drawings, Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA) for Pound Sterling drawings and the Swiss Average Rate Overnight (SARON) for Swiss Franc drawings, respectively. AtAs of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the RCF was undrawn.

Guarantees

The Company has given letters of guarantee to secure obligations of subsidiary undertakings as follows: $1316.16 billion in respect of loans and borrowings, bank advances and derivative obligations, compared with $1113.31 billion in ~~2023~~2024, and $0.45 billion in respect of letters of credit due within one year, compared with $0.4 billion in ~~2023~~2024.

CRH Form 10-K 44

Commercial paper programs

The Company has a $4.0 billion U.S. Dollar Commercial Paper Program and a €1.5 billion Euro Commercial Paper Program. Commercial paper borrowings bear interest at rates determined at the time of borrowing. As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, there was $~~1.2~~nil billion of outstanding issued notes on the U.S. Dollar Commercial Paper Program and $0.32 billion of outstanding issued notes on the Euro Commercial Paper Program. The purpose of these programs is to provide short-term liquidity.

Off-~~balance~~Balance sheet arrangements

CRH does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on CRH’s financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital ~~expenditures~~expenditure or capital resources that may be material to investors.

~~Debt~~Credit ~~ratings616~~ratings712

Our ~~debt~~credit ratings and outlooks atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, are as follows:


	Short-Term	Long-Term	Outlook
S&P	A-2	BBB+	Stable
Moody’s	P-2	Baa1	Stable
Fitch	F1	BBB+	Stable

7 A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher-borrowing costs, including costs of derivative transactions and reduced access to debt capital markets, and may adversely impact our liquidity.12


40

CRH FORM 10-K

Contractual obligations

An analysis of the maturity profile of debt, leases capitalized, purchase obligations, deferred and contingent acquisition consideration, and ~~pension~~retirement ~~scheme~~benefit ~~contribution~~obligation commitments atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, is as follows:

Payments due by period

Total

Less than 1 year

2-3 years

4-5 years

More than 5 years

in $ millions

Short and long-term debt (i)

1417,~~040~~738

31,~~018~~192

34,~~372~~273

23,~~799~~690

48,~~851~~583

Lease liabilities (ii)

2,~~083~~592

~~349~~432

~~525~~684

~~321~~461

~~888~~1,015

Estimated interest payments on contractually committed debt (iii)

36,~~501~~694

~~470~~736

~~765~~1,322

~~535~~1,034

13,~~731~~602

Deferred and contingent acquisition consideration

5870

4456

107

Purchase obligations (iv)

2,~~549~~380

1,~~750~~673

~~439~~381

~~150~~92

~~210~~234

Retirement benefit obligation commitments (v)

Total (v)

29,474

4,089

6,667

5,282

13,436

Total (vi)

22,249

5,634

5,117

3,812

7,686

(i) Of the $1417.07 billion short and long-term debt, $0.57 billion is drawn on revolving facilities which may be repaid and redrawn up to the date of maturity.

(ii) Lease liabilities are presented on an undiscounted basis as detailed in Note 1211 “Leases” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

(iii) These interest payments have been estimated on the basis of the following assumptions: (a) no change in variable interest rates; (b) no change in exchange rates; (c) that all debt is repaid as if it falls due from future cash generation; and (d) that none is refinanced by future debt ~~issuance~~issuances.

(iv) Purchase obligations include contracted-for capital expenditure. These expenditures for replacement and new projects are in the ordinary course of business and will be financed from internal resources.

(v) ~~These~~Over ~~retirement~~the ~~benefit~~long ~~commitments~~term, ~~comprise~~CRH believes that our available cash and cash equivalents, cash from operating activities, along with the ~~contracted~~access ~~payments~~to ~~related~~borrowing facilities will be sufficient to fund our ~~pension~~long-term ~~schemes~~contractual inobligations, ~~the~~maturing ~~United~~debt ~~Kingdom~~obligations and capital expenditure.

(vi) Over the long term, CRH believes that our available cash and cash equivalents, cash from operating activities, along with the access to borrowing facilities will be sufficient to fund our long-term contractual obligations, maturing debt obligations and capital expenditures.41

6CRH AFORM security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.16 10-K

CRH Form 10-K 45

Critical Accounting Estimates

Impairment of goodwill 1713

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of net assets acquired in business combinations over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill impairment exists when the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The impairment evaluation is a critical accounting policy because goodwill is material to our total assets (as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, goodwill represents 22% of total assets), and the evaluation involves the use of significant estimates, key assumptions and judgment. There has been no change to the impairment of goodwill critical accounting estimate in the current ~~financial~~fiscal year.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, one level below our reportable segments, with 26 reporting units identified for testing. The Company has the option of either assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the carrying value of our reporting units exceeds their respective fair value or proceeding directly to a quantitative test. We elected to perform the quantitative impairment test for all years presented. If the fair value exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired. However, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized by writing down the assets to their fair value.

We determine the carrying value of each reporting unit by assigning assets and liabilities, including goodwill, to those reporting units as of the measurement date. We estimate the fair values using a discounted cash flow model which requires management to make significant estimates and judgments regarding the future cash flows expected to be generated by reporting units to which goodwill has been allocated. The cash flow forecasts are primarily based on a five-year strategic plan document formally approved by the Board of Directors. In assessing the fair value, cash flow forecasts are extrapolated using long-term growth rates to determine the basis for an annuity-based terminal value. These net cash flow forecasts reflect volume, price and cost (including the cost of carbon where applicable) assumptions in addition to other cash flow movements. Adjusted EBITDA margin* is deemed an appropriate measure for assessing the estimation uncertainty associated with price and cost assumptions. Future cash flows, including the terminal value, are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted. The estimates of future cash flows exclude cash inflows or outflows attributable to financing activities and income tax. Management periodically evaluates and updates the estimates based on the conditions which influence these variables.

As in prior years, the terminal value is based on a 20-year annuity, with the exception of certain long-lived cement assets, where an assumption of a 30-year annuity has been used. Projected cash flows beyond the initial evaluation period have been extrapolated using real growth rates ranging from 1.7% to 1.8% in the Americas, 0.6% to 3.0% in Europe, 1.9% in Australia and 3.0% in Asia. Such real growth rates do not exceed the long-term average growth rates for the countries in which each reporting unit operates. The fair value represents the present value of the future cash flows, including the terminal value, discounted at a rate appropriate to each reporting unit.

We also considered the potential impact of a scenario of estimated higher carbon costs past the strategic plan period across our reporting units subject to the ~~European~~EU ~~Union~~ and ~~United~~UK ~~Kingdom~~ Emissions Trading Systems. These reporting units have sufficient levels of headroom to absorb the estimated higher carbon costs which may not be recovered through pricing.

The assumptions and conditions for determining impairments of goodwill reflect management’s best assumptions and estimates, but these items involve inherent uncertainties described above, many of which are not under management’s control. As a result, the accounting for such items as a change to a reporting unit’s prospects, which may result from a change in market conditions, market trends, interest rates or other factors outside our control, or underperformance relative to historical or forecast projections, could result in a different estimate of the fair value of our reporting unit resulting in an impairment charge in the future.

The results of our annual impairment testing for 2024 indicated that all of our reporting units exceeded their carrying value except for the Architectural Products reporting unit within International Solutions. Its fair value did not exceed carrying value, driven by challenging market conditions which had an impact on growth prospects and as such an impairment loss of $72 million has been recorded, resulting in a goodwill balance of $nil million. A qualitative and quantitative assessment has been performed which resulted in a sensitivity analysis being prepared for two reporting units where their fair values did not substantially exceed their carrying values, with an aggregate headroom of 13%. This sensitivity analysis represents management’s assessment of the economic environment in which these reporting units operate. The key assumptions, methodology used and values applied to each of the key assumptions for these reporting units are in line with those outlined above (a 30-year annuity period has been used). The two reporting units have an aggregate goodwill of $~~254~~249 million at the date of testing. The table below identifies the amounts by which each of the following assumptions may either decline or increase to arrive at a zero excess headroom of the present value of future cash flows over the carrying value of net assets in the two reporting units selected for sensitivity analysis disclosures:

			Two reporting units
Reduction in Adjusted EBITDA margin*			1.20% and 23.18%
Reduction in long-term growth rate			10.27% and 13.65%
Increase in pre-tax discount rate			1.0.6% and 12.37%

Pension and other postretirement benefits

Costs arising in respect of the Company’s defined contribution pension ~~schemes~~plans are charged to the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which they are incurred. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions in the event that the fund does not hold sufficient assets to meet its benefit commitments.

The liabilities and costs associated with the Company’s defined benefit pension ~~schemes~~plans (both funded and unfunded) are assessed on the basis of the projected unit credit method by professionally qualified actuaries and are arrived at using actuarial assumptions based on market expectations at the balance sheet date.

* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See ~~the discussion within '~~“Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information'” on pages 4035 to 4238 for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure. 1713

~~CRH Form 10-K 46~~42

	(Favorable) Unfavorable
	0.25 Percentage Point Increase		0.25 Percentage Point Decrease
in $ millions	Inc (Dec) in Benefit Obligation	Inc (Dec) in Annual benefit Cost	Inc (Dec) in Benefit Obligation	Inc (Dec) in Annual Benefit Cost
Actuarial Assumptions
Discount Rates
Pension	(90.3)	(1.7)	95.7	4.1
Other postretirement benefits	(2.8)	(0.2)	2.9	0.3
Expected return on plan assets	–	(7.1)	–	7.1

CRH FORM 10-K


	(Favorable) Unfavorable
	0.25 Percentage Point Increase		0.25 Percentage Point Decrease
in $ millions	Inc (Dec) in Benefit Obligation	Inc (Dec) in Annual Benefit Cost	Inc (Dec) in Benefit Obligation	Inc (Dec) in Annual Benefit Cost
Actuarial Assumptions
Discount Rates
Pension	(87.67)	(3.55)	92.70	2.86
Other postretirement benefits	(3.30)	(0.28)	3.48	0.31
Expected return on plan assets	—	(7.74)	—	7.74

The assumptions underlying the actuarial valuation of the projected benefit obligation (including discount rates, rates of increase in future compensation levels, mortality rates and healthcare cost trends) from which the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements are determined, are updated annually based on current economic conditions and for any relevant changes to the terms and conditions of the pension and postretirement plans. These assumptions can be affected by (i) for the discount rates, changes in the rates of return on high-quality corporate bonds; (ii) for future compensation levels, future labor market conditions; and (iii) for healthcare cost trend rates, the rate of medical cost inflation in the relevant regions.

The assumption underlying the performance of plan assets (expected return on plan assets) is a long-term assumption which is reviewed annually and is used to estimate future asset returns. Once set, the expected return on plan assets assumption is used to determine the Company’s net periodic pension (income)/cost.

The assumptions that are the most significant to the measurement of retirement benefit obligations are the discount rates. The discount rates employed in determining the present value of the ~~schemes~~plans’ liabilities are determined by reference to market yields at the balance sheet date on high-quality corporate bonds of a currency and term consistent with the currency and term of the associated postretirement benefit obligations.

While management believes that the assumptions used are appropriate, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect the obligations and expenses recognized in future accounting periods. The assets and liabilities of defined benefit pension ~~schemes~~plans may exhibit significant period-on-period volatility attributable primarily to changes in bond yields and longevity. In addition to future service contributions, significant cash contributions may be required to remediate past service deficits.

For additional information about pension and other postretirement benefits, see Note 2120 “Pension and other postretirement benefits” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Business ~~Combinations~~combinations – ~~Allocation~~allocation of ~~Purchase~~purchase ~~Price~~price

The purchase price of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is determined based on the fair value of consideration transferred to and liabilities assumed from the seller as of the date of acquisition. The Company allocates the purchase price to the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed as valued at the acquisition date. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.

The purchase price allocation is a critical accounting estimate because the estimation of fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities is judgmental and requires management to utilize various assumptions. Further, the amounts and useful lives assigned to depreciable and amortizable assets versus amounts assigned to goodwill can affect the results of operations in the period of and for periods after a business combination.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction, and therefore represents an exit price. A fair value measurement assumes the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as described below:

•Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2: Inputs that are derived from, or corroborated by, quoted prices or observable market data.

•Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Level 1 fair values are used to value equity investments and long-term debt.

Level 2 fair values are typically used to value acquired receivables, inventory and equity method investments. Additionally, Level 2 fair values are typically used to value contracts acquired at other than market rates.

Level 3 fair values are used to value acquired property, plant and equipment, mineral-bearing land and other identifiable intangible assets.

An in-use valuation premise is applied for property, plant and equipment, such that the fair value of property, plant and equipment reflects the benefit of permits in place, architect and engineering fees, freight, tax, installation and other direct and indirect costs incurred. This premise assumes that each of the assets will continue to be used as is and as part of the ongoing business in connection with other assets.

To determine the value of plant and equipment, a replacement cost methodology is typically applied, which relies upon identifying a direct replacement cost associated with replacing assets with new assets, and incorporates estimates of obsolescence, and depreciation based on economic useful lives. These estimations are based on management’s historical experience, the use of third-party experts and available market and industry data. For the valuation of land, we engage third-party valuation experts. Other identifiable intangible assets may include, but are not limited to, customer relationships, patents and supply contracts. The fair values of these assets are typically determined by an excess earnings method approach. While we believe these assumptions and estimates are reasonable, they are inherently uncertain.

We may adjust the amounts recognized in an acquisition during a measurement period after the acquisition date. Any such adjustments are the result of subsequently obtaining additional information that existed at the acquisition date regarding the assets acquired or the liabilities assumed. Measurement period adjustments are generally recorded as increases or decreases to goodwill, if any, recognized in the transaction. The cumulative impact of measurement period adjustments on depreciation, amortization and other income statement items are recognized in the period the adjustment is determined. The measurement period ends once we have obtained all necessary information that existed as of the acquisition date but does not extend beyond one year from the acquisition date. Any adjustments to assets acquired or liabilities assumed beyond the measurement period, unless as a result of an error, are recorded through earnings.

For additional information about business combinations and purchase price allocations, including details of provisional purchase price allocations at the balance sheet date, see Note 4 “Acquisitions” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.43

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 47

For additional information about business combinations and purchase price allocations, including details of provisional purchase price allocations at the balance sheet date, see Note 3 “Acquisitions” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

Accounting Developments And Changes

Refer to Note 1 “Summary of significant accounting policies” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of new accounting developments.

Supplemental Guarantor Information

Guarantor financial information

As of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, CRH plc (the 'Guarantor') has fully and unconditionally guaranteed: (1) $750 million of 5.200% Senior Notes due 2029 (the '5.200% Notes') and $1,250 million of 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030 (the '5.125% Notes'), each issued by CRH SMW Finance Designated Activity Company (‘SMW Finance’); (2) $300 million of 6.400% Senior Notes due 2033 (i) (the '6.400% Notes') issued by CRH America, Inc. (‘CRH America’); and (3) $1,000 million of 4.400% Senior notes due 2031 (the ‘4.400% Notes’), $750 million of 5.~~200~~400% Senior Notes due ~~2029~~2034 (the '5.~~200~~400% Notes'), ~~issued~~$1,250 bymillion ~~CRH~~of ~~SMW~~5.500% ~~Finance~~Senior ~~Designated~~Notes ~~Activity~~due ~~Company~~2035 (~~SMW~~the ~~Finance~~'5.500% Notes'), ~~and~~$1,000 million of 5.000% Senior notes due 2036 (the ‘5.000% Notes’), $~~750~~500 million of 5.~~400~~875% Senior Notes due ~~2034~~2055 (the '5.~~400~~875% Notes'), and $500 million of 5.600% Senior notes due 2056 (the ‘5.600% Notes’), each issued by CRH America Finance, Inc. (‘America Finance’). Together, ~~and~~the ~~together~~5.200% ~~with~~Notes, the 5.125% Notes, the 6.400% Notes, ~~and~~the 4.400% Notes, the 5.~~200~~400% Notes, (the 5.500% Notes, the 5.000% Notes, the 5.875% Notes and the 5.600% Notes are referred to in this Supplemental Guarantor Information as the 'Notes'), and together, ~~with~~SMW Finance, CRH America and ~~SMW~~CRH America Finance (are referred to in this Supplemental Guarantor Information as the 'Issuers').

The Issuers are each 100% owned by CRH plc, directly or indirectly. SMW Finance is an indirect wholly-owned finance subsidiary of CRH plc incorporated under the laws of Ireland and is a financing vehicle for CRH’s group companies. America Finance is an indirect wholly-owned finance subsidiary of CRH plc incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and is a financing vehicle for CRH’s U.S. operating companies.

Each series of Notes is unsecured and ranks equally with all other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the relevant Issuer and CRH plc, subject to exceptions for obligations required by law. Each series of Notes is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CRH plc as defined in the respective indenture governing each series of Notes. Each guarantee is a full, irrevocable, and unconditional guarantee of the principal, interest, premium, if any, and any other amounts due in respect of the relevant series of Notes given by CRH plc.

(i) Originally issued in September 2003 as $300 million 6.400% Senior Notes due 2033. CRH subsequently acquired $87 million of the 6.400% Notes in liability management exercises in August 2009 and December 2010.

Basis of presentation

The following summarized financial information reflects, on a combined basis, the Balance Sheet as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and the ~~Income~~ Statement of Income for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, of CRH America and CRH plc, which guarantees the registered debt; collectively the ‘Obligor Group’. Intercompany balances and transactions within the Obligor Group have been eliminated in the summarized financial information ~~overleaf~~below. Amounts attributable to the Obligor Group’s investment in non-obligor subsidiaries have also been excluded. Intercompany receivables/payables and transactions with non-obligor subsidiaries are separately disclosed as applicable. This summarized financial information has been prepared and presented pursuant to Regulation S-X Rule 13-01 and is not intended to present the financial position and results of operations of the Obligor Group in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

~~CRH~~The ~~Form~~summarized ~~10-K 48~~Statement of Income information is as follows:

The summarized Income Statement information is as follows:


in $ millions			For the year ended December 31, 2025
Income before income tax expense and income from equity method investments (i)			3,503
- of which relates to transactions with non-obligor subsidiaries			3,431
Net income for the fiscal year – all of which is attributable to equity holders of the Company			3,502
- of which relates to transactions with non-obligor subsidiaries			3,431

(i) Revenues and Gross profit for the Obligor Group for the year ended December 31, 2025, amounted to $nil.
The summarized Balance Sheet information is as follows:
			As of December 31, 2025
Current assets			864
Current assets – of which is due from non-obligor subsidiaries			613
Noncurrent assets			2,235
Noncurrent assets – of which is due from non-obligor subsidiaries			2,235
Current liabilities			1,594
Current liabilities – of which is due to non-obligor subsidiaries			1,587
Noncurrent liabilities			743

in $ millions			For the year ended December 31, 2024
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and income from equity method investments (i)			1,051
- of which relates to transactions with non-obligor subsidiaries			1,183
Net income for the financial year – all of which is attributable to equity holders of the Company			1,050
- of which relates to transactions with non-obligor subsidiaries			1,183
(i) Revenue and Gross Profit for the Obligor Group for the year ended December 31, 2024, amounted to $nil.
The summarized Balance Sheet information is as follows:
			As of December 31, 2024
Current assets			610
Current assets – of which is due from non-obligor subsidiaries			307
Noncurrent assets			3,446
Noncurrent assets – of which is due from non-obligor subsidiaries			3,446
Current liabilities			4,145
Current liabilities – of which is due to non-obligor subsidiaries			2,890
Noncurrent liabilities			758


44

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 49

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

CRH is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Changes in those factors could impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. ~~Financial~~The Company’s financial risk management ~~at the Company~~ seeks to minimize the negative impact of foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity price fluctuations on the Company’s earnings, cash flows and equity. Management provides oversight for risk management and derivative activities, determines certain of the Company’s financial risk policies and objectives, and provides guidelines for derivative instrument utilization.

To manage these risks, CRH uses various derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards and swaps, and commodity contracts. CRH only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments. These contracts are entered into primarily with major banking institutions and utility companies, while CRH actively monitors its exposure to counterparty risk through the use of counterparty approvals and credit limits, thereby minimizing the risk of counterparty loss.

The following discussion presents the sensitivity of the market value, earnings and cash flows of the Company’s financial instruments to hypothetical changes in interest and exchange rates assuming these changes occurred atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025.

Interest Rate Risk

CRH may be impacted by interest rate volatility with respect to existing debt and future debt issuances as well as cash balances. For fixed rate debt instruments, interest rate changes affect the fair market value but do not impact earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for floating rate debt instruments, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value of the instrument but impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming that other factors are held constant. Cash balances are held on short-term deposits and changing interest rates will impact deposit interest income earned. The Company uses interest rate swaps to convert a portion of its fixed rate debt to floating rate and these may be designated and qualify as fair value hedges. Under these arrangements, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and benchmark floating interest rates calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount.

AtAs of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, the Company had fixed rate debt of $1016.86 billion and floating rate debt of $31.56 billion, representing 7691% and 249%, respectively, of total debt, including overdrafts, finance leases and the impact of derivatives. AtAs of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, the Company had fixed rate debt of $910.18 billion and floating rate debt of $23.75 billion, representing 7776% and 2324%, respectively, of total debt, including overdrafts, finance leases and the impact of derivatives. The Company’s interest rate swaps atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, whereby the Company swaps from fixed interest rates to floating interest rates, were $10.45 billion, compared to $1.4 billion as of December 31, ~~2023~~2024. The Company’s interest rate swaps atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, whereby the Company swaps from floating interest rates to fixed interest rates, were $~~0.2~~nil billion, compared to $~~nil~~0.2 billion as atof December ~~2023~~2024. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, were $34.81 billion, compared to $63.48 billion atas of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, which was all held on short-term deposits and investments.

Sensitivity to interest rate ~~moves~~movesAs of December 31, 2025, the before-tax earnings and cash flows impact of a 100 bps increase in interest rates, including the offsetting impact of derivatives, on the variable rate cash and debt portfolio would be approximately $24 million favorable ($2 million favorable in 2024).

AtForeign ~~December~~Exchange ~~31,~~Rate 2024, the before-tax earnings and cash flows impact of a 100 bps increase in interest rates, including the offsetting impact of derivatives, on the variable rate cash and debt portfolio would be approximately $2 million favorable ($37 million favorable in 2023).Risk14

~~Foreign~~CRH’s ~~Exchange~~exchange ~~Rates~~rate ~~Risk18~~exposures result primarily from its investments and ongoing operations in countries outside of the United States and other business transactions such as the procurement of products and equipment from foreign sources. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may affect (i) the carrying value of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries; (ii) the translation of foreign currency earnings; and (iii) the cash flows related to foreign currency denominated transactions.

CRH’s exchange rate exposures result primarily from its investments and ongoing operations in countries outside of the United States and other business transactions such as the procurement of products and equipment from foreign sources. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may affect (i) the carrying value of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries; (ii) the translation of foreign currency earnings and (iii) the cash flows related to foreign currency denominated transactions.

Where economically feasible, the Company maintains Net Debt* in the same relative currency ratio as capital employed to act as an economic hedge of the underlying currency assets. Where it is not feasible to do so, the Company may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of the net investment against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations. These transactions are designated as net investment hedges.

The Company also enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. These transactions are designated as cash flow hedges. In addition, the Company may enter into foreign currency contracts that are not designated in hedging relationships to offset, in part, the impacts of changes in value of various non-functional currency denominated items including certain intercompany financing balances. The U.S. Dollar equivalent gross notional amount of the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts was $4.63 billion atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, compared to $14.6 billion atas of December 31, ~~2023~~2024.

Holding all other variables constant, if there were a 10% weakening in ~~foreign~~the ~~currency~~ exchange ~~rates~~rate ~~versus~~and value of the U.S. Dollar ~~for~~versus the other foreign currencies across the portfolio, the fair market value of foreign currency contracts outstanding atas of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, would ~~decrease~~increase by approximately $86201 million (atas of December 31, ~~2023~~2024, would ~~increase~~decrease by approximately $286 million), ~~which~~with ~~would~~an beoffsetting ~~largely~~movement ~~offset~~in ~~by a loss on~~ the hedged foreign currency ~~fluctuation of the underlying~~ exposure ~~being hedged~~.

Commodity Price ~~Risk~~RiskSome of the Company’s products use significant amounts of commodity-priced materials, predominantly fuel and principal energy-related raw materials such as oil, electricity, coal and carbon credits, which are subject to price changes based upon fluctuations in the commodities market. This price volatility could potentially have a material impact on our financial condition and/or our results of operations. When feasible, the Company manages commodity price risks through negotiated supply contracts and forward contracts to manage operating costs. The Company monitors commodity trends and where possible has alternative sourcing plans in place to mitigate the risk of supplier concentration and passing commodity-related inflation to customers or suppliers.

~~Some~~Where ofappropriate, the Company’s ~~products~~also ~~use~~has ~~significant~~a ~~amounts~~number of ~~commodity-priced~~derivative ~~materials,~~hedging ~~predominantly~~programs ~~fuel~~in ~~and~~place ~~principal~~to ~~energy-related~~hedge ~~raw~~commodity ~~materials such as oil~~risks, ~~electricity,~~with ~~coal~~the ~~and~~aim ~~carbon~~of ~~credits,~~the ~~which~~programs ~~are~~being ~~subject~~ to ~~price~~neutralize ~~changes~~variability ~~based upon fluctuations~~ in the ~~commodities~~Consolidated ~~market.~~Statements ~~This price volatility could potentially have a material impact on our financial condition and/or our results~~ of ~~operations.~~Income ~~When~~arising ~~feasible,~~from ~~the~~changes ~~Company~~in ~~manages~~associated commodity ~~price risks through negotiated supply contracts and forward contracts to manage operating costs~~indices. The ~~Company~~timeframe ~~monitors~~for ~~commodity~~such ~~trends~~programs ~~and~~can ~~where~~be ~~possible~~up ~~has alternative sourcing plans in place~~ to ~~mitigate~~three ~~the risk of supplier concentration and passing commodity-related inflation to customers or suppliers~~years.

~~Where~~* Represents ~~appropriate,~~a ~~the~~non-GAAP ~~Company~~measure. ~~also~~See ~~has~~“Non-GAAP aReconciliation ~~number~~and ofSupplementary ~~derivative~~Information” ~~hedging~~on ~~programs~~pages in35 ~~place~~ to ~~hedge~~38 ~~commodity~~for ~~risks,~~a ~~with~~reconciliation ~~the aim of the programs being~~ to ~~neutralize variability in~~ the ~~Consolidated~~most ~~Statements~~directly ofcomparable ~~Income~~GAAP ~~arising from changes in associated commodity indices~~measure. ~~The timeframe for such programs can be up to four years.~~14

* Represents a non-GAAP measure. See the discussion within 'Non-GAAP Reconciliation and Supplementary Information' on pages 40 to 42.1845

CRH ~~Form~~FORM 10-K 50

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Independent Auditor’s Report

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting ~~Firm~~FirmTo the shareholders and the Board of Directors of CRH public limited company (CRH plc)

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of CRH public limited company (CRH plc)

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CRH plc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, ~~and 2023,~~ the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, ~~changes~~shareholders’ in equity, and cash flows, for ~~each of~~ the ~~three~~year ~~years~~then ~~in the period~~ ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, and ~~2023, and~~ the results of its operations and its cash flows for ~~each of~~ the ~~three~~year ~~years in the period~~ ended December 31, ~~2024~~2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2024~~2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 2618, ~~2025~~2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit Committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Acquisitions - Valuation of ~~Property,~~contract-based ~~plant~~Intangible ~~and~~assets ~~equipment related to the Hunter and Adbri acquisitions~~ - Refer to Notes 1 and 43 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

OnAs ~~February~~discussed 9,in ~~2024,~~Notes ~~the~~1 ~~Company wholly acquired a portfolio of cement~~ and ~~readymixed~~3 ~~concrete~~to ~~operations~~the ~~and~~financial ~~assets in Texas~~statements, ~~United~~the ~~States~~Company accounts for aits ~~total~~business ~~cash~~combinations ~~consideration,~~using ~~net of cash acquired, of $2,106 million (~~the ~~‘Hunter’~~ acquisition), ~~and~~method. onOn ~~July~~September 115, ~~2024~~2025, itthe Company acquired ~~57%~~Eco ofMaterial ~~the~~Technologies, ~~issued~~a ~~share~~leading ~~capital~~supplier of ~~Adbri,~~supplementary acementitious materials ~~business in Australia,~~ for a total ~~cash~~ consideration, net of cash acquired, of $~~787~~2,066 million. ~~(the~~The ~~‘Adbri’~~Eco ~~acquisition).~~Material ~~The~~Technologies ~~Company~~acquisition ~~accounted~~is ~~for~~reported ~~these~~in ~~acquisitions~~the asAmericas ~~business~~Materials ~~combinations~~Solutions segment. ~~Accordingly,~~The ~~the~~ purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. ~~These~~Management ~~acquisitions~~estimated ~~included~~the ~~Property~~fair value of the contract-based intangible assets using the multi-period excess earnings method, ~~plant~~which involved management making significant estimates and ~~equipment~~judgments ofrelated $1to forecasted Earnings Before Interest,~~069~~ ~~million~~Taxes, Depreciation, and ~~$1,364~~Amortization ~~million~~(EBITDA) ~~respectively~~margin and discount rate.

We identified the valuation of ~~Property,~~contract-based ~~plant~~intangible ~~and~~assets ~~equipment~~ as a critical audit matter ~~because~~for purposes of recording the ~~estimates~~opening ~~made~~balance byas ~~management~~of ~~to determine~~ the ~~fair~~date ~~value~~ of ~~these assets for purposes of recording the acquisitions~~acquisition. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our ~~valuation~~fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to ~~determine~~evaluate the ~~fair~~reasonableness ~~value~~ of ~~acquired Property, plant and equipment under~~ the ~~replacement~~fair ~~cost~~value ~~approach.~~of ~~This~~acquired ~~included estimating the useful lives~~ contract-based onintangible ~~management’s~~assets. ~~historical~~Assumptions ~~experience~~that ~~and~~required ~~expectations~~a ashigh todegree ~~the period~~ of ~~time~~judgment ~~over~~include ~~which~~forecast ~~the~~of ~~assets~~future ~~will~~EBITDA bemargin ~~used~~ and ~~estimating~~ the ~~cost~~selection toof ~~replace or reproduce comparable assets adjusted for~~ the ~~remaining~~discount ~~useful lives~~rate.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the ~~fair~~EBITDA ~~value~~margin offorecasts ~~Property, plant~~ and ~~equipment~~discount ~~acquired~~rate ~~as part of the acquisitions~~ included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the purchase price allocation, including management's controls over the ~~assumptions~~EBITDA ~~used~~margin inforecasts ~~the~~and ~~replacement~~discount ~~cost~~rate ~~approach~~used ~~for~~in ~~Property,~~the ~~plant~~valuation ~~and~~of ~~equipment~~contract-based intangibles and the review of the work of management's third-party specialists.

•We evaluated the underlying terms of the purchase agreements, in order to corroborate our understanding of the substance of the acquisition obtained through inquiry with the Company's management, as well as to assess the completeness of the assets acquired.

•We evaluated the competency, capabilities and objectivity of the third-party specialists engaged by management to perform the valuations.

•We read the third-party valuation reports and, with the assistance of our ~~valuation~~fair value specialists, we evaluated the appropriateness of the Company's methodology, ~~used~~inclusive toof ~~estimate~~ the ~~cost~~use toof ~~replace~~key orvaluation ~~reproduce~~assumptions ~~comparable~~referenced ~~assets~~above, ~~adjusted~~used ~~for~~to estimate the ~~remaining~~valuation ~~useful~~of ~~lives.~~contract-based intangibles.

~~CRH~~•We ~~Form~~evaluated ~~10-K 51~~management’s ability to accurately project the forecasts by performing a retrospective review of actual results to management’s historical EBITDA margin forecasts.

~~Service~~•We ~~revenues~~assessed -the ~~Revenue~~reasonableness ~~recognition~~of ~~for~~management’s ~~certain~~forecasts ~~long-term~~of ~~contracts~~EBITDA -margin ~~Refer to Notes 1 and 2 to the financial statements~~by:

–Comparing the forecasts to historical results.

–Comparing the forecasts to certain external market and industry information.

–Reading the terms of the supply agreements for corroborative or contrary evidence.

•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the appropriateness of the Company's methodology and the discount rate by:


46

CRH FORM 10-K

–Testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rate and evaluating the mathematical accuracy of the calculations.

–Developing a range of independent estimates for the discount rate and comparing the discount rate selected by management to that range.

Service revenues - Revenue recognition over time - Refer to Notes 1 and 2 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

~~The~~As ~~Company~~discussed ~~recognizes~~in ~~long-term~~Notes ~~contract~~1 ~~revenue~~and ~~over~~2 to the financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue within its construction contract ~~term~~businesses over time as ~~the~~it ~~work~~performs ~~progresses~~its ~~because~~obligations. ~~transfer~~The percentage-of-completion ~~control~~method ~~and~~is used to recognize revenue when the ~~fulfillment~~outcome of ~~performance~~a ~~obligations~~contract tocan ~~the~~be ~~customer~~estimated reliably. The percentage-of-completion is ~~continuous.~~calculated ~~Revenue~~using ~~derived~~an ~~from~~input ~~long-term~~method ~~contracts,~~and ~~measured~~based on athe ~~percentage~~proportion of ~~completion~~contract ~~basis~~costs ~~and~~incurred ~~in-progress~~ at the balance sheet date ~~involves~~relative ~~judgment,~~to ~~particularly~~the astotal itestimated ~~relates~~costs toof the ~~process~~contract. As of ~~estimating~~December ~~total~~31, ~~forecasted~~2025, ~~costs~~the ofservice ~~the~~revenue related to over-time contracts. was $8,693 million.

We identified revenue ~~recognition~~recognized ~~for~~over ~~certain~~time ~~long-term contracts, measured~~ on aconstruction ~~percentage~~contracts ~~of completion basis and~~ in-~~progress~~process ~~at the balance sheet date~~ as a critical audit matter because of the judgments ~~made~~necessary byfor management into ~~estimating~~estimate total ~~forecasted~~contract costs ofat ~~the~~completion ~~contracts.~~used ~~This required extensive audit effort due~~ to ~~the~~recognize complexity of certain long-term contracts and required a high degree of auditor judgment when performing audit procedures to audit management’s estimates and evaluating the results of those proceduresrevenue.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to management’s recognition of revenue for ~~certain~~construction ~~long-term~~ contracts, measured on a percentage of completion basis and in-progress at the balance sheet date included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over ~~long-term~~construction contract revenue, including management’s controls over the ~~estimates~~evaluation of estimated total ~~forecasted~~contract costs at completion.

•We selected a sample of ~~long-term~~construction contracts and:

–~~assessed~~Tested ~~whether~~ the ~~contracts~~accuracy ~~were~~and ~~properly~~completeness ~~included in management's calculation~~ of ~~long-term contract revenue based on~~ the ~~terms~~costs ~~and~~incurred ~~conditions~~to ofdate ~~each~~for ~~contract,~~the ~~including~~performance ~~whether~~obligation ~~continuous transfer of control~~ to ~~the~~supporting ~~customer~~documentation. ~~occurred as progress was made toward fulfilling the performance obligation;~~

–~~tested~~Tested the mathematical accuracy ~~and~~of ~~completeness~~management’s calculation of ~~the~~revenue, ~~costs~~measured ~~incurred~~on toa ~~date~~percentage of completion basis, for the performance obligation. ~~to supporting documentation;~~

–~~evaluated~~Evaluated ~~management'~~the accuracy of estimated total contract costs at completion by (i) inquiring with the Company’s ~~ability~~project managers regarding progress to ~~estimate~~date on specific contracts and total estimated contract costs at completion for reasonableness and (ii) selecting remaining forecasted costs ~~accurately~~and ~~by:~~comparing the selected amounts to underlying contracts and other supporting documentation.

~~◦comparing~~•We ~~costs~~evaluated ~~incurred~~management’s ability to ~~date~~estimate tototal ~~the~~contract costs ~~management~~at ~~estimated,~~completion ataccurately ~~either~~by ~~the~~comparing ~~inception~~actual ofcosts ~~the~~to ~~contract~~management’s orhistorical ~~the~~estimates ~~start~~for ofcontracts ~~the~~that ~~reporting~~have ~~period;~~been completed.

~~◦evaluating management’~~/s/ ~~ability~~Deloitte to& ~~accurately~~Touche estimate the total cost by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers, and comparing the estimates to management’s work plans, engineering specifications, and supplier contracts; andLLP

~~◦comparing management’s estimates for the selected contracts to costs of similar performance obligations~~Atlanta, ~~when applicable.~~Georgia

~~–tested~~February ~~the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of revenue~~18, ~~measured on a percentage of completion basis, for the performance obligation.~~2026

/We have served as the Company’s/ ~~Deloitte~~auditor ~~Ireland~~since ~~LLP~~2025.

~~Dublin, Ireland~~47

CRH FORM 10-K

Report Of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of CRH public limited company (CRH plc)

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of CRH plc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

/s/ Deloitte Ireland LLP
Dublin, Ireland

February 26, 2025

We ~~have~~began ~~served~~serving as the Company’s auditor ~~since~~in 2020. In 2025 we became the predecessor auditor.

~~CRH Form 10-K 52~~48

CRH FORM 10-K

Consolidated Statements of Income

(in $ millions, except share and per share data)

For the years ended December 31	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Product revenues	2628,~~699~~754	26,~~156~~699	2426,~~519~~156
Service revenues	8,~~873~~693	8,~~793~~873	8,~~204~~793
Total revenues	3537,~~572~~447	3435,~~949~~572	3234,~~723~~949
Cost of product revenues	(1415,~~651~~990)	(14,~~741~~651)	(14,~~123~~741)
Cost of service revenues	(87,~~220~~929)	(8,~~245~~220)	(78,~~785~~245)
Total cost of revenues	(2223,~~871~~919)	(22,~~986~~871)	(2122,~~908~~986)
Gross profit	1213,~~701~~528	1112,~~963~~701	1011,~~815~~963
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(78,~~852~~283)	(7,~~486~~852)	(7,~~056~~486)
Gain on disposal of long-lived assets	~~237~~235	66237	5066
Loss on impairments	(~~161~~40)	(~~357~~161)	–(357)
Operating income	45,~~925~~440	4,~~186~~925	34,~~809~~186
Interest income	~~143~~146	~~206~~143	65206
Interest expense	(~~612~~810)	(~~376~~612)	(~~344~~376)
Other nonoperating income (expense), net	~~258~~29	~~(2)~~258	(692)
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,714	4,014	3,461
Income before income tax expense and income from equity method investments	4,805	4,714	4,014
Income tax expense	(1,~~085~~041)	(~~925~~1,085)	(~~762~~925)
Loss from equity method investments	(108)	(17)	–
Income (loss) from equity method investments	26	(108)	(17)
Income from continuing operations	3,521	3,072	2,699
Net income	3,790	3,521	3,072
Income from discontinued operations, net of income tax expense	–	–	1,190
Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	(28)	(28)
Net income	3,521	3,072	3,889
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(9)	(1)	134
Net (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	(28)	(27)
Net income attributable to CRH	3,753	3,492	3,178
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)	134	–
Earnings per share attributable to CRH
Net income attributable to CRH	3,492	3,178	3,862
Basic	$5.54	$5.06	$4.36
Basic earnings per share attributable to CRH
Diluted	$5.51	$5.02	$4.33
Continuing operations	$5.06	$4.36	$3.58
Discontinued operations	–	–	$1.57
Net income	$5.06	$4.36	$5.15
Diluted earnings per share attributable to CRH
Continuing operations	$5.02	$4.33	$3.55
Discontinued operations	–	–	$1.56
Net income	$5.02	$4.33	$5.11
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	~~683~~673.32	~~723~~683.93	~~758~~723.39
Diluted	~~689~~677.50	~~729~~689.25	~~764~~729.12

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~CRH Form 10-K 53~~49

CRH FORM 10-K

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in $ millions)

For the years ended December 31	~~2024~~2025	~~2023~~2024	~~2022~~2023
Net income	3,~~521~~790	3,~~072~~521	3,~~889~~072
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Currency translation adjustment	~~(470)~~713	~~310~~(470)	~~(665)~~310
Net change in fair value of effective portion of cash flow hedges, net of tax of $3 million, $1 million, and $6 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively	(16)	(28)	(37)
Net change in fair value of effective portion of cash flow hedges, net of tax of $(4) million, $3 million, and $1 million in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively	15	(16)	(28)
Actuarial gains (losses) and prior service credits (costs) for pension and other postretirement plans, net of tax of $(4) million, $17 million, and $(66) million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively	44	(108)	294
Actuarial gains (losses) and prior service credits (costs) for pension and other postretirement plans, net of tax of $(34) million, $(4) million, and $17 million in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively	64	44	(108)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(442)	174	(408)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	792	(442)	174
Comprehensive income	34,~~079~~582	3,~~246~~079	3,~~481~~246
Comprehensive (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(28)	(28)	(2728)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	52	131	46
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(53)	52	131
Comprehensive income attributable to CRH	34,~~103~~501	3,~~349~~103	3,~~500~~349

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~CRH Form 10-K 54~~50

CRH FORM 10-K

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in $ millions, except share data)

At December 31	2024	2023
As of December 31	2025	2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	34,~~720~~096	63,~~341~~720
Restricted cash	3951	–39
Accounts receivable, net	45,~~820~~178	4,~~507~~820
Inventories	45,~~755~~251	4,~~291~~755
Assets held for sale	–	1,268
Other current assets	678	749
Other current assets	749	478
Total current assets	15,254	14,083
Total current assets	14,083	16,885
Property, plant and equipment, net	24,937	21,452
Property, plant and equipment, net	21,452	17,841
Equity method investments	502	737
Equity method investments	737	620
Goodwill	13,099	11,061
Goodwill	11,061	9,158
Intangible assets, net	2,048	1,211
Intangible assets, net	1,211	1,041
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	1,471	1,274
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	1,274	1,292
Other noncurrent assets	1,018	795
Other noncurrent assets	795	632
Total assets	58,329	50,613
Total assets	50,613	47,469
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	3,~~207~~263	3,~~149~~207
Accrued expenses	2,~~248~~196	2,~~296~~248
Current portion of long-term debt	21,~~999~~175	12,~~866~~999
Operating lease liabilities	~~265~~286	~~255~~265
Liabilities held for sale	–	375
Other current liabilities	1,834	1,577
Other current liabilities	1,577	2,072
Total current liabilities	8,754	10,296
Total current liabilities	10,296	10,013
Long-term debt	16,478	10,969
Long-term debt	10,969	9,776
Deferred income tax liabilities	3,511	3,105
Deferred income tax liabilities	3,105	2,738
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	1,232	1,074
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	1,074	1,125
Other noncurrent liabilities	2,876	2,319
Other noncurrent liabilities	2,319	2,196
Total liabilities	32,851	27,763
Total liabilities	27,763	25,848
Commitments and contingencies (Note 23)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 24)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	430	384
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	384	333
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred stock, €1.27 par value, 150,000 shares authorized and 50,000 shares issued and outstanding for 5% preferred stock and 872,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding for 7% 'A' preferred stock, as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023	1	1
Preferred stock, €1.27 par value, 150,000 shares authorized and 50,000 shares issued and outstanding for 5% preferred stock, and 872,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding for 7% ‘A’ preferred stock, as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024	1	1
Common stock, €0.32 par value, 1,250,000,000 shares authorized; 718,647,277 and 734,519,598 shares issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively	290	296
Common stock, €0.32 par value, 1,250,000,000 shares authorized; 706,946,142 and 718,647,277 shares issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively	286	290
Treasury stock, at cost (41,355,384 and 42,419,281 shares as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(2,137)	(2,199)
Treasury stock, at cost (38,315,792 and 41,355,384 shares as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively)	(2,016)	(2,137)
Additional paid-in capital	~~422~~397	~~454~~422
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(~~1,005~~257)

Filing Compare · CRH PUBLIC LTD CO