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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number 0-29185

QS ENERGY, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada	52-2088326
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

23902 FM 2978

Tomball, TX 77375

(Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)

(775) 300-7647

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
None	N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: Common Stock, $0.001 par value.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive- based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates (excluding voting shares held by officers and directors) as of December 31, 2024 was $21,268,000.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 21, 2025 was 455,938,192.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE - None

Transitional Small Business Disclosure Format (Check one)

Yes ☐ No ☒

QS ENERGY, INC.

FORM 10-K

INDEX

PART I

Item 1. Business	2

Item 1A. Risk Factors	19

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	26

Item 1C. Cybersecurity	26

Item 2. Properties	26

Item 3. Legal Proceedings	26

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	26

PART II

Item 5. Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	27

Item 6. Selected Financial Data	29

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation	29

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	33

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	33

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	33

Item 9B. Other Information	34

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	35

Item 11. Executive Compensation	39

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	42

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	43

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services	44

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	45

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary	46

SIGNATURES	47

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include predictions and statements regarding our future:

	·	revenues and profits;
	·	customers;
	·	research and development expenses and efforts;
	·	scientific and other third-party test results;
	·	sales and marketing expenses and efforts;
	·	liquidity and sufficiency of existing cash;
	·	technology and products; and
	·	the effect of recent accounting pronouncements on our financial condition and results of operations.

You can identify these and other forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “intends,” “project,” “potential,” “forecast” “continues,” “strategies,” or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology, and also include statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, strategies and future events or performance.

Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below under the heading “Risk Factors.” We cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish our expectations, beliefs or projections. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Item 1. Business

The discussion of our business is as of the date of filing this report, unless otherwise indicated.

Overview

QS Energy, Inc. (“QS Energy” or “Company” or “we” or “us” or “our”) develops and seeks to commercialize energy efficiency technologies that assist in meeting increasing global energy demands, improving the economics of oil transport, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Company's intellectual properties include a portfolio of domestic and international patents, a substantial portion of which have been developed in conjunction with and exclusively licensed by us from Temple University of Philadelphia, PA (“Temple”). QS Energy's primary technology (and for now only technology) is called Applied Oil Technology (AOT), a commercial-grade crude oil pipeline transportation flow-assurance product. Engineered specifically to reduce pipeline pressure loss, increase pipeline flow rate and capacity, and reduce shippers’ reliance on diluents and drag reducing agents to meet pipeline maximum viscosity requirements, AOT is a 100% solid-state system that in lab and other tests has shown to reduce crude oil viscosity by applying a high intensity electrical field to crude oil while in transit. AOT technology has shown to deliver reductions in crude oil viscosity and pipeline pressure loss as demonstrated in independent third-party tests performed by the U.S. Department of Energy, the PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center, and ATS RheoSystems, a division of CANNON™, at full-scale test facilities in the U.S. and China, and under commercial operating conditions on one of North America’s largest high-volume crude oil pipelines. Prior testing on a commercial crude oil condensate pipeline demonstrated high correlation between laboratory analysis and full-scale AOT operations under commercial operating conditions with onsite measurements and data collected by the pipeline operator on its supervisory control and data acquisition (“SCADA”) system. The AOT product is still in development and testing and has transitioned from laboratory testing to initial demonstration and continued testing in advance of our goal of seeking commercial acceptance and adoption by the upstream and midstream pipeline marketplace. Such commercial acceptance and adoption have not been achieved. We continue to devote the bulk of our efforts to the promotion, design, testing and the commercial manufacturing and test operations of our crude oil AOT pipeline product in the upstream and midstream energy sector. Our efforts in the foregoing regard have been substantially hampered by our lack of capital. We should be able to continue our efforts to commercialize our AOT product during 2025 only if we are able to raise sufficient capital to do so. We can provide no assurances that we will be able to raise the capital we need to continue our efforts in 2025, or that any such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms and conditions.

Our Company was incorporated on February 18, 1998, as a Nevada Corporation under the name Mandalay Capital Corporation. The Company changed its name to Save the World Air, Inc. on February 11, 1999. Effective August 11, 2015, the Company changed its name to QS Energy, Inc. The name change was affected through a short-form merger pursuant to Section 92A.180 of the Nevada Revised Statutes. Additionally, QS Energy Pool, Inc., a California corporation, was formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company on July 6, 2015 to serve as a vehicle for the Company to explore, review and consider acquisition opportunities. To date, QS Energy Pool has not entered into any acquisition transaction. However, the Company will still consider, if appropriate to do so, entering into potential beneficial acquisitions. The Company is considering dissolving QS Energy Pool to reduce costs associated with operating this subsidiary. The Company’s common stock is quoted under the symbol “QSEP” on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (Pink Sheets).

More information including the Company’s updates, fact sheet, logos and media articles are available at our corporate website, www.qsenergy.com.

A history of important events associated with our efforts to develop and commercialize our AOT technology is as follows: Since 2011, the Company transitioned from prototype testing of its AOT technology at the U.S. Department of Energy Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center, Midwest, Wyoming (“RMOTC”), to the design and production of full-scale commercial prototype units. The Company worked in a collaborative engineering environment with multiple energy industry companies to refine the AOT Midstream commercial design to comply with the stringent standards and qualification processes as dictated by independent engineering audit groups and North American industry regulatory bodies. In May 2013, the Company’s first commercial prototype unit known as AOT Midstream, was completed.

In 2013, the Company entered into an Equipment Lease/Option to Purchase Agreement (“TransCanada Lease”) with TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P. by its agent TC Oil Pipeline Operations, Inc. ("TransCanada") which agreed to lease and test the effectiveness of the Company’s AOT technology and equipment on one of TransCanada’s operating pipelines. As previously reported in our 10-K report filed with the SEC on March 16, 2015, in June 2014, the equipment was accepted by TransCanada and the lease commenced and the first full test of the AOT equipment on the Keystone pipeline was performed in July 2014 by Dr. Rongjia Tao of Temple University, with subsequent testing performed by an independent laboratory, ATS RheoSystems, a division of CANNON™ (“ATS”) in September 2014. Upon review of the July 2014 test results and preliminary report by Dr. Tao, QS Energy and TransCanada mutually agreed that this initial test was flawed due to, among other factors, the short-term nature of the test, the inability to isolate certain independent pipeline operating factors such as fluctuations in upstream pump station pressures, and limitations of the AOT device to produce a sufficient electric field to optimize viscosity reduction. Subsequent testing by ATS in September 2014 demonstrated viscosity reductions of 8% to 23% depending on flow rates and crude oil types in transit. In its summary report, ATS concluded that i) data indicated a decrease in viscosity of crude oil flowing through the TransCanada pipeline due to AOT treatment of the crude oil; and ii) the power supply installed on our equipment would need to be increased to maximize reduction in viscosity and take full advantage of the AOT technology. We determined more testing would be required to establish the commercial efficacy of our AOT technology. The TransCanada Lease was terminated by TransCanada, effective October 15, 2014. Upon termination of the TransCanada Lease, all equipment was uninstalled, returned, inspected and configured for re-deployment.

On July 15, 2014, the Company entered into an Equipment Lease/Option to Purchase Agreement (“Kinder Morgan Lease”) with Kinder Morgan Crude & Condensate, LLC (“Kinder Morgan”) under which Kinder Morgan agreed to lease and test the effectiveness of the Company’s AOT technology and equipment on one of Kinder Morgan’s operating crude oil condensate pipelines. Equipment provided under the Lease included a single AOT Midstream pressure vessel with a maximum flow capacity of 5,000 gallons per minute. The equipment was delivered to Kinder Morgan in December 2014 and installed in March 2015. In April 2015, during pre-start testing, low electrical impedance was measured in the unit, indicating an electrical short. A replacement unit was installed in May 2015. The second unit also presented with low impedance when flooded with crude condensate from Kinder Morgan’s pipeline. Subsequent to design modifications, a remanufactured AOT unit was installed and tested at Kinder Morgan’s pipeline facility in August 2015. Initial results were promising, with the unit operating generally as expected. However, voltage dropped as preliminary tests continued, indicating decreased impedance within the AOT pressure vessel. QS Energy personnel and outside consultants performed a series of troubleshooting assessments and determined that, despite modifications made to the AOT, conductive materials present in the crude oil condensate appeared to be the root cause of the decreased impedance. Based on these results, QS Energy and Kinder Morgan personnel mutually agreed to put a hold on final acceptance of equipment under the lease and suspended in-field testing to provide time to re-test crude oil condensate in a laboratory setting, and thoroughly review and test selected AOT component design and fabrication. Subsequent analysis and testing led to changes in electrical insulation, inlet flow improvements and other component modifications. These design changes were implemented and tested by Industrial Screen and Maintenance (ISM), one of QS Energy's supply chain partners in Casper, Wyoming. Tests performed by ISM at its Wyoming facility indicated significant improvements to system impedance and efficiency of electric field generation.

In February 2016, the modified AOT equipment was installed at Kinder Morgan’s facility. Pre-acceptance testing was performed in April 2016, culminating in more than 24 hours of continuous operations. In-field viscosity measurements and pipeline data collected during this test indicated the AOT equipment operated as expected, demonstrating viscosity reductions equivalent to those measured under laboratory conditions. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (“SCADA”) pipeline operating data collected by Kinder Morgan during this test indicated a pipeline pressure drop reduction consistent with expectations. Results of this test were promising; however, due to the short duration of the test and limited data collection, definitive conclusions regarding the AOT performance and its impact on pipeline operations could not be reached. Based on final analysis of in-field test results, SCADA operating data and subsequent analysis of crude oil condensate samples at Temple University, it became unlikely Kinder Morgan would use the AOT at the original test location or other condensate pipeline. Kinder Morgan expressed interest in AOT operations at one of their heavy crude pipeline locations subject to results of other AOT demonstration projects and provided the Company with additional crude oil samples which have been tested at Temple University for future test correlation and operational planning purposes. The Kinder Morgan Lease is currently in suspension and there are no current plans to resume the lease or reinstall an AOT device at a Kinder Morgan facility.

Southern Research Institute (SRI) was engaged by QS Energy in 2015 to investigate the root cause of the crude oil condensate impedance issue by replicating conditions experienced in the field utilizing a laboratory-scaled version of the AOT and crude oil condensate samples provided by Kinder Morgan. In addition, QS Energy retained an industry expert petroleum pipeline engineer to review the AOT design and suggest design modifications to resolve the crude oil condensate impedance issue. This engineer has studied design details, staff reports and forensic photographs of each relevant AOT installation and test. Based on these investigations, specific modifications were proposed to resolve the impedance issue, and improve the overall efficiency of the AOT device, resulting in a new value-engineered design of certain AOT internal components.

During the third quarter of 2016, the Company developed an onsite testing program to demonstrate AOT viscosity reduction at prospective customer sites. This program utilized a laboratory-scale AOT device designed and developed by the Company and tested at the Southern Research Institute. Under this program, Company engineers set up a temporary lab at the customer’s site to test a full range of crude oils. Fees charged for providing this service were dependent on scope of services, crude oil sample to be tested, and onsite time requirements. In the fourth quarter 2016, the Company entered a contract to provide these onsite testing services to a North American oil producer and pipeline operator over a one-week period in early 2017 at a fixed price of $50,000. This test was performed in January 2017; data analysis and a final report were completed in March 2017. Test results demonstrated viscosity reduction under limited laboratory conditions. The oil producer requested access to observe a full-scale demonstration facility and view operating data when they become available.

Separately, in 2014, the Company began development of a new suite of products based around the new electrical heat system which reduces oil viscosity through a process known as joule heat (“Joule Heat”). The Company built and tested its first Joule Heat prototype in June 2015. The system was operational; however, changes to the prototype configuration would be required to determine commercial effectiveness of this unit. In December 2015, we suspended Joule Heat development activities to focus Company resources on finalizing commercial development of the AOT. We may resume Joule Heat development in the future depending on the availability of sufficient capital and other resources.

Also, in July 2017, the Company filed for trademark protection for the word “eDiluent” in advance of rolling out a new marketing and revenue strategy based on the concept of using AOT to reduce pipeline dependence upon diluent to reduce viscosity of crude oils. A primary function of AOT is to reduce viscosity by means of its solid-state electronics technology, in essence providing an electronic form of diluent, or “eDiluent”. Subject to successful testing of our AOT technology and sufficient availability of operating capital, the Company plans to market and sell a value-added service under the name eDiluent, designed to be upsold by the Company’s midstream pipeline customers in an effort to provide the Company with long-term recurring revenues.

During the third quarter 2017, the Company built a dedicated laboratory space at its then Tomball, Texas facility, providing onsite testing utilizing our laboratory-scale AOT device, among other equipment. Development of an AOT unit for use in crude oil upstream and gathering operations was restarted in September 2017, utilizing resources at the Tomball, Texas facility. Also, during the third quarter 2017, the Company built an outdoor facility at the Tomball, Texas site for onsite storage of AOT inventory and other large equipment.

Throughout 2018 our primary strategic goal was focused on installing and operating a demonstration AOT project on a commercial crude oil pipeline. Much of our time was spent meeting with industry executives and engineers in North and South America and working with local representatives in the Asian and the Middle Eastern markets. In December 2018, we reached mutual agreement with a major U.S.-based pipeline operator on a demonstration project under which we would install and operate our AOT equipment on a crude oil pipeline located in the Southern United States. We believed at the time that the selected project site would be ideal for demonstration purposes, delivering heavy crudes which, based on samples tested at Temple University, and, subject to the discussion below, would experience significant viscosity reduction when treated with our AOT technology.

While management focused on finding a partner and finalizing terms of the demonstration project, and in our continuing efforts to commercialize our AOT technology, our engineering team worked throughout 2018 to prepare one of our inventoried AOT units for deployment. All system upgrade, inspections and testing protocols were completed in December 2018. The pipeline operator finalized site selection and began site design and engineering in January 2019, completing site preparation and equipment installation in June 2019. The project was installed within budget, quality compliant, and without safety incidents. The system passed the pre-start safety review, data acquisition signal verifications, and mechanical inspections. Under full crude oil flow, the system was confirmed to have no leaks and no environmental issues were noted. Data collected during the full-flow startup phase confirmed internal differential pressures to be negligible and consistent with design specifications. However, when the system was energized, and the unit was run-up to high-voltage operations, the primary power supply began to operate erratically and had to be taken offline. Subsequent inspection determined the primary power supply had failed.

After removing the primary power supply, our engineers reconfigured the system to run off a smaller secondary power supply. Although this unit was not capable of achieving target treatment voltage, we performed limited testing and troubleshooting measures, after which the damaged power supply was shipped to the manufacturer for expedited repair and reconditioning. Inspections performed during the repair process indicated internal power supply components had been physically damaged. Though not definitive, it appears that damage may have occurred during transit prior to initial installation at the demonstration site. While the demonstration project was offline for power supply repairs, our engineering team worked with oil samples pulled from the operating pipeline for testing at our then Tomball laboratory facility. These tests were designed to confirm our target power requirements as accurately as possible and help us fine-tune enhancements planned for a new optimized AOT internal grid pack design we had planned to test at the demonstration site as part of our continuing value engineering effort.

During initial testing with the small power supply, current draw was greater than prior field deployments. While it was expected that the small power supply would not achieve treatment voltage, as voltage was increased, actual current draw experienced under test conditions exceeded the operating limit of the power supply. Subsequent laboratory and in-field testing performed at our then Tomball facility showed the electrical conductivity of the oil to be quite high and in line with field observations. Although these tests indicated the unit was generally functioning properly, results further indicated the damaged power supply, once repaired, would not be capable of providing sufficient power to fully treat the crude oil due to the oil’s high electrical conductivity. In anticipation of this result, the Company initiated in advance of testing parallel tasks of: i) installation of the repaired power supply to perform limited testing to confirm laboratory and in-field test results; and ii) procurement of a new power supply capable of providing significantly more power and a modified AOT grid pack assembly reconfigured and generally optimized based on the latest laboratory and in-field test results.

When the repaired power supply was installed in late August 2019, the system operated as expected, and limited testing was performed at that time. Results of this limited testing were consistent with laboratory tests performed to date. As expected, the repaired power supply was not capable of providing sufficient power to fully treat the crude oil under commercial operating conditions. Based on results of this limited testing, Company engineers completed designs and began implementation of modifications to the AOT internal grid pack assembly.

The new high capacity power supply and modified grid pack were installed in December 2019. However, prior to flooding the system with crude oil, early-phase startup testing indicated an electrical short circuit. Subsequent inspection revealed damage to the internal grid pack which likely occurred during installation. The grid pack was shipped offsite for repairs with reinstallation scheduled for January 2020.

The AOT demonstration project continued to experience setbacks during the first quarter of 2020. After repairing and re-installing the modified grid pack, the system shut down again during commissioning presenting with error conditions similar to the December 2019 failure. At that time, based on external inspections and on-site testing, our engineers suspected the grid pack had again been damaged during re-installation and that such suspected damage was the most likely cause of the electrical short circuit. It was determined at that time the best course of action would be to remove the modified grid pack and re-install the original grid pack which had previously been installed multiple times without sustaining damage, and perform a detailed inspection of the modified grid pack in an effort to determine the cause of the electrical short circuit.

Executing this plan, our team removed the modified grid pack and re-installed the original grid pack assembly in the AOT in January 2020. After removal, our engineers performed a detailed inspection of the modified grid pack. Inconsistent with expectations, no damage to the modified grid pack was found during this inspection, leaving the cause of the electrical short circuit undiagnosed.

In January and February 2020, our engineers tested and attempted to operate the AOT under a variety of conditions. In these tests, the system could be run at high voltage, but not high enough for treatment with the installed grid pack, under static “shut-in” conditions; however, the system continued to shut down due to an electrical short circuit when operated under pressure. In simple terms, this means the system could be flooded with crude oil and powered up in excess of 10,000 volts when the system was shut-in by closing the intake and outtake valves which isolates the system from the pipeline’s operating pressure. However, once the valves were opened and the system was subjected to the pipeline’s operating pressure, the system developed an electrical short circuit and shut down.

As the presence of high pressure appears to trigger the short circuit, it was the belief of our engineers that it is unlikely the fault is in the grid pack assembly as this component is fully submerged in crude oil and is generally subjected to equal pressure on all components. The electrical short is more likely developing in the electrical connection assembly built into the blind flange at the top of the pressure vessel, which is subjected to high pressure under normal operating conditions. Unfortunately, this electrical connection assembly could not be inspected without destroying the assembly itself. Instead, our engineers developed a plan to replace the installed blind flange and electrical connection assembly with components from inventory which would be rebuilt prior to installation.

As part of an ongoing reliability-engineering effort, our engineers at that time worked on incremental modifications to improve electrical isolation within the blind flange and electrical connection assembly. These previously developed plans allowed us to move quickly with vendors and present an expedited plan to the pipeline operator. In March 2020, our engineers designed modifications to the blind flange, electrical connections and related housing intended to minimize the effects of high pressure and likelihood of internal electrical short circuits. Concurrently, a blind flange with high voltage assembly was shipped from inventory to a shop with specialized equipment used to strip the flange of all electrical insulation materials. Once the stripping process was complete, castings were made to complete the internal assembly. Our engineers believed at the time that this modification could solve the electrical short issue we have experienced in prior tests.

While the blind flange assembly was being remanufactured, we took the opportunity to implement a number of relatively minor modifications to other system configurations which had been planned for future units based on results of our engineering team’s reliability engineering work over the past two years. These modifications were designed to improve the reliability of internal electrical connections, increase the structural support of the internal grid pack, and maintain higher quality control over internal component positioning and alignment during vertical installation.

Notwithstanding our efforts, the AOT system at that time continued to be non-operational under normal operating conditions. As reported in previous updates on our website at https://www.qsenergy.com/index.php/qs-updates/ and in our Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 4, 2020, the AOT system experienced shutdowns during the commissioning process. In December 2019, after installing a modified grid pack and new high-capacity power supply, the system shut down presenting with an electrical short which was determined to be due to damage to the system’s internal grid pack likely incurred during installation. After repairing and re-installing the modified grid pack in January 2020, the system shut down again during commissioning presenting with error conditions similar to the December 2019 failure. At that time, based on external inspections and on-site testing, our engineers suspected the grid pack had again been damaged during re-installation and that such suspected damage was the most likely cause of the electrical short circuit. As reported in our January 24, 2020 website update page, it was determined at that time the best course of action would be to remove the modified grid pack and re-install the original grid pack which had previously been installed multiple times without sustaining damage, and perform a detailed inspection of the modified grid pack in an effort to determine the cause of the electrical short circuit.

Executing on this plan, our team removed the modified grid pack and re-installed the original grid pack assembly in the AOT. After removal, our engineers performed a detailed inspection of the modified grid pack. Inconsistent with our expectations, no damage to the modified grid pack was found during this inspection, leaving the cause of the most recent electrical short circuit undiagnosed.

We have tested and attempted to operate the AOT under a variety of conditions. We have been able to bring the system up to high voltage under static “shut-in” conditions; however, as reported above, the system continued to shut down due to an electrical short circuit when operated under pressure. In simple terms, as also reported above, this means we can flood the system with crude oil, shut-in the system by closing the intake and outtake valves isolating the system from the pipeline’s operating pressure, and power up the system in excess of 10,000 volts. Once the valves are opened and the system is subjected to the pipeline’s operating pressure, the system develops an electrical short circuit and shuts down. Because of our inability to fully diagnose the cause of our current electrical problems, we can provide no assurances that we will not face other operational issues after completing a full diagnosis and evaluation of our technology.

As previously reported, in December 2018, we entered into an agreement with a major U.S.-based pipeline operator under which the Company installed its AOT equipment on a crude oil pipeline located in the Southern United States for testing and demonstration purposes. Based on laboratory tests and operations of prototype equipment at other locations, we had a reasonable expectation that the equipment would operate successfully and that test results would demonstrate quantifiable benefits to pipeline operators. This has not occurred.

As reported in the Company’s Form 10-K and Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020 and June 29, 2020, respectively, and in website updates published on the Company’s website at https://www.qsenergy.com/index.php/qs-updates/, the Company experienced a number of difficulties and delays at the demonstration site. Despite identifying and implementing numerous design modifications over several months, the Company was unable to successfully operate its AOT equipment.

In late June 2020, equipment modifications intended to mitigate electrical short circuit issues identified in earlier tests were completed. During startup testing, the system experienced a new failure mode in which the system could be operated at a baseline high voltage (well below operational voltage required to treat heavy crude), but after a period of time, the system would drop to very low voltage indicating a reduction in electrical resistance in the AOT. This voltage drop was both dynamic, developing over time as electrical current was applied; and transient, in that the power supply could be shut-down and re-started with this voltage drop characteristic repeating. After reviewing these results and running subsequent in-field tests at the direction of the power supply manufacturer, they recommended a configuration modification to the control module of the system’s high-voltage power supply which, in their experience, could resolve the system’s ability to maintain constant voltage under our unique operating conditions in which the AOT essentially acts as a very large capacitor. During the first week of July 2020, we modified the power supply control module at the direction of the power supply manufacturer. Though this modification did appear to solve the voltage drop issue, the AOT could not achieve operational voltage as the system control module indicated arc-faults when high voltage was applied above the baseline voltage levels. After many attempts to bring the system up to operating voltage, arc-faults continued until the AOT demonstrated symptoms of what appeared to be a dead short (electrical short-to-ground; voltage dropped to zero) and the system could no longer be re-started.

After discussions with our demonstration pipeline partner, it was mutually agreed that the best course of action was to move the equipment from the demonstration site to another location where our engineers could disassemble and inspect the equipment. Our AOT equipment was moved to storage, inspection, and testing site in the state of Mississippi. Our former demonstration partner indicated their continued interest in our AOT technology and may consider installation and operation of a new AOT demonstration project if our operational issues can be resolved.

We shut down all testing of our AOT product in July 2020, due to a lack of operating capital; we received limited capital in 2021, allowing us to commence some additional testing of our AOT product.

In 2021, following our receipt of limited capital, our engineer commenced re-testing and completed a troubleshooting sequence. Lab test fixtures were designed and built, and testing results supported the redesign of the AOT internals. The results of the electrical testing of the insulating material showed that the material of constructions was functioning as designed. However, during the testing it was discovered that the material swells when exposed to crude oil. The current design does not accommodate a change in size of the parts.

We validated a new design concept for the grid pack will reduce arcing and allowed us to apply full voltage during a recent test. A 3rd party engineering firm with proper experience and three-dimensional modeling software was engaged. A design review was completed, final drawings were sent to our vendors, and prototype parts, for fit and electrical testing, were ordered.

In August 2022 we completed the testing of the new components. The assembly did not suffer the arcing problems we saw when testing an assembly made from parts of the full size AOT. It appeared that we accomplished the goal of eliminating the sources of arcing that prevented us from achieving treatment voltages with this new design.

The lessons learned during the stack assembly test have been applied and the results incorporated into the designs for the spacer rings and the screens. This change to the isolator ring design resulted in some iterative designs to optimize the casting tooling or molds. The time spent on this redesign created a delay in our goal for testing in September 2022.

Since reporting our findings on October 7, 2021, we have been able to positively confirm and correct 80% of what we have determined thus far to be the necessary improvements for a reliable and field worthy AOT. Based on the results of the recent component testing, we were able to rework the original grid pack, achieve high voltage in air and oil to verify that the individual components worked when assembled.

Once all the parts were delivered for a full AOT, we assembled the stack and installed the stack into the vessel. The vessel was filled with oil and tested. We were able to apply full voltage of 40.1kV to the AOT. We believe the AOT is now ready to test with customer oil and be deployed back into the field.

We reopened discussions with our original development partner as well as reaching out to others. While we have tested with a representative oil sample, we have not yet reached an agreement with a development partner allowing us to test a development partner's pipeline oil as a prelude to another field test. Our efforts continue to reach agreement with a suitable development partner as our next step to develop and commercialize our AOT technology.

Our team has diligently pursued the formalization of a new initiative, aligning it with the strategic priorities of potential development partners. As we endeavor to seamlessly incorporate state-of-the-art technologies into a novel operational framework, we acknowledge that comprehensive planning and meticulous execution invariably require more time than initially anticipated.

A noteworthy milestone has been achieved, demonstrating significant viscosity reduction for the specified oil target. Our collaboration with Temple University continues as we define the operational parameters of the AOT system, essential for effective field deployment. Concurrently, we are actively exploring commercial opportunities for our AOT product.

In our ongoing effort to commercialize our AOT technology, as announced in our press release of June 12, 2024, we entered into a letter of intent on June 11, 2024, with VIPS Petroleum, LLC (“VIPS”) to collaborate on and outline preliminary terms of a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) regarding the commercial deployment of our AOT technology on one or more pipeline networks owned and operated by VIPS’ customer/clients. The MOU was completed and signed with VIPS on September 25, 2024, as reported in our press release of September 26, 2024. We have now entered into a Collaboration Agreement with VIPS as of August 1, 2024 to collaborate with them in facilitating the deployment of our AOT technology and products to VIPS’ customers. We hope to finalize a definitive agreement with a VIPS customer or customers to demonstrate the efficacy of our AOT product within the operating goals and requirements of the customer. If those customers’ goals and requirements are satisfied, we hope next to deploy our AOT product on the customer’s pipeline networks. While we believe we have an opportunity to seek deployment of our AOT product on a VIPS customer’s pipeline network, we can offer no assurances that agreements will be signed with VIPS' customers or that such customers, if any, will approve or seek installation of our AOT product.

Partnership Expansion and Strategic Developments. The partnership between VIPS and QS Energy has significantly strengthened over the reporting period. This collaboration has advanced to the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Australia Asia India Business Organization (AAIBO), as disclosed in our December 10, 2024, update, “QS Energy Achieves Phase 4 Milestone with Southeast Asia’s Leading Energy Producer.” Engagements with AAIBO and stakeholders in Malaysia have led to progress toward formalizing a contract.

Strategic Customer and Partner Engagement. Targeted identification of customer groups and collaboration with partners to introduce our technology remain foundational to our business strategy. Concurrently, we have prioritized establishing mutually beneficial commercial terms to ensure project viability for all stakeholders. Customers are expected to benefit from increased oil flow, energy savings, and reduced carbon emissions, tailored to the specifications of their pipeline networks. It is anticipated that QS Energy and VIPS will receive full payment for contract values within 90 days following contract execution.

Operational Readiness. QS Energy has collaborated with its manufacturing partners to ensure readiness for anticipated production demands. This proactive approach positions us to efficiently scale operations and support anticipated growth.

Our expenses to date have been funded through the sale of shares of common stock and convertible debt, as well as proceeds from the exercise of stock purchase warrants and options. We will need to raise substantial additional capital through 2025, and beyond, to fund work on our AOT, our sales and marketing efforts, continuing research and development, and certain other expenses, including without limitation, legal and accounting expenses, until we are able to achieve a revenue base. We can provide no assurances that additional capital will be available to us, or if it is, that such additional capital will be offered at acceptable terms.

There are significant risks associated with our business, our Company and our stock. See “Risk Factors,” below.

Our Business Strategy

Assuming we are able to raise sufficient capital, we intend to continue to seek commercialization and marketing of our current technologies. Our current and primary product portfolio is dedicated to the crude oil production and transportation marketplace, with a specifically targeted product (AOT) offering for enhancing the flow-assurance parameters of new and existing pipeline gathering and transmission systems.

Our primary goal is to provide the oil industry with a cost-effective method by which to increase the number of barrels of oil able to be transported per day through the industry’s existing and newly built pipelines. The greatest impact on oil transport volume may be realized through reductions in pipeline operator reliance on diluent for viscosity reduction utilizing AOT technology; a process the Company refers to as electronic diluent, or “eDiluent”. The Company filed for trademark protection of the term eDiluent in 2017. We also seek to provide the oil industry with a way to reduce emissions from operating equipment. We believe our goals are realizable via viscosity reduction using our AOT product line.

We believe QS Energy’s technologies will enable the petroleum industry to gain key value advantages boosting profit, while satisfying the needs of regulatory bodies at the same time. Key players in the pipeline industry continue to demonstrate interest in our technologies.

Our manufacturing strategy is to contract with third-party vendors and suppliers, each with a strong reputation and proven track record in the pipeline industry. These vendors are broken up by product component subcategory, enabling multiple manufacturing capacity redundancies and safeguards to be utilized. In addition, this strategy allows the Company to eliminate the prohibitively high capital expenditures such as costs of building, operating and maintaining its own manufacturing facilities, ratings, personnel and licenses, thereby eliminating unnecessary capital intensity and risk.

Our identified market strategy is to continue meeting with oil and gas industry executives in the upstream, gathering, and midstream sectors from both domestic and foreign companies. Our goal is to introduce our technology to oil and gas companies and to demonstrate potential value for the purposes of negotiating commercial implementation of our AOT technology to their existing infrastructures.

Our strategy includes:

	1.	Continue optimization and value engineering of our AOT Midstream commercial product line.
	2.	Install and operate AOT equipment on a commercial midstream pipeline.
	3.	Directly market AOT technology to midstream pipeline operators based on results and analysis of data from the AOT demonstration project.
	4.	Present demonstration project results and analysis at various trade conferences.
	5.	Continue to make inroads and meet with key strategic potential customers in the following geographic regions:

	a.	United States
	b.	Canada
	c.	South and Central America
	d.	Middle East
	e.	Asia

	6.	Continue to make inroads and strategic alliances with additional supply chain and logistics support to rapidly expand our production capacity beyond its current physical limitations, adding capacity, reach and stability with pre-approved supply chain members that meet the criteria of the customers’ procurement divisions.
	7.	Develop new AOT technologies crude oil technologies with the potential to expand our market reach upstream and gathering pipeline, offshore pipelines, rail and trucking containers, and crude oil container ships.
	8.	Continue to collaborate on scientific and technical whitepaper reports, product development enhancements, and additional products with our engineering support, consultants and relationships.
	9.	Seek long-term recurring revenues by directly offering or licensing electronic viscosity reduction (electronic diluent, or “eDiluent”) as a service to reduce reliance on physical diluent.

Market Analysis Overview

QS Energy’s AOT crude oil viscosity reduction technology directly targets the heavy crude oil transportation industry, initially targeting the midstream crude oil pipeline operations which deliver high volumes of heavy crude oil to market. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts U.S. crude oil production will average 13.2 million barrels per day in 2024 and predicts it to grow to an average of 13.5 million barrels per day in 2025. Worldwide, EIA forecasts Brent crude oil prices averaging $74 per barrel in 2025, decreasing to $66 per barrel in 2026. These forecasts were completed prior to additional sanctions targeting Russia’s oil sector on January 10, which have the potential to reduce Russia’s oil exports to the global market.

In 2024, global demand for crude oil averaged approximately 102.9 million barrels per day (b/d). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that this demand will increase by 1.3 million b/d in 2025 and by an additional 1.2 million b/d in 2026, primarily driven by consumption in non-OECD Asia. Looking further ahead, the EIA forecasts that global oil demand in 2030 could range from a 3% to 10% increase compared to 2022 levels, depending on various economic and policy factors.

Regarding global crude oil production, the EIA's February 2025 Short-Term Energy Outlook anticipates that production will average 104.2 million b/d in 2025 and 105.8 million b/d in 2026. This growth is expected to result from a combination of gradual increases in OPEC+ production and further expansion from non-OPEC countries, including the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Guyana. Focusing on the United States, crude oil production is projected to reach 13.61 million b/d in 2025 and 13.76 million b/d in 2026. The Federal Gulf of Mexico is expected to contribute approximately 1.80 million b/d to these totals, while Alaska's output is projected at 0.42 million b/d in 2025 and 0.44 million b/d in 2026.

In terms of transportation, the EIA estimates that a significant portion of crude oil production continues to be transported via midstream pipelines. While specific recent percentages are not provided, historically, a substantial share of both global and North American crude oil has relied on pipeline infrastructure for transportation. Assuming a transportation cost of $5 per barrel, as estimated in previous analyses, and applying it to the projected production rates, the annual midstream crude oil transportation costs can be approximated. However, it's important to note that these figures are subject to change based on market conditions, infrastructure developments, and other economic factors.

Please note that these projections are based on current data and are subject to change due to various factors, including economic conditions, technological advancements, and policy decisions related to climate change and energy transition efforts.

The energy sector continues to operate in a dynamic period marked by both rapid change and expansion. Advancements in oilfield drilling and completion technologies, particularly enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, have significantly increased the recoverability of “tight” oil and gas from shale formations across North America and worldwide. This historic surge in upstream crude oil production has led to persistent transportation bottlenecks when moving upstream production to downstream storage, offloading facilities, and refineries. These bottlenecks continue to stimulate substantial investments in both new and existing pipeline infrastructure while also increasing reliance on less efficient alternative transportation methods such as rail and freight trucks.

Since the initial application of EOR or tertiary recovery techniques in the 1970s, oil and gas producers have increasingly relied on gas and chemical injection, as well as thermal recovery. These advanced extraction methods, combined with a significantly higher number of new wells in active oilfields, have increased reservoir output by 30% to 60% over traditional primary and secondary recovery practices. The rapid adoption of these cutting-edge extraction technologies in the U.S. energy industry reversed a 34-year decline in domestic oil and gas production in 2006. High output from massive shale formations, including North Dakota’s Bakken, Texas’ Eagle Ford and Permian Basin, Colorado’s Green River, and Utah’s Uintah Basin, continues to drive production growth through 2025 and beyond.

Other nations with substantial exploitable shale formations include Russia, China, Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Libya, Australia, Venezuela, Mexico, and many others. These countries present a growing market for crude oil pipeline optimization technologies as production comes online. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) currently estimates that approximately 345 billion barrels of identified and recoverable shale oil exist worldwide, positioning many regions for sustained production growth.

Despite advancements, oil production continues to outpace the capacity of existing pipeline infrastructure in the U.S., Canada, South and Central America, and various other global regions, leading to delivery delays to refineries and increased dependence on higher-cost rail and tanker truck transport. This imbalance between production and infrastructure capacity highlights the critical need for innovations in pipeline optimization.

Additionally, fluctuating global oil prices since the early 2020s have encouraged producers and transporters to reduce costs and seek technologies that increase operational efficiency. The Applied Oil Technology (AOT) system is specifically designed to enhance pipeline throughput capacity, reduce the use of diluents, lower pipeline operating costs, and optimize overhead, ultimately improving margins and delivering measurable competitive advantages. As the industry moves through 2025, 2030, and beyond, AOT’s ability to increase efficiency and reduce transportation costs remains vital to maintaining profitability in an increasingly competitive market.

Projected Pipeline Infrastructure Investment

Among the challenges facing the global crude oil production and transportation sectors, few are as intransigent or detrimental to the industry as the transportation bottlenecks and well-to-market delivery delays that are endemic here in North America and overseas. While new pipeline infrastructure projects are underway here in the U.S., Canada and in foreign markets, gaining legislative approval is a lengthy process and their construction is highly capital-intensive.

Although pipelines are by far the safest and most economical transportation method, outmoded pipeline infrastructure constructed primarily in the 1950s and 1960s cannot provide the capacity necessary to move production downstream to storage, refinery and offloading facilities. Consequently, delivery delays to refineries and reliance on less desirable rail and tanker truck transport have increased exponentially since 2008 when the shale boom began in earnest. Data compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, IHS Global and the American Petroleum Institute identify billions in lost revenue opportunities for E&P companies and tax collection agencies in leading oil producing states such as Texas, North Dakota, Alaska, California, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah directly attributable to production takeaway constraints.

Despite the recently depressed price level of global oil benchmarks, experts forecast continued growth in crude oil pipeline capital expenditures. In June 2018, the Interstate National Gas Association of America published a study titled “North America Midstream Infrastructure through 2035.” Among its key findings, this report estimates $321 billion will be invested in midstream crude oil infrastructure between 2018 and 2035. This demand is largely due to capacity constraints coupled with the high cost of delivering crude oil by truck or rail.

We believe QS Energy’s AOT technology is strategically aligned with the major requirements and challenges facing the petroleum pipeline economy. The AOT is designed to increase pipeline flowrate while relaxing pipeline viscosity requirements, effectively increasing pipeline capacity and reducing or eliminating bottlenecks. This has the ancillary benefit of reducing the need to add diluent or heat to reduce viscosity while reducing reliance on more costly truck and rail transport to meet increasing capacity demands. Our AOT technology may also mitigate costly operating factors such as vapor pressure, pigging (pipeline cleaning) frequency, power consumption, and onset of turbulent flow. Of these factors, vapor pressure, which may be mitigated by AOT through reduced reliance on diluent and a reduction in heat buildup in transit, is of high importance to many pipeline operators as vapor pressure is tightly controlled by the EPA and is very expensive to mitigate by other means. We are now seeking to commercialize AOT as a cost-efficient solution for both new and existing pipeline operations.

Target Markets

The oil and gas sector market can be segmented into three primary categories: Upstream Producers, Midstream Transporters and Downstream Refiners:

	·	The Upstream segment is involved in the exploration and production (E&P) of oil and gas.

	·	Midstream companies and partnerships transport oil and gas to markets via pipelines, rail and shipping, and provide storage in the field and at the destination location.

	·	The Downstream sector refines oil and gas into finished products and, in cooperation with manufacturers and retailers, markets and distributes fuels and other refined petroleum products.

Upstream Producers

The Upstream segment has the greatest exposure to commodity prices. When prices fall as has been the case recently, they feel the brunt of this realignment. They also have the most to gain from additional flow throughput capacity and therefore would see immediate benefit from QS Energy’s AOT.

This sector is typically nimble and faces few barriers to entry. With clear financial upside for every additional barrel of crude oil that they are able to transport, these companies are often open to new and innovative technology capable of providing greater efficiencies, lower costs and improved cash flow. Upstream producers physically move the most volume of product. They are customers to the Midstream transporters and enter into long-term contractual shipping obligations (tariff-based transportation contracts) with Midstream transporters to secure the movement of product from their fields to the refiners and markets downstream.

Producers make the spot market price for every barrel delivered to refinery, minus the transport costs, tariffs, and marketing discounts associated with bringing the product to market. A rough rule of thumb for this market is that the further away they are from the refinery, the higher the transport costs to deliver the product. Discussions with Upstream entities has uncovered strong interest in solutions that unlock chokepoints from their field equipment to the transmission line loading terminals through viscosity reduction (AOT). In addition, this group would also benefit from transporters implementing our AOT transmission-line series due to its ability to increase the overall flow capacity of pipelines transporting product from loading terminals to market.

Midstream Gathering Transporters

A subset of the Midstream transporters sector is the gathering line operators. This group often functions as a part of the Upstream producers’ operations, or within the Midstream transporter’s operations. Midstream gathering lines are the regional transportation infrastructure that connect Upstream oilfield gathering lines to Midstream long-distance main trunk lines. Typically, these pipelines are of a relatively short length (20-100 miles) and have diameters between 6” and 12”, and could benefit from our smaller, lower cost AOT technology.

Midstream entities transport the bulk of the world’s crude oil output via the 400,000 miles of crude oil pipelines globally. Domestically, they deliver a large percentage of the U.S. daily production of 9.2 million barrels per day through 160,000 miles of crude pipelines. Midstream operators represent a strong and ready market for AOT, and field test deployments for both solutions are underway.

The pipeline transport operators’ business model is to charge a tariff to transport each barrel of oil through their pipeline. Due to the high daily volume of oil being transported and its value as a commodity, even incremental performance efficiencies can drive significant reductions in overhead reduction and increases in toll revenues. AOT may also provide pipeline operators the opportunity to offer on-demand electronic diluent as a service at a premium fee to customers highly dependent on diluent to meet viscosity requirements.

The potential benefits of AOT includes increased flow, reduced pipeline operating pressure and reduced friction losses and friction-induced heat build-up, providing economic benefits through increased capacity and toll rate income, and regulatory benefits through reductions in BTU per ton-mile, off-gassing and reduced carbon emissions (CO2).

Other heavy crude oil transporters

Truck, rail and marine crude oil carriers rely on heat and other costly and potentially hazardous measures to address the difficulties of onloading and offloading thick, heavy crudes. The Company is investigating AOT equipment designs specifically targeting this market’s viscosity and vapor pressure requirements and related evaporation mitigation practices mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Our Products and Technology

AOT Commercial Products

See Item 1., above, (Business) under the section Overview. The following discussion is qualified in its entirety by the aforementioned discussion in Item 1, above, (Business).Beginning in the second quarter of 2012, the Company began the design and engineering efforts required to transition from laboratory and prototype testing to AOT units designed for full-scale commercial testing. The Company established its supply chain, designs, drawings, engineering, certifications and specifications to comply with the engineering audit processes as dictated by the energy industry regulation processes and North American regulatory bodies. We have built, delivered and tested, under limited duration and conditions, AOT equipment on a high-volume commercial pipeline. We have not proven the commercial viability of this product. Please see “ITEM 1A, Risk Factors”, for a discussion associated with the commercial viability of our products.

The first commercial deployment of AOT occurred on the Keystone Pipeline in Udall, Kansas in May 2014, utilizing four AOT pressure vessels in a parallel “4-Pack” configuration for a cumulative capacity of 600,000 barrels per day. This system was operated under normal pipeline operating conditions as reported in the ATS RheoSystems field test summary report dated February 5, 2015. See section titled “Laboratory and Scientific Testing” below for more information on test procedures and results. Subsequent to testing and termination of the TransCanada lease, the AOT 4-Pack was uninstalled and reconfigured for deployment as four individual AOT units.

Our second AOT commercial installation was a single AOT deployment initially installed in March 2015 on the Kinder Morgan Crude & Condensate pipeline, which provides takeaway capacity for the Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas, primarily delivering light crude oil. As discussed in the Overview section above, equipment was installed limited operations and tests were performed in 2015 and 2016. Based on final analysis of in-field test results, SCADA operating data and subsequent analysis of crude oil samples at Temple University, it is unlikely Kinder Morgan would use the AOT at the original test location or other condensate pipeline. Kinder Morgan may consider AOT operations at one of their heavy crude pipeline locations subject to results of other AOT demonstration projects.

The Company continues to optimize and value engineer its AOT product line, targeting both midstream and upstream markets. The Company has installed an AOT demonstration project in cooperation with a major U.S. pipeline operator. As described in the Overview section above, this project has experienced numerous failures during initial testing which the Company is working to correct. As reported above, the project was removed from the demonstration site.

Joule Heat Product Development

The Company began development of its Joule Heat product in 2014, based around the new electrical heat system which reduces oil viscosity through a process known as joule heat, specifically targeting the upstream crude oil transportation market. The Company’s first Joule Heat prototype was installed for testing purposes under a joint development agreement with Newfield Exploration Company in June 2015 and the system was operational; however, changes to the prototype configuration will be required to determine commercial effectiveness of this unit. In December 2015, we suspended Joule Heat development activities to focus Company resources on finalizing commercial development of the AOT. We may resume Joule Heat development in the future depending on the availability of sufficient capital and other resources.

AOT Commercial Supply Chain

The Company has developed a supply chain for fabrication of the commercial AOT. The supply chain consists of multiple component suppliers and manufacturing companies engaged under Independent Contractor Agreements according to their respective fields of expertise. The supply chain entities have been chosen for their ability to work collaboratively with QS Energy and for their existing relationships with current and potential future customers of QS Energy technologies. The external components such as pressure vessels, inlet and outlet piping header systems, personnel and equipment shelters have been manufactured under contract with Power Service Inc. with offices in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, and Texas. Internal components such as grid packs, electrical connections and other machined parts have been manufactured by Industrial Screen and Maintenance, with offices in Wyoming and Colorado. All equipment is manufactured in the United States of America, using only approved raw materials and vendors for quality control and import/export compliance purposes and meet the certifications and specifications as dictated by our customers and their independent oversight and auditing authorities.

Other components such as power systems, electrical junction boxes, cabling, hardware, switches, circuit breakers, computer equipment, sensors, SCADA/PLC, software and other power and integration equipment are purchased as complete units from various suppliers with operations based throughout North America. All component vendors are required to meet or exceed the same specifications as the parts manufacturers to maintain compliance as dictated by our customers and their independent oversight and auditing authorities.

AOT Intellectual Property

The Company began its own independent audit process for the updating of its intellectual property portfolio in 2012. The goal of this process was to streamline unnecessary legacy items left over from prior management, consolidate efforts to countries and regions of interest and retire items that were no longer valid or had been replaced with new intellectual property developments. In 2013, the Company retained the law firm of Jones Walker LLP, with operations based in Houston, Texas and began consolidation and streamlining efforts to manage intellectual properties.

QS Energy is currently maintaining and licensing from Temple University a portfolio of domestic and international patents, which have either been granted or have been published and are pending subject to final approval by the respective patent agency. Each of these intellectual properties are related to QS Energy’s AOT, Joule Heat and Fuel Injector technologies. Subject to additional capital funding, we intend actively to continue to develop and market our AOT technology. Development of QS Energy’s Fuel Injector and Joule Heat technologies have been suspended. The Company continues to maintain a license agreement with Temple University with respect to the underlying Fuel Injector patents, and is considering its options to re-start commercialization, sublicense the technology, or terminate the fuel injector license agreement with Temple. For details of the licensing agreements with Temple University, see Financial Statements attached hereto, Note 6. Please see ITEM 1A, Risk Factors below for a discussion of risks associated with these intellectual properties.

Current Business Status

As reported above, our AOT technology had design and operational flaws, and continues to require substantial testing and development, requiring a substantial infusion of capital in the Company. We can provide no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital required to continue our efforts to commercialize our AOT technology. With limited capital, reported above, the Company is currently seeking to correct the failures associated with its AOT technology. Once operational, the Company plans to analyze and use AOT performance data to re-engage current and new prospective customers in our primary target North American and South American midstream crude oil markets. See the Overview section above for details.

Throughout 2023, our efforts have been tightly focused on executing our AOT demonstration project strategy. A number of companies in North America, South America and the Middle East have expressed interest in our technology and a desire to review demonstration project test results and visit the demonstration site. Assuming successful operations, we believe our AOT project should provide data requested by prospective customers such as real-time changes in viscosity, pipeline pressure drop reduction and increases in pipeline operating flowrates. All collected data will be normalized such that it can be used to evaluate the financial and operational benefits across a wide range of commercial operating scenarios without disclosing confidential details of our operations. We believe that real-world data from our AOT project could be used to accelerate our desire to achieve commercial adoption of our AOT technology, positioning us to re-engage with industry executives.

Laboratory and Scientific Testing

From 2010 through 2013, the Company worked with the U.S. Department of Energy (“US DOE”) to test its technology at the Department of Energy’s Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (“RMOTC”), near Casper, Wyoming. This third-party testing independently verified the efficacy of the Company’s technology operating in a controlled facility, using commercial-scale prototype of our AOT equipment. These tests were summarized in the US DOE Rocky Mountain Oilfield Test Center report dated April 4, 2012 (“ROMRC Report”), which reported AOT measured pressure loss reduction of 40% and viscosity reduction of 40%; and reported observed reductions in line-loss and gains in pump operation efficiency across the entire length of the 4.4-mile test pipeline. A subsequent long-duration (24-hour) test at the RMOTC facility tested the effectiveness of AOT in treating oil overnight, as pipeline oil temperatures and viscosities drop. In its report dated May 3, 2012 to May 4, 2012, US DOE engineers recorded 56% reduction in viscosity of the AOT-treated oil versus untreated oil, with AOT effectively stabilizing oil viscosity throughout the overnight run despite dropping temperatures.

Laboratory testing of our AOT technology has been conducted by Dr. Rongjia Tao. Testing of the technology as applied to crude oil transmission has been conducted at Temple University in their Physics Department, in addition to the US DOE, at their Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center, located on the Naval Petroleum Reserve #3 Teapot Dome Oilfield, north of Casper, Wyoming. In addition, a group led by Dr. Rongjia Tao, Chairman, Department of Physics of Temple University conducted experiments, using the laboratory-scale Applied Oil Technology apparatus at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (CNR). NIST is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, founded in 1901 in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Independent laboratory testing was also conducted as a collaborative effort by Temple University and PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center (“PetroChina”) in 2012. In its report dated June 26, 2012 (“PetroChina Report”), PetroChina concluded, “The above series of tests show that it is very effective to use AOT to reduce the viscosity of crude oil. We can see that AOT has significantly reduced the viscosity of Daqing crude oil, Changqing crude oil, and Venezuela crude oil, and greatly improved its flow rate.”

As previously reported in 2014, QS Energy installed and tested its commercial AOT equipment, leased and operated by TransCanada on TransCanada’s high-volume Keystone pipeline operation. The first full test of the AOT equipment on the Keystone pipeline was performed in July 2014, with preliminary data analyzed and reported by Dr. Rongjia Tao of Temple University. Upon review of the July 2014 test results and preliminary report by Dr. Tao, QS Energy and TransCanada mutually agreed that this initial test was flawed due to, among other factors, the short-term nature of the test, the inability to isolate certain independent pipeline operating factors such as fluctuations in upstream pump station pressures, and limitations of the AOT device to produce a sufficient electric field to optimize viscosity reduction. Although Dr. Tao’s preliminary report indicated promising results, QS Energy and TransCanada mutually agreed that no conclusions could be reliably reached from the July 2014 test or from Dr. Tao’s preliminary report. As a result of this test, the Company modified its testing protocols and contracted with an independent laboratory, ATS RheoSystems, a division of CANNON (“ATS”), to perform follow-up tests at the TransCanada facility. This independent laboratory performed viscosity measurements at the TransCanada facility during subsequent testing in September 2014. As detailed in its field test report dated October 6, 2014, ATS measured AOT viscosity reductions of 8% to 23% depending on flow rates and crude oil types in transit. Over the duration of a 24-hour test intended to measure the recovery of the AOT treated oil from its reduced-viscosity treated state to its original pre-treated viscosity, ATS measured viscosity reductions of 23% three hours after treatment and 11% thirteen hours after treatment, with the crude oil returning to its untreated state approximately twenty-two hours after treatment. In its summary report dated February 5, 2015, ATS concluded that i) data indicated a decrease in viscosity of crude oil flowing through the TransCanada pipeline due to AOT treatment of the crude oil; and ii) the power supply installed on our equipment would need to be increased to maximize reduction in viscosity and take full advantage of the AOT technology.

Although, as reported by ATS, the efficacy of the AOT technology operated in the TransCanada field test was constrained due to limitations of the electric field applied by that unit’s power supply, subsequent analysis by QS Energy personnel of ATS test results compared against laboratory tests performed at Temple University on oil samples provided by TransCanada revealed a single test run in which the electric field generated by the AOT was sufficient to fully treat the oil given operating conditions at the time of the test. In this test run, ATS measured a 23% reduction in viscosity three hours after AOT treatment. Laboratory tests at Temple University performed on a sample of crude oil provided by TransCanada of the same type treated in that specific field test measured a 27% reduction in viscosity in the laboratory immediately following treatment. Allowing for the actual three-hour of recovery time of the field test measurement, the resulting field test viscosity reduction of 23% correlates very well to the 27% viscosity reduction achieved in the laboratory setting.

Due to the small sample size of tests performed during the TransCanada field test, results reported by ATS are statistically inconclusive and cannot be relied upon to provide proof of AOT efficacy. While more testing is required to establish the efficacy of our AOT technology, we are encouraged by the findings of our independent research laboratory and the results of subsequent comparative analysis of data collected under laboratory and commercial operating conditions. We look forward to further development and commercialization of our technology. The TransCanada Lease was terminated by TransCanada, effective October 15, 2014. The Company has modified the design of the AOT power supply such that future installations of the AOT device are expected to achieve sufficient electric field to optimize viscosity reduction.

The Company contracted Southern Research Company (“SRI”) in 2015 to perform independent laboratory tests on its prototype Joule Heat units AOT Upstream units. SRI performed tests on a prototype Joule Heat unit in September 2015, which showed promising results in which the Joule Heat prototype was observed to increase crude oil temperatures. In December 2015, we suspended Joule Heat and AOT Upstream development activities to focus Company resources on finalizing commercial development of the AOT Midstream.

See also our discussion above in Item 1., under the section labeled Overview (Business”).

Competition

QS Energy's Applied Oil Technology (AOT) operates within the competitive landscape of crude oil pipeline optimization, where several companies offer solutions aimed at enhancing pipeline efficiency and reducing operational costs. Key competitors include:

	·	Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs): Companies such as Baker Hughes and LiquidPower Specialty Products Inc. (LSPI) provide DRAs that reduce turbulence in pipelines, thereby improving flow rates. DRAs are widely adopted in the industry and serve as a conventional method for enhancing pipeline throughput.

	·	Pipeline Heating Systems: Firms like Chromalox offer pipeline heating solutions designed to reduce the viscosity of crude oil by maintaining elevated temperatures, facilitating smoother flow through pipelines. These systems are particularly effective in colder regions where low temperatures can significantly increase oil viscosity.

	·	Ultrasonic and Mechanical Devices: Companies such as Applus+ RTD have developed ultrasonic technologies aimed at improving pipeline flow by reducing friction and preventing buildup within the pipeline. These mechanical interventions provide alternative methods for enhancing flow efficiency without chemical additives.

While these competitors offer established solutions, QS Energy's AOT distinguishes itself through its innovative approach:

	·	Electrostatic Technology: AOT employs a high-voltage, low-amperage electric field to reduce crude oil viscosity, enhancing pipeline throughput without the need for chemical additives or significant thermal input.

	·	Environmental and Economic Benefits: By reducing viscosity electrically, AOT aims to lower energy consumption and operational costs associated with pipeline transportation, potentially offering a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution compared to traditional methods.

As QS Energy progresses towards the commercialization of AOT, understanding the competitive landscape is crucial for strategic positioning. The company's focus on leveraging electrostatic technology to address viscosity reduction presents a unique value proposition in the pipeline optimization market.

Government Regulation and Environmental Matters

Our research and development activities are not subject to any governmental regulations that would have a significant impact on our business and we believe that we are in compliance with all applicable regulations that apply to our business as it is presently conducted. Our products, as such, are not subject to certification or approval by the EPA or other governmental agencies domestically or internationally. Depending upon whether we manufacture or license our products in the future and in which countries such products are manufactured or sold, we may be subject to regulations, including environmental regulations, at such time.

Non-Disclosure Agreements

To protect our intellectual property, we have entered into agreements with certain employees and consultants, which limit access to, and disclosure or use of, our technology. There can be no assurance, however, that the steps we have taken to deter misappropriation of our intellectual property or third-party development of our technology and/or processes will be adequate, that others will not independently develop similar technologies and/or processes or that secrecy will not be breached. In addition, although management believes that our technology has been independently developed and does not infringe on the proprietary rights of others, there can be no assurance that our technology does not and will not so infringe or that third parties will not assert infringement claims against us in the future. Management believes that the steps they have taken to date will provide some degree of protection; however, no assurance can be given that this will be the case.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, in addition to the Company’s CEO/CFO, the Company had one full-time employee. We also utilized the services of part-time consultants and independent contractors on an as-needed basis to assist us with various matters, including engineering, logistics, investor relations, public relations, accounting and sales and marketing. We intend to hire additional personnel to provide services when they are needed on a full-time basis. We recognize that our efficiency largely depends, in part, on our ability to hire and retain additional qualified personnel as and when needed and we have adopted procedures to assure our ability to do so.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

We have a history of losses, and we cannot assure you that we will ever become or remain profitable. As a result, you may lose your entire investment.

We generated insignificant revenues from operations in late 2006 and subsequently did not generate any revenues until 2014, and thereafter we have generated no revenues, and we have incurred recurring net losses every year since our inception in 1998. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had net losses of $1,934,000 and $1,224,000 respectively. To date, we have dedicated most of our financial resources to research and development, general and administrative expenses and initial sales and marketing activities. We have funded all of our activities through sales of our debt and equity securities for cash. We anticipate net losses and negative cash flow to continue until such time as our products are brought to market in sufficient amounts to offset operating losses. Our ability to achieve profitability is dependent upon our continuing research and development, product development, and sales and marketing efforts, to deliver viable products and the Company’s ability to successfully bring them to market. Although our management is optimistic that we will succeed in marketing products incorporating our technologies, there can be no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenues or that any revenues that may be generated will be sufficient for us to become profitable or thereafter maintain profitability. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues or become or remain profitable, we may have to cease our operations and liquidate our business.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain future financing.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred a net loss of $1,934,000 and used cash in operations of $1,168,000 and had a stockholders’ deficit of $5,646,000 as of December 31, 2024. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date that its financial statements are issued. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, with respect to this uncertainty. This going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities and subsequent reports by our independent registered public accounting firm on our financial statements may also include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is subject to our ability to obtain significant additional capital to fund our operations and to generate revenue from sales, of which there is no assurance. If we fail to raise sufficient capital, we may have to liquidate our business and you may lose your investment.

Since we have not yet begun to generate positive cash flow from operations, our ability to continue operations is dependent on our ability to either begin to generate positive cash flow from operations or our ability to raise capital from outside sources.

We have not generated cash flow from operations since our inception in February 1998 and have relied on external sources of capital to fund operations. We had $150,000 in cash at December 31, 2024 and used cash in operations of $1,168,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We currently do not have credit facilities available with financial institutions or other third parties, and historically have relied upon best efforts third-party funding. Though we have been successful at raising capital on a best-efforts basis in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in any future best-efforts financing endeavors. We will need to continue to rely upon financing from external sources to fund our operations for the foreseeable future. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital from external sources to fund our operations, we may need to curtail operations.

We will need substantial additional capital to meet our operating needs, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available.

During fiscal 2024, our cash burn rate amounted to approximately $97,000 per month and could increase during the remainder of fiscal 2025. In order to fund our capital needs, we conducted private offerings of our securities in 2023 and 2024. While discussion regarding additional interim and permanent financings are being actively conducted, management cannot predict with certainty that an equity line of credit will be available to provide adequate funds, or any funds at all, or whether any additional interim or permanent financings will be available at all or, if it is available, if it will be available on favorable terms. If we cannot obtain needed capital, our research and development, and sales and marketing plans, business and financial condition and our ability to reduce losses and generate profits will be materially and adversely affected.

Our business prospects are difficult to predict because of our limited operating history, early stage of development and unproven business strategy. Since our incorporation in 1998, we have been and continue to be involved in development of products using our technology, establishing manufacturing and marketing of these products to consumers and industry partners. Although we believe our technology and products in development have significant profit potential, we may not attain profitable operations and our management may not succeed in realizing our business objectives.

If we are not able to devote adequate resources to product development and commercialization, we may not be able to develop our products.

Our business strategy is to develop, manufacture and market products incorporating our AOT technology. We believe that our revenue growth and profitability, if any, will substantially depend upon our ability to raise additional necessary capital for research and development, complete development of our products in development and successfully introduce and commercialize our products.

If we are not able to devote adequate resources to product development and commercialization, we may not be able to develop our products.

Certain of our products are still under various stages of development. Because we have limited resources to devote to product development and commercialization, any delay in the development of one product or reallocation of resources to product development efforts that prove unsuccessful may delay or jeopardize the development of other product candidates. Although our management believes that it may finance our product development through private placements and other capital sources, if we do not develop new products and bring them to market, our ability to generate revenues will be adversely affected.

The commercial viability of QS Energy’s technologies remains largely unproven and we may not be able to attract customers.

Despite the fact that we leased AOT equipment in 2014 to a major oil pipeline operator and tested the equipment on their high-volume pipeline under normal operating conditions, entered into a lease agreement with a second major oil pipeline operator to operate and test AOT equipment in 2015, and have initiated a project to demonstrate our AOT technology on a commercial pipeline in 2019, the commercial viability of our devices is not known at this time. If commercial opportunities are not realized from the use of products incorporating the AOT technology, our ability to generate revenue would be adversely affected. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in marketing our products, or that customers will ultimately purchase our products. Failure to have commercial success from the sale of our products will significantly and negatively impact our financial condition. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in marketing our products, or that customers will ultimately purchase our products. Failure to have commercial success from the sale of our products will significantly and negatively impact our financial condition.

If our products and services do not gain market acceptance, it is unlikely that we will become profitable and it is unlikely that we will be able to stay in business.

At this time, our technology is commercially unproven, and the use of our technology by others is limited. Specific examples of use to date include:

	·	Temple University, testing, research and joint development;

	·	U.S. Department of Energy Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center, testing and research;

	·	PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center, testing and research;

	·	TransCanada, short-term testing;

	·	Kinder Morgan Crude and Condensate, short-term testing;

	·	On-site short-term testing of a laboratory-scale AOT at a Canadian oil producer’s facility in Alberta Canada.

	·	A demonstration project in cooperation with a commercial pipeline operator in the Southern United States

The commercial success of our products will depend upon the adoption of our technology by the oil industry. Market acceptance will depend on many factors, including:

the willingness and ability of consumers and industry partners to adopt new technologies;

our ability to convince potential industry partners and consumers that our technology is an attractive alternative to other technologies;

our ability to manufacture products and provide services in sufficient quantities with acceptable quality and at an acceptable cost; and,

our ability to place and service sufficient quantities of our products.

If our products do not achieve a significant level of market acceptance, demand for our products will not develop as expected and it is unlikely that we will become profitable, and unlikely that we will be able to stay in business.

We outsource and rely on third parties for the manufacture of our products.

Our business model calls for the outsourcing of the manufacture of our products in order to reduce our capital and infrastructure costs, capital expenditure and personnel. Accordingly, we must enter into agreements with other companies that can assist us and provide certain capabilities that we do not possess, and to increase our manufacturing capacity as necessary. We can provide no assurances that any such outsourcing will be at commercially acceptable rates or profitable. Moreover, we do not have the required financial and human resources or capability to manufacture, market and sell our products. Our business model calls for the outsourcing of the manufacture, and sales and marketing of our products in order to reduce our capital and infrastructure costs as a means of potentially improving our financial position and the profitability of our business. Accordingly, we must enter into agreements with other companies that can assist us and provide certain capabilities that we do not possess. We may not be successful in entering into additional such alliances on favorable terms or at all. Furthermore, any delay in entering into agreements could delay the development and commercialization of our products and reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market. Any such delay related to our existing or future agreements could adversely affect our business.

If any party to which we have outsourced certain functions fails to perform its obligations under agreements with us, the development and commercialization of our products could be delayed or curtailed.

To the extent that we rely on other companies to manufacture, sell or market our products, we will be dependent on the timeliness and effectiveness of their efforts. If any of these parties do not perform its obligations in a timely and effective manner, the commercialization of our products could be delayed or curtailed because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue such development and commercialization on our own.

Any revenues that we may earn in the future are unpredictable, and our operating results are likely to fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

We believe that our future operating results will fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including delays in product development, market acceptance of our new products, changes in the demand for and pricing of our products, competition and pricing pressure from competitive products, manufacturing delays and expenses related to and the results of proceedings relating to our intellectual property.

A large portion of our expenses, including expenses for our facilities, equipment and personnel, is relatively fixed and not subject to further significant reduction. In addition, we expect our operating expenses will increase in the future as we continue our commercialization efforts and increase our production and marketing activities, among other activities. Although we expect to generate revenues from sales of our products, revenues may decline or not grow as anticipated and our operating results could be substantially harmed for a particular fiscal period. Moreover, our operating results in some quarters may not meet the expectations of stock market analysts and investors. In that case, our stock price most likely would decline.

Nondisclosure agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

In order to protect our proprietary technology and processes, we rely in part on nondisclosure agreements with our employees, licensing partners, customers, consultants, agents and other organizations to which we disclose our proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases, we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. Since we rely on trade secrets and nondisclosure agreements, in addition to patents, to protect some of our intellectual property, there is a risk that third parties may obtain and improperly utilize our proprietary information to our competitive disadvantage. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

The manufacture, use or sale of our current and proposed products may infringe on the patent rights of others, and we may be forced to litigate if an intellectual property dispute arises.

We have taken measures to protect ourselves from infringing on the patent rights of others; however, if we infringe or are alleged to have infringed another party’s patent rights, we may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity of the patents in court. Patent litigation is costly and time consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. In addition, if we do not obtain a license, do not successfully defend an infringement action or are unable to have infringed patents declared invalid, we may incur substantial monetary damages ,encounter significant delays in marketing our current and proposed product candidates, be unable to conduct or participate in the manufacture, use or sale of product, candidates or methods of treatment requiring licenses, lose patent protection for our inventions and products; or find our patents are unenforceable, invalid, or have a reduced scope of protection.

Parties making such claims may be able to obtain injunctive relief that could effectively block our ability to further develop or commercialize our current and proposed product candidates in the United States and abroad and could result in the award of substantial damages. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any such license could substantially harm the company. Litigation, regardless of outcome, could result in substantial cost to and a diversion of efforts by the Company to operate its business.

We may face costly intellectual property/ license agreements disputes.

Our ability to compete effectively will depend in part on our ability to develop and maintain proprietary aspects of our technologies and either to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others or to obtain rights to technology owned by third parties. Our pending patent applications, specifically patent rights of the AOT technology and Joule Heating process may not result in the issuance of any patents or any issued patents that will offer protection against competitors with similar technology. Patents we have licensed for our technologies, and which we may receive, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented in the future or the rights created by those patents may not provide a competitive advantage. We also rely on trade secrets, technical know-how and continuing invention to develop and maintain our competitive position. Others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. See Note 6 of our financial statements attached hereto for a discussion and status of our license agreements with Temple University.

Changes in governmental regulations and policies may affect export of our technologies.

The Company recognizes domestic and foreign governmental actions, including but not limited to trade restrictions and tariffs, may adversely affect our ability to export our technologies, or may adversely affect the economics of cross-border transactions.

We may not be able to attract or retain qualified senior personnel.

We believe we are currently able to manage our current business with our existing management team. However, as we expand the scope of our operations, we will need to obtain the full-time services of additional senior management and other personnel. Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain qualified senior personnel. Our failure to do so could have an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business plan. As we add full-time senior personnel, our overhead expenses for salaries and related items will increase compensation packages, these increases could be substantial.

If we lose our key personnel or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, we may be unable to achieve profitability.

Our future success is substantially dependent on the efforts of our senior management. The loss of the services of members of our senior management may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of product development and other business objectives. Because of the scientific nature of our business, we depend substantially on our ability to attract and retain qualified marketing, scientific and technical personnel, including consultants. If we lose the services of, or do not successfully recruit key marketing, scientific and technical personnel, the growth of our business could be substantially impaired. We do not maintain key man insurance for any of these individuals.

Currently, there is only very limited trading in our stock, so you may be unable to sell your shares at or near the quoted bid prices if you need to sell your shares.

The shares of our common stock are thinly traded on the OTC Bulletin Board (pink sheets), meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common shares at or near bid prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company engaged in a high-risk business which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that can generate or influence daily trading volume and valuation. Should we even come to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven, early stage company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous trading without negatively impacting share price. We cannot provide any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for shares of our common stock will develop or be sustained. Due to these conditions, we cannot give any assurance that shareholders will be able to sell their shares at or near bid prices or at all.

The market price of our stock is volatile.

The market price for our common stock has been volatile during the last year, ranging from a closing price of $0.03 on May 17, 2024 to a closing price of $0.17 on December 10, 2024, and a closing price of $0.16 on March 21, 2025. See Part II, item 5, below. Additionally, the price of our stock has been both higher and lower than those amounts on an intra-day basis in the last year. Because our stock is thinly traded, its price can change dramatically over short periods, even in a single day. The market price of our common stock could fluctuate widely in response to many factors, including, developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights, announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors, announcements of new products or new contracts by us or our competitors, actual or anticipated variations in our operating results due to the level of development expenses and other factors, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts and whether any future earnings of ours meet or exceed such estimates, conditions and trends in our industry, new accounting standards, general economic, political and market conditions and other factors.

Substantial sales of common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

In the past year, there have been times when average daily trading volume of our common stock has been extremely low, and there have been many days in which no shares were traded at all. At other times, the average daily trading volume of our common stock has been high. Nevertheless, the possibility that substantial amounts of common stock may be sold in the public market may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock and could impair a shareholder’s ability to sell our stock or our ability to raise capital through the sale of our equity securities.

Potential issuance of additional shares of our common stock could dilute existing stockholders.

Effective February 14, 2025, we are authorized to issue up to 750,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 100,000,000 of preferred stock. To the extent of such authorization, our Board of Directors has the ability, without seeking stockholder approval, to issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock in the future for such consideration as the Board of Directors may consider sufficient. The issuance of additional common stock or preferred stock in the future may reduce the proportionate ownership and voting power of shareholders.

We may not be successful in identifying, making, financing and integrating acquisitions.

Currently, a minor component of our business strategy is to make selective acquisitions that will strengthen our core services or presence in selected markets. The success of this strategy will depend, among other things, on our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, to obtain acceptable financing, to timely and successfully integrate acquired businesses or assets and to retain the key personnel and the customer base of acquired businesses. Any future acquisitions could present a number of risks, including but not limited to:

	·	incorrect assumptions regarding the future results of acquired operations or assets or expected cost reductions or other synergies expected to be realized as a result of acquiring operations or assets;

	·	failure to integrate successfully the operations or management of any acquired operations or assets in a timely manner;

	·	failure to retain or attract key employees; and

	·	diversion of management’s attention from existing operations or other priorities.

If we are unable to identify, make and successfully integrate acquired businesses, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our common stock is subject to penny stock regulation, which may make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

Our common stock is considered penny stock under SEC regulations. It is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell our securities. For example, broker-dealers must make a suitability determination for the purchaser, receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale, and make special disclosures regarding sales commissions, current stock price quotations, recent price information and information on the limited market in penny stock. Because of these additional obligations, some broker-dealers may not affect transactions in penny stocks, which may adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock and shareholders’ ability to sell our common stock in the secondary market. This lack of liquidity may make it difficult for us to raise capital in the future.

Cyber Security and Information Technology Risks.

We rely on our information technology (“IT”) in connection with our efforts to commercialize our AOT technology. However, at this time, we have no process, including Board oversight, to assess, identify, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. If there would be a significant problem with our IT infrastructure, such as an IT system failure or system disruption, it could halt or delay our ability to develop and commercialize our AOT technology. Remote work by our personnel and remote access to our systems have also increased, which could increase our cybersecurity risk profile. We believe our cybersecurity risks will further increase when, and if, we commercialize our AOT technology. Hacking, phishing attacks, ransomware, insider threats, physical breaches or other actions may cause our confidential and proprietary information to be stolen or misused. We currently are unable to anticipate any of these actions, and if such actions occur, we would not be able to react to or cure them in a timely manner, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and technology. Cyber attacks and security breaches may also persist undetected over extended periods of time and may not be mitigated in a timely manner to minimize the impact of such a cyber attack or security breach. Any significant cybersecurity incident could expose us to risks of litigation and liability, disrupt our business, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and efforts to commercialize our AOT technology.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We are subject to cyber and other security threats, including potential threats to gain access to our confidential, private, and proprietary information. However, we have not established at this time any policies, standards, processes, or practices, including Board oversight, to assess, identify, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. (See “Risk Factors,” in Item 1A, above.) As of the date of this report, we are not aware of any cybersecurity threats that would materially affect, or would reasonably likely materially affect our business or our efforts to commercialize our AOT technology. We can provide no assurances that there will not be cyberattacks in the future or that any such attacks would not materially affect our business or efforts to commercialize our AOT technology.

Item 2. Properties

The Company’s executive offices are located in Tomball, Texas (“Tomball Facility”) and leased on a month to month basis at $1,000 per month. Total rent expense under this lease for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $12,000 and $12,000, respectively. The Company also rents a storage facility in Laurel, Mississippi on a month-to-month basis for $250 per month. The Company reimburses Cecil Bond Kyte, Company CEO and CFO, in rent expenses for a home office and partial storage space in Carson City, Nevada at a rate of $1,000 per month under a month-to-month rental agreement (“Carson Rental Agreement”). Total rent expense under the Carson Rental Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were $12,000 and $12,000, respectively which are included as part of Operating Expenses in the attached consolidated statement of operations.

We believe our facilities are adequate to meet our current and near-term needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are not subject to any litigation or legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

PART II

Effective August 11, 2015, the Company changed its name to QS Energy, Inc., and changed its trading symbol to “QSEP”. The following table sets forth the high and low bid prices of the Company’s common stock for the quarters indicated as quoted in the Pink Sheets as reported by Yahoo Finance. These quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not represent actual transactions.

	2024				2023
	High		Low		High		Low
First Quarter	$	0.08	$	0.05	$	0.17	$	0.06
Second Quarter	$	0.06	$	0.03	$	0.09	$	0.04
Third Quarter	$	0.08	$	0.04	$	0.09	$	0.05
Fourth Quarter	$	0.18	$	0.06	$	0.07	$	0.03

According to the records of our transfer agent, we had approximately 1,000 stockholders of record of our common stock at March 20, 2025. The Company believes that the number of beneficial owners is substantially higher than this amount.

We do not pay a dividend on our common stock and we currently intend to retain future cash flows to finance our operations and fund the growth of our business. Any payment of future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, contractual restrictions in respect to the payment of dividends and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.

All of the shares issued by the Company discussed below were issued in non-public offerings without SEC registration in reliance on exemptions from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”) and other applicable exemptions under the Securities Act.

Issuances of Unregistered Securities in Current Fiscal Year

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 35,838,409 shares of its common stock as follows:

	·	The Company issued 32,341,748 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of $1,034,000 in convertible notes, net of unamortized discount of $699,000, pursuant to convertible notes conversion prices of $0.03 to $0.05 per share.

	·	The Company issued 1,063,332 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants at $0.04 to $0.07 per share, for total proceeds of $52,000.

	·	The Company issued 433,329 shares of its common stock upon the cashless exercise of warrants at $0.02 to $0.06 per share for $18,000, which were applied to the settlement of accounts payable.

	·	The Company issued 2,000,000 shares of its common stock upon services with a fair value of $140,000, at $0.07 per share.

	·	The Company issued convertible notes in aggregate value of $1,353,000 for net proceeds of $1,230,000, convertible into 42,457,348 shares in common stock of the Company at a conversion price of $0.03 to $0.05 per share, and in connection with these notes, issued warrants to purchase 42,457,348 shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $0.04 to $0.07 per share and expiring one year from the date of issuance, summarized by month as follows:

Shares of Common Stock Issuable upon conversion of Notes Issued in 2024

Month of Issuance	Principal amount of convertible notes		Conversion Price	Shares of common Stock issuable upon Conversion of Principal
March 2024	$	161,000	$0.05 per share		3,212,000
May 2024		23,000	$0.03 per share		770,000
June 2024		92,000	$0.03 per share		3,080,000
July 2024		115,000	$0.03 per share		3,816,999
August 2024		73,000	$0.03 per share		2,425,573
September 2024		68,000	$0.03 per share		2,273,837
October 2024		197,000	$0.03 per share		6,580,292
November 2024		289,000	$0.03 per share		9,633,047
December 2024		17,000	$0.03 per share		550,000
	$	1,035,000			32,341,748

Issuances of Unregistered Securities in Prior Fiscal Year

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 16,512,375 shares of its common stock as follows:

	·	The Company issued 15,129,048 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of $646,000 in convertible notes, net of unamortized discount of $296,000, pursuant to convertible notes conversion prices of $0.03 to $0.05 per share.

	·	The Company issued 1,383,327 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants of $52,000, at $0.02 to $0.04 per share.

	·	The Company issued convertible notes in aggregate value of $585,000 for net proceeds of $532,000, convertible into 11,715,748 shares in common stock of the Company at a conversion price of $0.05 per share, and in connection with these notes, issued warrants to purchase 11,715,748 shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $0.07 per share and expiring one year from the date of issuance, summarized by month as follows:

Shares of Common Stock Issuable upon conversion of Notes Issued in 2023

Month of Issuance	Principal amount of convertible notes		Conversion Price	Shares of common Stock issuable upon Conversion of Principal
March 2023	$	99,000	$0.05 per share		1,980,000
April 2023		42,000	$0.05 per share		843,700
May 2023		90,000	$0.05 per share		1,797,664
July 2023		79,000	$0.05 per share		1,570,184
September 2023		275,000	$0.05 per share		5,524,200
	$	585,000			11,715,748

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

None.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and supplementary data referred to in this Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Such statements, which include statements concerning future revenue sources and concentration, selling, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, capital resources, additional financings and additional losses, are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed above in Part I, Item 1 and elsewhere in this Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors,” that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Unless otherwise expressly indicated, the information set forth in this Form 10-K is as of December 31, 2024, and we undertake no duty to update this information.

Overview

The Company has not generated significant revenues since its inception in February 1998. We continue to devote the bulk of our efforts to the promotion, design, testing and the commercial manufacturing and operations of our crude oil pipeline products in the upstream and midstream energy sector. We anticipate that these efforts will continue during 2025.

Our expenses to date have been funded primarily through the sale of shares of common stock and convertible debt, as well as proceeds from the exercise of stock purchase warrants and options. We raised capital in 2024 and also need to raise substantial additional capital in 2025, and possibly beyond, to fund our sales and marketing efforts, continuing research and development, and certain other expenses, until our revenue base grows sufficiently.

Results of Operation

QS ENERGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Year ended
	2024			2023			Change			% Change
Revenues	$	–		$	–		$	–			–

Operating expenses		1,385,000			688,000			697,000			101%
Research and development expenses		191,000			203,000			(12,000	)		(6%	)
Loss from operations		(1,576,000	)		(891,000	)		(685,000	)		(77%	)

Forgiveness of PPP loan payable		–			–			–			–
Interest and financing expense		(358,000	)		(333,000	)		25,000			8%
Net Loss	$	(1,934,000	)	$	(1,224,000	)	$	(710,000	)		(58%	)

Revenue Comparison, 2024 and 2023

The Company recognized no revenues during the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Operating Expense Comparison, 2024 and 2023

Operating expenses were $1,385,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $688,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $697,000. This increase was attributable to increases in non-cash expenses of $255,000 and cash expenses of $442,000. Specifically, the increase in non-cash expenses is attributable to an increase in stock-based compensation related to consultants of $255,000. The increase in cash expenses is attributable to increases in salaries and benefits of $202,000, consulting fees of $192,000, legal and accounting fees of $21,000, corporate expenses of $17,000, public and investor relations of $10,000, patent maintenance expenses of $4,000, travel expenses of $2,000, rent expenses of $2,000, and other expenses of $2,000, offset by decreases in office expenses of $7,000 and depreciation expenses of $3,000.

Research and development expenses were $191,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $203,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $12,000. This decrease is attributable to AOT prototype and demonstration project development costs.

Interest expenses were $358,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $333,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $25,000. This increase is attributable to an increase in interest and financing expense of $25,000 to account for the accrual of interest on past due convertible notes and the amortization of debt discount related to the relative fair value of the warrants issued with our convertible notes and the notes’ original issue discount.

We had a net loss of $1,934,000 or $0.00 loss per share for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a net loss of $1,224,000 or $0.00 loss per share for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Going concern

We have incurred negative cash flow from operations since our inception in 1998. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash of $150,000 and a stockholders’ deficit of $5,698,000. Our operating cash flow in 2024 was funded primarily through cash reserves, the exercise of stock purchase warrants for cash, and the issuance of convertible notes for cash.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. As reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company had a net loss of $1,934,000 and used cash in operations of $1,167,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, 43 notes payable with an aggregate balance of $2,339,000 and certain obligation to a former officer are past due. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, in their report on the Company’s December 31, 2024, audited financial statements, raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional funds and implement our business plan. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash on hand in the amount of $150,000. Management estimates that the current funds on hand will be sufficient to continue operations through March 2025. Management is currently seeking additional funds, primarily through the issuance of debt and equity securities for cash to operate our business, including without limitation the expenses it will incur in connection with the license agreements with Temple; costs associated with product development and commercialization of the AOT technology; costs to manufacture and ship the products; costs to maintain an effective system of internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures; costs of maintaining our status as a public company by filing periodic reports with the SEC and costs required to protect our intellectual property. In addition, as discussed below, the Company has substantial contractual commitments, including without limitation certain payments to a former officer, during the remainder of 2024 and beyond. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company. Even if the Company is able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in case of equity financing.

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s contractual commitments for future periods, including minimum guaranteed compensation payments and other agreements as described in the following table and associated footnotes:

Year ending December 31,	License Agreements (1)		Compensation Agreements		Total Obligations
2025		187,500		–		187,500
2026		187,500		–		187,500
2027		187,500		–		187,500
2028		187,500		–		187,500
2029		187,500		–		187,500
Total	$	937,500	$	197,000	$	1,134,500

___________________

	(1)	Consists of license maintenance fees to Temple University in the amount of $187,500 paid annually through the life of the underlying patents or until otherwise terminated by either party. For details of the Temple Licensing Agreements, see Note 6 of the Financial Statements, attached hereto.

	(2)	Consists of certain contractually provided benefits to a former executive officer pursuant to a severance agreement and amendments thereto. The balance due as of December 31, 2024, of $197,000 is included as part of Accounts payable and accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, of which the total amount is in arrears. The former executive officer disputes the amount identified in the above table, claiming the above amount is less than the amount to which he believes he is owed. Absent an agreement to settle the dispute, and in the event the former executive officer elects to initiate litigation regarding the dispute, including claims for interest and penalties to which the former executive officer believes he is entitled, the Company has reserved, and if necessary and appropriate will assert, all factual and legal defenses, counter-claims, rights, and remedies it may have in any such suit.

Licensing Fees to Temple University

For details of the licensing agreements with Temple University, see Financial Statements attached hereto, Note 6.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate, on an on-going basis, our estimates and judgments, including those related to the useful life of the assets. We base our estimates on historical experience and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results that we report in our consolidated financial statements. The SEC considers an entity’s most critical accounting policies to be those policies that are both most important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results of operations and those that require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain at the time of estimation. For a more detailed discussion of the accounting policies of the Company, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”.

We believe the following critical accounting policies, among others, require significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Certain significant estimates were made in connection with preparing our consolidated financial statements as described in Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company periodically issues stock options and warrants to employees and non-employees in non-capital raising transactions for services and for financing costs. The Company accounts for stock-based payments to officers, directors, employees, and consultants by measuring the cost of services received in exchange for equity awards utilizing the grant date fair value of the awards, with the cost recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis in the Company’s financial statements over the vesting period of the awards. Recognition of compensation expense for non-employees is in the same period and manner as if the Company had paid cash for the services.

The fair value of the Company's stock options and warrants grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model, which uses certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life of the stock options or warrants, and future dividends. Compensation expense is recorded based upon the value derived from the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model and based on actual experience. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model could materially affect compensation expense recorded in future periods.

Accounting for Warrants

The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued warrants, to determine if such instruments are liability classified, pursuant to ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) or derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives pursuant to ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The classification of instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. Liability classified warrants are measured at fair value at inception and at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations in the period of change.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 of the financial statements for discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are a smaller reporting company and are not required to provide information under this Item 7A.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 are presented in a separate section of this report following Item 15 and begin with the index on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

1. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures, pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of December 31, 2024. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to the material weaknesses discussed below.

2. Internal Control over Financial Reporting

(a)

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, uses or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, at the reasonable assurance level described above. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded, that our internal controls over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the registrant’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses identified include (i) the Company had inadequate segregation of duties consistent with control objectives; and (ii) the Company had an insufficient number of personnel with an appropriate level of U.S. GAAP knowledge and experience and ongoing training in the application of U.S. GAAP and SEC disclosure requirements commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management has concluded that the Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods disclosed in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(b)

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, and for the year ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K. Our Insider Trading Policy is part of our Code of Business Code and Ethics, and, separately, a copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed herewith as Exhibit 19.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Composition of Board of Directors

Our bylaws provide that the Board shall consist of between one and eight directors, as determined by the Board from time to time. The number of directors is currently fixed at five (5) members. Each board member serves a term of three years and will serve until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier resignation or removal. Following the resignation of Don Dickson, (see chart below) the Board currently consists of two (2) members.

In 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company amended the Bylaws of the Company to divide Directors into three classes: Class I, Class II, and Class III. To implement this classified board structure, the initial term of the Class I, Class II, and Class III Directors was one (1), two (2), and three (3) years respectively, with subsequent three-year terms for all classes of Directors.

Officers are appointed by our Board of Directors and their terms of office are, except to the extent governed by an employment contract, at the discretion of our Board of Directors. There are no family relationships among any of our current directors or our executive officers.

The following constitutes the Board of Directors as of December 31, 2024:

Name	Age	Position	Director Class	Director Since	Term Expires
Cecil Bond Kyte	54	Chief Executive Officer, Director (Non-Independent)	Class III	2021	2024 (2)
Donald Dickson(1)	70	Director (Independent)	Class II	2013	2024
Eric Bunting	55	Director (Independent)	Class II	2017	2024 (3)

	(1)	Effective June 3, 2024, Don Dickson voluntarily resigned as a Director of the Company, and all committees thereof for personal reasons. Mr. Dickson’s resignation was not the result of any disagreement with the Company, including any matters relating to the Company’s operations, policies, or procedures.
	(2)	Mr. Kyte was re-elected to the Board at the Company’s Annual Shareholders’ Meeting on February 14, 2025, to a three-year term expiring 2028.
	(3)	Dr. Bunting was re-elected to the Board at the Company’s Annual Shareholders’ Meeting on February 14, 2025, to a two-year term expiring 2027.

Biographical Information Regarding Directors

Cecil Bond Kyte, Chief Executive Officer (Non-Independent Director), was elected to serve as Chairman of the Board of the Company in December 2007, then known as Save The World Air, Inc. (“STWA”). In January 2010, he was appointed to serve as CEO of STWA. In November 2013, Mr. Kyte voluntarily resigned as a director, Chairman of the Board, and CEO of STWA. Since then, Mr. Kyte has held positions with the following public companies: MassRoots, Inc., where he served as a board member from late 2017, through July 2019. Massroots,Inc. was a technology platform for the cannabis industry during the time Mr. Kyte served as a director of the company; Rightscorp, Inc., where, since 2015, Mr. Kyte has served and continues to serve as the company’s CEO, and since 2016, has served and continues to serve as the company’s CFO. Mr. Kyte is also a member of the board of Rightscorp. Rightscorp’s mission is to support copyright holders’ abilities to litigate and monetize their music and other copyrights against piracy and peer-to-peer infringement on the internet. Mr. Kyte has mainly been associated with “start overs” rather than “startups,” using his abilities to restructure and develop a company’s management, financial condition, compliance, and product commercialization.

In addition to his current roles as CEO, CFO, and board member of Rightscorp, and the Company, Mr. Kyte has supported the funding and business development for Bye Aerospace’s suite of products including the development and manufacturing of advanced civilian/military aerospace technologies. Mr. Kyte has also been a pilot for 38 years and currently serves as an airline captain and instructor for American Airlines-Envoy Air, Inc., a regional airline. Mr. Kyte devotes about 15 to 20 hours of his time per month as an airline captain and instructor. He received a B.S. Degree in accounting from Long Beach State University.

Effective January 1, 2025, the Company entered into an Employment Agreement with Cecil Bond Kyte. (See “Employment Agreement,” below.)

Don Dickson (Independent Director), appointed to Board of Directors on August 6, 2013, and currently is employed with Cherokee, Inc. which allows him to consult on different energy projects around the nation in the oil and gas industry. Don retired from Kinder Morgan in 2017, during his time there he worked on projects such as the Northeast Energy Direct Project and the Cortez Expansion project as project manager / engineering principal / construction support. The NED project will serve the Northeast United States delivering natural gas to the region, while the Cortez expansion project will increase the volume of CO2 being shipped from Southwest Colorado to West Texas for oil recovery. Prior to rejoining Kinder Morgan Mr. Dickson served as Chief Executive Officer for Advanced Pipeline Services (APS). APS was established for the purpose of providing a full range of services to the oil and gas industry. Core business areas are in new construction of pipeline and facilities, horizontal directional drilling and pipeline integrity/rehabilitation. Prior to APS, Mr. Dickson worked for Kinder Morgan in their natural gas operations, retiring after twenty-six years. During his time at Kinder Morgan served in different engineering capacities including as Director of Operations on two major pipeline projects, the 42” (REX) Rockies Mountain Express through the state of Illinois, and the 42” (MEP) Midcontinent Express Pipeline through the state of Louisiana. He also was Director of Operations with Tetra Resources completing various onshore and offshore oil and gas wells and a Senior Engineer with Halliburton Services. Mr. Dickson earned his B.S. in Engineering from Oklahoma State University. Mr. Dickson resigned from the Board on June 3, 2024, for personal reasons.

Eric Bunting M.D. (Independent Director), was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Company effective April 1, 2017. Dr. Eric Bunting is a board-certified Ear, Nose, and Throat specialist and a partner in an independent specialty group. His group has partnered with Wichita Surgical Specialists (WSS), the nation’s largest multispecialty surgical practices in the country. For the past decade, Dr. Bunting has served on the board of directors of Mid KS ENT, multiple surgery centers, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas consulting board, contributing to its continued growth and leadership in the field. He earned his undergraduate degree from Kansas State University in Biology, and his medical degree from Kansas University School of Medicine, followed by specializing in head and neck surgery at Kansas University Medical Center.

In addition to his medical career, Dr. Bunting is a seasoned entrepreneur with a wide array of business interests. He is an investor in early-stage companies and has developed a successful portfolio in the franchising sector, owning and partnering in approximately 85 fast-casual restaurant franchises across 15 states. His extensive experience also includes board positions within the healthcare industry, notably with multiple ambulatory surgical centers and a radiation treatment center, where he played a key role during mergers and acquisitions.

As a dedicated investor in the Company, Dr. Bunting has acquired a significant stake in the Company over the past eight years. Throughout this period, he has remained a committed advocate for shareholders, supporting the Company’s path towards commercialization, market expansion, and eventual profitability.

Director Compensation Policy

The Company’s Director Compensation Policy (“Director Compensation Policy”) was suspended on April 15, 2021, and reinstated on February 14, 2025. The reinstated Director Compensation Policy provides the following terms and conditions:

(i)

Board Options: On January 1, 2016, and thereafter, January 1st of each succeeding year, each member of the Board shall receive a grant of unqualified Options to purchase Shares of the Company's common stock. The number of underlying Shares of the Option shall be equal to the quotient of $50,000 divided by the market value of the Company's shares, on the day of the grant, as reported on the OTCBB or, if applicable, NASDAQ. One-twelfth (1/12) of the number of options granted shall vest on the last day of each calendar month for 12 months, beginning January 31st in the year of grant ("First Vesting Date"), and for each successive month through December 31st in the year of grant ("Final Vesting Date"). Options shall expire ten (10) years after the day of grant. All unvested Options shall be cancelled in the event a member of the Board ceases to be a member of the Board for any reason prior to Final Vesting Date of the Option.

(ii)

Audit Committee Chairman Options: On January 1, 2016, and thereafter, on January 1st of each succeeding year, the Chairman of the Audit Committee, or the equivalent thereof, shall receive a grant of unqualified Options to purchase Shares of the Company's common stock. The number of underlying Shares of the Option shall be equal to the quotient of $25,000 divided by the market value of the Company's shares, on the day of the grant, as reported on the OTCBB or, if applicable, NASDAQ. One-twelfth (1/12) of the number of options granted shall vest on the last day of each calendar month for 12 months, beginning January 31st in the year of grant ("First Vesting Date"), and for each successive month through December 31st in the year of grant ("Final Vesting Date"). Options shall expire ten (10) years after the day of grant. All unvested Options shall be cancelled in the event the Board member ceases to be Chairman of the Audit Committee for any reason prior to Final Vesting Date of the Option.

(iii)

Options Issued upon Appointment to the Board of Directors: Upon appointment to the Board of Directors the appointed Director shall receive a grant of unqualified Options to purchase Shares of the Company's common stock. The number of underlying Shares of the Option shall be equal to the quotient of $50,000 divided by the market value of the Company's shares, on the day of the grant, as reported on the OTCBB or, if applicable, NASDAQ. One-twelfth (1/12) of the number of options granted shall vest on the day preceding the one-month anniversary of the date of grant ("First Vesting Date"), and for each successive month through the day preceding the one-year anniversary of the date of grant ("Final Vesting Date"). Options shall expire ten (10) years after the day of grant. All unvested Options shall be cancelled in the event a member of the Board ceases to be a member of the Board for any reason prior to Final Vesting Date of the Option.

(iv)

Options Issued to the Board member who oversees financial audit functions. Upon appointment the Board member who oversees financial audit functions shall receive a grant of unqualified Options to purchase Shares of the Company's common stock. The number of underlying Shares of the Option shall be equal to the quotient of $25,000 divided by the market value of the Company's shares, on the day of the grant, as reported on the OTCBB or, if applicable, NASDAQ. One-twelfth (1/12) of the number of options granted shall vest on the day preceding the one-month anniversary of the date of grant ("First Vesting Date"), and for each successive month through the day preceding the one-year anniversary of the date of grant ("Final Vesting Date"). Options shall expire ten (10) years after the day of grant. All unvested Options shall be cancelled in the event the Director ceases to be Chairman of the Audit Committee for any reason prior to Final Vesting Date of the Option.

(v)

Committee Member Compensation: Each member of a committee of the Board shall receive monthly compensation of $500.00, plus reimbursement of reasonable travel and lodging expenses.

Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of December 31, 2024:

Name		Age		Position
Cecil Bond Kyte		54		Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Cecil Bond Kyte, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Please see “Biographical Information Regarding Directors,” above.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We maintain a corporate governance page on our corporate website at www.qsenergy.com, which includes information regarding the Company’s corporate governance practices. Our codes of business conduct and ethics, Board committee charters and certain other corporate governance documents and policies, including matters related to insider trading, are posted on our website at www.qsenergy.com. In addition, we will provide a copy of any of these documents without charge to any stockholder upon written request made to our Corporate Secretary, QS Energy, Inc., P.O. Box 946, Carson City, Nevada 89702. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Form 10-K or incorporated by reference into this or any other filing we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Board of Directors

Director Independence

Our Board of Directors as of December 31, 2024, consisted of two members. As of that date, the Board has affirmatively determined that Dr. Bunting is an independent director. Mr. Kyte, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is not considered independent.

Meetings of the Board

The Board held four (4) meetings in 2024. A majority of the members attended all four (4) board meetings held in 2024. Two meetings were held in 2025.

Communications with the Board

The following procedures have been established by the Board in order to facilitate communications between our stockholders and the Board:

Stockholders may send correspondence, which should indicate that the sender is a stockholder, to the Board or to any individual director, by mail to Corporate Secretary, QS Energy, Inc. P.O. Box 946, Carson City, Nevada 89702 or by e-mail to info@qsenergy.com.

Our Corporate Secretary will be responsible for the first review and logging of this correspondence and will forward the communication to the director or directors to whom it is addressed unless it is a type of correspondence which the Board has identified as correspondence which may be retained in our files and not sent to directors. The Board has authorized the Secretary to retain and not send to directors communications that: (a) are advertising or promotional in nature (offering goods or services), (b) solely relate to complaints by customers with respect to ordinary course of business customer service and satisfaction issues or (c) clearly are unrelated to our business, industry, management or Board or committee matters. These types of communications will be logged and filed but not circulated to directors. Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, the Secretary will not screen communications sent to directors.

The log of stockholder correspondence will be available to members of the Board for inspection. At least once each year, the Secretary will provide to the Board a summary of the communications received from stockholders, including the communications not sent to directors in accordance with the procedures set forth above.

Our shareholders may also communicate directly with the non-management directors, individually or as a group, by mail c/o Corporate Secretary, QS Energy, Inc. P.O. Box 946, Carson City, Nevada 89702, or by e-mail to info@qsenergy.com.

Our Board has established procedures, as outlined in the Company’s policy for “Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters”, for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding questionable accounting, internal controls, and financial improprieties or auditing matters. Any of the Company’s employees may confidentially communicate concerns about any of these matters by calling our toll-free number, +1 (844) 645-7737. Upon receipt of a complaint or concern, a determination will be made whether it pertains to accounting, internal controls or auditing matters and if it does, it will be handled in accordance with the procedures established by the Audit Committee.

Committees of the Board

Effective July 21, 2021, the Board dissolved the Company’s Audit Committee, and the functions thereof were assumed by the full Board.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Pay vs. Performance

The following table sets forth compensation information for our chief executive officer, referred to below as our PEO(Title), and our other named executive officers, or NEOs, for purposes of comparing their compensation to the value of our shareholders’ investments and our net income, calculated in accordance with SEC regulations, for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Year	Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO⁽¹⁾		Compensation Actually Paid to PEO⁽²⁾		Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs⁽³⁾		Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs⁽²⁾		Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment Based On Total Shareholder Return⁽⁴⁾		Net Income⁽⁵⁾
2024	$	210,000	$	210,000	$	–	$	–	$	750	$	(1,934,000	)
2023	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	300	$	(1,224,000	)
2022	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	250	$	(1,548,000	)

⁽¹⁾	The dollar amounts reported are the amounts of total compensation reported for the Company’s CEO, Cecil Bond Kyte, in the Summary Compensation Table (“SCT”) for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022.

⁽²⁾	The following table reflects the adjustments necessary, each of which is prescribed by SEC rule, to calculate the Compensation Actually Paid (“CAP”) from those total amounts reflected in the SCT. The SCT amounts and the CAP amounts do not reflect the actual amount of compensation earned by or paid to the Company’s executives during the applicable years, but rather are amounts determined in accordance with Item 402 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act. To determine CAP, the adjustments below were made to the Company’s executive officer’s total compensation.

2024

2023

2022

PEO’s

Other

NEO’s

PEO

Other

NEO’s

PEO

Other

NEO’s

SCT Amounts

210,000

–

Adjustments Related to Defined Benefit and Actuarial Plans:

None (6)

–

Adjustments Related to Stock-Based Compensation:

Values reported in Stock Awards and Option Awards columns of the SCT

–

Year-end fair value of awards granted during the year that are outstanding and unvested at the end of the year

–

Decrease in fair value of awards granted in prior years that are outstanding and unvested at year-end

–

Fair value of awards granted and vested during the year

–

Decrease in fair value of awards granted in prior years that vested during the year

–

Decrease in fair value of awards granted in prior years that failed to meet vesting conditions during the year

–

Dividends and other earnings paid on awards before the vesting date

–

CAP Amounts

210,000

–

⁽³⁾	The amounts presented reflect the total compensation set forth in the SCT for the Company’s Non-PEO NEOs.

⁽⁴⁾	The amounts presented reflect the value of a fixed investment of $100 on January 1^st of the reporting period (i.e., January 1, 2022) based upon the closing market price of the Company’s common stock of $0.15, $0.06, $0.05, and $0.04 at December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, as traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market.
⁽⁵⁾	The amounts presented reflect the net loss as reported in the Company’s audited financial statements for the periods presented.

⁽⁶⁾	The Company had no Defined Benefit or Actuarial Plans during the periods presented.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the compensation earned during the last three fiscal years by the Named Executive Officers:

Summary Compensation Table

Long-Term Compensation Awards

Name and Principal Position

Fiscal
Year

Annual
Compensation
Salary
($)

Stock
Awards
($)

Securities
Underlying
Options
(#)

Full Value
of Options
($)

All Other
Compensation
($)

Total
($)

Cecil Bond Kyte (1)

2024

–

210,000

Chief Executive Officer

2023

–

2022

–

_________________

(1)	Mr. Kyte was appointed Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) effective April 15, 2021.

OPTION GRANTS IN LAST FISCAL YEAR

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted no options to Named Executive Officers.

AGGREGATED OPTION EXERCISES IN LAST FISCAL YEAR AND YEAR-END OPTION VALUES

No options were exercised by our Named Executive Officer, Cecil Bond Kyte, during the 2024 fiscal year. The following table sets forth the number of shares of our common stock subject to exercisable and unexercisable stock options which the Named Executive Officers held at the end of the 2024 fiscal year.

Shares

Acquired on Exercise

Value

Realized

Number of Securities

Underlying Unexercised

Options at

Fiscal Year-End (#)

Value of Unexercised

In-the-Money Options ($)(1)

Name

(#)

($)

Exercisable

Unexercisable

Exercisable

Unexercisable

Cecil Bond Kyte

–

_________________

(1)	Market value of our common stock at fiscal year-end minus the exercise price. The closing price of our common stock on December 30, 2024 the last trading day of the year was $0.15 per share.

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

On February 19, 2025, QS Energy, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into an Employment Agreement (“Agreement”) with Cecil Bond Kyte, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). The term (“Term”) of the Agreement is one (1) year and will automatically renew for successive one (1) year periods unless either Mr. Kyte or the Company provides notice, no later than December 1 of the then-current year of the Term, that the Agreement shall not be renewed.

The effective date of the Agreement is January 1, 2025 (“Effective Date”), and provides for Mr. Kyte to continue to serve as the Company’s CEO and CFO for a base salary of $35,000 per month. The Agreement also provides Mr. Kyte with a retention bonus of $1,557,500, payable in three (3) equal installments of $519,617. The Agreement provides that payment of each of the installments is subject to the Company’s financial condition, including the Company maintaining sufficient funds to pay, as due, its operating expenses and establishing a reasonable reserve therefor. Subject to the foregoing condition, the first installment of $519,167 was due on execution of the Agreement; the second installment of $519,617 will be due on the execution, delivery, and effective date of a customer contract for the purchase or lease and installation of the Company’s AOT product; and the third installment of $519,617 will be due on the execution, closing, and effective date of debt or equity financing in favor of the Company in an amount of no less than $5,000,000.

The Agreement also provides a further inducement to Mr. Kyte to continue his employment as CEO and CFO of the Company in the form of stock options. Upon execution of the Agreement, the Company issued to Mr. Kyte an option (“Option”) to purchase 20,817,500 shares of restricted common stock of the Company, at an exercise price of $0.03 per share. The Option immediately vested on the issuance thereof and expires 10 years from the Effective Date.

Upon execution of the Agreement, the Company also issued to Mr. Kyte an additional option (“Additional Option”) to purchase 3,500,000 shares of restricted common stock of the Company, at an exercise price equal to the price quoted in the OTC pink sheets for the Company’s publicly traded shares as of the Effective Date. The Additional Option immediately vested on the issuance thereof, and expires 10 years from the Effective Date.

In addition to the Option and Additional Option described above, the Agreement provides that Mr. Kyte will receive an option to purchase an additional 3,500,000 shares of restricted common stock of the Company on each annual renewal of the Agreement (“Renewal Option”), at a price equal to the price quoted in the OTC pink sheets for the Company’s publicly traded shares on the date of renewal of the Agreement. The Renewal Option will vest at the rate of one-twelfth (1/12th) per month on the last calendar day of each month, provided the Agreement is not terminated and Mr. Kyte continues to serve as the Company’s CEO and CFO on the date of vesting. The Renewal Option will expire 10 years from its issuance date.

The Agreement also contains other terms and conditions usual and customary in employment agreements.

The above description of material terms and conditions of the Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Agreement, a copy of which is attached to our Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2025.

DIRECTORS COMPENSATION

There was no Board compensation paid to our Directors for calendar year 2024. See our Director Compensation Policy, above.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of December 31, 2024.

	·	each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock;
	·	each of our directors;
	·	our Chief Executive Officer, who also serves as our Chief Financial Officer as of December 31, 2024, for his services rendered in all capacities to the Company (such individual is hereafter referred to as the “Named Executive Officer”), and all of our current directors and executive officers serving as a group; and,
	·	our former director who resigned from that position on June 3, 2024.

Named Executive Officers and Director	Number of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially		Percentage of Shares Beneficially
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1)	Owned (2)		Owned (2)
Kyte, Cecil Bond, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer (3)		16,968,333		3.96%
Bunting, Eric – Director (4)		15,320,535		3.58%
All current directors and executive officer as a group		32,288,868		7.54%

Dickson, Donald, Former Director (resigned June 2024) (5)		6,122,757		1.43%
All directors and former director and executive officer as a group		38,411,625		8.97%

_________________

(1)	Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each listed person is c/o QS Energy, Inc., 23902 FM 2978, Tomball, Texas 77375.

(2)	Percentage of beneficial ownership is based upon 428,424,880 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of common stock subject to notes, options and warrants currently exercisable or convertible, or exercisable or convertible within 60 days, are deemed outstanding for determining the number of shares beneficially owned and for computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such notes, options or warrants, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them.

(3)	Mr. Kyte owns 16,968,333 shares of common stock.

(4)	Dr. Bunting owns 14,652,621 shares of common stock. In addition, Dr. Bunting holds options under which he has the right to purchase 447,914 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $0.08 to $0.15 per share and a warrant under which he has the right to purchase 220,000 shares of common stock at a price of $0.07 per share.

(5)	Mr. Dickson owns 1,444,620 shares of common stock. In addition, Mr. Bunting holds options under which he has the right to purchase 3,813,852 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $0.02 to $0.48 per share. Furthermore, Mr. Dickson has the right to convert the balance due under convertible notes to 864,285 shares of common stock at conversion prices ranging from $0.035 to $0.05 per share.

Accrued Expenses - Related Parties

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, total accrued expenses – related parties amounted to $6,000 and $6,000, respectively. Included in the December 31, 2024 accrued amount are $6,000 in unpaid directors fees owed to members of the Board of Directors.

Reimbursements for Rent – Related Party

The Company reimburses Cecil Bond Kyte, Company CEO and CFO, in rent expenses for a home office and partial storage space in Carson City, Nevada at a rate of $1,000 per month under a month-to-month rental agreement (“Carson Rental Agreement”). Total rent expense under the Carson Rental Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were $12,000 and $12,000, respectively which are included as part of Operating Expenses in the attached consolidated statement of operations.

Director Independence

The Company believes Dr. Bunting is independent, and Mr. Kyte is not independent.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The Board has selected Weinberg & Company, P.A. to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Weinberg & Company, P.A. was first appointed in fiscal year 2002, and has audited our financial statements for fiscal years 2002 through 2024.

Audit and Other Fees

The following table summarizes the fees charged by Weinberg & Company, P.A. for certain services rendered to the Company during 2024 and 2023.

	Amount
	Fiscal		Fiscal
Type of Fee	Year 2024		Year 2023
Audit (1)	$	83,000	$	81,000
Audit Related (2)		–		–
Taxes (3)		9,000		13,000
All Other (4)		–		–
Total	$	92,000	$	94,000

_________________

(1)	This category consists of fees for the audit of our annual financial statements included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K and review of the financial statements included in the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. This category also includes advice on audit and accounting matters that arose during, or as a result of, the audit or the review of interim financial statements, statutory audits required by non-U.S. jurisdictions and the preparation of an annual “management letter” on internal control matters.
(2)	Represents services that are normally provided by the independent auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years, aggregate fees charged for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported as audit fees. These services include consultations regarding Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements, various SEC filings and the implementation of new accounting requirements.
(3)	Represents aggregate fees charged for professional services for tax compliance and preparation, tax consulting and advice, and tax planning.
(4)	Represents aggregate fees charged for products and services other than those services previously reported.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K.

Financial Statements:

Reference is made to the contents to the consolidated financial statements of QS Energy, Inc. under Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

(b) Exhibits:

The exhibits listed below are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit No.		Description
3.1(1)		Articles of Incorporation, as amended, of the Registrant
3.1(6)		Articles of Merger
3.1(5)		Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (12/20/13)
3.1(15)		Second amendment to Articles of Incorporation (10/12/17)
3.1(20)		Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation (02/14/25)
3.2(4)		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant
3.2(8)		Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws
10.1(2)		License Agreement between the Registrant and Temple University dated February 2, 2007
10.2(3)		License Agreement between the Registrant and Temple University dated August 9, 2011
10.4(7)		Registrant’s Business Plan
10.8(9)		Jason Lane Employment Agreement effective April 1, 2017
10.9(10)		Michael McMullen Employment Agreement effective April 1, 2017
10.10(11)		Bigger Separation Agreement effective April 1, 2017
10.13(12)		Forms of Convertible Note, Warrant, and Securities Purchase Agreement in 2017 Spring Offering
10.11(13)		Amendment to the License Agreement between the Registrant and Temple University
10.12(14)		Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
10.13(16)		Amendment to Jason Lane employment agreement
10.14(17)		Form of Spring 2018 Securities Purchase Agreement
10.15(18)		Form of Winter 2018-2019 Offering Securities Purchase Agreement
10.16(18)		Amendment to Jason Lane employment agreement effective April 1, 2019
10.17(18)		Amendment to Michael McMullen employment agreement effective April 1, 2019
10.18(19)		Fourth Amendment to Jason Lane employment agreement effective February 15, 2020
10.19(19)		Third Amendment to Michael McMullen employment agreement effective February 15, 2020
10.20(21)		Cecil Bond Kyte Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2025
19*		Insider Trading Policy
21(17)		List of Subsidiaries
24*		Power of Attorney (included on Signature Page)
31.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Annual Report Pursuant to Rule 13(a)—15(e) or Rule 15(d)—15(e)
31.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Annual Report Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
32.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Annual Report pursuant to Rule 13(a)—15(e) or Rule 15(d)—15(e)

101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Schema Document
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in iXBRL, and included in exhibit 101)

*		Filed herewith.
**		Confidential treatment previously requested.
†		Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

(1)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 10-SB (Registration Number 000-29185), as amended, filed on March 2, 2000
(2)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2007
(3)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2011
(4)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2013
(5)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2013
(6)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2015
(7)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 1, 2015
(8)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2016
(9)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 31, 2017
(10)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 31, 2017
(11)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 31, 2017
(12)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 6, 2017
(13)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed July 14, 2017
(14)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed July 19, 2017
(15)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed October 12, 2017
(16)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed November 14, 2017
(17)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed April 2, 2018
(18)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed April 1, 2019
(19)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 30, 2020
(20)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 19, 2025
(21)		Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 21, 2025

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorize.

	QS Energy, Inc.

Date: March 28, 2025	By:	/s/ Cecil Bond Kyte
		Cecil Bond Kyte
		Chief Executive Officer

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Cecil Bond Kyte as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and re-substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

NAME	TITLE	DATE

/s/ Cecil Bond Kyte	Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chairman of the Board of Directors	March 28, 2025
Cecil Bond Kyte

/s/ Eric Bunting, M.D.	Director	March 28, 2025
Eric Bunting, M.D.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

QS ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

	Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 572)	F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-4

Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-5

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit	F-6

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-7

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of QS Energy, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of QS Energy, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring operating losses and negative operating cash flows since inception, has a stockholders’ deficit, and has financed its working capital requirements through the recurring sale of its debt and equity securities. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, notes payable with an aggregate balance of $2,339,000 and certain obligations to a former officer are past due. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1 to the financial statements. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-2

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Convertible note transactions

As described in Note 4 to the financial statements, during 2024 the Company issued convertible notes in the aggregate of $1,353,000, and warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company allocated the proceeds received from the issuance of the convertible notes and warrants based upon their relative fair values.

We identified the accounting for the issuance of the convertible notes and warrants as a critical audit matter because of the significance of the account balances, and due to the complexity involved in assessing the classification and presentation of the convertible notes and warrants. The auditing for these transactions required a high degree of auditor judgement including evaluating the reasonableness of the significant judgements made by management in determining the appropriate accounting.

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following, among others:

	·	We read the convertible note and warrant agreements, and relevant documentation.
	·	We evaluated the reasonableness of the Company’s methodology for allocation of proceeds including the Company’s consideration of relevant accounting standards.
	·	We developed independent estimates for the fair value of the warrants issued based on the assumptions and data used by management.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

/s/Weinberg & Company, P.A.

Los Angeles, California

March 28, 2025

F-3

QS ENERGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	December 31			December 31
	2024			2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash	$	150,000		$	70,000
Prepaid expenses		11,000			12,000
Total current assets		161,000			82,000
Property and equipment, net		3,000			2,000
Total assets	$	164,000		$	84,000

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable-license agreements-past due	$	2,433,000		$	2,198,000
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		881,000			972,000
Convertible notes payable, net of discounts of $133,000 and $25,000, respectively: including $2,339,000 and $2,022,000, respectively, in default		2,524,000			2,101,000
PPP Loan payable		24,000			57,000
Total current liabilities		5,862,000			5,328,000
Total liabilities		5,862,000			5,328,000

Commitments and contingencies		–			–

Stockholders’ deficit
Common stock, $.001 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized, 428,424,880 and 392,586,471 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively		428,425			392,587
Additional paid-in capital		121,173,575			119,729,413
Accumulated deficit		(127,300,000	)		(125,366,000	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(5,698,000	)		(5,244,000	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	164,000		$	84,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

QS ENERGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS


	Year ended
	December 31
	2024			2023
Revenues	$	–		$	–

Operating expenses		1,385,000			688,000
Research and development expenses		191,000			203,000
Loss from operations		(1,576,000	)		(891,000	)

Interest and financing expense		(358,000	)		(333,000	)
Net Loss	$	(1,934,000	)	$	(1,224,000	)

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.00	)	$	(0.00	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		404,977,565			385,561,786

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

QS ENERGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023


					Additional					Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in		Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Deficit

Balance, January 1, 2023		376,074,096	$	376,075	$	119,075,925	$	(124,142,000	)	$	(4,690,000	)

Common stock issued on conversion of notes payable		15,129,048		15,129		334,871		–			350,000
Warrants issued with convertible notes		–		–		231,000		–			231,000
Common stock issued on exercise of warrants		1,383,327		1,383		50,617		–			52,000
Fair value of warrants issued as compensation		–		–		37,000		–			37,000
Net loss		–		–		–		(1,224,000	)		(1,224,000	)
Balance, December 31, 2023		392,586,471	$	392,587	$	119,729,413	$	(125,366,000	)	$	(5,244,000	)

Common stock issued on conversion of notes payable		32,341,748		32,342		303,658		–			336,000
Warrants issued with convertible notes		–		–		782,000		–			782,000
Common stock issued on exercise of warrants		1,063,332		1,063		50,937		–			52,000
Common stock issued on cashless exercise of warrants		433,329		433		17,567		–			18,000
Fair value of warrants issued as compensation		–		–		152,000		–			152,000
Fair value of common stock issued for services		2,000,000		2,000		138,000		–			140,000
Net loss		–		–		–		(1,934,000	)		(1,934,000	)
Balance, December 31, 2024		428,424,880	$	428,425	$	121,173,575	$	(127,300,000	)	$	(5,698,000	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

QS ENERGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Year ended
	December 31
	2024			2023
Cash flows from Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(1,934,000	)	$	(1,224,000	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Fair value of warrants issued as compensation		152,000			37,000
Fair value of common stock issued for services		140,000			–
Amortization of debt discount		98,000			103,000
Accrued interest expense		213,000			182,000
Depreciation		1,000			4,000
Gain on partial forgiveness of PPP note payable		–			–
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Operating lease right of use asset		–			–
Prepaid expenses		1,000			7,000
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(73,000	)		26,000
Accounts payable – license agreements		235,000			236,000
Operating lease liabilities		–			–
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,167,000	)		(629,000	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment		(2,000	)		–
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,000	)		–
Cash flows from financing activities
Net proceeds from issuance of convertible notes and warrants		1,230,000			532,000
Net proceeds from exercise of warrants and options		52,000			52,000
Principal payment on PPP loan payable		(33,000	)		(18,000	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,249,000			566,000
Net increase (decrease) in cash		80,000			(63,000	)
Cash, beginning of period		70,000			133,000
Cash, end of period	$	150,000		$	70,000

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	–		$	–
Income Taxes	$	1,600		$	1,600
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Conversion of convertible notes to common stock, net	$	1,034,000		$	350,000
Cashless exercise of warrants applied to settlement of accounts payable	$	18,000		$	–
Relative fair value of warrants associated with issued convertible notes	$	782,000		$	231,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

QS ENERGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

1.	Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

QS Energy, Inc. (“QS Energy”, “Company”) was incorporated on February 18, 1998, as a Nevada Corporation under the name Mandalay Capital Corporation. The Company changed its name to Save the World Air, Inc. on February 11, 1999. Effective August 11, 2015, the Company changed its name to QS Energy, Inc.

QS Energy develops and seeks to commercialize energy efficiency technologies that assist in meeting increasing global energy demands, improving the economics of oil transport, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Company’s intellectual properties include a portfolio of domestic and international patents, a substantial portion of which have been developed in conjunction with and exclusively licensed from Temple University of Philadelphia, PA (“Temple”). QS Energy’s primary technology is called Applied Oil Technology (AOT), a commercial-grade crude oil pipeline transportation flow-assurance product.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. As reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, during the twelve-months ended December 31, 2024, the Company incurred a net loss of $1,934,000, used cash in operations of $1,167,000 and as of December 31, 2024, had a stockholders’ deficit of $5,698,000. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, 43 notes payable with an aggregate balance of $2,339,000 and certain obligations to a former officer are past due. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company’s ability to raise additional funds and implement its business plan. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash on hand in the amount of $150,000. Management estimates that the current cash on hand will be sufficient to continue operations through March 2025. The AOT product is still in development and testing and has transitioned from laboratory testing to initial demonstration and continued testing in advance of our goal of seeking commercial acceptance and adoption by the upstream and midstream pipeline marketplace. QS Energy’s efforts in the foregoing regard have been substantially hampered by a lack of capital. The Company should be able to continue its efforts to commercialize its AOT product during 2025 only if sufficient capital is raised to do so. The Company can provide no assurances in its ability to raise the capital needed to continue efforts in 2025, or that any such capital will be available to it on acceptable terms and conditions.

Management is currently seeking additional funds, primarily through the issuance of debt and equity securities for cash to operate our business, including without limitation the expenses it will incur in connection with the license agreements with Temple; costs associated with product development and commercialization of the AOT technologies; costs to manufacture and ship the products; costs to design and implement an effective system of internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures; costs of maintaining our status as a public company by filing periodic reports with the SEC and costs required to protect our intellectual property. In addition, as discussed below, the Company has substantial contractual commitments, including without limitation salaries to our executive officers pursuant to employment agreements, and certain payments to a former officer and consulting fees, during the remainder of 2025 and beyond.

F-8

No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company. Even if the Company is able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders in case of equity financing.

Inflation

Macroeconomic factors such as inflation, rising interest rates, governmental responses there to and possible recession caused thereby also add significant uncertainty to our operations and possible effects to the amount and type of financing available to the Company in the future.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes include activities of the Company and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of QS Energy Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, QS Energy Pool, Inc. and STWA Asia Pte. Limited. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include those related to assumptions used in valuing the issuance of convertible notes and the corresponding debt discount, assumptions used in valuing equity instruments issued for services, the realizability of deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowance, accruals for potential liabilities, and assumptions used in the determination of the Company’s liquidity. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Under its business plan, the Company anticipates the leasing of its primary technology. The Company will recognize lease revenue ratably over the life of the lease upon commencement of the lease. Revenue on future product sales will be recognized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Cash

Cash consists of demand deposits with banks. The Company holds no cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company maintains its cash with domestic financial institutions. At times, cash balances may exceed federally insured limits of $250,000 per depositor at each financial institution. The Company believes that no significant concentration of credit risk exists with respect to these cash balances because of its assessment of the creditworthiness and financial viability of the financial institutions.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally ranging from three to ten years. Expenditures for major renewals and improvements that extend the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term.

F-9

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Our long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment at least annually, or when events and circumstances indicate that depreciable or amortizable long-lived assets might be impaired and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amount of those assets. When specific assets are determined to be unrecoverable, the cost basis of the asset is reduced to reflect the current value. Based upon management’s annual review, no impairments were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Leases

The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with the guidance of ASC 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract is, or contains, a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based upon the estimated present value of unpaid lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining the present value of unpaid lease payments (see Note 3).

Income Taxes

The Company uses an asset and liability method for accounting for income taxes. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities to reflect the estimated future tax effects, calculated at anticipated future tax rates, of future deductible or taxable amounts attributable to events that have been recognized on a cumulative basis in the financial statements. A valuation allowance related to a deferred tax asset is recorded when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development expenses relate primarily to the development, design, testing of preproduction prototypes and models, compensation, and consulting fees, and are expensed as incurred. Total research and development costs recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounted to $191,000 and $203,000, respectively.

Patent Costs

Patent costs consist of patent-related legal and filing fees. Due to the uncertainty associated with the successful development of our AOT product, all patent costs are expensed as incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, patent costs were $34,000 and $30,000, respectively, and were included as part of operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

F-10

Accounting for Warrants

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounting standards require certain assets and liabilities to be reported at fair value in the financial statements and provide a framework for establishing that fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it transacts and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. The framework for determining fair value is based on a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs and valuation techniques used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions.

The Company is required to use observable market data if such data is available without undue cost and effort.

The carrying amounts for cash, accounts payable, accrued expenses and convertible notes payable approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of such instruments.

Loss per Common Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution, using the treasury stock method that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the loss of the Company. In computing diluted loss per share, the treasury stock method assumes that outstanding options and warrants are exercised, and the proceeds are used to purchase common stock at the average market price during the period. Options and warrants may have a dilutive effect under the treasury stock method only when the average market price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options and warrants.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the dilutive impact of outstanding stock options of 25,294,103 shares and 25,757,155 shares; outstanding warrants of 44,044,009 shares and 17,953,239 shares; and notes convertible into approximately 48,304,534 and 34,716,235 shares of our common stock, respectively, have been excluded because their impact on the loss per share is anti-dilutive.

F-11

Segment Information

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer (”CEO”) is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and evaluates performance and makes operating decisions about allocating resources based on financial data presented on a consolidated basis. Because our CODM evaluates financial performance on a consolidated basis, the Company has determined that it operates as a single reportable segment composed of the consolidated financial results of QS Energy, Inc. (see Note 12).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosure.” The amendments expand a public entity’s segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, requiring other new disclosures, and requiring enhanced interim disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires public entities with a single reportable segment to provide all the disclosures required by this standard and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280 on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024, applied retrospectively with early adoption permitted. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has adopted ASU 2023-07. Adoption of the standard has not impacted our financial statements but has resulted in additional disclosures (See Note 12).

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires public business entities to disclose, for interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain income statement expense categories. The requirements are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities are permitted to apply either the prospective or retrospective transition methods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s management has evaluated all other the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards and guidance that have been issued or proposed by the FASB, including its Emerging Issues Task Force, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission through the filing date of these financial statements and does not believe the future adoption of any such pronouncements will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

2.	Property and Equipment

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, property and equipment consists of the following:

Schedule of property and equipment
	December 31,
	2024			2023

Office equipment	$	37,000		$	35,000
Furniture and fixtures		5,000			5,000
Testing equipment		37,000			37,000
Leasehold Improvements		25,000			25,000
Subtotal		104,000			102,000
Less accumulated depreciation		(101,000	)		(100,000	)
Total	$	3,000		$	2,000

F-12

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1,000 and $4,000, respectively.

3.	Leases

The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no long term leases.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company rented certain spaces on a month-to-month basis, and rent expense was $15,800 and 16,800, respectively.

4.	Convertible Notes Payable

Schedule of convertible notes payable
	December 31,
	2024			2023

Convertible notes	$	1,651,000		$	1,332,000
Accrued interest		1,006,000			794,000
Total outstanding debt, including $2,339,000 and $2,022,000 in default at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively		2,657,000			2,126,000
Less: Unamortized debt discount		(133,000	)		(25,000	)
Total outstanding debt, net of unamortized debt discount	$	2,524,000		$	2,101,000

Convertible notes

At December 31, 2022, convertible notes payable totaled $1,393,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate of $585,000 for cash proceeds of $532,000, net of original issue discount (OID) of $53,000. The notes are unsecured, with a 10% original issue discount, mature in twelve months from issuance, and are convertible into 11,715,748 shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.05 per share. In addition, the Company granted the note holders warrants to purchase 11,715,748 shares of the Company’s common stock with a relative value of $231,000. The warrants are fully vested, and expire one year from the date of issuance. The Company determined the fair value of the warrants by using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, with the following assumptions: expected term of 1.0 year, stock price of $0.06 to $0.07, exercise price of $0.07, volatility of 169% to 206%, risk-free rate of 4.64% to 5.46%, and no forfeiture rate. Also during 2023, convertible notes of $646,000, net of unamortized discount of $296,000, were converted into 15,129,048 shares of common stock. At December 31, 2023, total outstanding convertible notes payable totaled $1,332,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate of $1,353,000 for cash proceeds of $1,230,000, net of OID of $123,000. The notes are unsecured, with a 10% original issue discount, mature in twelve months from issuance, and are convertible into 42,457,348 shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.03 to $0.05 per share. In addition, the Company granted the note holders warrants to purchase 42,457,348 shares of the Company’s common stock with a relative fair value of $782,000. The warrants are fully vested and expire one year from the date of issuance. The Company determined the fair value of the warrants by using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, with the following assumptions: expected term of 1.0 year, stock price of $0.05 to $0.12, exercise price of $0.04 to $0.07, volatility of 156% to 174%, risk-free rate of 3.98% to 5.09%, and no forfeiture rate. Also during 2024, convertible notes of $1,034,000, net of unamortized discount of $699,000, were converted into 32,341,748 shares of common stock. At December 31, 2024, total outstanding convertible notes payable totaled $1,651,000. As of December 31, 2024, convertible notes payable and accrued interest are convertible into 48,304,534 shares of common stock at conversion rates ranging from $0.02 to $0.48 per share. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 43 convertible notes and accrued interest in the aggregate of $2,339,000 have reached maturity and are past due. The Company is currently in negotiations with these noteholders to settle these past due notes payable.

F-13

Accrued interest

At December 31, 2022, accrued interest on convertible notes payable totaled $611,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, accrued interest of $182,000 was recorded. At December 31, 2023, accrued interest on convertible notes payable totaled $793,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, accrued interest of $213,000 was recorded. At December 31, 2024, accrued interest on convertible notes payable totaled $1,006,000.

Debt discount

At December 31, 2022, the unamortized debt discount was $140,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, debt discount of $284,000 was recorded for the relative fair value of warrants of $231,000 and OID of $53,000, debt discount amortization of $103,000 was recorded, and $296,000 of debt discount was removed and included in the carrying amount of related convertible notes payable that were converted into shares of common stock. At December 31, 2023, the unamortized debt discount was $25,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, debt discount of $905,000 was recorded for the relative fair value of warrants of $782,000 and OID of $123,000, debt discount amortization of $98,000 was recorded, and $699,000 of debt discount was removed and included in the carrying amount of related convertible notes payable that were converted into shares of common stock. At December 31, 2024, the unamortized debt discount was $133,000.

5.	PPP Loan Payable

In June 2020, the Company was granted a loan (the “PPP loan”) from Cadence Bank in the aggregate amount of $151,000, pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) under the CARES Act.

The PPP loan agreement matures on June 18, 2025, bears interest at a rate of 1% per annum, and is unsecured and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The Company applied ASC 470, Debt, to account for the PPP loan. The PPP loan may be prepaid at any time prior to maturity with no prepayment penalties. Funds from the PPP loan may only be used for qualifying expenses as described in the CARES Act, including qualifying payroll costs, qualifying group health care benefits, qualifying rent and debt obligations, and qualifying utilities. Management believes the entire loan amount has been used for qualifying expenses and all of the conditions outlined in the PPP loan program were adhered to by the Company. Under the terms of the PPP, certain amounts of the loan may be forgiven if they are used for qualifying expenses.

At December 31, 2021, the balance of the PPP loan was $75,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid $18,000 of principal on the PPP loan, and at December 31, 2023, the balance of the PPP loan was $57,000. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid $33,000 of principal on the PPP loan, and at December 31, 2024, the balance of the PPP loan was $24,000. The terms of the PPP loan provide for customary events of default including, among other things, payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, and insolvency events. The Company was in compliance with the terms of the PPP loan as of December 31, 2024.

F-14

6.	Research and Development

The Company constructs, develops and tests the AOT technology with internal resources and through the assistance of various third-party entities. Costs incurred and expensed include fees such as license fees, purchase of test equipment, viscometers, SCADA systems, computer equipment, direct costs related to AOT equipment manufacture and installation, payroll and other related equipment and various logistical expenses for the purposes of evaluating and testing the Company’s AOT prototypes.

Costs incurred for research and development are expensed as incurred. Purchased materials that do not have an alternative future use are also expensed. Furthermore, costs incurred in the construction of prototypes with no certainty of any alternative future use and established commercial uses are also expensed.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our research and development expenses were $191,000 and $203,000, respectively.

AOT Prototypes

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred total expenses of $3,000 and $14,000, respectively, in the manufacture and testing of the AOT prototype equipment. These expenses have been reflected as part of Research and Development expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Temple University Licensing Agreement-amount past due

On August 1, 2011, the Company and Temple University (“Temple”) entered into two (2) Exclusive License Agreements (collectively, the “License Agreements”) relating to Temple’s patent applications, patents and technical information pertaining to technology associated with an electric and/or magnetic field assisted fuel injector system (the “First Temple License”), and to technology to reduce crude oil viscosity (the “Second Temple License”). The License Agreements are exclusive, and the territory licensed to the Company is worldwide and replace previously issued License Agreements.

Pursuant to the two licensing agreements, the Company paid Temple a non-refundable license maintenance fee of $300,000, and agreed to pay (i) annual maintenance fees of $187,500; (ii) royalty fee ranging from 4% up to 7% from revenues generated from the licensing agreements; and (iii) 25% of all revenues generated from sub-licensees to secure or maintain the sub-license or option thereon. The term of the licenses commenced in August 2011 and will expire upon expiration of the patents. The agreements can also be terminated by either party upon notification under terms of the licensing agreements or if the Company ceases the development of the patent or fails to commercialize the patent rights.

Total expenses recognized during each twelve-month period ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 pursuant to these two License Agreements amounted to $188,000 and has been reflected in Research and Development expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company also recognized penalty interest on past-due balances of $48,000 and $48,000, respectively, which is included as part of interest and financing expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, total unpaid fees due to Temple pursuant to these agreements are $2,433,000 and $2,198,000, respectively, which are included as part of Accounts Payable – license agreements in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. With regards to the unpaid fees to Temple, a total of $135,000 are deferred until such time the Company achieves a revenue milestone of $835,000 or upon termination of the licensing agreements and the remaining $2,298,000 are deemed past due. The Company is currently in discussions with Temple to settle or cure the past due balance.

No revenues were earned from the two License Agreements during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

F-15

7.	Income Taxes

The Company did not provide for any Federal and State income tax for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to the Company’s net losses. A reconciliation of income taxes with the amounts computed at the statutory federal rate follows:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
Computed tax provision (benefit) at federal statutory rate (21%)	$	(62,000	)	$	(70,000	)
Valuation allowance		62,000			70,000
Income tax provision	$	–		$	–

The deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities recorded on the balance sheet are as follows:

Schedule of deferred income taxes
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Net operating loss carry forwards	$	12,657,000		$	12,698,000
Stock based compensation		(32,000	)		(8,000	)
Other temporary differences		(33,000	)		(57,000	)
Valuation allowance		(12,592,000	)		(12,633,000	)
Total deferred taxes net of valuation allowance	$	–		$	–

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had net operating losses available for carry forward for state and federal tax purposes of approximately $60 million expiring through 2044. These carry forward benefits will be subject to annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. The annual limitation, if imposed, may result in the expiration of net operating losses before utilization.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $12,592,000 for its deferred tax assets since the Company believes that such assets did not meet the more likely than not criteria to be recoverable through projected future profitable operations in the foreseeable future. This valuation is based on the federal corporate tax rate of 21%.

Effective January 1, 2007, the Company adopted FASB guidance that addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under this guidance, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The FASB also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, accounting in interim periods and requires increased disclosures. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company does not have a liability for unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and the State of Texas. The Company is subject to U.S. federal or state income tax examinations by tax authorities for years after 2002. During the periods open to examination, the Company has net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards for U.S. federal and state tax purposes that have attributes from closed periods. Since these net operating losses and tax credit carry forwards may be utilized in future periods, they remain subject to examination. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax provisions as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Company believes that it has not taken any uncertain tax positions that would impact its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

F-16

8.	Common Stock

Year Ending December 31, 2024

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 35,838,409 shares of its common stock as follows:

	·	The Company issued 32,341,748 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of $1,034,000 in convertible notes, net of unamortized discount of $698,000, pursuant to convertible notes conversion prices of $0.03 to $0.05 per share.

	·	The Company issued 1,063,332 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants at $0.04 to $0.07 per share, for total proceeds of $52,000.

	·	The Company issued 433,329 shares of its common stock upon the cashless exercise of warrants at $0.02 to $0.06 per share for $18,000, which were applied to the settlement of accounts payable.

	·	The Company issued 2,000,000 shares of its common stock upon services with a fair value of $140,000, at $0.07 per share.

Year Ending December 31, 2023

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 16,512,375 shares of its common stock as follows:

The Company issued 15,129,048 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of $646,000 in convertible notes at $0.03 to $0.05 per share, net of unamortized discount of $296,000.

The Company issued 1,383,327 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants of $52,000, at $0.04 to $0.07 per share.

9.	Stock Options and Warrants

The Company periodically issues stock options and warrants to employees and non-employees in capital raising transactions, for services and for financing costs. Options and warrants vest and expire according to terms established at the grant date.

Options

Employee options vest according to the terms of the specific grant and expire from 5 to 10 years from date of grant. The weighted average, remaining contractual life of employee and non-employee options outstanding at December 31, 2024 was 2.9 years. Stock option activity for the period January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024, was as follows:

Schedule of stock option activity
	Options			Weighted Avg. Exercise Price
Options outstanding, December 31, 2022		26,057,601		$	0.15
Options granted		–			–
Options exercised		–			–
Options cancelled		(300,446	)		0.72
Options outstanding, December 31, 2023		25,757,155		$	0.14
Options granted		–			–
Options exercised		–			–
Options cancelled		(463,052	)		0.85
Option outstanding, December 31, 2024		25,294,103		$	0.13

F-17

The weighted average exercise prices, remaining contractual lives for options granted, exercisable, and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the market price of the Company’s stock was $0.15 per share. At December 31, 2024 the aggregate intrinsic value of the options outstanding was $1,287,000. Future unamortized compensation expense on the unvested outstanding options at December 31, 2024 is $0.


	Outstanding Options						Exercisable Options
Option Exercise Price Per Share	Shares		Life (Years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
$0.02 - $0.24		22,055,551		3.1	$	0.10		22,055,551	$	0.10
$0.25 - $0.49		3,238,552		1.7		0.36		3,238,552		0.36
		25,294,103		2.9	$	0.13		25,294,103	$	0.13

Year Ending December 31, 2024 and 2023

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not issue any options.

Warrants

The following table summarizes certain information about the Company’s stock purchase warrants.

Schedule of warrants activity
	Warrants			Weighted Avg. Exercise Price
Warrants outstanding, December 31, 2022		20,314,153		$	0.04
Warrants granted		12,482,410			0.07
Warrants exercised		(1,383,327	)		0.04
Warrants expired		(13,459,997	)		0.04
Warrants outstanding, December 31, 2023		17,953,239		$	0.06
Warrants granted		44,340,676			0.04
Warrants exercised		(1,496,661	)		0.05
Warrants cancelled		(16,753,245	)		0.06
Warrants outstanding, December 31, 2024		44,044,009		$	0.04

At December 31, 2024 the price of the Company’s common stock was $0.15 per share and the aggregate intrinsic value of the warrants outstanding was $4,704,000. As of December 31, 2024, 44,010,676 warrants were fully vested and 33,333 warrants vest in January 2025.


	Outstanding Warrants						Exercisable Warrants
Option Exercise Price Per Share	Shares		Life (Years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
$0.03 - $0.24		44,044,009		0.7	$	0.04		44,010,676	$	0.04
		44,044,009		0.7	$	0.04		44,010,676	$	0.04

F-18

Year Ending December 31, 2024

	·	During 2024, pursuant to terms of convertible notes issued, the Company granted warrants to purchase 42,457,348 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.04 to $0.07 per share, vesting immediately upon grant and expiring one year from the date of grant.

	·	During 2024, pursuant to terms of consulting agreements, the Company granted warrants to purchase 1,883,328 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.03 to $0.15 per share, vesting up to one month from the date of grant and expiring one to two years from the date of grant. Total fair value of these options at grant date was approximately $152,000 determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model with the following assumptions: life of 1 to 2 years; risk free interest rate of 3.55% to 4.97%; volatility of 167% to 188% and dividend yield of 0%. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized compensation expense of $150,000 based on the fair value of the warrants that vested.

Year Ending December 31, 2023

	·	During 2023, pursuant to terms of convertible notes issued, the Company granted warrants to purchase 11,715,748 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.07 per share, vesting immediately upon grant and expiring one year from the date of grant.

	·	During 2023, pursuant to terms of consulting agreements, the Company granted warrants to purchase 766,662 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.03 to $0.13 per share, vesting up to one month from the date of grant and expiring one to two years from the date of grant. Total fair value of these options at grant date was approximately $37,000 determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model with the following assumptions: life of 1 to 2 years; risk free interest rate of 0.73% to 5.07%; volatility of 182% to 245%; and dividend yield of 0%. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized compensation expense of $37,000 based on the fair value of the warrants that vested.

10.

Related Party Transactions

Accrued Expenses – Related Party

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, total accrued expenses – related parties amounted to $6,000 and $6,000 and are included in accrued expense on the accompany consolidated balance sheet. The accrued expenses – related parties consist of unpaid board and committee fees to members of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Reimbursements for Rent – Related Party

11.

Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in certain legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. Except for income tax contingencies, we record accruals for contingencies to the extent that our management concludes that the occurrence is probable and that the related amounts of loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. There is no current or pending litigation of any significance with the exception of the matters that have arisen under, and are being handled in, the normal course of business.

F-19

Contractual Commitments

The Company’s contractual commitments for future periods, licensing agreements and minimum guaranteed compensation payments as described in the following table and associated footnotes:

Schedule of contractual commitments
Year ending December 31,	License Agreements (1)		Compensation Agreements (2)		Total Obligations
2025	$	187,500	$	–	$	187,500
2026		187,500		–		187,500
2027		187,500		–		187,500
2028		187,500		–		187,500
2029		187,500		–		187,500
Total	$	937,500	$	197,000	$	1,134,500

	(1)	Consists of license maintenance fees to Temple University in the amount of $187,500 paid annually through the life of the underlying patents or until otherwise terminated by either party (see Note 6).

	(2)	Consists of certain contractually provided benefits to a former executive officer pursuant to a severance agreement and amendments thereto. The balance due as of December 31, 2024, of $197,000 is included as part of Accounts payable and accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, of which the total amount is in arrears. The former executive officer disputes the amount identified in the above table, claiming the above amount is less than the amount to which he believes he is owed. Absent an agreement to settle the dispute, and in the event the former executive officer elects to initiate litigation regarding the dispute, including claims for interest and penalties to which the former executive officer believes he is entitled, the Company has reserved, and if necessary and appropriate will assert, all factual and legal defenses, counter-claims, rights, and remedies it may have in any such suit.

12. Segment information

The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable and operating segment dedicated to biopharmaceutical research and development company specializing in oncology. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. In addition, the Company manages the business activities on a consolidated basis.

The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net income (loss).

F-20

Significant segment expenses include research and development, salaries, insurance, and stock-based compensation. Operating expenses include all remaining costs necessary to operate our business, which primarily include external services and other administrative expenses. The following table presents the significant segment expenses and other segment items regularly reviewed by our CODM:


	Year ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue	$	–		$	–

Less:
Research and development		(191,000	)		(203,000	)
Payroll and related		(296,000	)		(94,000	)
Share-based compensation		(292,000	)		(37,000	)
Consulting related to intellectual property		(439,000	)		(248,000	)
Insurance		(77,000	)		(76,000	)
Operating expenses		(281,000	)		(233,000	)
Interest expense		(358,000	)		(333,000	)
Net loss	$	(1,934,000	)	$	(1,224,000	)

13.

Subsequent Events

In January through March 2025, pursuant to terms of a consulting agreement, the Company granted warrants to purchase 99,999 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.14 to $0.15 per share, vesting one month from grant and expiring two years from the date of grant.

In January through March 2025, the Company issued convertible promissory notes in the aggregate of $1,119,000 for cash proceeds of 1,017,000, net of OID $102,000. The notes are unsecured, have an implied interest rate of 10%, mature in twelve months from issuance, and are convertible into 13,988,839 shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.08 per share. In addition, the Company granted the note holders warrants to purchase 13,988,839 shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.10 per share. The warrants are fully vested and expire one year from the date of issuance.

In January 2025, the Company issued 3,051,400 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of warrants for proceeds of $214,000 at an exercise price of $0.07 per share.

In February 2025, the Company issued 166,665 shares of its common stock upon settlement of accounts payable of $12,000, at $0.06 to $0.09 per share.

In February and March 2025, the Company issued 10,283,332 shares of its common stock as compensation to consultants of $1,462,000, at $0.04 to $0.16 per share.

In March 2025, the Company issued stock option grants to purchase up to 11,050,000 shares of its common stock at $0.03 per share to consultants and an employee. The options fully vest up to two years on the issuance thereof and expire 10 years from the effective date of issuance.

On February 14, 2025, upon reinstatement of the Company’s Director Compensation Policy, the Company, pursuant to its Director Compensation Policy, issued to Mr. Kyte options to purchase 7,218,750 shares, and to Mr. Bunting options to purchase 5,541,666 shares, of restricted common stock of the Company at exercise prices of $0.02 to $0.15 per share (“Director Options”). The Director Options fully vest up to twelve months on the issuance thereof and expire 10 years from the effective date of issuance.

On February 19, 2025, the Company entered into an Employment Agreement with Cecil Bond Kyte, pursuant to which, among other things, Mr. Kyte was issued additional options to purchase shares of common stock of the Company. See a discussion of Mr. Kyte’s Employment Agreement in Item 11 (Executive Compensation) of the Form 10-K, to which these Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are attached.

In January through March 2025, the Company issued 12,471,915 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of notes payable and accrued interest thereon at conversion prices ranging between $0.07 to $0.15 per share.

F-21

QS Energy, Inc. 10-K