Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. The three levels of inputs are classified as follows:

•Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 — observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 — unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents primarily consist of time-based deposits and interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less. The Company classified cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Interest Rate Swaps

As described in Note 5 – Debt, the Company may, from time to time, execute interest rate swaps as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on a portion of its floating-rate debt. The Company classifies its interest rate swaps as Level 2 due to the use of a discounted cash flow model based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) to calculate the fair value of the swaps.

Contingent Consideration

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had contingent obligations to transfer up to $3.9 million, $4.8 million, and $15.0 million to the former owners of Blasters, Inc. and Blasters Technologies, LLC (collectively, “Blasters”); Standard; and Hog, respectively, if specified financial results are met over future reporting periods (i.e., an earn-out). The Blasters, Standard, and Hog acquisitions were completed on January 3, 2023, October 4, 2024, and February 12, 2025, respectively. The Blasters contingent earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to be paid annually, in each of the three years following the anniversary of the closing date. There was no contingent earn-out payable for the first or second annual measurement periods. The Standard contingent earn-out payment, if earned, would be due to be paid following the end of the performance period, which concludes on January 1, 2027. The Hog contingent earn-out payment, if earned, would be due to be paid following the end of the performance period, which concludes on December 31, 2025.

The Company also previously had contingent obligations to transfer up to $7.5 million to the former owners of Deist Industries, Inc., Bucks Fabricating, LLC, Roll-Off Parts, LLC, and Switch-N-Go LLC (collectively, “Deist”) and up to C$6.0 million to the former owner of Trackless. The applicable performance period for the Deist earn-out ended on December 30, 2024, the third anniversary of the closing date. During the second quarter of 2025, the Company determined that no additional consideration was payable to the former owners of Deist. The applicable performance period for the Trackless earn-out ended on April 3, 2025, the second anniversary of the closing date. During the second quarter of 2025, the Company determined that, based on the achievement of certain financial results, the full amount of the contingent consideration had been earned, and paid an additional C$6.0 million (approximately $4.4 million) to the former owner of Trackless. See Note 2 - Acquisitions for additional information.

Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred. Subsequent changes in fair value are included as a component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company uses an income approach to value the contingent consideration liability based on the present value of risk-adjusted future cash flows under either a scenario-based or option-pricing method, as appropriate. Due to the lack of relevant

observable market data over fair value inputs, such as prospective financial information or probabilities of future events as of June 30, 2025, the Company has classified the contingent consideration liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy outlined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements.

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025:


	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	20.2	$	—	$	—	$	20.2

Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	—		—		8.1		8.1
Interest rate swaps	—		0.1		—		0.1

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:


(in millions)	2025			2024
Contingent consideration liability, at April 1	$	12.3	`	$	4.6

Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(4.4)			—
Foreign currency translation	0.2			—
Total expense included in earnings (a)	—			0.1
Contingent consideration liability, at June 30	$	8.1		$	4.7

(a) Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities are included as a component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:


(in millions)	2025		2024
Contingent consideration liability, at January 1	$	4.8	$	4.9
Acquisitions, including measurement period adjustments	7.5		(0.2)
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(4.4)		—
Foreign currency translation	0.2		(0.1)
Total expense included in earnings (a)	—		0.1
Contingent consideration liability, at June 30	$	8.1	$	4.7

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

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+ Details

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORP /DE/ 10-Q