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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

_________________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_________________________________________________________

(Mark One)


x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2026


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-39781

_________________________________________________________

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

_________________________________________________________


British Columbia			Not Applicable
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 W 4th Avenue Vancouver, BC			V5Y 1G6
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (604) 559-9005

_________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common shares, no par value per share

ABCL

The Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of May 7, 2026, the registrant had 305,375,393 common shares, no par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	4
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	12
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	21
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	21
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	22
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	24
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	80
Item 5.	Other Information	80
Item 6.	Exhibits	81
	Signatures	82

Summary of the Material and Other Risks Associated with Our Business

Our business is subject to numerous material and other risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the following information together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including our financial statements and related notes hereto. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below may change over time and other risks and uncertainties, including those that we do not currently consider material, may impair our business. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•We have incurred losses in certain years since inception, including in 2025, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability.

•Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future, making it difficult to predict our future operating results and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

•Our commercial success depends on the quality of our antibody discovery and development capabilities, technological capabilities, the advancement of internal programs, and their acceptance by new and existing partners in our industry.

•Failure to execute our business strategy could adversely impact our growth and profitability.

•Successful development of our current and future drug candidates is uncertain and we may discontinue or reprioritize the development of any of our drug candidates at any time, at our discretion.

•Development of a biological molecule or other drug is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that none of the drug candidates discovered using our discovery and development capabilities that are further developed by us or our partners will receive marketing approval or become viable commercial drugs, on a timely basis, or at all.

•Interim, preliminary or top-line data from our clinical trials, including Phase 1 clinical data for ABCL635, that we may announce or publish may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

•We may not be able to file applications or amendments to commence additional clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to file as expected, the regulatory body may not permit us to proceed.

•We have no marketed proprietary drugs and have not yet independently started late-stage clinical development, which makes it difficult to assess our ability to independently develop future drug candidates and monetize any resulting drugs.

•Our long-term prospects depend in part upon discovering, developing and commercializing additional drug candidates, which may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability.

•Our partners have significant discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements, if any, about the status of our partnerships, including about clinical developments and timelines for advancing collaborative programs, and the price of our common shares may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.

•We face significant competition, and if our competitors develop and market therapies that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our drug candidates, our commercial opportunities will be negatively impacted.

•Upgrading and integrating our business systems could result in implementation issues and business disruptions.

•If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, including our discovery and development capabilities and the resulting drug candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technologies or a platform similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully sell our drug candidates, drugs or services may be impaired.

•We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful and have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

•If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our operating results and our ability to operate our business could be harmed.

•Sales of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market could cause our share price to fall significantly, even if our business is doing well.

•Impairment charges pertaining to goodwill, identifiable intangible assets or other long-lived assets could have an adverse non-cash accounting impact on our results of operations.

•The market price of our common shares may be volatile, including the market's reaction to near-term clinical milestones, such as our recent Phase 1 clinical data release and the topline data from the Phase 2 trial anticipated in the third quarter of 2026; consequently, you could lose all or part of your investment.

Investing in our common shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties contained in Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, together with all other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, before investing in our common shares. Any of the risk factors we describe below under Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The market price of our common shares could decline if one or more of these risks or uncertainties were to occur, which may cause you to lose all or part of the money you paid to buy our common shares. Additional risks that are currently unknown to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

iii

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(All figures in U.S. dollars. Amounts are expressed in thousands except share data.)

(Unaudited)


	December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	128,513	$	77,063
Marketable securities	405,313		427,669
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	533,826		504,732
Accounts and accrued receivable	58,293		36,761
Restricted cash	25,000		25,000
Other current assets	111,113		98,103
Total current assets	728,232		664,596
Long-term assets:
Property and equipment, net	428,003		422,806
Intangible assets, net	38,381		37,460
Goodwill	47,806		47,806
Investments in equity accounted investees	62,580		65,308
Other long-term assets	51,948		69,136
Total long-term assets	628,718		642,516
Total assets	$	1,356,950	$	1,307,112
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and other current liabilities	$	50,781	$	39,551
Deferred revenue	13,526		7,743
Total current liabilities	64,307		47,294
Long-term liabilities:
Operating lease liability	137,403		134,309
Deferred government contributions	174,453		176,105
Other long-term liabilities	13,883		11,321
Total long-term liabilities	325,739		321,735
Total liabilities	390,046		369,029
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Common shares: no par value, unlimited authorized shares at December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026: 300,600,710 and 303,945,581 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, respectively	802,341		816,533
Additional paid-in capital	198,279		196,616
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,234)		(2,419)
Accumulated deficit	(29,482)		(72,647)
Total shareholders' equity	966,904		938,083
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,356,950	$	1,307,112

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss

(All figures in U.S. dollars. Amounts are expressed in thousands except share and per share data.)

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended March 31,
	2025		2026
Revenue:
Research fees	$	4,068	$	8,124
Licensing and royalty revenue	167		191
Total revenue	4,235		8,315
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)	42,496		46,662
Sales, general, and administrative(1)	19,068		12,334
Depreciation and amortization	5,331		6,838
Total operating expenses	66,895		65,834
Loss from operations	(62,660)		(57,519)
Other income:
Interest and other	(5,523)		(3,643)
Grants and incentives	(4,153)		(4,339)
Total other income	(9,676)		(7,982)
Loss before income tax	(52,984)		(49,537)
Income tax recovery	(7,363)		(6,372)
Net loss	$	(45,621)	$	(43,165)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(2,620)		1,815
Comprehensive loss	$	(48,241)	$	(41,350)

Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.15)	$	(0.14)
Diluted	$	(0.15)	$	(0.14)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
Basic	297,692,663		303,074,605
Diluted	297,692,663		303,074,605

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

(1)Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(All figures in U.S. dollars. Amounts are expressed in thousands except share data.)

(Unaudited)


	Common Shares			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balances as of December 31, 2025	300,600,710	$	802,341	$	198,279	$	(29,482)	$	(4,234)	$	966,904
Shares issued and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) vested under stock option plan	3,344,871	14,192		(13,676)		–		–		516
Stock-based compensation	–	–		12,013		–		–		12,013
Foreign currency translation adjustment	–	–		–		–		1,815		1,815
Net loss	–	–		–		(43,165)		–		(43,165)
Balances as of March 31, 2026	303,945,581	$	816,533	$	196,616	$	(72,647)	$	(2,419)	$	938,083


	Common Shares			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balances as of December 31, 2024	295,757,002	$	777,171	$	166,361	$	116,930	$	(4,378)	$	1,056,084
Shares issued and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) vested under stock option plan	2,598,750	12,897		(12,746)		–		–		151
Stock-based compensation	–	–		14,988		–		–		14,988
Foreign currency translation adjustment	–	–		–		–		(2,620)		(2,620)
Net loss	–	–		–		(45,621)		–		(45,621)
Balances as of March 31, 2025	298,355,752	$	790,068	$	168,603	$	71,309	$	(6,998)	$	1,022,982

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars.)

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended March 31,
	2025		2026
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(45,621)	$	(43,165)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment	4,409		5,918
Amortization of intangible assets	922		920
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets	1,274		1,817
Stock-based compensation	14,786		12,013
Other	2,213		2,377
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Research fees and grants receivable	(1,133)		13,103
Income taxes payable	(4,408)		(4,970)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(3,409)		(9,406)
Deferred revenue	13,313		(8,033)
Deferred grant income	(1,220)		(2,356)
Other assets	7,320		(1,741)
Net cash used in operating activities	(11,554)		(33,523)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(10,636)		(3,831)
Purchase of marketable securities	(164,990)		(166,308)
Proceeds from marketable securities	190,027		143,802
Receipt of grant funding	1,018		1,361
Long-term investments and other assets	(7,484)		(105)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	7,935		(25,081)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term liabilities and other	5,970		7,192
Net cash provided by financing activities	5,970		7,192
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	590		(38)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	2,941		(51,450)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	183,615		155,249
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	186,556	$	103,799
Restricted cash included in other assets	2,290		1,736
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on the balance sheet	$	184,266	$	102,063
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Property and equipment in accounts payable	10,960		706
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligation	3,361		–

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(All figures in U.S. dollars. Amounts are expressed in thousands except share data.)

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of operations

AbCellera Biologics Inc.’s (the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on discovering and developing antibody medicines for indications with high unmet medical need. The Company aims to bring antibody drug candidates from target to clinic by combining expertise, technologies, and infrastructure for antibody drug discovery and development. The Company uses its capabilities to develop its own pipeline of future antibody drugs and has a diversified portfolio of royalty (and equivalent) stakes in future antibody drugs with partners.

2. Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, the year-end condensed consolidated financial statement data was derived from audited financial statements and these financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements. These statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and the accompanying notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2025.

These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026 are not necessarily indicative of results that can be expected for a full year. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements follow the same significant accounting policies as those described in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2025.

All amounts expressed in these condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and the accompanying notes thereto are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except for share data and where otherwise indicated. References to “$” are to U.S. dollars and references to “C$” and “CAD” are to Canadian dollars.

3. Significant accounting policies

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Areas of significant estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition including estimated timing of completion of performance obligations and determining whether an option for additional goods or services represents a material right, the impairment assessment of intangible assets and goodwill, and the estimates associated with stock-based compensation awards. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates when there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could significantly differ from those estimates.

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company has reviewed recent accounting pronouncements in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and concluded that they are either not applicable to the Company or no material impact is expected in the condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

4. Net loss per share

Basic and diluted net loss per share was calculated as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
Basic and diluted loss per share	2025		2026
Net loss	$	(45,621)	$	(43,165)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	297,692,663		303,074,605
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.15)	$	(0.14)

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities, which include stock options and restricted share units (“RSUs”), have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026 as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026 used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share is the same.

The Company excluded 71,947,646 and 79,140,601 potential common shares for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026, respectively, from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

5. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Land	$	53,405	$	53,405
Building and building improvements	193,160		194,834
Equipment	102,935		103,801
Operating lease right-of-use assets	136,117		134,300
Property and equipment	485,617		486,340
Less: accumulated depreciation	(57,614)		(63,534)
Property and equipment, net	$	428,003	$	422,806

Depreciation expense on property and equipment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026 was $4.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

6. Intangible assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2025						March 31, 2026
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net book value		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net book value
License	$	16,620	$	8,968	$	7,652	$	16,620	$	9,370	$	7,250
Technology	52,700		21,971		30,729		52,700		22,490		30,210
Total	$	69,320	$	30,939	$	38,381	$	69,320	$	31,860	$	37,460

Amortization expense on intangible assets subject to amortization is estimated to be as follows for each of the next five years ended March 31:


	Amortization Expense
2027	$	3,732
2028	3,732
2029	3,732
2030	3,686
2031	2,326
	$	17,208

7. Investments in equity accounted investees and other assets

The Company has entered into two separate 50% joint ventures, Dayhu JV and Beedie JV, as part of the construction of new office and laboratory headquarters. The Company recorded immaterial amounts of proportionate income or loss with respect to either venture in the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026.

Dayhu JV

As of December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, the equity investment balance was $10.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively, of which substantially all the assets in the Dayhu JV are comprised of property and equipment. As of December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, the Company recorded a right-of-use asset of $45.9 million and $45.2 million, respectively, and an operating lease liability of $46.7 million and $45.6 million, respectively, associated with an office lease with the Dayhu JV. In the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026, the Company incurred lease expense of $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, to the Dayhu JV included within operating expenses.

As of December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, the Dayhu JV’s fixed-rate mortgage had a balance of $61.2 million and $60.2 million, respectively. The Company provides a limited guarantee of the JV's loan obligations, capped at CAD $42.0 million ($30.6 million), which matches a corresponding guarantee provided by the Dayhu JV partner.

Beedie JV

As of December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, the equity investment balance was $51.8 million and $53.8 million, respectively, of which substantially all the assets in the Beedie JV are comprised of property and equipment. As of December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, the Company recorded a right-of-use asset of $71.5 million and $71.0 million, respectively, and an operating lease liability of $75.7 million and $74.4 million, respectively, associated with an office lease with the Beedie JV. In the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026, the Company incurred lease expense of nil and $1.8 million, respectively, to the Beedie JV included within operating expenses.

The Company had a loan receivable balance of $39.4 million and $39.2 million at December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026, respectively, included within other current assets. The loan receivable is directly with our JV partner, Beedie, which relates to the land and construction loan that matures in February 2027.

8. Other current assets and liabilities

Other current assets


	December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Taxes receivable	$	55,695	$	39,800
Prepaid expenses and other	9,670		11,279
Materials and supplies	6,336		7,860
Loans receivable from JV partners	39,412		39,164
Total other current assets	$	111,113	$	98,103

Current accounts payable and other current liabilities


	December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	25,228	$	20,808
Current portion of operating lease liability	5,815		5,869
Payroll liabilities	10,755		3,926
Current portion of deferred government contribution	8,983		8,948
Total accounts payable and other current liabilities	$	50,781	$	39,551

9. Shareholders’ equity

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity under the Pre-IPO Plan since December 31, 2025:


	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025	24,089,219	$	1.07
Granted	–	–
Exercised	(825,281)	0.22
Forfeited	–	–
Outstanding as of March 31, 2026	23,263,938	$	1.10
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2026	23,263,938	$	1.10

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity under the 2020 Plan since December 31, 2025:


	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025	36,376,041	$	7.38
Granted	10,103,558	3.43
Exercised	(103,287)	2.99
Forfeited	(640,277)	5.73
Outstanding as of March 31, 2026	45,736,035	$	6.54
Options exercisable as of March 31, 2026	20,191,253	$	9.82

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity under the 2020 Plan since December 31, 2025:


	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025	8,837,384	$	4.75
Granted	4,055,281	3.43
Vested and settled	(2,416,303)	5.51
Forfeited	(335,734)	4.72
Outstanding as of March 31, 2026	10,140,628	$	4.04

As of March 31, 2026, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan was 33,758,986, which includes awards granted and outstanding under the Pre-IPO Plan that are forfeited after December 10, 2020.

Stock-based compensation:

Stock-based compensation was classified in the condensed consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2025		2026
Research and development expenses	$	8,136	$	7,039
Sales, general, and administrative expenses	6,650		4,974
	$	14,786	$	12,013

10. Revenue

The disaggregated revenue categories are presented on the face of the condensed consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss. Deferred revenue outstanding in each respective period is as follows:


	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2025		December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Deferred revenue	$	19,221	$	32,535	$	17,026	$	8,993

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2026, the Company recognized $2.6 million, and $7.9 million, respectively, that was included in deferred revenue at the end of the preceding periods. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company collected $18.0 million of the $36.0 million litigation settlement receivable outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

11. Financial instruments

Fair Value Measurements

The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy established by U.S. GAAP that prioritizes those inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based on the degree to which they are observable. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and Level 3 inputs are not observable in the market.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, loans receivable, and accounts payable and other liabilities. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other liabilities, and loans receivable, approximate their fair values, and are primarily classified as Level 2.

At March 31, 2026, the Company also held non-marketable securities included in other long-term assets of $32.5 million (December 31, 2025 - $32.5 million). These non-marketable securities are measured at cost less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer.

Marketable Securities

As part of the Company’s cash management strategy, the Company holds high credit quality marketable securities that are available to support the Company’s current operations. As of March 31, 2026, our marketable securities were rated A- or higher (or its equivalent) by at least two of the major rating agencies with a weighted average life of approximately 0.6 years.

Level 2 marketable securities in the fair value hierarchy were based on quoted market prices to the extent available or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs to determine fair value. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the period.

The following table presents information about the Company’s marketable securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such fair values:


	Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2026:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Marketable securities
U.S. government agencies	$	63,482	$	–	$	–	$	63,482
Certificate of deposit	–		105,629		–		105,629
Commercial paper	–		41,313		–		41,313
Corporate bonds	–		144,774		–		144,774
Asset backed securities	–		72,471		–		72,471
	$	63,482	$	364,187	$	–	$	427,669

12. Commitments and contingencies

From time to time, the Company may become involved in routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. The Company does not have contingency reserves established for any litigation liabilities and any of the costs related to such legal proceedings are expensed as incurred.

The Company may enter into certain agreements with strategic partners in the ordinary course of operations that may include investments in collaborative arrangements, contractual milestone payments related to the achievement of pre-specified research, development, regulatory and commercialization events and indemnification provisions, which are common in such agreements.

Pursuant to the agreements, the Company may be obligated to make research and development and regulatory milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain events and upon receipt of royalty payments in the low single-digits to mid-twenties based on certain net sales targets. Immaterial amounts were expensed during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or March 31, 2026.

13. Government contributions

The Company recognized the following on the consolidated balance sheets:


	March 31, 2026
			Deferred Government Contribution
	Accounts Receivable5		Government Grant1						Total
			Non-repayable		Conditionally Repayable		Repayable
Government Contribution 1 (Canada)2	$	–	$	1,367	$	76,772	$	–	$	78,139
Government Contribution 2 (Canada)3	12,486		10,678		–		70,473		81,151
Government Contribution 2 (British Columbia)4	17,716		–		24,789		–		24,789
Other Government Grants	–		974		–		–		974
March 31, 2026	$	30,202	$	13,019	$	101,561	$	70,473	$	185,053
December 31, 2025	$	33,592	$	13,690	$	103,247	$	66,499	$	183,436

March 31, 2026
Current	$	17,661	$	2,299	$	6,649	$	–	$	8,948
Long-term	$	12,541	$	10,720	$	94,912	$	70,473	$	176,105

1No amounts have been accrued related to the repayment terms as the conditions are estimated to be non-probable.

2As of December 31, 2024, the Company had incurred the maximum expenditures under the agreement. Repayment of CAD $116.9 million ($88.5 million) of the funded amount is conditional on achieving certain revenue thresholds over a specified period of time.

3The funding includes repayable and conditionally repayable amounts starting in 2033 over 15 years, where the conditional portion is based on certain revenue thresholds, at a factor of up to 1.4 times the original grant. As of March 31, 2026, total available undrawn grant funding was approximately CAD $111.8 million ($80.2 million), consisting of CAD $94.4 million ($67.8 million) for future qualifying expenditures and $12.5 million in accrued grants receivable for which claims will be filed subsequently.

4Conditionally repayable amounts starting in 2032 over up to fifteen years, based on certain revenue thresholds. As of March 31, 2026, total available undrawn grant funding was approximately CAD $60.2 million ($43.2 million), consisting of CAD $35.5 million ($25.5 million) for future qualifying expenditures and $17.7 million in accrued grants receivable for which claims will be filed subsequently.

5During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recognized non-cash investing and financing activities for uncollected government grants of $0.2 million and $4.9 million, respectively (2025: $0.8 million and $8.3 million).

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of Canadian securities laws, or collectively, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements that may relate to our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future revenue or performance, capital expenditures, financial position, financing needs and other information that is not historical information. Many of these statements appear, in particular, under the headings “Business”, “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by the use of terminology such as “subject to”, “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “can,” the negatives thereof, variations thereon and similar expressions, or by discussions of strategy. In addition, any statements or information that refer to expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, performance or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking. In particular, these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•our expectations regarding the success, clinical advancement, and market acceptance of our internal pipeline of drug candidates, including expectations regarding the preliminary, topline, or early-stage clinical data for ABCL635, as well as our antibody discovery and development capabilities;

•companies and technologies in our industry that compete with our business and our internal drug candidates;

•our ability to manage and grow our business by advancing our internal pipeline of drug candidates through clinical development and introducing our antibody discovery and development capabilities to new partners and expanding our relationships with existing partners;

•our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if these markets achieve the forecasted growth, our drug candidates may fail to achieve sufficient market acceptance or adoption;

•our ability to achieve projected discovery, preclinical development, and clinical milestones for our internal programs, including the topline data from the Phase 2 trial anticipated in the third quarter of 2026 for ABCL635, as well as our partners’ ability to achieve projected discovery and development milestones and other anticipated key events, including commercial sales resulting in royalties owed to us, in the expected timelines or at all;

•our ability to leverage our full platform capabilities - from target identification to investigational new drug, or Investigational New Drug (“IND”), application submission and to clinical development - to advance our internal pipeline of drug candidates, as well as to support our partners;

•our ability to develop and commercialize the drugs we discover, both internally and with our partners, on a timely basis or at all;

•our operating results, financial performance, and financial position;

•our expectations regarding our good manufacturing practices, or GMP, facility and our manufacturing capabilities to support our clinical trials;

•our ability to establish and maintain intellectual property protection for our internal drug candidates, technologies and workflows and avoid or defend against claims of patent infringement;

•our ability to attract, hire and retain key personnel and to manage our personnel growth effectively;

•our ability to obtain additional financing in future offerings;

•the volatility of the trading price of our common shares, including in response to the market's reaction to near-term clinical milestones;

•business disruptions affecting our operations, the advancement of our internal pipeline, and the development of our antibody discovery, preclinical development and clinical development capabilities;

•our ability to avoid material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future;

•our expectations regarding our Passive Foreign Investment Company, or PFIC, status for our taxable year ended December 31, 2026, or any future taxable year;

•our expectations regarding the use of our cash resources;

•our expectations about market trends; and

•our ability to predict and adapt to government regulation.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions, and expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report, particularly in “Summary of the Material and Other Risks Associated with Our Business” above and “Risk Factors” below, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. We operate in a competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures, or investments we may make or enter into.

Additionally, military conflicts, specifically the escalating conflict in the Middle East beginning in 2026, can adversely affect our business and financial statements. This dynamic situation has disrupted global supply chains, increased energy and operational costs, created capital market volatility, and heightened cybersecurity risks. A protraction or escalation of hostilities could further intensify these impacts. Beyond these conflicts, broader macroeconomic inflation generally affects us by increasing our employee-related costs and certain other expenses. Our financial condition and results of operations may also be impacted by other factors we may not be able to control, such as global supply chain disruptions, potential trade tariffs in Canada and the U.S., uncertain global economic conditions, global trade disputes or political instability, as further discussed in the section “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report.

You should read this Quarterly Report and the documents that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, with the understanding that our actual future results may differ materially from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law or regulation.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our current beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

This Quarterly Report includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties as well as our own estimates of potential market opportunities. All market data used in this Quarterly Report involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys, and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research, and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and may fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions.

We express all amounts in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in U.S. dollars, except where otherwise indicated. References to “$” and “US$” are to U.S. dollars and references to “C$” and “CAD$” are to Canadian dollars.

Except as otherwise indicated, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “AbCellera,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to AbCellera Biologics Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

AbCellera is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on discovering and developing antibody-based medicines for indications with high unmet medical need. To maximize the value and impact of our work, we are advancing a pipeline of internal programs and strategically partnering with companies that have novel science, innovative technology, or a strong track record of bringing programs through clinical development.

We focus on the development of antibody drugs and are committed to improving discovery and development. We aim to build a competitive advantage in bringing antibody drugs from target into clinical testing by combining expertise, technologies, and infrastructure to build integrated capabilities for antibody drug discovery and development. We think deeply about capital allocation and strive to maximize long-term value while mitigating the risks that are inherent in drug development. We look for opportunities where we believe low-risk investments in building technology and operational efficiency can create a sustained competitive advantage and drive long-term value by making antibody drug development faster and more efficient.

We are leveraging our platform and to develop internal programs and advance a pipeline of AbCellera-led programs with first-in-class potential. We evaluate these programs individually to determine whether to pursue preclinical and clinical development in-house, enter into collaborations with partners, or out-license to optimize their development and clinical and commercial potential.

We expect to continue to make significant investments in this area for the foreseeable future and expect to continue to incur significant expenses in connection with our ongoing activities, including as we:

•invest in research and development activities to improve our antibody discovery and development capabilities;

•advance our internal programs in preclinical and clinical development;

•improve and enhance operations to deliver programs, including investments in manufacturing;

•acquire businesses or technologies to support the growth of our business;

•attract, hire and retain qualified personnel; and

•continue to establish, protect and defend our intellectual property and patent portfolio, including our ongoing litigation.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily from revenue from our antibody discovery partnerships in the form of royalty revenue, government funding from grants, and from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred shares and notes, and common shares. Additionally, we have twice secured significant government co-investments in the form of non-dilutive capital to help fund research and development, including internal programs, and facility construction.

In 2025, we achieved critical regulatory and clinical trial milestone for ABCL635 and ABCL575 by submitting Clinical Trial Applications (CTAs) to Health Canada, receiving No Objection Letters from Health Canada, authorizing both CTAs, and initiating dosing participants in clinical trials for both programs in Canada during the second half of 2025.

The Phase 1/2 clinical trial of ABCL635 is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy men and postmenopausal women with or without vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Its purpose is to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, as well as frequency and severity of VMS with subcutaneous doses of ABCL635. In January 2026, following an interim assessment of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic data collected from healthy volunteers in the Phase 1 portion of the study, we announced the dosing of first patients in the Phase 2 portion of the ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial.

In May 2026, we announced positive interim Phase 1 data for ABCL635. Treatment with ABCL635 achieved potent and sustained reduction in biomarkers of target engagement, demonstrated a favourable safety profile with all doses well-tolerated and no observed liver toxicity or serious adverse events, and pharmacokinetic data supports monthly dosing. The Phase 2 study is currently enrolling with topline data readout anticipated in Q3 2026.

The Phase 1 clinical trial of ABCL575 is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to assess safety and tolerability in healthy participants following subcutaneous doses of ABCL575. We anticipate the topline data readout for the Phase 1 study in Q4 2026. At present, we have no plans to pursue development past Phase 1.

We advanced a third program, ABCL688, into IND/CTA-enabling studies in the second quarter of 2025. ABCL688 is an antibody drug candidate for an undisclosed indication in autoimmunity and is the second program from our GPCR and ion channel platform to advance into IND/CTA-enabling studies. We anticipate submission of an IND/CTA for ABCL688 in 2027. The programs align with the Company's strategy of building value, both through partnerships, and through internal discovery and development of potential first-in-class antibody drugs.

Financial Highlights

The following table summarizes our key operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026. All figures are in U.S. dollars and amounts are expressed in thousands, except loss per share data:


	Three months ended March 31,
Financial Performance	2025		2026
Revenue:
Research fees	$	4,068	$	8,124
Licensing and royalty revenue	167		191
Total revenue	4,235		8,315
Operating expenses:
Research and development(1)	42,496		46,662
Other operating expenses	24,399		19,172
Total operating expenses	66,895		65,834
Loss from operations	(62,660)		(57,519)
Other income	(9,676)		(7,982)
Loss before income tax	(52,984)		(49,537)
Net loss	$	(45,621)	$	(43,165)
Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.15)	$	(0.14)
Diluted	$	(0.15)	$	(0.14)
Stock-based compensation included within operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	8,136		7,039
Sales, general, and administrative expenses	6,650		4,974

Financial Position	December 31, 2025		March 31, 2026
Cash and cash equivalents	128,513		77,063
Marketable securities	405,313		427,669
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	533,826		504,732
Total assets	1,356,950		1,307,112
Total shareholders' equity	966,904		938,083

(1)Exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Recent Developments and Clinical Update

In January 2026, we announced the dosing of first patients in the Phase 2 portion of the ongoing ABCL635 Phase 1/2 clinical trial, following an interim review of safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic data from healthy volunteers from the Phase 1 portion of the study.

In May 2026, we announced positive interim Phase 1 data for ABCL635. Treatment with ABCL635 achieved potent and sustained reduction in biomarkers of target engagement, demonstrated a favourable safety profile with all doses well-tolerated and no observed liver toxicity or serious adverse events, and pharmacokinetic data supports monthly dosing. The Phase 2 study of ABCL635 is currently enrolling with topline data readout anticipated in Q3 2026.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations and Future Performance

We believe that our financial performance has been, and in the foreseeable future will continue to be, primarily driven by multiple factors as described below, each of which presents growth opportunities for our business. These factors also pose important challenges that we must successfully address to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations. Our ability to successfully address these challenges is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors.

•Pursuing drug discovery and development opportunities internally. As our discovery and development capabilities have matured, we are increasingly in a position to pursue attractive, well-validated targets ourselves, e.g. in the GPCR, ion channel, and TCE spaces. Such programs have the potential to yield first-in-class drug candidates in indications with substantial unmet medical need which we can pursue internally. We plan on investing significant resources in the preclinical and clinical development of internal programs that will impact our financial results. The investments in each program are undertaken at risk and may ultimately not yield a return.

•Successfully designing and executing clinical trials. Our long-term financial success is increasingly dependent on our ability to successfully transition drug candidates from our discovery platform through clinical development. The successful execution of our current and future clinical trials requires significant financial investment. We intend to allocate resources to the design and execution of these clinical trials, which represent a substantial and ongoing commitment of capital and personnel. Our ability to generate future value from these programs, whether through independent development or strategic out-licensing, will depend on the clinical data generated.

•Successfully out-licensing drug candidates from our internal programs. We believe that our internal programs may result in drug candidates of interest to other drug developers with capabilities complementary to our own. Where these capabilities can be expected to enhance the value of our drug candidate, we may seek to out-license. Successful out-licensing agreements could generate substantial upfront payments in addition to later milestone payments and royalties. Our financial performance may therefore be impacted by our ability to produce and out-license such drug candidates from our internal programs.

•Our partners successfully developing and commercializing the antibodies that we discover. We estimate that, based on the terms of our existing contracts and estimates of historical rates of success of antibody drug development, the vast majority of the potential value for each program is represented by potential future milestone payments and royalties rather than research fees. As a result, we believe our business and our future results of operations will be highly impacted by the degree to which our partners successfully develop and commercialize the antibodies that we have discovered based on contracts with our partners. As our partners continue to advance development of the antibodies that we have discovered, we expect to start receiving additional milestone payments and royalties if any partners commence commercial sales of such antibodies.

•Engaging with partners. Our potential to grow revenue, in both the near and long-term, is dependent on successfully engaging with partners. We seek to expand our relationships with existing partners also as a basis for potentially out-licensing some of our internal programs. Our teams are selective in determining which partners we choose to engage with, focusing on the opportunities with the strong potential to generate significant value in the long-term.

•Investing in enhancements to our discovery and development capabilities. Our ability to generate a pipeline of potential first-in-class internal programs and expand our partnerships is dependent on the strength and advantages of our discovery and development capabilities. We intend to maintain our leading position through selective investments in research and development to refine and add capabilities, including in manufacturing. We have also successfully executed and will continue to look for strategic technology acquisitions to improve, broaden and deepen our capabilities and expertise in antibody discovery and development, or those that offer opportunities to expand our business into adjacent therapeutic modalities. We intend to continue to devote resources to continue to improve our discovery differentiation which will impact our financial performance.

Business Metrics

We regularly review the following business metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. We believe that the following metrics are important to understand our current business. These metrics may change or may be substituted for additional or different metrics as our business develops as further described below with respect to changes in this and upcoming reports.


	December 31, 2025	March 31, 2026
Partner-led programs with downstreams	44	40
In the clinic	5	5
In discovery or preclinical development	39	35

Molecules in the clinic with downstreams	14	14

The table below outlines the details of molecules in the clinic as of March 31, 2026:

Molecule

Stage

Partner1

Therapeutic area(s)

Program Type

ABCL635

Phase 2

n/a

Endocrinology / Women’s Health

AbCellera-led

ABCL575

Phase 1

n/a

Immunology & Inflammation

AbCellera-led

ABD-147

Phase 1 (Fast Track- and orphan drug-designated)

Abdera Therapeutics Inc.

Oncology

Partner-led

Undisclosed

Phase 1

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Neuroscience

Partner-led

Undisclosed

Pivotal studies

Dechra Pharmaceuticals

Animal Health

Partner-led

IVX-01

Clinical field study

Dechra Pharmaceuticals

Animal Health

Partner-led

Undisclosed

Clinical field study

Dechra Pharmaceuticals

Animal Health

Partner-led

AB-2100

Phase 1/2

Arsenal Bio

Oncology

Trianni license

AB-3028

IND authorized

Arsenal Bio

Oncology

Trianni license

GIGA-564

Phase 1

GigaGen, Inc.

Oncology

Trianni license

NBL-012

Phase 1 (pending partner confirmation)

NovaRock Biotherapeutics Inc.

Dermatology, Gastrointestinal, Immunology

Trianni license

NBL-015/FL-301

Phase 1 (pending partner confirmation)

NovaRock Biotherapeutics Inc.

Oncology

Trianni license

NBL-020

Phase 1 (pending partner confirmation)

NovaRock Biotherapeutics Inc.

Oncology

Trianni license

NBL-028

Phase 1 (pending partner confirmation)

NovaRock Biotherapeutics Inc.

Oncology

Trianni license

1 If partner-led

Partner-led programs with downstreams represent the number of unique partner-led programs where we stand to participate financially in downstream success. Included are programs (i) for which we have commenced the discovery effort and (ii) which, to the best of our knowledge, our partners are progressing towards drug approval on the reporting date.

The discovery effort commences on the later of (i) the day on which we receive sufficient reagents to start discovery of antibodies against a target and (ii) the day on which the kick-off meeting for the program is held. We exclude from the metric all programs where, based on our reasonable efforts to monitor program status, we have reason to believe that no further resources are being, or will be, invested by our partner to advance the program towards eventually producing a marketed drug.

Partner-led programs with downstreams indicate our total opportunities to earn downstream revenue from milestone fees and royalties (or royalty equivalents) in the mid- to long-term.

Molecules in the clinic with downstreams represent the count of unique molecules for (i) which an Investigational New Drug, or IND, New Animal Drug, or equivalent under other regulatory regimes, application has reached “open” status or has otherwise been approved based on an antibody that was discovered either by us or by a partner using licensed AbCellera technology and (ii) which, to the best of our knowledge, our partners are progressing towards drug approval on the reporting date. Where the date of such application approval is not known to us, the date of the first public announcement of a clinical trial will be used for the purpose of this metric. We determine whether a program is progressing towards drug approval based on the best information available to us at the reporting date.

We view this metric as an indication of our near- and mid-term potential revenue from milestone fees, potential royalty payments, or profits from sales of approved drugs in the long-term. For AbCellera-led programs, our knowledge of a program’s status is complete and our economic stake is large. Our visibility into partner-led programs stemming from our AbCellera platform is often limited and our economic stake small. Trianni-license programs afford us the least visibility and typically the smallest economic stake.

As noted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2026, we updated our business metrics to better reflect the value and number of active programs currently in our portfolio. Previously reported business metrics "partner-initiated program starts with downstreams" and “molecules in the clinic” have been discontinued and we report on the number of partner-led programs with downstreams and molecules in the clinic with downstreams to better reflect the number of unique programs currently in our portfolio and to include only those where we may earn future revenues. We believe this updated metric provides a more accurate representation of our current commercial opportunities.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026:

Revenue


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Revenue:
Research fees	$	4,068	$	8,124	$	4,056	100	%
Licensing and royalty revenue	167		191		24		14	%
Total revenue	$	4,235	$	8,315	$	4,080	96	%

Revenue increased by $4.1 million from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. The increase is attributable to the timing and progress of our research and development efforts.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Research and development	$	42,496	$	46,662	$	4,166	10	%

Research and development activities consist of investments in internal programs, partner discovery research, clinical trials, and capability enhancements. At any given time, we have a number of active preclinical, discovery, and clinical programs. Because our personnel and infrastructure are typically deployed across an extensive portfolio of programs simultaneously, we generally do not allocate personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation),

facilities, and other shared overhead on a program-specific basis. Accordingly, we track, manage, and evaluate these internal costs on an aggregated, unallocated basis.

Total research and development expenses increased by $4.2 million, or 10%, from the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. Of the total increase, external clinical costs were $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as ABCL575 and ABCL635 entered the clinic in the end of the second quarter of 2025. Preclinical and discovery costs decreased by $1.9 million period-over-period to $8.0 million, primarily driven by prior-period preclinical spend from ABCL635 and ABCL575 IND/CTA-enabling activities. Total compensation expense, including stock-based compensation, was $23.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and remained substantially unchanged compared to the prior period. Similarly, unallocated internal costs of $11.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 remained consistent period over period.

Sales, General, and Administrative


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Sales, general, and administrative	$	19,068	$	12,334	$	(6,734)	(35)	%

Sales, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $6.7 million, or (35)%, from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. Total compensation expense, inclusive of stock-based compensation, was $11.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026. The decrease in compensation expense is a result of our continued optimization of headcount in light of our internal pipeline focus. Legal, software, and other general administrative costs were $8.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026. The decrease was primarily due to a legal settlement in December 2025 and a resulting reduction in legal fees incurred in 2026.

Depreciation and Amortization


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Depreciation and amortization	$	5,331	$	6,838	$	1,507	28	%

Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $1.5 million, or 28%, from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. The increase was primarily due to the commencement of depreciation of our clinical manufacturing facility that was put in service in December 2025.

Interest and Other


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Interest and other	$	(5,523)	$	(3,643)	$	1,880	(34)	%

Interest and other income decreased by $1.9 million, or (34)%, from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. The decrease was primarily driven by foreign exchange in the period due to fluctuations in the Canadian and U.S. dollar exchange rate and interest income was driven by our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances and interest rate yields in the period.

Grants and Incentives


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Grants and incentives	$	(4,153)	$	(4,339)	$	(186)	4	%

Grants and incentives increased by $0.2 million, or 4%, from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. The change was primarily driven by activity relating to research and development expenditures that are eligible for reimbursement under government programs for the period.

Income Tax Recovery


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2025		2026		Amount		%
Income tax recovery	$	(7,363)	$	(6,372)	$	991	(13)	%

Income tax recovery decreased by $1.0 million from the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2026. The decrease was primarily driven by the availability of carry-back of losses to recover previously paid taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2026, we had $504.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, comprising $77.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $427.7 million in marketable securities. The decrease of $29.1 million since December 31, 2025, was primarily from a combination of cash flow used in operations due to our continued research and development activity for internal programs in discovery, preclinical, and clinical development as well as for partnered programs. This was partially offset by the first $18.0 million installment of a $36.0 million litigation settlement, with the remaining $18.0 million expected in the second quarter of 2026.

We intend to continue to significantly invest in our business, and as a result may continue to incur operating losses in future periods. We will continue to use our available liquidity from our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities to fund and invest in research and development efforts towards expanding our capabilities and expertise, grow and advance our internal pipeline. Simultaneously, we intend to optimize our long-term office-lease arrangements and intend to assign or fully sublease the office and laboratory space constructed through the Beedie JV.

We substantially completed our final large platform investments in our clinical manufacturing facility and our corporate headquarters in 2025. With the completion of these large platform investments, we expect a reduction in investing cash outflows, shifting our capital allocation from building capabilities to using them as we execute our strategy of building on our internal pipeline. Based on our current business plan, we believe that our available liquidity from existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, loan receivables, and government contributions, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditures over at least the next 36 months following the date of this report.

Government of Canada and Government of British Columbia Contributions

In May of 2023, we entered into multi-year contribution agreements with the Government of Canada and the Government of British Columbia. Under the agreements, up to $166.7 million ($225.0 million CAD) and $55.6 million ($75.0 million CAD) was committed by the Government of Canada and the Government of British Columbia, respectively, to build new capabilities in Canada to develop, manufacture, and deliver antibody medicines to patients through Phase 1 clinical trials and build expertise in translational science, technical operations, and clinical operations and research. At March 31, 2026, our government contribution agreements provided an estimated CAD $173.9 million ($125.0 million) in total available funding eligible for future claims. See the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information related to the government contributions.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2026
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(11,554)	$	(33,523)
Investing activities	7,935		(25,081)
Financing activities	5,970		7,192
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents	590		(38)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	2,941	$	(51,450)

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities increased from $11.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $33.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026. The increase in cash flows used in operations was primarily

attributable to working capital movements including the timing of payments related to our preclinical and clinical activities and upfront payments received in Q1 2025 that did not recur in the current period, partially offset by a reduction in accounts and grants receivable in three months ended March 31, 2026.

Investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $7.9 million for three months ended March 31, 2025, compare to $25.1 million used in investing activities in the three months ended March 31, 2026. The change in investing activities was primarily attributable to a reduction in proceeds from marketable securities, partially offset by a decrease in purchases of property and equipment and other long-term assets in the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased from $6.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $7.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026. The increase was primarily attributable to proceeds from other long-term liabilities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgements and Estimates

Detailed information about our critical accounting policies and estimates is set forth in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There have been no significant changes to these policies during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our exposure to market risk is described in Part II. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. We believe our exposure to market risk has not changed materially since then.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), with assistance from other members of management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2026 and, based on their evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of such date.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

In the pending matter Sabariah Schrader, Executrix of the Estate of John William Schrader et al. v. Carl Lars Genghis Hansen, et al., the Company filed a Notice of Application seeking to dismiss certain Company affiliates from the matter. No hearing date has been set. All co-defendants have been served. The Company is proceeding to seek dismissal of certain Company affiliates for lack of jurisdiction. The Company believes that Plaintiffs’ claim is meritless in all respects and intends to defend itself appropriately.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred losses in certain years since inception, including in 2025, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability.

We expect to continue to incur expenditures as we operate our business. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We cannot accurately predict the timing or amount of our increased expenses, or when, if at all, we may achieve profitability. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $146.4 million and $162.9 million, respectively. Our accumulated losses at December 31, 2025 and accumulated earnings at 2024 was $29.5 million and $116.9 million, respectively.

Our success depends on our ability to develop and monetize a drug, either independently or through significant economic participation. Unless and until either of those events occur, we do not anticipate being able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability.

Developing a drug on our own will require us to succeed in a range of challenging activities that are still in the preliminary stages, including developing drug candidates, obtaining regulatory approval, manufacturing, and commercializing approved drugs. We may never succeed in these activities and generate revenue from drug sales from our internal pipeline that are significant enough to achieve profitability.

Even if we achieve profitability, it may not be sustained. Our failure to become or remain profitable would depress our market value and impair our ability to raise capital, expand our pipeline, develop drug candidates, or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause our stockholders to lose all or part of their investment.

Our revenue has fluctuated from period to period, and our revenue for any historical period may not be indicative of results that may be expected for any future period.

We have, and continue to receive, revenue from our partnership contracts and are eligible to receive future milestones and royalties related to potential future success of antibodies that we have discovered under past and existing agreements. We are unable to predict whether and the extent to which the minimum annual payments under our partnership agreements will be exceeded, or the timing of the achievement of any milestones under these agreements, if they are achieved at all. In some cases, the timing and likelihood of payments to us under these agreements is dependent on our partners’ successful utilization of the antibodies discovered using our discovery and development capabilities, which is outside of our control. Because of these factors, our revenue could vary materially from period to period.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future, making it difficult to predict our future operating results and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in the future, making it difficult to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

•interest income from our cash management strategy, which is subject to variability due to cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances and market interest yields available to the Company;

•the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research, clinical development and commercialization activities relating to our discovery and development capabilities and initiation and advancement of internal programs, which may change from time to time;

•the cost of maintaining and running our GMP facility, activities which are new to us;

•our ability to generate viable development candidates;

•the relative reliability and robustness of our discovery and development capabilities, including our data generation and computational tools;

•the introduction of new technologies, platform features or software, by us or others in our industry;

•costs that we may incur to acquire, develop or commercialize additional technologies;

•costs and fees occurring in litigation that we may be involved in;

•the degree of competition in our industry and any change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or future partners;

•natural disasters, pandemics, outbreaks of disease or public health crises;

•the timing and nature of any future acquisitions or partnerships;

•future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

•general social, political and economic conditions and other factors, including inflationary pressures and factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

The effect of one of the factors discussed above, or the cumulative effects of a combination of factors discussed above, could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results to indicate our future performance.

We may need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations, improve our discovery and development capabilities, advance internal programs through the clinic, or expand our operations. If we are unable to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us or at all or generate cash flows necessary to maintain or expand our operations and pipeline investments, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, operations, and financial condition.

Based on our current business plan, we believe our available liquidity from existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and anticipated cash flows from operations and government contributions, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs. Although it is difficult to predict our funding requirements, we believe that our available liquidity from existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, loan receivables, and government contributions, will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure plans over at least the next 36 months following the date of this report. If our available cash resources together with our anticipated cash flow from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements including because of the realization of other risks described in this report, we may be required to raise additional capital prior to such time through issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, entrance into a credit facility or another form of third-party funding or seek other debt financing, including real estate and asset backed financing on the significant investments we have funded towards our corporate headquarters and GMP facility. Such additional future financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all.

We may consider raising additional capital in the future to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons. For example, this may include reasons such as to:

•fund development and marketing efforts of our current and future internal and partner programs;

•expand our discovery, development, clinical and regulatory capabilities;

•advance our current and future drug candidates through clinical trials;

•acquire, license or invest in technologies;

•acquire or invest in complementary businesses or assets; and

•finance capital expenditures and general and administrative expenses.

•Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•our ability to achieve revenue growth;

•the cost of expanding our operations, including our GMP activities;

•the initiation and advancement of internal programs and marketing activities associated therewith;

•our rate of progress in, and cost of research and development activities associated with, antibody discovery and development for our internal pipeline;

•the receipt of potential future payments from partners related to milestones, royalties, and licensing;

•the effect of competing technological and market developments;

•costs and fees occurring in litigation that we may be involved in; and

•costs related to any business and operations expansion.

The various ways we could raise additional capital carry potential risks. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our shareholders would result. Any preferred equity securities issued also would likely provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common shares. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, those debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common shares. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may also involve agreements that include covenants restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, selling or licensing our assets, making acquisitions, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. For example, in December 2025, we obtained financing secured against our office building held in our Dayhu joint venture. This financing, along with our agreement with the Strategic Response Fund (SRF), previously Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF), subjects us to certain restrictive covenants. Our agreement with the SRF requires that we obtain prior consent for specific corporate actions, such as when an entity acquires 20% or more of our voting securities. Similarly, our December 2025 financing includes covenants that restrict our ability to sell or transfer the secured property without lender consent and change of control provisions when any person or group acquires beneficial ownership of more than 25% of our voting shares. If we fail to comply with these covenants or obtain necessary consents, we could be obligated to repay all or a portion of the contribution amounts from SRF and the outstanding principal under our financing, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, if we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition, and share price.

From time to time, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. There can be no assurance that future deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including conflicts in Europe and the Middle East and elsewhere, and the related impact on our business and the markets generally. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts, may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. Continued disruptions in the banking system, both in the U.S. or abroad, may impact our or our customers’ liquidity and, as a result, negatively impact our business and operating results. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, the value and liquidity of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities may fluctuate substantially and it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, and more dilutive. Although we have not realized any significant losses on our cash, cash equivalents, and our diversified portfolio of high credit quality marketable securities, future fluctuations in their value could result in significant losses and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our strategy, financial performance, and share price. There is also a risk that one or more of our current service providers, manufacturers and other partners may not survive an economic downturn, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

Risks Related to our Business and the Development and Commercialization of Our Drug Candidates

Our commercial success depends on the quality of our antibody discovery and development capabilities, technological capabilities, the advancement of internal programs, and their acceptance by new and existing partners in our industry.

We utilize our antibody discovery and development capabilities to identify antibodies for further development and potential commercialization by us and our partners. As a result, the quality and sophistication of our discovery and development capabilities is critical to our ability to conduct our research discovery activities and to deliver promising drug candidates. In particular, our business depends, among other things, on:

•our discovery and development capabilities to successfully identify drug candidates on the desired timeframes that can ultimately be used as medicines to prevent and treat diseases;

•our capabilities to successfully advance our current and future drug candidates through clinical trials;

•our ability to successful employ our newly constructed GMP facility to advance our pipeline;

•our ability to utilize our discovery and development capabilities to build a robust pipeline of potential development candidates;

•our ability to partner drug candidates from our internally developed pipeline;

•the rate at which partners continue to develop molecules in which we hold an economic stake;

•the timing and scope of any approval that may be required by regulatory bodies for drugs that are developed based on antibodies discovered by us;

•the impact of our investments in innovation and commercial growth.

There can be no assurance that we will successfully address any of these or other factors that may affect the ability of our discovery and development capabilities to create viable molecules that ultimately lead to commercially viable drugs. If we cannot create commercially viable drugs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected.

Failure to execute our business strategy could adversely impact our growth and profitability.

Our strategy focuses on the development of antibody-based drugs and improving the way these drugs are discovered and developed. Our strategy assumes a certain degree of growth in capital and capacity. Factors such as insufficient capital, inflation, supply chain interruptions, inadequate forecasting, increases in construction material costs, or labor shortages could interfere with the successful execution of our strategy and our ability to timely build infrastructure and processes to support our business. If we cannot successfully execute on our strategy, this could negatively impact our future results of operations and market capitalization.

Furthermore, our strategic pivot from a primarily partnership-focused business to one focused on developing our own internal pipeline of antibody medicines requires different capital allocation, operational expertise, and risk management compared to our historical partnership model. As we direct substantial resources toward our internal programs, we may experience reduced near-term revenue from partnerships, increased cash costs, and greater exposure to the often binary risks of clinical trial outcomes. If we fail to successfully manage this strategic transition, or if our internal pipeline fails to generate value that outweighs the reduction in partnership focus, our business and valuation may suffer.

For additional discussion of our business strategy, please see the section entitled “Item 1. Business” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

We allocate our resources to pursue a particular drug candidate or indication and, as a result, may fail to capitalize on other drug candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We allocate our resources to certain research programs and drug candidates. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other drug candidates or for our current development candidates in other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable and profitable market opportunities. Our spend on current and future research and development programs and ongoing clinical development of drug candidates for specific indications may not yield commercially viable medicines.

Development of a biological molecule or other drug is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that none of the drug candidates discovered using our discovery and development capabilities that are further developed by us or our partners will receive marketing approval or become viable commercial drugs, on a timely basis, or at all.

We have used our discovery and development capabilities to offer antibodies to partners who are engaged in antibody discovery and development. These partners include pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and non-profit and government organizations. While we receive upfront payments from our partners generated through technology access and discovery research fees, we estimate that the vast majority of the economic value of the contracts with our partners is in the downstream payments that are payable if certain milestones are met or approved drugs are sold. Due to our reliance on our partners, the risks relating to drug development, regulatory clearance, authorization or approval, and commercialization apply to us derivatively through the activities of our partners. While we believe our discovery and development capabilities are capable of identifying high quality antibodies, there can be no assurance that our partnerships will successfully develop, secure marketing approvals for, and commercialize any drugs based on the antibodies that we discover. As a result, we may not realize the intended benefits of our partnerships.

Due to the uncertain, time-consuming and costly clinical development and regulatory approval process, there may not be successful development of any drug candidates with the antibodies that we discover, or we and our partners may choose to discontinue the development of these drug candidates for a variety of reasons, including due to safety, risk versus benefit profile, exclusivity, competitive landscape, commercialization potential, production limitations or prioritization of their resources. It is possible that none of these drug candidates will ever receive regulatory approval and, even if approved, such drug candidates may never be successfully commercialized. While we have received milestone and royalty payments in the past, there can be no assurance that we will receive additional milestone payments or any royalties in the future.

In addition, even if such drug candidates receive regulatory approval in the United States, the drug candidates may never obtain approval or be commercialized outside of the United States, which would limit their full market potential and therefore our ability to realize full potential downstream value. Furthermore, approved drugs may not achieve broad market acceptance among physicians, patients, the medical community, and third-party payors, in which case revenue generated from their sales would be limited. Likewise, we or our partners have to make decisions about which clinical stage and preclinical drug candidates to develop and advance, and we or our partners may not have the resources to invest in all of the drug candidates that contain antibodies discovered using our platform, or clinical data and other development considerations may not support the advancement of one or more drug candidates. Decision-making about which drug candidates to prioritize involves inherent uncertainty, and our partners’ development program decision-making and resource prioritization decisions, which are outside of our control, may adversely affect the potential value of our economic stakes in drug programs. Additionally, subject to contractual obligations to us, if one more of our partners is involved in a business combination, the partner might de-emphasize or terminate the development or commercialization of any drug candidate that utilizes an antibody that we have discovered.

The failure to effectively advance, market, and commercialize drug candidates with the antibodies that we discover could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, and cause the market price of our common shares to decline. In addition to the inherent uncertainty in drug development addressed above, our ability to forecast our future revenues may be limited.

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if these markets achieve the forecasted growth, our drug candidates may fail to achieve sufficient market acceptance or adoption.

From time to time, we may make public disclosures that contain estimates of the potential market opportunity of our internal programs, including estimates of prevalence or incidence of a medical condition and total addressable market (TAM). For example, we have publicly disclosed internal estimates regarding the prevalence of women experiencing moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and the related TAM for ABCL635. Market-opportunity estimates for our drug candidates are forward-looking in nature and based on management’s internal analysis, which utilizes available scientific research, market data and third-party information, and several critical assumptions that may prove incorrect. Specifically, our projections consider, among other factors, assumptions about incidence or prevalence of the targeted condition, treatment patterns, pricing, reimbursement, demographic data, and market penetration. These estimates are inherently uncertain, are only relevant assuming successful clinical development and regulatory approval of our drug, and do not represent a guarantee of future revenue or market capture. If our assumptions regarding the population of menopausal women, the actual incidence of moderate-to-severe symptoms, patient treatment-seeking-behavior, physician-directed use of treatments, or pricing are flawed, our actual addressable market may be significantly different than estimated. A TAM estimate represents a theoretical addressable market and does not imply that we will capture any share of the market or generate equivalent revenues. Even if our market-size estimates are appropriate, our drugs may fail to gain traction if physicians, patients, or payers remain satisfied with existing treatments or give preference to competing new treatments. Any such failure to achieve market acceptance would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The failure of our partners to meet their contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our business.

For partners who have contractual obligations to us, we bear the risk that they may not perform their contractual obligations to us to our standards, in compliance with applicable legal or contractual requirements, in a timely manner or at all; they may not maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary information; and disagreements or disputes could arise that could cause delays in, or termination of, the research, development or commercialization of drugs using our antibodies or result in litigation or arbitration.

In addition, we are dependent on our partners' ability to accurately track and make milestone payments to us pursuant to the terms of our agreements with them. Any failure by them to inform us when milestones are reached and make related payments to us could adversely affect our results of operations.

Any of these factors could adversely impact their financial condition and results of operations, which could impair their ability to meet their contractual obligations to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have invested, and expect to continue to invest, in research and development efforts that further enhance our technology and platform. Such investments in technology are inherently risky and may affect our operating results. If the return on these investments is lower or develops more slowly than we expect, our operating results may suffer.

Since our inception, we have dedicated a substantial portion of our resources on the development of our capabilities and the technology that we incorporate to further enhance our antibody discovery and development capabilities, and our internal pipeline. These investments may involve significant time, risks, and uncertainties, including the risk that the expenses associated with these investments may affect operating results and that such investments may not generate sufficient technological advantage relative to alternatives in the market which would, in turn, impact revenues to offset liabilities assumed and expenses associated with these new investments. The industry in which we operate changes rapidly as a result of technological and drug developments, which may render our platform relatively less capable. We believe that we must continue to invest time and resources in our discovery and development capabilities to maintain and improve our competitive position. If we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, if the achievement of these benefits is delayed, or if our discovery and development capabilities are not able to deliver drug candidates as we anticipate, our internal pipeline, revenue, and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our partners have significant discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements, if any, about the status of our partnerships, including about clinical developments and timelines for advancing collaborative programs, and the price of our common shares may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.

Our partners have significant discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our partnerships, including about preclinical and clinical developments and timelines for advancing antibodies discovered using our discovery and development capabilities. We do not plan to disclose the development status and progress of individual drug candidates of our partners, unless and until those partners do so first. Our partners may wish to report such information more or less frequently than we intend to or may not wish to report such information at all, in which case we would not report that information either. As a result of this limited visibility and control, our reported business metrics rely on management's subjective estimates and third-party data. We determine the status of partner-led programs using reasonable efforts to monitor their progress. Because we do not control these programs and rely on third-party information that may be delayed or incomplete, our assessments involve significant management judgment. If our assessments of partner intent or resource commitment are incorrect, our reported metrics may not accurately reflect the actual status of our portfolio, which could materially impact investor confidence.

In addition, if partners choose to announce a collaboration with us, there is no guarantee that we will recognize research discovery fees in that quarter or even the following quarter, as such fees are not payable to us until our partner begins discovery activities. The price of our common shares may decline as a result of the public announcement of unexpected results or developments in our partnerships, or as a result of our partners withholding such information, or if our internal assessments of program progress prove to be incorrect, causing our reported metrics to fall below the expectations of analysts or investors.

Our partners may not achieve projected discovery and development milestones and other anticipated key events in the expected timelines or at all, which could have an adverse impact on our business and could cause the price of our common shares to decline.

From time to time, we may make public statements regarding the expected timing of certain milestones and key events, as well as regarding developments and milestones under our partnerships, to the extent that our partners have publicly disclosed such information or permit us to make such disclosures. Certain of our partners have also made public statements regarding their expectations for the development of programs under partnership with us and they and other partners may in the future make additional statements about their goals and expectations for partnerships with us. The actual timing of these events can vary due to a number of factors such as delays or failures in our or our current and future partners’ antibody discovery and development programs, the amount of time, effort, and resources committed by us and our current and future partners, and the numerous uncertainties inherent in the development of drugs. As a result, there can be no assurance that our partners’ current and future programs in which we hold economic stakes will advance or be completed in the time frames we or they expect. If our partners fail to achieve one or more of these milestones or other key events as planned, our business could be materially adversely affected and the price of our common shares could decline.

For programs that are led by a partner, but for which we have downstream economic participation, our future success is dependent on the eventual approval and commercialization of drugs developed by our partners for which we have no control over the clinical development plan, regulatory strategy or commercialization efforts.

Our business model is dependent on the eventual progression of drug candidates discovered or initially developed utilizing our discovery and development capabilities into clinical trials and commercialization. This requires us to find partners and enter into agreements with them that contain obligations for the partners to pay us milestone payments as well as royalties on sales of approved drugs for the drug candidates they develop that are generated utilizing our discovery and development capabilities. Given the nature of our relationships with our partners, we do not control the progression, clinical development, regulatory strategy or eventual commercialization, if approved, of these drug candidates. As a result, our future success and the potential to receive milestones and royalties are entirely dependent on our partners’ efforts over which we have no control. Additionally, unless publicly disclosed by our partners, we do not have access to information related to our partners’ preclinical studies or clinical trial results, including serious adverse events, or ongoing communications with the relevant health authorities regarding our partners’ development strategy, which limits our visibility into how such programs may be progressing. If our partners determine not to proceed with the development of a drug candidate discovered or initially developed utilizing our discovery and development capabilities, or if they implement preclinical, clinical or regulatory strategies that ultimately do not result in the further development or approval of the drug candidate, we will not receive the benefits of our partnerships, which may have a material and adverse effect on our operations.

We may not be able to file applications or amendments to commence additional clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to file as expected, the regulatory body may not permit us to proceed.

We may not be able to file applications (e.g., clinical trial applications (“CTA”) or investigational new drug applications “IND”) for our internal pipeline candidates on the timelines we expect. Specifically, we are currently conducting Phase 1/2 clinical trials for ABCL635 and ABCL575 in Canada under Health Canada CTAs, and we intend to submit IND applications to the FDA to initiate Phase 3 trials in the United States upon their completion. There is no guarantee that the FDA will accept data from these foreign Phase 1/2 trials as sufficient to support a U.S. Phase 3 start. The FDA may require us to conduct additional bridging studies or repeat Phase 1/2 trials within the United States, which would prevent us from initiating Phase 3 trials on our expected timeline. Moreover, we cannot be sure that submission of a CTA or IND will result in allowing the start of clinical trials, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate clinical trials. Additionally, even if such regulatory authorities agree with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an application, we cannot guarantee that such regulatory authorities will not change their requirements in the future. These considerations also apply to new clinical trials we may submit as amendments to a new application. Any failure to file a clinical trial application on the timelines we expect or to obtain regulatory approvals for our trials may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our drug candidates on a timely basis, if at all.

We have no marketed proprietary drugs and have not yet independently started late-stage clinical development, which makes it difficult to assess our ability to independently develop future drug candidates and monetize any resulting drugs.

As a company, we have no previous experience in completing clinical trials, and navigating and complying with the related regulatory requirements, including with respect to the submission of a New Drug Application, or NDA, or equivalent submission. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to independently conduct late-stage clinical development and obtain regulatory approval. To execute on our business plan, we will need to successfully reach agreement with multiple regulatory agencies on clinical and preclinical studies required for registration, execute our clinical development and manufacturing plans; and manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to clinical trials, and regulatory approvals. If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing these objectives, we will not be able to develop any future drug candidates independently and could fail to realize the potential advantages of doing so.

We have a limited number of drug candidates. If we do not obtain regulatory approval of one or more of our drug candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially adversely affected.

We currently have no drugs approved for sale or marketing in any country, and may never be able to obtain regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates. As a result, we are not currently permitted to market any of our drug candidates in any country until we obtain regulatory approval from the relevant health authorities. The majority of our drug candidates are in preclinical development and we have not submitted an application, or received marketing approval, for any of our drug candidates. Obtaining regulatory approval of our drug candidates will depend on many factors, including:

•completing clinical trials that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our drug candidates;

•preparation and submission to the appropriate regulatory authorities of an application for marketing approval that includes substantial evidence of safety, purity and potency from results of non-clinical testing and clinical trials;

•establishing and maintaining adequate commercial manufacturing arrangements or establishing our own commercial manufacturing capabilities or reliable arrangements with third-party contract manufacturers;

•potential pre-approval audits of non-clinical sites, clinical trial sites, and third-party manufacturing sites that generated the data and drug product in support of the marketing application; and

•launching commercial sales, marketing and distribution operations.

Many of these factors are wholly or partially beyond our control, including clinical advancement, the regulatory submission process, and changes in the competitive landscape. If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner, we could experience significant delays or an inability to develop our drug candidates at all.

Clinical trials are expensive, time consuming, difficult to design and implement, and involve uncertain outcomes. If clinical trials for our drug candidates are prolonged, delayed or stopped, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our drug candidates on a timely basis, or at all, which would require us to incur additional costs and delay our receipt of any drug revenue.

We have not previously submitted an application seeking approval for a drug based on antibodies that we have discovered. An application for approval (e.g. biologics license application (“BLA”)) must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the drug candidate’s safety and efficacy for each desired indication. The application for approval must also include significant information regarding the manufacturing controls for the drug. Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval of any regulatory filing for our drug candidates, the regulatory authority may approve our drug candidates for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested.

We may experience delays in future preclinical studies or clinical trials, and we do not know whether future preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll an adequate number of patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during clinical development, and, because our drug candidates are in an early stage of development, there is a high risk of failure and we may never succeed in developing marketable drugs. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our drug candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials, particularly because early trials have smaller numbers of subjects tested. In addition, it is not uncommon for drug candidates to exhibit unforeseen safety or efficacy issues, such as immunogenicity, when tested in humans despite promising results in preclinical animal models.

Any clinical trials that we may conduct may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy profiles necessary to obtain regulatory approval to market our drug candidates. As we continue developing our drug candidates, serious adverse events, undesirable side effects, or unexpected characteristics may emerge, causing us to abandon these drug candidates or limit their development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the risk-benefit ratio is more acceptable.

Patients treated with our drug candidates may experience side effects or adverse events that are unrelated to our drug candidates but may still impact the success of our clinical trials. The inclusion of patients with significant co-morbidities in our clinical trials may result in deaths or other adverse medical events due to an underlying condition or other therapies or medications that such patients may be using. Any of these events could prevent us from obtaining regulatory approval or achieving or maintaining market acceptance and impair our ability to commercialize our drug candidates. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same drug candidate due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the clinical trial protocols, and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants.

The commencement or completion of these planned clinical trials could be substantially delayed or prevented by many factors, including:

•further discussions with the relevant health or regulatory authorities regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

•the limited number of, and competition for, suitable sites to conduct our clinical trials, many of which may already be engaged in other clinical trial programs, including some that may be for the same indication as our drug candidates;

•any delay or failure to obtain approval or agreement to commence a clinical trial in any of the countries where enrollment is planned;

•inability to obtain sufficient funds required for a clinical trial;

•clinical holds on, or other regulatory objections to, a new or ongoing clinical trial;

•delay or failure to manufacture sufficient supplies of the drug candidates for our clinical trials;

•delay or failure to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial agreement terms or clinical trial protocols with prospective sites or contract research organizations (“CROs”), the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different sites or CROs;

•delay or failure to obtain approval from the relevant human subjects review board (e.g., institutional review board or research ethics boards) to conduct a clinical trial in humans at a prospective site;

•slower than expected rates of patient recruitment and enrollment;

•failure of patients to complete the clinical trial;

•the inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients in studies to ensure adequate statistical power to detect statistically significant treatment effects;

•unforeseen safety issues, including severe or unexpected drug-related adverse effects experienced by patients, including possible deaths;

•lack of efficacy during clinical trials;

•termination of our clinical trials by one or more clinical trial sites;

•inability or unwillingness of patients or clinical investigators to follow our clinical trial protocols;

•inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment by us or our CROs;

•our CROs or clinical study sites failing to comply with the trial protocol or regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, deviating from the protocol or dropping out of a study;

•the inability to address any noncompliance with regulatory requirements or safety concerns that arise during the course of a clinical trial;

•third-party contractors becoming debarred or suspended or otherwise penalized by the relevant health authorities for violations of applicable regulatory requirements;

•delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery of our drug candidates to the clinical trial sites, including due to a facility manufacturing any of our drug candidates or any of their components being ordered by the relevant health authorities to temporarily or permanently shut down due to violations of cGMP regulations or other applicable requirements, or cross-contaminations of drug candidates in the manufacturing process;

•the need to repeat or terminate clinical trials as a result of inconclusive or negative results or unforeseen complications in testing;

•our clinical trials may be suspended or terminated upon a breach or pursuant to the terms of any agreement with, or for any other reason by, current or future partners that have responsibility for the clinical development of any of our drug candidates; and

•receiving untimely or unfavorable feedback from applicable regulatory authorities regarding the trial or requests from regulatory authorities to modify the design of a trial.

We could also experience delays in physicians enrolling patients in clinical trials of our drug candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments or other clinical trials. Furthermore, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the relevant human subjects review board for the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, the Data Monitoring Committee for such trial, or by the relevant health authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the relevant health authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience termination of, or delays in the completion of, any clinical trial of our drug candidates, the commercial prospects for our drug candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate drug revenue will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our drug development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence drug sales and generate revenue.

Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about the manufacturing processes and inspection of manufacturing facilities by the relevant regulatory authority. The relevant health authorities may reject our manufacturing processes or facilities, whether run by us or our contract manufacturing organizations. In addition, if we make manufacturing changes to our drug candidates in the future, we may need to conduct additional preclinical and/or clinical studies to bridge our modified drug candidates to earlier versions.

Changes in regulatory requirements, policies and guidelines may also occur and we may need to significantly amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes with appropriate regulatory authorities. These changes may require us to renegotiate terms with CROs or resubmit clinical trial protocols to the relevant human subjects review board for re-consideration, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial.

In addition, even if the trials are successfully completed, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and we cannot guarantee that the relevant health authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit our drug candidates for approval. We cannot guarantee that the relevant health authorities will view any of our drug candidates as having adequate safety and efficacy profiles even if favorable results are observed in these clinical trials, and we may receive unexpected or unfavorable feedback from the relevant health authorities regarding satisfaction of safety, purity, and potency (including clinical efficacy), amongst other factors. To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory to the relevant health authorities for support of a marketing application, approval of our drug candidates may be significantly delayed, or we may be required to expend significant additional resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our drug candidates.

We rely on third parties to monitor, support, conduct, and oversee clinical trials of the drug candidates that we are developing and, in some cases, to maintain regulatory files for those drug candidates. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates or commercialize any drugs that may result from our development efforts if we are not able to maintain or secure agreements with such third parties on acceptable terms, if these third parties do not perform their services as required, or if these third parties fail to execute on a timely transfer of any regulatory information held by them to us.

We rely on entities outside of our control, which may include academic institutions, CROs, hospitals, clinics and other third-party partners, to monitor, support, conduct and oversee preclinical studies and clinical trials of our current and future drug candidates. As a result, we have less control over the timing and cost of these studies and the ability to recruit trial subjects than if we conducted these trials with our own personnel. If we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated prematurely, we may be unable to enroll patients on time or otherwise conduct our trials as anticipated. In addition, there is no guarantee that these third parties will devote adequate time and resources to our studies or perform as required by our contract or in accordance with regulatory requirements, including maintenance of clinical trial information regarding our drug candidates. These third parties, in turn, may face their own constraints in obtaining the resources and personnel needed to perform the work for which we engage them. If these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to transfer to us any regulatory information in a timely manner, fail to adhere to protocols or fail to act in accordance with regulatory requirements or our agreements with them, or if they otherwise perform in a substandard manner or in a way that compromises the quality or accuracy of their activities or the data they obtain, then clinical trials of our drug candidates may be extended or delayed with additional costs incurred, or our data may be rejected by the FDA, CTA or other regulatory agencies. Ultimately, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and CTA. Regulatory authorities enforce these regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators, and clinical trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and our submission of marketing applications may be delayed or the regulator may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Upon inspection, the regulator could determine that any of our clinical trials fail or have failed to comply with applicable regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with drug product produced under the relevant regulations enforced by the FDA and CTA, and our clinical trials may require a large number of test subjects. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and increase our costs. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of our CROs violates federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws. If any of our clinical trial sites terminate our agreement for any reason, we may experience the loss of follow-up information on patients enrolled in our ongoing clinical trials unless we are able to transfer the care of those patients to another qualified clinical trial site. Further, if our relationship with any of our CROs is terminated, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Switching or adding CROs or other suppliers can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a transition period when a new CRO or supplier commences work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. If we are required to seek alternative supply arrangements, the resulting delays and potential inability to find a suitable replacement could materially and adversely impact our business. Furthermore, we may fail to accurately estimate the cost of services performed by these third parties at any given time, which could result in significant adjustments to our accrued research and development expenses in future periods and cause our financial results to fluctuate.

Our long-term prospects depend in part upon discovering, developing and commercializing additional drug candidates, which may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability.

Our future operating results are dependent in part on our ability to successfully discover, develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize drug candidates. A drug candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of preclinical and clinical development. Our investments in our early-stage research and development efforts may not yield any promising drug candidates. Even if our research and development efforts yield drug candidates that advance into clinical studies, the historical failure rate for drug candidates is high due to risks relating to safety, efficacy, clinical execution, changing standards of medical care, and other unpredictable variables. The results from preclinical testing or early clinical trials of a drug candidate may not be predictive of the results that will be obtained in later stage clinical trials of the drug candidate.

The success of drug candidates we may develop will depend on many factors, including the following:

•generating sufficient data to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;

•obtaining regulatory permission to initiate clinical trials;

•contracting with the necessary parties to conduct clinical trials;

•successful enrollment of patients in, and the completion of, clinical trials on a timely basis;

•the timely manufacture of sufficient quantities of the drug candidate for use in clinical trials; and

•adverse events in the clinical trials.

Even if we successfully advance drug candidates into clinical development, their success will be subject to all of the clinical, regulatory, and commercial risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Accordingly, we may never be able to discover, develop, obtain regulatory approval of, commercialize, or generate significant revenue from drug candidates.

If we, or any of our partners, are unable to enroll patients in clinical trials, we will be unable to complete these trials on a timely basis or at all.

Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials and is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of subjects to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, ability to obtain and maintain patient consents, risk that enrolled subjects will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved or developed for the indications we are investigating. If we, or any of our partners that perform clinical tests for our drug candidates, are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients to complete clinical testing, we will be unable to gain marketing approval for such drug candidates and our business will be harmed.

In addition, the U.S. federal Right to Try Act (“RTA”), provides a federal framework for patients to access certain investigational new drug candidates that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial. Similarly, Health Canada's special access program (“SAP”) provides a similar pathway for eligible Canadian patients. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining approval from the relevant health authority under the authority's expanded access program. While there is no obligation to make drug candidates available to eligible patients as a result of these programs (e.g., RTA and SAP), new and emerging legislation regarding expanded access to unapproved drugs could negatively impact enrollment in our clinical trials and our business in the future.

Interim, preliminary or top-line data from our clinical trials, including Phase 1 clinical data for ABCL635, that we may announce or publish may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

We may publish interim, preliminary or top-line data from clinical trials. For example, we are publicly disclosing preliminary, topline Phase 1 clinical data for our internal program, ABCL635 and anticipate topline clinical data from the Phase 2 trial to be disclosed in Q3 2026. Topline data is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic data, and is subject to change following a more comprehensive review. Because Phase 1 clinical trials involve a small number of patients and are primarily designed to evaluate safety and dosing rather than efficacy, preliminary or early signals observed are not necessarily predictive of final results or the results of later-stage trials. Material differences between our preliminary, topline data and final data, or a failure to replicate positive early results in subsequent, larger-scale trials, could result in clinical holds, development delays, or the discontinuation of the ABCL635 program. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary or top-line data previously published. As a result, interim, preliminary and top-line data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between interim, preliminary or top-line data and final data could significantly harm our reputation and business prospects. Past results of clinical trials may not be predictive of future results.

In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically more extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. Any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular drug candidate or our business. Similarly, even if we are able to complete our planned and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our drug candidates according to our current development timeline, the positive results from such preclinical studies and clinical trials of our drug candidates may not be replicated in subsequent preclinical studies or clinical trial results. Moreover, preclinical, non-clinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses and many companies that believed their drug candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain the relevant regulatory approval.

Disruptions at the relevant health authorities and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified drug candidates from being developed, or approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the relevant health authorities to review and clear or approve new drug candidates can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes, the relevant health authority's ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the relevant health authority's ability to perform routine functions. In addition, government funding of other agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. If global health concerns impact the relevant health and regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, or if the relevant health authority and other agencies experience other delays, backlogs or disruptions, it could significantly impact the ability of the relevant health authority or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Successful development of our current and future drug candidates is uncertain and we may discontinue or reprioritize the development of any of our drug candidates at any time, at our discretion.

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the commercial distribution of our drug candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive preclinical tests and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates in humans. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Additionally, the results from non-clinical testing or early clinical trials of a drug candidate may not predict the results that will be obtained in subsequent human clinical trials of that drug candidate. There is a high failure rate for drugs proceeding through clinical studies. In our pipeline updates, we may outline our belief that preclinical data of our clinical programs support a potential ‘first-in-class’ or ‘best-in-class’ profile. However, these designations and the scientific rationale supporting them are contingent upon the replication of preclinical findings in human clinical trials. For instance, although small molecules have validated the target for ABCL635, our antibody candidate faces distinct scientific considerations and may fail to demonstrate sufficient target engagement to achieve comparable therapeutic efficacy. If our clinical trials fail to support the 'first-in-class' or 'best-in-class' profiles we have disclosed, our business and valuation would be materially adversely affected. Alternatively, management may elect to discontinue development of certain drug candidates to accommodate a shift in corporate strategy, despite positive clinical results. Based on our operating results and business strategy, among other factors, we may discontinue the development of any of our drug candidates under development or reprioritize our focus on other drug candidates at any time and at our discretion.

Additionally, because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs, our drug discovery and development platform and drug candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other drug discovery and development capabilities or drug candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular drug candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that drug candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

Our drug candidates may have undesirable side effects that may delay or prevent marketing approval or, if approval is received, require them to be taken off the market, require them to include safety warnings or otherwise limit their sales.

All of our drug candidates are required to undergo ongoing safety testing in humans as part of clinical trials. Unforeseen side effects from any of our drug candidates could arise either during clinical development or, if approved by regulatory authorities, after the approved drug has been marketed. Even if we believe that our clinical trials and preclinical studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates, only the relevant health authority and regulatory agencies may ultimately make such determination.

If any of our drug candidates receive marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable or unacceptable side effects caused by such drugs:

•regulatory authorities may require us to take our approved drug off the market;

•regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, specific warnings, a contraindication or field alerts to physicians and pharmacies, or impose a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy that includes restrictions and conditions on drug product distribution, prescribing and/or dispensing;

•we may be required to change the way the drug is administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of the drug;

•we may be subject to limitations on how we may promote the drug;

•sales of the drug may decrease significantly;

•we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and

•our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us or our current or future partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected drug or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating revenue from the sale of any future drugs.

If any of our drug candidates receive regulatory approval, the approved drugs may not achieve broad market acceptance among physicians, patients, the medical community and third-party payors, in which case revenue generated from their sales would be limited.

The commercial success of our drug candidates will depend upon their acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our drug candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

•limitations or warnings contained in the approved labeling for a drug candidate;

•changes in the standard of care for the targeted indications for any of our drug candidates;

•limitations in the approved clinical indications for our drug candidates;

•demonstrated clinical safety and efficacy compared to other therapies;

•sales, marketing and distribution support;

•availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement from managed care plans and other third-party payors;

•timing of market introduction and perceived effectiveness of competitive therapies;

•availability of alternative therapies at similar or lower cost, including generic, biosimilar and over-the-counter drugs;

•the extent to which the drug is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations;

•whether the drug is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-line therapy or as a second- or third-line therapy for particular conditions;

•whether the drug can be used effectively with other therapies to achieve higher response rates;

•adverse publicity about our drug candidates or favorable publicity about competitive drugs;

•convenience and ease of administration of our drugs; and

•potential product liability claims.

If any of our drug candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients and the medical community, we may not generate sufficient revenue from these drugs, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our drug candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

Even if we obtain FDA approval of any of our drug candidates, we may never obtain approval or commercialize such drugs outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.

In order to market any drugs outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional drug testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approvals could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and may require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, which would be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and region to region and could delay or prevent the introduction of our drugs in those countries. Satisfying these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. In addition, our failure to obtain regulatory approval in any country may delay or have negative effects on the process for regulatory approval in other countries. We do not have any drug candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our drugs will be harmed.

Our ability to eventually generate significant revenues from drug sales will depend on a number of factors, including:

•successful completion of preclinical studies;

•submission of IND or foreign equivalent applications, or other regulatory applications, for our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials and authorizations from regulators to initiate clinical studies;

•successful enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials;

•achieving favorable results from clinical trials;

•receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•establishing and maintaining sufficient manufacturing capabilities, whether internally or with third parties, for clinical and commercial supply;

•obtaining pricing, reimbursement, and hospital formulary access;

•establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and launching commercial sales of our drugs, if and when approved, whether alone or in combination with other drugs;

•sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials and commercialization activities;

•effectively competing with other therapies;

•developing and implementing successful marketing and reimbursement strategies;

•obtaining and maintaining patent, trade secret and other intellectual property protection and regulatory exclusivity for our drug candidates; and

•maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of any drug following approval, if any.

If we do not achieve one or more of these requirements in a timely manner, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates, which would materially harm our business.

We cannot be certain that our clinical trials will be initiated and completed on time, if at all, or whether our planned clinical strategy will be acceptable to the FDA or foreign health authorities. To become and remain profitable, we must develop, obtain approval for and eventually commercialize drugs, that generate significant revenue. Even if we obtain approval and begin commercializing one or more of our drug candidates, we may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability.

Reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. If there is not sufficient reimbursement for our drugs, it is less likely that our drugs will be widely used.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage, and reimbursement for new drugs vary from country to country. Many countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. The pricing review period begins after marketing or drug licensing approval is granted in most cases. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a drug in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the drug and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the drug in that country.

Our ability to commercialize any drugs successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors. In many jurisdictions, a drug candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a drug from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to the payor supporting scientific, clinical, and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our drugs. If we are not currently capturing the scientific and clinical data that will be required for reimbursement approval, we may be required to conduct additional trials, which may delay or suspend reimbursement approval. Additionally, in the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drugs exists among third-party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drugs can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of a drug candidate that receives regulatory approval to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained.

Even if our drug candidates are approved for sale by the appropriate regulatory authorities, market acceptance and sales of these drugs will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will reimburse and establish payment levels. We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for any drugs that we develop. If reimbursement is not available or is available on a limited basis, we may not be able to successfully commercialize an approved drug.

In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the Medicare Modernization Act (“MMA”), changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation established Medicare Part D, which expanded Medicare coverage for outpatient prescription drug purchases by the elderly but provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any drugs that we develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, and additional legislative proposals. In August 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes prescription drug provisions that have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and Medicare beneficiaries, including allowing the federal government to negotiate a maximum fair price for certain high-priced single-source Medicare drugs, imposing penalties and excise tax for manufacturers that fail to comply with the drug price negotiation requirements, requiring inflation rebates for all Medicare Part B and Part D drugs, with limited exceptions, if their drug prices increase faster than inflation, and redesigning Medicare Part D to reduce out-of-pocket prescription drug costs for beneficiaries, among other changes. Various industry stakeholders, including pharmaceutical companies, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Infusion Center Association, the Global Colon Cancer Association, and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, have initiated lawsuits against the federal government asserting that the price negotiation provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act are unconstitutional. The impact of these judicial challenges, legislative, executive, and administrative actions and any future healthcare measures and agency rules implemented by the government on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is unclear. The implementation of cost-containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from generating revenue, achieving profitability, or commercializing our drug candidates if approved.

There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by Health Canada, the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale, and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our and any collaborator’s costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that currently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our or any collaborator’s inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved drugs that we or our partners develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize drug candidates, and our overall financial condition.

We may not be successful in our efforts to use our drug discovery and development platform to build a pipeline of drug candidates.

We intend to use our drug discovery and development platform to build a pipeline of drug candidates and progress these drug candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of diseases and medical conditions. As of the date of this report, our research and development efforts have resulted in a pipeline of drug candidates targeting various conditions and diseases; however, we may not be able to develop drugs that are safe and effective. In addition, although we expect that our platform will allow us to develop further drug candidates, we may not prove to be successful at doing so. Even if we are successful in continuing to build our pipeline, the potential drug candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of being shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be drugs that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. If we do not continue to successfully develop and begin to commercialize drug candidates, we will face difficulty in obtaining drug revenue in future periods, which could result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our share price.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to commercialize any of the drug candidates that we develop, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our drug candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or subject to certain conditions of approval, and may contain requirements for potentially costly post-approval trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the marketed drug.

For any approved drug, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and extensive oversight by regulatory authorities, including with respect to manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, and recordkeeping for the drug. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-approval information and reports, as well as continued compliance with cGMP and good clinical practice (“GCP”), for any clinical trials that we or our partners conduct after approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a drug, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the drug;

•withdrawal of the drug from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

•fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;

•refusal by the FDA, EMA, Health Canada or another applicable regulatory authority to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our partners, or suspension or revocation of drug license approvals;

•product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

•injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Further, the FDA’s or other regulators’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our drug candidates. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court’s June 2024 decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo overturned the longstanding Chevron doctrine, under which courts were required to give deference to regulatory agencies’ reasonable interpretations of ambiguous federal statutes. The Loper decision could result in additional legal challenges to regulations and guidance issued by federal agencies, including the FDA. Any such legal challenges, if successful, could have a material impact on our business. Additionally, the Loper decision may result in increased regulatory uncertainty, inconsistent judicial interpretations, and other impacts to the agency rulemaking-process, any of which could adversely impact our business and operations. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

The FDA strictly regulates manufacturers’ promotional claims of drug products. In particular, a drug product may not be promoted by manufacturers for uses that are not approved by the FDA, as reflected in the FDA-approved labeling, although healthcare professionals are permitted to use drug products for off-label uses. The FDA, the Department of Justice, the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, among other government agencies, actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting manufacturers’ promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including large civil and criminal fines, penalties, and enforcement actions. The FDA has also imposed consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed for companies that engaged in such prohibited activities. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our approved drug candidates, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

If any product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us or any of our partners, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our drug candidates.

Product liability claims may be brought against us or our partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, health care providers or others using, administering or selling any of our future approved drugs. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

•decreased demand for any future approved drugs;

•injury to our reputation;

•withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

•termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;

•increased regulatory scrutiny;

•significant litigation costs;

•substantial monetary awards to, or costly settlement with, patients or other claimants;

•product recalls or a change in the indications for which they may be used;

•loss of revenue;

•diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations; and

•the inability to commercialize our drug candidates.

We may need increased product liability coverage when we begin the commercialization of our drug candidates. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to maintain or obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed any insurance coverage we may have, could decrease our cash resources and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

Even when we do not believe an adverse event is related to our drug candidates, the investigation may be time-consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may interrupt our sales efforts, delay our regulatory approval process in other countries, or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our drug candidates receive or maintain. As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we or any of our third-party manufacturers encounter manufacturing difficulties, our ability to provide supply of drug product for clinical trials or our drug candidates for patients, if approved, could be delayed or prevented.

The manufacture of biological drug products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques, process, and quality controls. Manufacturers of biologic products often encounter difficulties in production and sourcing, particularly in scaling up or out, validating the production process and assuring high reliability of the manufacturing processes (including the absence of contamination), in light of variations and supply constraints of key components. These problems include logistics and shipping; difficulties with production costs and yields; quality control, including consistency, stability, purity, and efficacy of the product; product testing; operator error and availability of qualified personnel; as well as compliance with applicable federal, state, and foreign regulations. If contaminants are discovered in the supply of our drug product or in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. We may have stability, purity, and efficacy failures; deficiencies; or other issues relating to the manufacture of our drug candidates. Our research and development activities also involve the controlled use of potentially hazardous substances, including chemical and biological materials, by our third-party manufacturers. We and our contract manufacturers are subject to local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of medical and hazardous materials. Although we believe that our and our manufacturers’ procedures for using, handling, storing ,and disposing of these materials comply with legally prescribed standards, we cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury, and any related liability, resulting from medical or hazardous materials.

Material modifications in method of drug product manufacturing or formulating, and price controls imposed by governments may adversely affect our future profitability.

As drug candidates are developed through preclinical to late-stage clinical trials, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered in an effort to optimize processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve their intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our drug candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our drug candidates, and jeopardize our or our partners’ ability to commence drug sales and generate revenue.

Furthermore, our future profitability may be adversely affected by strict price controls imposed by many governments, particularly in the EU. Pricing and reimbursement negotiations with governmental authorities in these countries can be lengthy and complex, often requiring additional clinical trials to demonstrate cost-effectiveness compared to existing therapies. Even after marketing approval, securing acceptable pricing or reimbursement can be delayed or denied, potentially impacting or preventing commercial launch. The resulting price regulations, if unfavorable, or competition from lower-priced cross-border sales, could significantly limit our revenue potential and negatively impact our profitability.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize any drug that we or our partners develop and affect the prices we may obtain.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change healthcare systems in ways that could affect our ability to sell any of our drug candidates profitably, if such drug candidates are approved for sale. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

In March 2010, the PPACA became law in the United States. The PPACA may affect the operational results of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including us, by imposing on them additional costs. For example, effective January 1, 2010, PPACA increased the minimum Medicaid drug rebates for pharmaceutical companies and imposed an annual fee on certain branded prescription drugs and biologics. Since the enactment of PPACA, there have been executive, judicial, and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA, including judicial challenges in the Fifth Circuit Court and the United States Supreme Court. In June 2021, the United States Supreme Court held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the PPACA, dismissing the case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the PPACA. Accordingly, the PPACA remains in effect in its current form. It is unclear how future litigation or healthcare measures will impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Complying with any new legislation or changes in healthcare regulation could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amended the PPACA, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans. The Budget Control Act of 2011, which calls for aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, began in 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect through 2032, with the exception of a temporary suspension implemented under various COVID-19 relief legislation. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on potential customers for our drug candidates, if approved, and, accordingly, our future financial operations. We are unable to predict the future course of federal or state health care legislation or foreign regulations relating to the marketing, pricing, and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products.

There have been U.S. Congressional inquiries, presidential executive orders, and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. For example, under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, effective January 1, 2024, Medicaid statutory rebates will no longer be capped at 100% of AMP (average manufacturer price). Elimination of this cap may require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than it receives on the sale of drug s, which could have a material impact on our business. Additionally, in July 2021, the U.S. administration released an executive order, “Promoting Competition in the American Economy,” with multiple provisions aimed at prescription drugs. In response to the executive order, on September 9, 2021, the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and sets out a variety of potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue as well as potential administrative actions HHS can take to advance these principles. As discussed above, the United States Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes prescription drug provisions that have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and Medicare beneficiaries, including allowing the federal government to negotiate a maximum fair price for certain high-priced single-source Medicare drugs, imposing penalties and excise tax for manufacturers that fail to comply with the drug price negotiation requirements, requiring inflation rebates for all Medicare Part B and Part D drugs, with limited exceptions, if their drug prices increase faster than inflation, and redesigning Medicare Part D to reduce out-of-pocket prescription drug costs for beneficiaries, among other changes. Various industry stakeholders have initiated lawsuits against the federal government asserting that the price negotiation provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act are unconstitutional. The impact of these judicial challenges as well as future actions and agency rules implemented by the government on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is unclear. The implementation of cost containment measures, including the prescription drug provisions under the Inflation Reduction Act, as well as other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our drug candidates if approved. Complying with any new legislation and regulatory changes could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

Further, many states have proposed or enacted legislation and administrative actions that seek to indirectly or directly regulate pharmaceutical drug pricing, such as by requiring biopharmaceutical manufacturers to publicly report proprietary pricing information or to place a maximum price ceiling on pharmaceutical products purchased by state agencies. For example, the FDA recently authorized the state of Florida to import certain prescription drugs from Canada for a period of two years to help reduce drug costs, provided that Florida’s Agency for Health Care Administration meets the requirements set forth by the FDA. Other states may follow Florida. Additionally, a number of states are considering or have enacted state drug-price-transparency and reporting laws that could substantially increase our compliance burdens and expose us to greater liability under such state laws once we begin commercialization after obtaining regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates. We cannot be sure to what extent these and future legislative and regulatory efforts, whether FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our drug candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent drug labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for our drugs, once approved, or put pressure on our drug pricing. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could affect the prices we may obtain for any of our drug candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such drug candidate, if approved, is prescribed or used.

In the EU similar political, economic, and regulatory developments may affect our ability to profitably commercialize any future drugs. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the EU or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. In international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific drugs and therapies. Our future drug s, if any, might not be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication or cost-effective by third-party payors, an adequate level of reimbursement might not be available for such drug s, and third-party payors’ reimbursement policies might adversely affect our or our partners’ ability to sell any future drug profitably.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our drug candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent drug labeling and post-approval testing and other requirements.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or elsewhere. If we or our partners are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or our partners are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our drug candidates may lose any marketing approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Our business may be adversely affected by public health outbreaks and pandemics.

Our business has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by public health outbreaks and pandemics. If a public health outbreak or pandemic occurs, particularly in regions where we or our partners and suppliers do business, we could experience disruptions that could significantly impact our current and planned clinical trials, preclinical research and other business activities, including:

•disruption to and delays in preclinical research activities due to extended closure or reduced capacity of lab facilities;

•delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our ongoing and planned clinical trials;

•patients discontinuing their treatment or follow-up visits;

•delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including limitations on access to sites, limitations to site initiation activities that can be carried out remotely, and limitations on the number of clinical site staff on site from time to time;

•interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by relevant governments, employers and others;

•shortages, disruptions in supply, logistics or other activities related to the procurement of materials and other supplies, which could have a negative impact on our ability to conduct preclinical research, initiate or complete our clinical trials or commercialize our drug candidates;

•diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of clinical trials;

•interruption of key business activities due to illness and/or quarantine of key individuals and delays associated with recruiting, hiring, and training new temporary or permanent replacements for such key individuals, both internally and at our third-party service providers and partners;

•limitations in resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our business or our current or planned clinical trials or preclinical research, including because of sickness, the desire to avoid contact with large groups of people, restrictions on travel, or prolonged stay-at-home or similar working arrangements;

•delays in receiving approvals from regulatory authorities to initiate our planned clinical trials;

•changes in regulations as part of a response to public health outbreaks or pandemics, which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are conducted and incur unexpected costs, or require us to discontinue clinical trials altogether;

•delays in necessary interactions with regulators and relevant health authorities, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or furlough of government or contractor personnel;

•disruptions to our partners’ operations, which could delay the development of our drug candidates in certain geographical regions and thereby affect the timing of development and commercial milestone payments and royalties on potential future drug sales we may receive; and

•limitations on our ability to recruit any necessary preclinical research, clinical, regulatory, and other professional staff on the timeframe required to support our research and development programs.

The impact of such disruptions would be highly uncertain and would depend on factors such as the location, duration and severity, travel restrictions and social distancing, business closures or disruptions, and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain and treat the disease and to address its impact, including on financial markets. In addition, public health outbreaks or pandemics, and related disruptions could disrupt the global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could negatively affect our liquidity and could heighten the volatility of the financial markets, which could adversely impact the value of our common shares.

Our business and current and future relationships with customers and third-party payors, directly or indirectly, to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, transparency, health information privacy and security, and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors in the countries in which we operate and elsewhere play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers, third-party payors, and other entities may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act, that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct clinical research on drug candidates and market, sell, and distribute any drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to transparency laws and patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state, and foreign healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid;

•federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the federal False Claims Act, impose criminal or civil penalties, as applicable, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government (including the Medicare and Medicaid programs) or other third-party payor claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;

•HIPAA established the federal offense of health care fraud, which among other things, imposes criminal liability for knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (i.e., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters;

•HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without the appropriate authorization by entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and healthcare providers and their respective business associates and their covered subcontractors;

•the federal Open Payments program under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of the PPACA and its implementing regulations, requires applicable group purchasing organizations and manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to HHS information related to “payments or other transfers of value” made in the previous year to covered recipients, including physicians, defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors, other health care professionals (such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants), and teaching hospitals, as well as information regarding ownership and investment interests held by physicians (as defined above) or their immediate family members; and

•analogous and similar state and foreign laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to our business practices (including research, distribution, sales, and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by state governmental and non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers); state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; state laws that require drug manufacturers to track gifts and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities and file reports relating to pricing and marketing information; and state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in specified circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of any available statutory exceptions and safe harbors, it is possible that some of our current and future business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse, or other healthcare laws and regulations. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws, regulations, or case law may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims, and other proceedings; harm our reputation; and could result in significant liability. Additionally, if our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, including damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business, including our partners, is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government healthcare programs, which could also materially affect our business.

We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations that can harm our business.

In addition to potential risks discussed above at the risk factor entitled “Our business may become subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations”, we are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We currently engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States and we may in the future engage third parties to sell our drug outside of the United States once we enter a commercialization phase, or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violation of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with U.S. export control regulations, cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in a necessity to replace current third parties, resulting in the possibility of supply delays, clinical holds on our trials, sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocations, seizures or recalls of drug candidates or medicines, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our medicines and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

We face significant competition, and if our competitors develop and market therapies that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our drug candidates, our commercial opportunities will be negatively impacted.

The life sciences industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We are developing biotherapeutics that will compete with existing and emerging drugs and therapies. Drugs we may develop in the future are also likely to face competition from other drugs and therapies, some of which we may not currently be aware. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, established biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, drug development, technical, and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients, and in manufacturing pharmaceutical products. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have drugs that have been approved or are in late stages of development and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the drug candidates that we develop obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or regulatory approval or discovering, developing and commercializing drugs in our field before we do.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize drugs that are safer, more effective, more convenient or less expensive than any drugs we develop. Our competitors also may obtain regulatory approval for their drugs more rapidly, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. In addition, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid technological change. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Technological advances or therapies developed by our competitors may render our technologies or drug candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical.

In addition, we expect to compete with biosimilar versions of already approved drugs, and even if our drug candidates achieve marketing approval, they may be challenged to achieve a price premium over competitive biosimilar drugs and will compete for market share with them.

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, which is included in the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”), authorized the FDA to approve similar versions of innovative biologics, commonly known as biosimilars. Under the PPACA, a manufacturer may submit an application for licensure of a biologic drug that is “biosimilar to” or “interchangeable with” a previously approved biologic drug or “reference drug.” Manufacturers may not submit an application for a biosimilar to the FDA until four years following approval of the reference drug, and the FDA may not approve a biosimilar drug until 12 years from the date on which the reference drug was approved. Even if our drug candidates, if approved, are deemed to be reference drugs eligible for exclusivity, another company could market a competing version of that drug if the FDA approves a full BLA for such drug containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of their drug product. Additionally, from time to time, there are proposals to repeal or modify the PPACA, including proposals that could significantly shorten the exclusivity period for biologics.

Our management uses certain data to evaluate the advancement of our internal pipeline to make strategic decisions and such data may not accurately reflect all of the aspects of our business needed to make such evaluations and decisions, in particular as our business continues to grow.

In addition to our consolidated financial results, our management regularly reviews a set of operating and financial data, in particular relating to the state of the internal pipeline and specific programs therein, including scientific preclinical and clinical results, advancement timelines, cost forecasts, time required to achieve scientific and clinical data readouts, commercial prospects, and failure risks to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. Additionally, management monitors the number and progress of molecules advancing into and through the clinic under partner-led programs and the related trend of potential downstream revenue terms (milestones and royalties) of our partnered portfolio, We believe that these data are relevant for our current business; however, they may not accurately reflect all aspects of our business and we anticipate that the relevant set of information may change or may be substituted for additional or different data as our business evolves. If our management fails to review other relevant information or change or substitute the data they review, their ability to accurately formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions may be compromised and our business, financial results, and future growth prospects may be adversely impacted.

We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business.

We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems for significant elements of our operations, including our laboratory information management system, our computational biology system, our knowledge management system, our customer reporting, our discovery and development capabilities, our advanced automation systems, and advanced application software. We have installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including for example, systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, contract management, regulatory compliance, and other infrastructure operations. These implementations were capital-intensive and required a significant effort. In addition to the aforementioned business systems, we intend to extend the capabilities of both our preventative and detective security controls by augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, the network design, and the automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including manufacturing operations, laboratory operations, data analysis, quality control, customer service and support, billing, research and development activities, scientific, and general administrative activities. A significant risk in implementing these systems, for example, is the integration and communication between separate systems.

Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious software, software bugs or viruses, human acts, and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, and similar disruptive problems. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation, and we may be unable to regain or repair our reputation in the future.

Upgrading and integrating our business systems could result in implementation issues and business disruptions.

In recent years, we have been, and will continue to, update and consolidate systems and automate processes across many parts of our business, using a variety of systems, including in connection with the integration of acquired businesses and the implementation of new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) software. Specifically, we implemented a new ERP system within 2025. The expansion and ongoing implementation of operational systems may occur at a future date based on value to the business. In general, the process of planning and preparing for these types of integrated, wide-scale implementations is highly complex and success requires addressing a number of challenges, including information security assessment and remediation, data conversion, network and system cutover, user training, and integration with existing processes or systems. Incongruities in any of these areas could cause operational problems during implementation including inconsistent practices, delayed report and/or data shipments, missed sales, billing errors, and accounting errors.

Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or protected health information or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store petabytes of sensitive data, including legally protected health information, personally identifiable information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our partners. We manage and maintain our applications and data by utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data center systems and cloud-based data center systems. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information, including research and development information, commercial information and business and financial information. We face four primary risks relative to protecting this critical information: loss of access risk, inappropriate disclosure risk, inappropriate modification risk, and the risk of being unable to adequately monitor our controls over the first three risks.

Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure and that of any third-party provider we may utilize, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or software viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), and regulatory penalties. Although we have implemented security measures and a formal enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data, there is no guarantee that we can protect our systems from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations (including our ability to conduct our analyses, pay providers, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about any future drugs, and manage the administrative aspects of our business) and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and its implementing regulations, impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security, transmission, and breach reporting of individually identifiable health information upon entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and healthcare providers as well as their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve individually identifiable health information. Mandatory penalties for HIPAA violations can be significant, and criminal and monetary penalties, as well as injunctive relief, may be imposed for HIPAA violations. Although drug manufacturers are not directly subject to HIPAA, prosecutors are increasingly using HIPAA-related theories of liability against drug manufacturers and their agents and we also could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable health information from a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA.

Furthermore, in the event of a breach as defined by HIPAA, HIPAA regulations impose specific reporting requirements to regulators, individuals impacted by the breach and the media. Issuing such notifications can be costly, time and resource intensive, and can generate significant negative publicity. Breaches of HIPAA may also constitute contractual violations that could lead to contractual damages or terminations. In addition, U.S. states have enacted and are considering enacting laws relating to the protection of patient health and other data, which may be more rigorous than, or impose additional requirements beyond those of, HIPAA. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used by requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that term is broadly defined) and provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations as well as a limited private right of action for data breaches, which may increase the volume of data breach litigation. While limited CCPA exemptions may apply to portions of our business, the recency of the CCPA’s implementing regulations and the California Attorney General’s enforcement activity means our obligations under the CCPA could evolve in the future, which may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

Further, a California ballot initiative, the California Privacy Rights Act, or CPRA, was passed by California voters on November 3, 2020. The CPRA, which became effective on January 1, 2023, creates additional obligations with respect to processing and storing personal information. Additionally, some observers have noted that the CCPA, as modified by the CPRA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. Already, in the United States, we have witnessed significant developments at the state level. For example, Virginia, Utah, Colorado, and Connecticut have all enacted comprehensive consumer privacy laws. While these state laws incorporate many similar concepts of the CCPA and CPRA, there are also several key differences in the scope, application, and enforcement of the law that will change the operational practices of regulated businesses. The new laws will, among other things, impact how regulated businesses collect and process personal sensitive data, conduct data protection assessments, transfer personal data to affiliates, and respond to consumer rights requests.

A number of other states have proposed new privacy laws, some of which are similar to the above discussed recently passed laws. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different states in the U.S. would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance.

We may also become subject to laws and regulations in non-U.S. countries covering data privacy and the protection of health-related and other personal information. In particular, the European Economic Area (“EEA”) has adopted data protection laws and regulations that impose significant compliance obligations. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure, processing, and security of personal information that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, contact information, and sensitive personal data such as health data. These laws and regulations are subject to frequent revisions and differing interpretations, and have generally become more stringent over time.

The collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data regarding individuals in the EEA including personal health data, is subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“EU GDPR”) and similarly, processing of personal data regarding individuals in the UK is subject to the UK General Data Protection Regulation and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 (“UK GDPR” and together with the EU GDPR “GDPR”). The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches, and taking certain measures when engaging third-party processors. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the EEA/UK, including the United States, and permits data protection authorities to impose large penalties for violations of the GDPR, including potential fines of up to €20 million (£17.5 million under UK GDPR) or 4% of annual global revenues, whichever is greater. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. In addition, the GDPR includes restrictions on cross-border data transfers of personal data to countries outside the EEA/UK that are not considered by the European Commission and UK government as providing “adequate” protection to personal data (“third countries”), including the United States. The GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by individual countries. Compliance with the GDPR is rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices, and despite those efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation, and reputational harm in connection with our European activities.

To enable the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA or the UK, adequate safeguards (for example, the European Commission approved Standard Contractual Clauses (“SCCs”)) must be implemented in compliance with European and UK data protection laws. In addition, transfers made pursuant to the SCCs (and other similar appropriate transfer safeguards) need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the legal regime applicable in the destination country, in particular regarding applicable surveillance laws and relevant rights of individuals with respect to the transferred personal data, to ensure an “essentially equivalent” level of protection to that guaranteed in the EEA in the jurisdiction where the data importer is based (“Transfer Impact Assessment”). On June 4, 2021, the EC issued new forms of standard contractual clauses for data transfers from controllers or processors in the EU/EEA (or otherwise subject to the GDPR) to controllers or processors established outside the EU/EEA. The new standard contractual clauses replace the standard contractual clauses that were adopted previously under the EU Data Protection Directive. The UK is not subject to the EC’s new standard contractual clauses but has published its own transfer mechanism, the International Data Transfer Agreement and International Data Transfer Addendum (“IDTA”), which enable transfers from the UK, and has also implemented a similar Transfer Impact Assessment requirement. We will be required to implement these new safeguards and carry out Transfer Impact Assessments when conducting restricted data transfers under the GDPR and doing so will require significant effort and cost, and may result in us needing to make strategic considerations around where EEA or UK personal data is stored and transferred, and which service providers we can utilize for the processing of EEA/UK personal data. On July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the new EU-US Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”), the new transatlantic framework designed to support transfers of personal data from the EU to companies in the US that self-certify compliance with the DPF’s privacy requirements, without having to implement additional safeguards. The DPF replaces the Privacy Shield, which was invalidated by the European Court of Justice in July 2020. As with the previous two transatlantic frameworks, it remains to be seen whether the DPF will withstand review by the European courts.

Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU GDPR, the European Commission has issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR (“Adequacy Decision”) and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EEA to the UK remain unrestricted. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing. The UK Government has also now introduced a Data Protection and Digital Information Bill (“UK Bill”) into the UK legislative process. The aim of the UK Bill is to reform the UK’s data protection regime following Brexit. If passed, the final version of the UK Bill may have the effect of further altering the similarities between the UK and EEA data protection regime and threaten the UK Adequacy Decision from the EU Commission. This may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk. The respective provisions and enforcement of the EU GDPR and UK GDPR may diverge further in the future, creating additional regulatory challenges and uncertainties.

The interpretation and application of consumer, health-related, and data protection laws in the United States, the EEA, and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, contractual or other legal obligations related to data privacy or data protection may result in claims, warnings, communications, requests or investigations from individuals, supervisory authorities or other legal or regulatory authorities in relation to our processing of personal data. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, these privacy regulations vary between states, may differ from country to country, and may vary based on whether testing is performed in the United States or in the local country. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

Furthermore, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on other third parties for the manufacture of our drug candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unable to adequately protect our information systems from cyberattacks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including personal data, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.

We rely on information technology systems that we or our third-party providers operate to process, transmit, and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. In connection with our drug discovery efforts, we may collect and use a variety of personal data, such as names, mailing addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, and clinical trial information. A successful cyberattack could result in the theft or destruction of intellectual property, data, or other misappropriation of assets, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations. Cyberattacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and we may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations, or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Attackers have used artificial intelligence and machine learning to launch more automated, targeted, and coordinated attacks against companies. Cyberattacks could include industrial espionage, wire fraud and other forms of cyber fraud, the deployment of harmful malware, including ransomware, denial-of-service, social engineering fraud or other means to threaten data security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. A successful cyberattack could cause serious negative consequences for us, including, without limitation, the disruption of operations, the misappropriation of confidential business information, including financial information, trade secrets, financial loss and the disclosure of corporate strategic plans. Although we devote resources to protect our information systems, we realize that cyberattacks are a threat, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent information security breaches that would result in business, legal, financial, or reputational harm to us, or would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If we were to experience an attempted or successful cybersecurity attack of our information systems or data, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation, and potential notification of the attack to counterparties, data subjects, regulators or others, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants, could be material. Failure to report any such material cybersecurity incidents in a timely manner to the Securities Exchange Commission, on Form 8-K, may result in adverse impacts to our reputation. In addition, following any such attack, our remediation efforts may not be successful. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of our clinical data or patients’ personal data could result in significant liability under state, federal and international law and may cause a material adverse impact to our reputation, affect our ability to conduct new studies, and potentially disrupt our business.

Artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that can impact our business including by posing security risks to our confidential information, proprietary information, and personal data.

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business operations. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could impact our business. We may adopt and integrate generative artificial intelligence tools into our systems for specific use cases reviewed by legal and information security. Our vendors may incorporate generative artificial intelligence tools into their offerings without disclosing their use to us, and the providers of these generative artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience. If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of generative artificial intelligence, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of artificial intelligence, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information, and intellectual property. Any of these outcomes could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information, and adversely impact our business.

The loss of any member of our senior management team or our ability to attract and retain talent across the Company, including senior management, could adversely affect our business.

We are highly dependent upon our senior management and other members of our management team as well as our senior scientists, and software engineers. Our success depends on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our senior management team, scientists, software engineers, and our other employees. The individual and collective efforts of our employees will be important as we continue to develop our capabilities, and as we expand and advance our pipeline of internal programs. The loss or incapacity of existing members of our executive management team could adversely affect our operations if we experience difficulties in hiring qualified successors. While certain of our executive officers are party to employment contracts with us, we cannot guarantee their retention for any period of time beyond the applicable notice period.

Our research and development programs, laboratory operations, and GMP-related activities depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and engineers. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and engineers in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific and engineering personnel. We may have difficulties locating, recruiting or retaining qualified employees. Recruiting and retention difficulties can limit our ability to support our research and development programs. A key risk in this area, for example, is that certain of our employees are at-will, which means that either we or the employee may terminate their employment at any time.

We have made technology acquisitions and may acquire businesses or assets or make investments in other companies or technologies, any of which could negatively affect our operating results, dilute our shareholders’ ownership, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense.

We have made technology acquisitions and may pursue acquisitions of businesses and assets in the future. We also may pursue alliances and joint ventures that leverage our technologies and industry experience to expand our offerings or distribution. Although we have acquired other businesses or assets in the past, we may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition or asset purchase candidates in the future, and we may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. The competition for partners or acquisition candidates may be intense, and the negotiation process will be time-consuming and complex. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, these acquisitions may not strengthen our competitive position, the transactions may be viewed negatively by partners or investors, we may be unable to retain key employees of any acquired business, relationships with key suppliers, manufacturers or partners of any acquired business may be impaired due to changes in management and ownership, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions also could result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or future write-offs of intangible assets or goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Refer to Note 7 and 15 of our annual consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 for additional information. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to fully recover the costs of any acquisition. Integration of an acquired company also may disrupt ongoing operations and require management resources that we would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, alliance or joint venture. We also may experience losses related to investments in other companies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Acquisitions may also expose us to a variety of international and business related risks, including intellectual property, regulatory laws, local laws, tax, and accounting.

To finance any acquisitions or asset purchase, we may choose to issue securities as consideration, which would dilute the ownership of our shareholders. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. If the price of our common shares is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire companies or assets using our securities as consideration.

Our billing and collections processing activities are time-consuming, and any delay in transmitting invoices or failure to comply with applicable billing requirements, could have an adverse effect on our future revenue.

Billing for partner-related activities can be time-consuming, as our partners employ various models for their accounts payable matters, including outsourcing to third parties. We may face increased risk in our collection efforts, including long collection cycles and the risk that we may never collect at all, which could require us to write-off significant accounts receivable and recognize bad debt expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If our operating facilities become damaged or inoperable or we are required to vacate a facility, our ability to conduct and pursue our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.

We currently derive the majority of our revenue based upon scientific and engineering research and development and testing conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia. Our facilities and equipment could be harmed or rendered inoperable or inaccessible by natural or man-made disasters or other circumstances beyond our control, including fire, earthquake, power loss, communications failure, war or terrorism, or another catastrophic event, such as a pandemic or similar outbreak or public health crisis, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to advance our pipeline of internal programs, support our partners, and improve our capabilities, advanced automation systems, and other critical business activities for some period of time. The inability to address system issues could develop if our facilities are inoperable or suffer a loss of utilization for even a short period of time, may result in t harm to our reputation, and we may be unable to repair our reputation in the future. Furthermore, our facilities and the equipment we use to perform our research and development work could be unavailable or costly and time-consuming to repair or replace. It would be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to rebuild our facilities, to locate and qualify new facilities, or license or transfer our proprietary technology to a third-party. Even in the event we are able to find a third-party to assist in research and development efforts, we may be unable to negotiate commercially reasonable terms to engage with the third-party. Any physical damage done to our GMP facility, specifically, would more significantly impact our operations there due to the validation requirements of the facility and the supplies held within it.

We carry insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, but this insurance may not cover all of the risks associated with damage or disruption to our business, may not provide coverage in amounts sufficient to cover our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which leaves us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter and our policies have limits and significant deductibles. Some of the policies we currently maintain include general liability, property, umbrella and directors’ and officers’ insurance.

Any additional insurance coverage we acquire in the future, may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and in the future we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses. A successful liability claim, or series of claims, in which judgments exceed our insurance coverage could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, including preventing or limiting the use of our discovery and development capabilities to discover antibodies.

Operating as a public company makes it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage, seek alternative insurance options or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Growth of our international business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of Canada and the United States.

We currently have operations in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:

•multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, tariffs, economic sanctions and embargoes, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

•failure by us or our distributors to obtain approvals to conduct our business in various countries;

•differing intellectual property rights;

•complexities and difficulties in obtaining intellectual property protection, enforcing our intellectual property, and defending against third-party intellectual property claims;

•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

•logistics and regulations associated with shipping systems and parts and components for systems, consumables and reagent kits, as well as transportation delays;

•travel restrictions that limit the ability of teams to carry out clinical trials and meet partners;

•financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand, and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

•international trade disputes that could result in tariffs and other protective measures;

•natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and

•regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, or CFPOA, or U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international activities and operations and, consequently, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. For example, we continue to monitor and evaluate the potential impact of the imposition of tariffs announced by the U.S. administration to our business and financial condition. Significant tariffs on imports from a broad range of countries, including the European Union, Canada, Mexico, and China, may cause inflationary pressures and higher costs on certain imports from the affected countries. If maintained, the announced tariffs, as well as related measures that could be taken by other countries and the potential escalation of trade disputes, could affect our business and results of operations. We import materials, supplies, and lab and manufacturing equipment from the U.S. and are currently monitoring the potential impact, if any, of actions taken in response to these potential tariffs. While we do not believe that the tariffs will have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity, there may be an impact to the costs of our input goods we purchase in the future. In addition, certain international markets are subject to significant political and economic uncertainty, including for example the effect of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Significant political and economic developments in international markets for which we intend to operate, or the perception that any of them could occur, creates further challenges for operating in these markets in addition to creating instability in global economic conditions.

Our business is subject to risks relating to foreign currency exchange rates.

We currently have operations in Canada, the United States and Australia. Substantially all of our revenue is paid in U.S. dollars. We expect that our U.S.-dollar-earned revenue will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue for the foreseeable future.

Changes in foreign currency exchange rates, could materially adversely impact our results. Foreign currencies in which we record expenses could be subject to unfavorable exchange rates with the U.S. dollar, resulting in a reduction in the amount of cash flow (and an increase in the amount of expenses) that we recognize and causing fluctuations in reported financial results. We also carry foreign currency exposure associated with differences between where we conduct business, including receipt of government funding denominated in foreign currencies. For example, certain contracts are denominated in currencies other than the currency in which we incur expenses related to those contracts. Where expenses are incurred in currencies other than those in which contracts are priced, fluctuations in the relative value of those currencies could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations results from the currency translation exposure associated with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, as well as from the exposure associated with transactions of our subsidiaries that are denominated in a currency other than the respective subsidiary’s functional currency. While our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, the financial statements of certain of our equity-method investments are prepared using the local currency as the functional currency. During consolidation, these results are translated into U.S. dollars by applying appropriate exchange rates. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar relative to the local currencies in which our equity-method investments report could cause significant fluctuations in our reported results. Moreover, as exchange rates vary, our operating results may differ materially from our expectations. Adjustments resulting from financial statement translations are included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity.

Our business activities are subject to the FCPA and other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws of the United States and other countries in which we operate, as well as U.S. and certain foreign export controls and trade sanctions. Violations of such legal requirements could subject us to liability.

We are subject to the FCPA, which among other things prohibits companies and their third-party intermediaries from offering, promising, giving or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Companies in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical sectors are highly regulated and therefore engage with public officials, including those of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, hospitals are owned and operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees would be considered foreign officials under the FCPA. We are also subject to the Canadian equivalent to the FCPA, the CFPOA. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, there is no certainty that all of our employees, agents or contractors will comply with such laws and regulations. Any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We could also suffer severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement, and other remedial measures.

In addition, our data packages may be subject to U.S. and foreign export controls and trade sanctions. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our data packages may create delays in us providing our data packages in international markets or, in some cases, prevent the export thereof to some countries altogether. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. If we fail to comply with export regulations and such economic sanctions, penalties could be imposed, including fines and/or denial of certain export privileges. Moreover, any new export restrictions, new legislation or shifting approaches in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or in the countries, persons, or products targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our data packages by, or in our decreased ability to export our data packages to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our data packages or limitation on our ability to export or sell our data packages would likely adversely affect our business.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for laboratory equipment and materials and may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers to provide certain consumables and equipment that we use in our operations, as well as reagents and other laboratory materials involved in the development of our technology. Fluctuations in the availability and price of materials and equipment could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our development goals and thus our results from operations as well as on the progress of our internal pipeline. An interruption in the availability of raw materials or our laboratory operations could occur if we encounter delays, quality issues or other difficulties in securing these consumables, equipment, reagents or other materials, and if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. In addition, while we believe suitable additional or alternative suppliers are available to accommodate our operations, if needed, any transition to new or additional suppliers may cause delays in our progress and operations. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and reputation.

We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of raw materials. Any shortage of raw materials or materials necessary for our operations may adversely affect our business.

Unexpected shortages in raw materials or other materials and other unanticipated events could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operation.

In addition, as we expand our activities, in particular in manufacturing, our existing suppliers may not be able to meet our increasing demand, and we may need to find additional suppliers. There is no assurance that we will always be able to secure suppliers who provide raw materials at the specification, quantity and quality levels that we demand (or at all) or be able to negotiate acceptable fees and terms of services with any such suppliers. Identifying a suitable supplier is an involved process that requires us to become satisfied with their quality control, responsiveness and service, financial stability, and labor and other ethical practices. Even if we are able to expand existing sources, we may encounter delays and added costs as a result of the time it takes to train suppliers in our methods and quality control standards.

We historically have not entered into agreements with our suppliers but secure our raw materials and component parts we use in our equipment on a purchase order basis. Our suppliers may reduce or cease their supply of raw materials, component parts and outsourced services and products to us at any time in the future. If the supply of raw materials, component parts and the outsourced services and products is interrupted due to shortages or other reasons, our operations may be delayed. If any such event occurs, our operation and financial position may be adversely affected.

We use biological and hazardous materials that require considerable expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.

We work with materials, including chemicals, biological agents and compounds that could be hazardous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations also produce hazardous and biological waste products. Federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. We are subject to periodic inspections by Canadian provincial and federal authorities to ensure compliance with applicable laws. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may restrict our operations. If we do not comply with applicable regulations, we may be subject to fines and penalties.

In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development programs and business operations, as well as environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources and our operations could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance.

Our discovery and development capabilities, and internal programs, utilize various species of animals that could contract disease or die and could otherwise subject us to controversy and adverse publicity, which may interrupt our business operations or harm our reputation.

Our discovery and development capabilities utilize animals to discover and produce antibodies. We cannot completely eliminate the risks of animals contracting disease, or a natural or man-made disaster that could cause death to valuable production animals, or those of the CRO that maintain our mouse colonies. We cannot make any assurance that we or our CROs will be able to contain or reverse any such instance of disease. Although we maintain backup colonies of our animals, disease or death on a broad scale could materially interrupt business operations as animals are a key part of our antibody discovery and development programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Further, genetic engineering and testing of animals has been the subject of controversy and adverse publicity. Animal rights groups and other organizations and individuals in the United States, the EU and other jurisdictions have attempted to stop animal testing activities by pressing for legislation and regulation in these areas and by disrupting these activities through protests and other means. To the extent the activities of these groups are successful, our research and development activities and the ability for us and our partners to use our discovery and development capabilities could be interrupted or delayed, our costs could increase, and our reputation could be harmed.

Our manufacturing operations will be dependent upon third-party suppliers, including single-source suppliers, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuations, which could harm our business.

Our GMP facility in Vancouver, British Columbia houses our manufacturing and manufacturing support infrastructure. We anticipate that some of our suppliers of critical components or materials for our processes may be single- or sole-source suppliers and the replacement of these suppliers or the identification and qualification of suitable second sources may require significant time, effort and expense, and could result in delays in production, which could negatively impact our business operations and revenue. There can be no assurance that our supply of components necessary for the operation of this facility will not be limited, interrupted, or of unsatisfactory quality, or cease to be available at acceptable prices. In addition, loss of any critical component provided by a single-source supplier could require us to change the design of our manufacturing process based on the functions, limitations, features, and specifications of the replacement components.

In addition, several other non-critical components and materials that comprise our systems are currently manufactured by a single supplier or a limited number of suppliers. In many of these cases, we have not yet qualified alternate suppliers and rely upon purchase orders, rather than long-term supply agreements. A supply interruption or an increase in demand beyond our current suppliers’ capabilities could harm our ability to manufacture our systems unless and until new sources of supply are identified and qualified. Our reliance on these suppliers subjects us to a number of risks that could harm our business, including:

•interruption of supply resulting from modifications to or discontinuation of a supplier’s operations;

•delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues, or a supplier’s variation in a component;

•a lack of long-term supply arrangements for key components with our suppliers;

•inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner, or to obtain adequate supply on commercially reasonable terms;

•difficulty and cost associated with locating and qualifying alternative suppliers for our components in a timely manner;

•a modification or change in a manufacturing process or part that unknowingly or unintentionally negatively impacts the operation of our systems;

•production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers, and corresponding regulatory qualifications;

•delay in delivery due to our suppliers prioritizing other customer orders over ours;

•damage to our brand reputation caused by defective components produced by our suppliers;

•increased cost of our warranty program due to product repair or replacement based upon defects in components produced by our suppliers; and

•fluctuation in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.

Any interruption in the supply of components or materials, or our inability to obtain substitute components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our drug-development programs, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, including our discovery and development capabilities and the resulting drug candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technologies or a platform similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully sell our drug candidates, drugs, or services may be impaired.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep a competitive advantage. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us. In addition, we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict the use of our intellectual property.

To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate coverage of our competitors’ products and services, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time-consuming and expensive.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain adequate protection of the intellectual property we may own solely and jointly with others or otherwise have rights to, particularly patents, in the United States, Canada and in other countries with respect to our discovery and development capabilities, our software, our technologies, and our drug candidates, without infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking patents intended to cover our discovery and development capabilities and related technologies and uses thereof, as we deem appropriate. Our patents and patent applications in the United States, Canada and certain foreign jurisdictions relate to our technology. However, obtaining and enforcing patents in our industry is costly, time-consuming and complex, and we may fail to apply for patents on important products and technologies in a timely fashion or at all, or we may fail to apply for patents in potentially relevant jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that the claims of our patents (or any patent application that issues as a patent), will exclude others from making, using or selling our technology or technology that is substantially similar to ours. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. In countries where we have not sought and do not seek patent protection, third parties may be able to manufacture and sell our technology without our permission, and we may not be able to stop them from doing so. We may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce, and license any patents that may issue from such patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the rights to patents licensed to third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. We may incorrectly interpret the terms of intellectual property or licensing agreements, which could result in unexpected expenses to be incurred by the Company.

As of December 31, 2025, we owned or exclusively licensed over 110 issued or allowed patents and over 50 pending patent applications worldwide. We own registered trademarks and trademark applications for AbCellera, Celium, Orthomab, TetraGenetics, TetraExpress, Trianni, and the Trianni Mouse in the U.S., Canada, Australia and/or Europe. It is possible that none of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents in a timely fashion or at all, and even if patents are granted, they may not provide a basis for intellectual property protection of commercially viable products or services, may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties. It is possible that others will design around our current or future patented technologies. As a result, our owned and licensed patents and patent applications comprising our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing technology and products similar to any of our technology.

It is possible that in the future some of our patents, licensed patents, and patent applications may be challenged at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or in proceedings before the patent offices of other jurisdictions. We may not be successful in defending any such challenges made against our patents or patent applications. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate, patent claims being narrowed, the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology, and increased competition to our business. We may have to challenge the patents or patent applications of third parties. The outcome of patent litigation or other proceeding can be uncertain, and any attempt by us to enforce our patent rights against others or to challenge the patent rights of others may not be successful, or, if successful, may take substantial time and result in substantial cost, and may divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

Any changes we make to our technology, including changes that may be required for commercialization or that cause them to have what we view as more advantageous properties may not be covered by our existing patent portfolio, and we may be required to file new applications and/or seek other forms of protection for any such alterations to our technology. There can be no assurance that we would be able to secure patent protection that would adequately cover an alternative to our technology.

The patent positions of life sciences companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such companies’ patents has emerged to date in the United States or elsewhere. Courts frequently render opinions in the biotechnology field that may affect the patentability of certain inventions or discoveries.

Changes in patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our technology.

Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States or other countries or regions may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. We may not develop additional proprietary platforms, methods and technologies that are patentable.

Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. On or after March 16, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in September 16, 2011, the United States transitioned to a first-inventor-to-file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third-party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third-party that files a patent application in the USPTO on or after March 16, 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third-party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our technology or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third-party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third-party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third-party as a defendant in a district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, the patent position of companies in the biotechnology field is particularly uncertain. Various courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have rendered decisions that affect the scope of patentability of certain inventions or discoveries relating to biotechnology. These decisions state, among other things, that a patent claim that recites an abstract idea, natural phenomenon or law of nature (for example, the relationship between particular genetic variants and cancer) are not themselves patentable. Precisely what constitutes a law of nature or abstract idea is uncertain, and it is possible that certain aspects of our technology could be considered natural laws. Accordingly, the evolving case law in the United States may adversely affect our and our licensors’ ability to obtain new patents or to enforce existing patents and may facilitate third-party challenges to any owned or licensed patents.

Issued patents covering our discovery and development capabilities could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability. Some of our patents or patent applications (including licensed patents) may be challenged at a future point in time in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents in this or any other proceeding could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our discovery and development capabilities, which may lead to increased competition to our business, which could harm our business. In addition, in patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on certain aspects of our discovery and development capabilities. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products.

We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our discovery and development capabilities. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until approximately 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not until such patent applications issue as patents. We or our licensors might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and we or our licensors might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions. There is also no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications or licensed patents and patent applications has been found, which could be used by a third-party to challenge their validity, or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application.

To determine the priority of these inventions, we may have to participate in interference proceedings, derivation proceedings or other post-grant proceedings declared by the USPTO that could result in substantial cost to us. The outcome of such proceedings is uncertain. No assurance can be given that other patent applications will not have priority over our patent applications. In addition, changes to the patent laws of the United States allow for various post-grant opposition proceedings that have not been extensively tested, and their outcome is therefore uncertain. Furthermore, if third parties bring these proceedings against our patents, we could experience significant costs and management distraction.

We rely on in-licenses from third parties. If we lose these rights, our business may be materially adversely affected, our ability to develop improvements to our discovery and development capabilities may be negatively and substantially impacted, and if disputes arise, we may be subjected to future litigation as well as the potential loss of or limitations on our ability to incorporate the technology covered by these license agreements.

We are party to a royalty-bearing license agreement with the University of British Columbia that grants us exclusive rights to exploit certain patent rights that are related to our systems. Through our acquisition of Lineage, we obtained patents and patent applications directed toward immune-repertoire sequencing. We may need to obtain additional licenses from others to advance our research, development, and commercialization activities. Some of our license agreements impose, and we expect that any future exclusive in-license agreements will impose, various development, diligence, commercialization, and other obligations on us. We may enter into agreements in the future, with other licensors under which we obtain certain intellectual property rights relating to our discovery and development capabilities. These agreements take the form of exclusive license or of actual ownership of intellectual property rights or technology from third parties. Our rights to use the technology we license are subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of those agreements. In some cases, we may not control the prosecution, maintenance or filing of the patents to which we hold licenses, or the enforcement of those patents against third parties.

Moreover, disputes may arise with respect to our licensing or other upstream agreements, including:

•the scope of rights and obligations granted under the agreements and other interpretation-related issues;

•the extent to which our systems and consumables, technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

•the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships;

•our diligence obligations under the license agreements and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

•the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners;

•the interpretation of any financial obligation related to our in-licensing agreements; and

•the priority of invention of patented technology.

In spite of our efforts to comply with our obligations under our in-license agreements, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under our license agreements and might therefore, including in connection with any aforementioned disputes, terminate the relevant license agreement, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize technology covered by these license agreements. If any such in-license is terminated, or if the licensed patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties might have the freedom to market or develop technologies similar to ours. In addition, absent the rights granted to us under such license agreements, we may infringe the intellectual property rights that are the subject of those agreements, we may be subject to litigation by the licensor, and if such litigation by the licensor is successful we may be required to pay damages to our licensor, or we may be required to cease our development and commercialization activities which are deemed infringing, and in such event we may ultimately need to modify our activities or technologies to design around such infringement, which may be time- and resource-consuming, and which may not be ultimately successful. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, our rights to certain components of our discovery and development capabilities are licensed to us on a non-exclusive basis. The owners of these non-exclusively licensed technologies are therefore free to license them to third parties, including our competitors, on terms that may be superior to those offered to us, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights. In addition, certain of our agreements with third parties may provide that intellectual property arising under these agreements, such as data that could be valuable to our business, will be owned by the counterparty, in which case, we may not have adequate rights to use such data or have exclusivity with respect to the use of such data, which could result in third parties, including our competitors, being able to use such data to compete with us.

If we cannot acquire or license rights to use technologies on reasonable terms or if we fail to comply with our obligations under such agreements, we may not be able to commercialize new technologies or services in the future and our business could be harmed.

In the future, we may identify third-party intellectual property and technology we may need to license in order to engage in our business, including to develop or commercialize new drugs, technologies, or services, and the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use this technology. However, such licenses may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more-established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources, and greater development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if such licenses are available, we may be required to pay the licensor in return for the use of such licensor’s technology, lump-sum payments, payments based on certain milestones such as sales volumes, or royalties based on sales. In addition, such licenses may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors access to the same intellectual property licensed to us. We may also need to acquire or negotiate licenses to patents or patent applications before or after introducing a new capability. The acquisition and licensing of third-party patent rights is a competitive area, and other companies may also be pursuing strategies to acquire or license third-party patent rights that we may consider attractive. We may not be able to acquire or obtain necessary licenses to patents or patent applications. Even if we are able to obtain a license to patent rights of interest, we may not be able to secure exclusive rights, in which case others could use the same rights and compete with us.

In spite of our best efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize technology covered by these license agreements. If these licenses are terminated, or if the underlying intellectual property fails to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, technologies identical to ours. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Additionally, termination of these agreements or reduction or elimination of our rights under these agreements, or restrictions on our ability to freely assign or sublicense our rights under such agreements when it is in the interest of our business to do so, may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated agreements with less favorable terms, or cause us to lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to important intellectual property or technology or impede, or delay or prohibit the further development or commercialization of one or more technologies that rely on such agreements.

While we still face all of the risks described herein with respect to those agreements, we cannot prevent third parties from also accessing those technologies. In addition, our licenses may place restrictions on our future business opportunities.

In addition to the above risks, intellectual property rights that we license in the future may include sublicenses under intellectual property owned by third parties, in some cases through multiple tiers. The actions of our licensors may therefore affect our rights to use our sublicensed intellectual property, even if we are in compliance with all of the obligations under our license agreements. Should our licensors or any of the upstream licensors fail to comply with their obligations under the agreements pursuant to which they obtain the rights that are sublicensed to us, or should such agreements be terminated or amended, our ability to further commercialize our technology may be materially harmed.

Further, we may not have the right to control the prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of all of our licensed and sublicensed intellectual property, and even when we do have such rights, we may require the cooperation of our licensors and upstream licensors, which may not be forthcoming. Our business could be adversely affected if we or our licensors are unable to prosecute, maintain and enforce our licensed and sublicensed intellectual property effectively.

Our licensors may have relied on third-party consultants or collaborators or on funds from third parties such that our licensors are not the sole and exclusive owners of the patents and patent applications we in-license. If other third parties have ownership rights to patents or patent applications we in-license, they may be able to license such patents to our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to enter into necessary agreements on acceptable terms or at all, if any necessary licenses are subsequently terminated, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the licenses or fail to prevent infringement by third parties, or if the acquired or licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, we could encounter delays in the introduction of services while we attempt to develop alternatives. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing products, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our drug candidates, discovery and development capabilities, software, systems, workflows and processes in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States and Canada can be less extensive than those in the United States and Canada. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as those of the United States and Canada, and even where such protection is nominally available, judicial and governmental enforcement may be lacking. Whether filed in the United States or abroad, our patent applications may be challenged or may fail to result in issued patents. Further, we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in some or all countries outside the United States and Canada, or from selling or importing drugs made using our inventions in and into the United States, Canada or other jurisdictions. For example, as a result of the Russia sanctions and the potential retaliatory acts from Russia, we may be unable to obtain patent rights to our Trianni and microfluidic platforms which are protected in other jurisdictions around the world. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own platform or technologies and may also sell their products or services to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States and Canada. These platforms and technologies may compete with ours. Our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. In addition, certain countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to other parties. Furthermore, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against other parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of any patents. In many foreign countries, patent applications and/or issued patents, or parts thereof, must be translated into the native language. If our patent applications or issued patents are translated incorrectly, they may not adequately cover our technologies; in some countries, it may not be possible to rectify an incorrect translation, which may result in patent protection that does not adequately cover our technologies in those countries.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the misappropriation or other violations of our intellectual property rights including infringement of our patents in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, or that are initiated against us, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and Canada and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technologies and the enforcement of intellectual property. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

•others may be able to make drugs that are similar to any drug candidates we may develop or utilize similar technology but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license in the future;

•we, or our current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents and pending patent applications that we own or license in the future;

•we, or our current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

•others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;

•it is possible that our pending patent applications or those that we may own in the future will not lead to issued patents;

•issued patents that we hold rights to may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

•our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive drugs for sale in our major commercial markets;

•we cannot ensure that any patents issued to us or our licensors will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable drug candidates or will provide us with any competitive advantages;

•we cannot ensure that our commercial activities or drug candidates will not infringe upon the patents of others;

•we cannot ensure that we will be able to further commercialize our technology on a substantial scale, if approved, before the relevant patents that we own or license expire;

•we cannot ensure that any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, or those of our licensors, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our technology;

•we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

•the patents or intellectual property rights of others may harm our business; and

•we may choose not to file a patent application in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third-party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our information and our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

We rely heavily on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect our unpatented know-how, technology, and other proprietary information, including parts of our discovery and development capabilities, and to maintain our competitive position. However, trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into agreements, including confidentiality agreements, non-disclosure agreements, and intellectual property assignment agreements, with our employees, consultants, academic institutions, corporate partners, and, when needed, our advisers. However, we cannot be certain that such agreements have been entered into with all relevant parties, or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. For example, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure, which could adversely impact our ability to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in the market. If we are required to assert our rights against such party, it could result in significant cost and distraction.

Monitoring unauthorized disclosure and detection of unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third-party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, some courts both within and outside the United States and Canada may be less willing, or unwilling, to protect trade secrets.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our confidential proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. If any of our confidential proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, absent patent protection, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently discovered by a competitor or other third-party, it could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We have employed and expect to employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other companies. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, advisors, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that our employees, advisors, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or other third parties, or to claims that we have improperly used or obtained such trade secrets. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights and face increased competition to our business. A loss of key research-personnel work-product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize potential drug candidates, technologies, and solutions, which could harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may not be able to protect and enforce our trademarks and trade names, or build name recognition in our markets of interest thereby harming our competitive position.

The registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition. In addition, third parties may in the future file for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of our drug candidates, discovery, and development capabilities. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Further, we have and may in the future enter into agreements with owners of such third-party trade names or trademarks to avoid potential trademark litigation which may limit our ability to use our trade names or trademarks in certain fields of business.

We have not yet registered certain of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, although we have registered AbCellera in the United States and Canada as well as certain of our trademarks outside of the United States and Canada. If we apply to register these trademarks in other countries, and/or other trademarks in the United States, Canada, and other countries, our applications may not be allowed for registration in a timely fashion or at all; and further, our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings may in the future be filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. In addition, third parties may file first for our trademarks in certain countries. If they succeed in registering such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to market our technologies in those countries. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. And, over the long-term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks, then our marketing abilities may be materially adversely impacted.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, partners or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship of our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our systems, including our software, workflows, consumables and reagent kits. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees, and certain partners may defer engaging with us until the particular dispute is resolved. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We are currently, and in the future may be, involved in litigation and other proceedings related to intellectual property, which could be time-intensive and costly and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States and other jurisdictions involving intellectual property rights. We are and may in the future be involved with litigation or actions at a court, the USPTO, or the patent offices of other jurisdictions with various third parties that claim we or our partners using our solutions have misappropriated, misused or infringed other parties’ intellectual property rights. We expect that the number of such claims may increase as our business and the level of competition in our industry segments grow. Any infringement claim, regardless of its validity, could harm our business by, among other things, resulting in time-consuming and costly litigation, diverting management’s time and attention from the development of the business, requiring the payment of monetary damages (including treble damages, attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses) or royalty payments, or result in potential or existing partners entering into engagements with us pending resolution of the dispute.

Should we move into new markets and applications for our discovery and development capabilities, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. Our competitors and others may now and, in the future, have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we currently have. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product or service revenue and against whom our own patents may provide little or no deterrence or protection. Therefore, our commercial success may depend in part upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell any products and services that we may develop and use without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties, or the invalidity of such patents or proprietary rights.

Our research, development and commercialization activities may in the future be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation and other patent challenges, both within and outside the United States and Canada, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology industry, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions and inter partes review proceedings before the USPTO, and corresponding foreign patent offices. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us or our licensor, and we or our licensor may initiate legal proceedings against third parties. The outcome of such proceedings would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Numerous U.S., Canadian and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing our drug candidates and discovery and development capabilities. As the biotechnology industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our technologies may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Additionally, the risks of being involved in such litigation and proceedings may increase when our efforts near commercialization. Numerous significant intellectual property issues have been litigated, are being litigated and will likely continue to be litigated, between existing and new participants in our existing and targeted markets, and one or more third parties may assert that our technologies infringe their intellectual property rights as part of a business strategy to impede our successful entry into or growth in those markets.

The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings is low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated and require significant resources to defend. An unfavorable outcome in any such proceeding could require us to cease using the related technology or developing or commercializing our technology, or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Third parties may assert that we are practicing their proprietary technology without authorization. We are also aware of issued U.S. patents and patent applications with subject matter related to our discovery and development capabilities, systems, workflows and processes, and there may be other related third-party patents or patent applications of which we are not aware.

It is possible that we are or may become aware of patents or pending patent applications that we think do not relate to our technology or that we believe are invalid or unenforceable, but that may nevertheless be interpreted to encompass our technology and to be valid and enforceable. Thus, we do not know with certainty that our technology, or our development and commercialization thereof, do not and will not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party’s intellectual property.

In addition, we may receive in the future, correspondence from third parties referring to the relevance of such third parties’ intellectual property to our technology, our workflows or our advanced automated systems, and we are currently engaged in litigation with such third parties (i.e., Schrader). Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our current or future programs or technologies may infringe. In addition, similar to what other companies in our industry have experienced, we expect our competitors and others may have patents or may in the future obtain patents and claim that making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our discovery and development capabilities, or the systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits that comprise our discovery and development capabilities, infringes these patents. As to pending third-party applications, we cannot predict with any certainty which claims will issue, if any, or the scope of such issued claims. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our discovery and development capabilities, including our systems, workflows, consumables and reagent kits. Under the applicable law of certain jurisdictions, the scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our technologies. We may incorrectly determine that our technologies are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third-party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our technologies.

There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any suit initiated against us by third parties, successfully settle or otherwise resolve patent infringement claims. A court of competent jurisdiction could hold that third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our ability and the ability of our licensor to commercialize any technology we may develop and any other technologies covered by the asserted third-party patents. Third parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell drug candidates and services, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses if we are found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties, and obtain one or more licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or services. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or these licenses may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors and other third parties gaining access to the same intellectual property. In addition, we could encounter delays and incur significant costs in service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative processes, technologies or services, or redesign our technologies or services, to avoid infringing third-party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses or to develop a workaround could prevent us from commercializing products or services, and the prohibition of sale or the threat of the prohibition of sale of any of our drug candidates and services could materially affect our business. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure.

In addition, our agreements with some of our partners, suppliers or other entities with whom we do business require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims, including the types of claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation or administrative proceeding could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

The outcome of our civil litigation with Schrader may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

On October 14, 2022, the Estate of John Schrader and ImmVivos Pharmaceuticals Inc. filed a lawsuit naming as co-defendants the Company, some of its affiliates and Dr. Carl Hansen, the Company's CEO. The lawsuit was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia (Vancouver). The complaint alleges breach of an implied partnership or joint venture between Dr. John Schrader and Dr. Hansen and further alleges patent infringement of an issued Canadian patent (No. 2,655,511). The complaint seeks financial damages and other declarations. The Company has filed a Notice of Application seeking to dismiss certain Company affiliates from the matter. No hearing date has been set. All co-defendants have been served. The Company is proceeding to seek dismissal of certain Company affiliates for lack of jurisdiction. The Company believes that Plaintiffs’ claim is meritless in all respects and intends to defend itself appropriately.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, even if resolved in our favor, may cause us to incur substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and technical personnel from their normal responsibilities in defending against any of these claims. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating costs and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property proceedings could harm our ability to compete in the marketplace. In addition, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful and have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

Third parties, including our competitors, could be infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. From time to time, we seek to analyze our competitors’ products and services, and may in the future seek to enforce our rights against potential infringement, misappropriation or violation of our intellectual property. However, the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to enforce our rights against such infringement, misappropriation or violation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Any inability to meaningfully enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our ability to compete.

Litigation may be necessary for us to enforce our patent and proprietary rights or to determine the scope, coverage and validity of the proprietary rights of others. For example, we were engaged in a lawsuit with Bruker Cellular Analysis (“Bruker”) based upon our allegations of its infringement of our intellectual property rights that we settled in December 2025. We may become involved in additional lawsuits in the future. We are currently engaged in a civil lawsuit with the Estate of John Schrader based upon allegations of, among other things, infringement of their intellectual property. If we do not prevail in such legal proceedings, we may be required to pay damages, we may lose significant intellectual property protection for our technologies, such that competitors could copy our technologies and we could be forced to cease selling certain products or services. Any litigation that may be necessary in the future could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In any lawsuit we bring to enforce our intellectual property rights, a court may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on grounds that our intellectual property rights do not cover the technology in question. Further, in such proceedings, the defendant could counterclaim that our intellectual property is invalid or unenforceable and the court may agree, in which case we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. The outcome in any such lawsuits are unpredictable. Even if we do prevail in any future litigation related to intellectual property rights, the cost and time requirements of the litigation could negatively impact our financial results.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various required procedures, document submissions, fee payments and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other governmental fees on issued United States and most foreign patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States at several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications in order to maintain such patents and patent applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we engage an outside service and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In such an event, if we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products and technology our competitors may be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or technology without infringing our patents and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our technology for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our drug candidates and discovery and development capabilities or technology are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from others. If our discovery and development capabilities or technologies require extended development and/or regulatory review, patents protecting our discovery and development capabilities or technologies might expire before or shortly after we are able to successfully commercialize them. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing processes or technologies similar or identical to ours.

Our use of open source software could compromise our ability to offer our products and services and subject us to possible litigation.

We use open source software in connection with our technology and computational engine of our platform, Celium. Companies that incorporate open source software into their technologies and services have, from time to time, faced claims challenging their use of open source software and compliance with open source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming noncompliance with open source licensing terms. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute software containing open source software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to the licensee’s software that incorporates, links or uses such open source software, and make available to third parties for no cost, any derivative works of the open source code created by the licensee, which could include the licensee’s own valuable proprietary code. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur, or could be claimed to have occurred, in part because open source license terms are often ambiguous. There is little legal precedent in this area and any actual or claimed requirement to disclose our proprietary source code or pay damages for breach of contract could harm our business and could help third parties, including our competitors, develop technologies that are similar to or better than ours. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Some intellectual property that we have in-licensed may have been discovered through government-funded programs and thus may be subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S.-based companies. Compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights, and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

Some of our intellectual property rights may have been generated through the use of U.S. government funding and are therefore subject to certain federal regulations. As a result, the U.S. government may have certain rights to intellectual property embodied in our technology pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, or Bayh-Dole Act, and implementing regulations. These U.S. government rights in certain inventions developed under a government-funded program include a non-exclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In addition, the U.S. government has the right to require us or our licensors to grant exclusive, partially exclusive, or non-exclusive licenses to any of these inventions to a third-party if it determines that: (i) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; or (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations (also referred to as “march-in rights”). The U.S. government also has the right to take title to these inventions if we, or the applicable licensor, fail to disclose the invention to the government and fail to file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits. These time limits have recently been changed by regulation, and may change in the future. Intellectual property generated under a government funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require us or the applicable licensor to expend substantial resources. To date, only our work in helping develop bamlanivimab was subject to government funding or “march-in” rights. In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying the subject invention or produced through the use of the subject invention be manufactured substantially in the United States. The manufacturing preference requirement can be waived if the owner of the intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture substantially in the United States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. This preference for U.S. manufacturers may limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. product manufacturers for products covered by such intellectual property. To the extent any of our future intellectual property is generated through the use of U.S. government funding, the provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act may similarly apply.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Shares

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our operating results and our ability to operate our business could be harmed.

Ensuring that we have effective internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce financial statements that are, in all material respects, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated annually. We are also subject to the reporting and compliance requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing processes, and take significant time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and harm our business. In our efforts to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, we may discover significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which we may not successfully remediate on a timely basis or at all. Any failure to remediate any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses identified by us or to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in the future, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may harm the market price of our shares.

Future sales and issuances of our common shares or rights to purchase common shares, including pursuant to our Employee Share Option and Incentive Plan, or ESOIP, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and could cause our share price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including investments in our internal pipeline, expanded research and development activities, and costs associated with operating as a public company. To raise capital, we may sell common shares, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common shares, convertible securities or other equity securities, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the holders of our common shares.

Pursuant to our incentive plan, our management is authorized to grant equity incentive awards to our employees, directors and consultants. We have a significant number of outstanding options that could be exercised as shares. The exercise of these options, the dilution impact, and the subsequent sale of the underlying common stock could cause a decline in our stock price. We cannot predict the number, timing, or size of future exercises or the effect, if any, that such exercises may have on the market price for our common stock. Pursuant to our ESOIP, the initial aggregate number of our common shares that may be issued pursuant to share awards was 21,280,000 shares. The number of common shares reserved for issuance under the ESOIP shall be cumulatively increased each January 1 by a percentage approved by the Company and its Board of Directors of its Compensation Committee. Unless our board of directors elects not to increase the number of shares available for future grant each year, our shareholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our share price to fall.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. If we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms unfavorable to us.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common shares, so any returns will be limited to the value of our common shares.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, expansion, and continued investment into our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, we may enter into agreements that prohibit us from paying cash dividends without prior written consent from our contracting parties, or which other terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common shares. For example, our multi-year contribution agreements with the Government of Canada and the Government of British Columbia that we entered into in May 2023 contain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. Any return to shareholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their common shares, which may never occur.

Our principal shareholders and management own a significant percentage of our shares and will be able to exert significant influence over matters subject to shareholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors, and 5%-shareholders currently own over twenty percent of our common shares in the aggregate, based on ownership information filed by such holders. Therefore, these shareholders have the ability to influence the Company through their ownership position. These shareholders may be able to determine all matters requiring shareholder approval. For example, these shareholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents or approval of any merger, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common shares that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our shareholders.

Sales of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market could cause our share price to fall significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market could occur at any time. If our shareholders sell, or the market perceives that our shareholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market, the market price of our common shares could decline significantly.

We have filed registration statements on Form S-3 and on Form S-8 to register our common shares that are issuable pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Shares registered under Form S-8 will be available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of options.

Additionally, certain holders of our common shares have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file one or more registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other shareholders. If we were to register the resale of these shares, they could be freely sold in the public market. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common shares could decline.

We are governed by the corporate laws of Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of the United States.

We are governed by the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia), or BCBCA, and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a company governed by the laws of a U.S. jurisdiction, and may, together with our charter documents, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. The material differences between the BCBCA and Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, that may have the greatest such effect include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) for certain corporate transactions (such as mergers and amalgamations or amendments to our articles) the BCBCA generally requires the voting threshold to be a special resolution approved by 66 2/3% of shareholders, or as set out in the articles, as applicable, whereas DGCL generally only requires a majority vote; and (ii) under the BCBCA a holder of 5% or more of our common shares can requisition a special meeting of shareholders, whereas such right does not exist under the DGCL. We cannot predict whether investors will find our company and our common shares less attractive because we are governed by foreign laws.

Our articles and certain Canadian legislation contain provisions that may have the effect of delaying, preventing or making undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets or preventing a change in control.

Certain provisions of our articles and certain provisions under the BCBCA, together or separately, could discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that shareholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which they might otherwise receive a premium for their common shares. These provisions include the establishment of a staggered board of directors, which divides the board into three groups, with directors in each group serving a three-year term. The existence of a staggered board can make it more difficult for shareholders to replace or remove incumbent members of our board of directors. As such, these provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common shares, thereby depressing the market price of our common shares. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions include the following:

•shareholders cannot amend our articles unless such amendment is approved by shareholders holding at least 66 2/3% of the shares entitled to vote on such approval;

•our board of directors may, without shareholder approval, issue preferred shares in one or more series having any terms, conditions, rights, preferences, and privileges as the board of directors may determine; and

•shareholders must give advance notice to nominate directors or to submit proposals for consideration at shareholders’ meetings.

A non-Canadian must file an application for review with the Minister responsible for the Investment Canada Act and obtain approval of the Minister prior to acquiring control of a “Canadian business” within the meaning of the Investment Canada Act, where prescribed financial thresholds are exceeded. A reviewable acquisition may not proceed unless the Minister is satisfied that the investment is likely to be of net benefit to Canada. If the applicable financial thresholds were exceeded such that a net benefit to Canada review would be required, this could prevent or delay a change of control and may eliminate or limit strategic opportunities for shareholders to sell their common shares. Furthermore, limitations on the ability to acquire and hold our common shares may be imposed by the Competition Act (Canada). This legislation has a pre-merger notification regime and mandatory waiting period that applies to certain types of transactions that meet specified financial thresholds, and permits the Commissioner of Competition to review any acquisition or establishment, directly or indirectly, including through the acquisition of shares, of control over or of a significant interest in us.

Our articles designate specific courts in Canada and the United States as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our articles, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the courts of the Province of British Columbia and the appellate courts therefrom shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of ours to us; (c) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising out of any provision of the BCBCA or our articles (as either may be amended from time to time); or (d) any action or proceeding asserting a claim or otherwise related to our affairs, or the Canadian Forum Provision. The Canadian Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. In addition, our articles further provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint filed in the United States asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the U.S. Federal Forum Provision. In addition, our articles provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our common shares is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Canadian Forum Provision and the U.S. Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that shareholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The Canadian Forum Provision and the U.S. Federal Forum Provision in our articles may impose additional litigation costs on shareholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended articles may limit our shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our shareholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts, including courts in Canada and other courts within the U.S., will enforce our U.S. Federal Forum Provision. If the U.S. Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The U.S. Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on shareholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The courts of the Province of British Columbia and the United States District Court for the District of Delaware may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a shareholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our shareholders.

Because we are a Canadian company, it may be difficult to serve legal process or enforce judgments against us.

We are incorporated and maintain operations in Canada. In addition, while certain of our directors and officers reside in the United States, the majority reside outside of the United States. Accordingly, service of process upon us may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Furthermore, because substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us, including one predicated on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible within the United States. Therefore, it may not be possible to enforce those actions against us.

In addition, it may be difficult to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Canada. Canadian courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws against us or these persons on the grounds that Canada is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. Even if a Canadian court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Canadian law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Canadian law. Furthermore, it may not be possible to subject foreign persons or entities to the jurisdiction of the courts in Canada. Similarly, to the extent that our assets are located in Canada, investors may have difficulty collecting from us any judgments obtained in the U.S. courts and predicated on the civil liability provisions of U.S. securities provisions.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect or financial reporting standards or interpretations change, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities, including the determination of contingent liabilities, that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our common shares.

Additionally, we regularly monitor our compliance with applicable financial reporting standards and review new pronouncements and drafts thereof that are relevant to us. As a result of new standards, changes to existing standards and changes in their interpretation, we might be required to change our accounting policies, alter our operational policies, and implement new or enhance existing systems so that they reflect new or amended financial reporting standards, or we may be required to restate our published financial statements. Such changes to existing standards or changes in their interpretation may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial position, and profit.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to certain reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

If we or our non-U.S. subsidiary is a CFC there could be materially adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to certain U.S. Holders of our common shares.

Each “Ten Percent Shareholder” (as defined below) in a non-U.S. corporation that is classified as a controlled foreign corporation, or a CFC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally is required to include in income for U.S. federal tax purposes such Ten Percent Shareholder’s pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” global intangible low taxed income, and investment of earnings in U.S. property, even if the CFC has made no distributions to its shareholders. Subpart F income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from the sale of securities, and income from certain transactions with related parties. In addition, a Ten Percent Shareholder that realizes gain from the sale or exchange of shares in a CFC may be required to classify a portion of such gain as dividend income rather than capital gain. An individual that is a Ten Percent Shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a Ten Percent Shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a Ten Percent Shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such Ten Percent Shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting.

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be classified as a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if Ten Percent Shareholders own, directly, indirectly, or constructively, more than 50% of either the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote or of the total value of the stock of such corporation. A “Ten Percent Shareholder” is a United States person (as defined by the Code) who owns or is considered to own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 10% or more of the total value of all classes of stock of such corporation.

The determination of CFC status is complex and includes attribution rules, the application of which is not entirely certain. In addition, recent changes to the attribution rules relating to the determination of CFC status may make it difficult to determine our CFC status for any taxable year. In addition, those changes to the attribution rules may result in ownership of the stock of our non-U.S. subsidiaries being attributed to our U.S. subsidiaries, which could result in our non-U.S. subsidiaries being treated as CFCs and certain U.S. Holders of our common shares being treated as Ten Percent Shareholders of such non-U.S. subsidiary CFCs. In addition, it is possible that a shareholder treated as a U.S. person for U.S. federal income tax purposes will acquire, directly or indirectly, enough of our common shares to be treated as a Ten Percent Shareholder. We believe that we and our non-U.S. subsidiaries will not be treated as CFCs in the 2025 taxable year solely by virtue of direct or indirect ownership by Ten Percent Shareholders. However, we believe that our non-U.S. subsidiaries may be treated as CFCs in the 2025 taxable year due to attribution rules that deem constructive ownership by our U.S. subsidiaries. It is unclear whether we would be treated as a CFC in a subsequent taxable year. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist holders of our common shares in determining whether we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are treated as a CFC or whether any holder of the common shares is treated as a Ten Percent Shareholder with respect to any such CFC or furnish to any Ten Percent Shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations.

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the potential adverse U.S. tax consequences of becoming a Ten Percent Shareholder in a CFC, including the possibility and consequences of becoming a Ten Percent Shareholder in our non-U.S. subsidiaries that may be treated as CFCs due to the changes to the attribution rules. If we are classified as both a CFC and a PFIC (as defined below), we generally will not be treated as a PFIC with respect to those U.S. Holders that meet the definition of a Ten Percent Shareholder during the period in which we are a CFC (referred to as the “CFC/PFIC overlap rule”). A “U.S. Holder” is a holder who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a beneficial owner of our common shares and is (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (iv) a trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) the trust has a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations. Recent proposed changes to PFIC regulations, if adopted, would expand the definition of “U.S. Holder” for purposes of the CFC/PFIC overlap rule and other PFIC rules, elections, and reporting requirements discussed below. The proposed regulations would require domestic partnerships and S-corporations to be treated as an aggregate of their partners or shareholders rather than as entities, which may result in such partners and shareholders to now be subject to the PFIC rules where they previously were not. It is unclear whether these proposed regulations may be adopted or if they will undergo further modifications before they are finalized. If adopted, it is also unclear when will be the effective date of the final regulations.

Our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a PFIC.

The rules governing passive foreign investment companies, or PFICs, can have adverse effects on U.S. Holders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income (such as interest income), or at least 50% of the gross value of our assets (determined on the basis of a weighted quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (including cash), we would be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The determination of whether we are a PFIC, which must be made annually after the close of each taxable year, depends on the particular facts and circumstances and may also be affected by the application of the PFIC rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Our status as a PFIC will depend on the composition of our income and the composition and value of our assets (including goodwill and other intangible assets), which will be affected by how, and how quickly, we utilize any cash that was raised in any of our financing or through other business transactions. If we were a publicly traded CFC or not a CFC for any part of such year, the value of our assets generally may be determined by reference to the fair market value of our common shares, which may be volatile. Moreover, our ability to earn specific types of income that will be treated as non-passive for purposes of the PFIC rules is uncertain with respect to future years. We believe we were not classified as a PFIC during the taxable year ended December 31, 2025. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis applying principles and methodologies that in some circumstances are unclear and subject to varying interpretation. Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurances regarding our PFIC status for any current or future taxable years.

If we are classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as ineligibility for certain preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. A U.S. Holder may in certain circumstances mitigate adverse tax consequences of the PFIC rules by filing an election to treat the PFIC as a qualified electing fund, or QEF, or, if shares of the PFIC are “marketable stock” for purposes of the PFIC rules, by making a mark-to-market election with respect to the shares of the PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential consequences if we were, or were to become classified as, a PFIC, including the availability, and advisability, of, and procedure for, making QEF or mark-to-market elections.

Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, the Canada Revenue Agency, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer-pricing policies, including amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest, and penalties are payable by us, in which case, we expect that we might contest such assessment. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.

Changes in tax law could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state, and local and non-U.S. taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Treasury Department and other taxing authorities. Changes to tax laws or tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws (which changes may have retroactive application), could adversely affect us or holders of our common shares. These changes could subject us to additional income-based taxes and non-income taxes (such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, digital tax, net worth, property, and goods and services taxes), which in turn could materially affect our financial position and results of operations. Additionally, new, changed, modified, or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers’ and our compliance, operating, and other costs, as well as the costs of our products. In recent years, many such changes have been made, and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. As we expand our business activities, any changes in the U.S. and non-U.S. taxation of our activities may increase our effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

Impairment charges pertaining to goodwill, identifiable intangible assets or other long-lived assets could have an adverse non-cash accounting impact on our results of operations.

The total purchase price pertaining to our acquisitions in recent years have been allocated to net tangible assets, identifiable intangible assets, in-process research and development and goodwill.

The nature of the biotechnology business is high-risk and requires that we invest significantly in research and development. As part of our ongoing planned research and development activities, significant adverse changes to our plans due to internal and external factors out of our control (including general and industry economic conditions, prolonged decline in the market value of our common shares, and the probability of success of our internal and partner-led programs) would increase the likelihood that we would record an impairment charge to our goodwill and/or intangible assets, which could have an adverse non-cash accounting impact on our results of operations. Refer to our annual consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, for additional information.

Our employees, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with the applicable laws and regulations in the United States, Canada and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could result in legal or regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and any other precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, which could have a significant impact on our business. Whether or not we are successful in defending against such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations.

The market price of our common shares may be volatile, including the market's reaction to near-term clinical milestones, such as our recent Phase 1 clinical data release and the topline data from the Phase 2 trial anticipated in the third quarter of 2026; consequently, you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common shares is highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. These factors include:

•clinical trial results and regulatory decisions relating to our, our partners', and our competitor's drug candidates;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, including fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results;

•the market's reaction to near-term clinical milestones, specifically our recent Phase 1 data release and the topline data from the Phase 2 trial anticipated in the third quarter of 2026;

•the introduction of new technologies or enhancements to existing technology by us or others in our industry;

•departures of key scientific or management personnel;

•announcements of significant acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

•our failure to meet the estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may otherwise provide to the public;

•publication of research reports about us or our industry, or antibody-drug candidates in particular, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;

•changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

•overall performance of the equity markets;

•sales of our common shares by us or our shareholders in the future;

•trading volume of our common shares;

•disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

•significant lawsuits, including patent or shareholder litigation;

•general political and economic conditions, including those resulting from armed conflict, social and political unrest, and the related impact on our business and the markets generally; and

•other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.

In addition, the stock market in general, and The Nasdaq Global Select Market and technology and life sciences companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Requirements associated with being a public company could increase our costs significantly, as well as divert significant company resources and management attention.

As of this report, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act or the other rules and regulations of the SEC and any securities exchange relating to public companies. Sarbanes-Oxley, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, to implement provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC has adopted additional rules and regulations in these areas, such as mandatory ‘‘say on pay’’ voting requirements that apply to us as a large accelerated filer. Stockholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. Compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. We cannot assure you that we will satisfy our obligations as a public company on a timely basis.

The rules and regulations applicable to public companies require substantial legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These costs decrease our net income or increase our net loss and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business. In addition, as a public company, it is more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain adequate coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our shares could decrease, which might cause our share price and trading volume to decline.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect the Company’s current and projected business operations and its financial condition and results of operations.

The majority of our cash and cash equivalents are maintained in high credit quality and liquid held-for-trading marketable securities, bank accounts and term deposits at Canadian banking institutions. Cash and cash equivalents held in depository accounts may exceed the C$100,000 Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in the first quarter of 2023, a number of financial institutions in the U.S. were placed into receivership by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Any material loss that we may experience in the future could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and could materially impact our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments. Although we were not a depositor with any such financial institution placed into receivership, if the banking institutions that hold our deposits were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held in excess of applicable insurance limitations. In such an event, our access to our cash in amounts adequate to finance our operations could be significantly impaired by the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly facing liquidity constraints or failures.

In addition, if we were to borrow money in the future and if any of our lenders or counterparties to any such instruments were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access such funds. In addition, if any of our customers, suppliers or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay or perform their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us or additional funding could be adversely affected.

Our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect our company, the financial institutions with which the Company has credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, the following:

•Delayed access to deposits or other financial assets or the loss of uninsured deposits or other financial assets;

•Potential or actual breach of statutory, regulatory or contractual obligations, including obligations that require the Company to maintain letters of credit or other credit support arrangements; and

•Termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing, or actual loss of, funds subject to cash management arrangements.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

Item 6. Exhibits.

The following exhibits are filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:


Exhibit Number						Description

3.1						Articles of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed on March 30, 2021).
4.1						Amended and Restated Investors Rights Agreement among the Registrant and certain of its shareholders, dated March 23, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-250838) filed on November 20, 2020).
4.2						Form of Specimen Common Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-250838) filed on December 7, 2020).
31.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*						Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**						Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*						Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*
104						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

_________________________________________

* Filed herewith.

** The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to be furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates them by reference

† Certain provisions, schedules and/or similar attachments to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) and/or Item 601(b)(10)(iv), as applicable, of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish an unredacted, supplemental copy (including any omitted schedule or attachment) to the Securities Exchange Commission upon request. Redactions and omissions entered by the Company are shown in black.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	AbCellera Biologics Inc.

Date: May 11, 2026	By:	/s/ Carl L.G. Hansen
		Carl L.G. Hansen, Ph.D. Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: May 11, 2026	By:	/s/ Andrew Booth
		Andrew Booth Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

AbCellera Biologics Inc. 10-Q