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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-9109

RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Florida						59-1517485
(State or other jurisdiction of						(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)						Identification No.)


880 Carillon Parkway	St. Petersburg	Florida	33716
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

(727) 567-1000

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value	RJF	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of 6.375% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series B Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock	RJF PrB	New York Stock Exchange


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:			None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of March 31, 2025, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold was $28,106,525,241.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of November 21, 2025 was 196,673,933.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III.

RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		PAGE
PART I.

Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk factors	20
Item 1B.	Unresolved staff comments	34
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	34
Item 2.	Properties	37
Item 3.	Legal proceedings	37
Item 4.	Mine safety disclosures	38

PART II.

Item 5.	Market for registrant’s common equity, related shareholder matters and issuer purchases of equity securities	38
Item 6.	Reserved	39
Item 7.	Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	40
Item 7A.	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	83
Item 8.	Financial statements and supplementary data	84
Item 9.	Changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure	164
Item 9A.	Controls and procedures	164
Item 9B.	Other information	166
Item 9C.	Disclosure regarding foreign jurisdictions that prevent inspections	166

PART III.

Item 10.	Directors, executive officers and corporate governance	166
Item 11.	Executive compensation	166
Item 12.	Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related shareholder matters	166
Item 13.	Certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence	166
Item 14.	Principal accountant fees and services	166

PART IV.

Item 15.	Exhibits and financial statement schedules	166
Item 16.	Form 10-K summary	168

	Signatures	169


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Raymond James Financial, Inc. (“RJF” or the “firm”) is a leading diversified financial services company providing private client group, capital markets, asset management, banking and other services to individuals, corporations, and municipalities. The firm, together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in various financial services activities, including providing investment management services to retail and institutional clients, merger & acquisition and advisory services, the underwriting, distribution, trading, and brokerage of equity and debt securities, and the sale of mutual funds and other investment products. The firm also provides corporate and retail banking services and trust services. The firm operates predominantly in the United States (“U.S.”) and, to a lesser extent, in Canada, the United Kingdom (“UK”), and other parts of Europe. As used herein, the terms “our,” “we,” or “us” refer to RJF and/or one or more of its subsidiaries.

Established in 1962 and public since 1983, RJF is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “RJF.” As a bank holding company (“BHC”) and financial holding company (“FHC”), RJF is subject to supervision, examination and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”).

Among the keys to our historical and continued success, our emphasis on putting the client first is at the core of our corporate values. We also believe in maintaining a long-term focus on our decision making. We believe that this disciplined decision-making approach translates to a strong, stable financial services firm for clients, associates, and shareholders.

REPORTABLE SEGMENTS

We currently operate through the following five segments: Private Client Group (“PCG”); Capital Markets; Asset Management; Bank; and Other.

The following graph depicts the relative net revenue contribution of each of our business segments for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025.

* The preceding chart does not include intersegment eliminations or the Other segment.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Private Client Group

We provide financial planning, investment advisory, and securities transaction services to clients through financial advisors. Total client assets under administration (“AUA”) in our PCG segment as of September 30, 2025 were $1.67 trillion, of which $1.01 trillion related to fee-based accounts (“fee-based AUA”). We had 8,943 employee and independent contractor financial advisors affiliated with us as of September 30, 2025.

Affiliation

We offer multiple affiliation options, which we refer to as AdvisorChoice®. Financial advisors primarily affiliate with us directly as either employees or independent contractors or as employees of third-party Registered Investment Advisors (“RIAs”) and broker-dealers to which we provide services through our RIA and Custody Services (“RCS”) division.

Employee financial advisors

Employee financial advisors work in a traditional branch supported by local management and administrative staff. They provide services predominantly to retail clients. Compensation for these financial advisors primarily includes a payout on revenues they generate and such advisors also participate in the firm’s employee benefit plans.

Independent contractor financial advisors

Our financial advisors who are independent contractors are generally responsible for all of their direct costs and, accordingly, receive a higher payout percentage on the revenues they generate than employee financial advisors. Our independent contractor financial advisor options are designed to help our advisors build their businesses with as much or as little of our support as they determine they need. Independent contractor financial advisors may affiliate with us directly or through an affiliated bank or credit union in our Financial Institutions Division. With specific approval, and on a limited basis, they are permitted to conduct certain other approved business activities, such as offering insurance products, independent registered investment advisory services, and accounting and tax services.

RIA and Custody Services

Through our domestic RCS division, we offer third-party RIAs and broker-dealers a range of products and services including custodial services, trade execution, research, and other support and services (including access to clients’ account information and the services of the Asset Management segment) for which we receive fees, which may be either transactional or based on AUA. Firms affiliated with us through RCS retain the fees they charge to their clients and are generally responsible for all of their direct costs. Financial advisors associated with firms in RCS are not included in our financial advisor counts, although their client assets are included in our AUA. AUA associated with firms in our RCS division totaled $217.3 billion as of September 30, 2025.

Products and services

We offer a broad range of third-party and proprietary investment products and services to meet our clients’ various investment and financial needs. Revenues from this segment are typically driven by AUA and are generally either asset-based or transactional in nature.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

PCG segment net revenues for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 are presented in the following graph.

Net Revenues — $10.18 billion

* Included in “Brokerage revenues” on our Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

We recognize revenue from providing the following products and services through this segment:

Asset management and related administrative fees

We earn asset management and related administrative fees in this segment for performing asset management, portfolio management, and related investment services for retail clients for assets invested in fee-based accounts.

Brokerage revenues

We earn revenues for distribution and related services performed related to mutual and other funds, fixed and variable annuities, and insurance products. We also earn commissions for executing and clearing transactions for clients, primarily in listed and over-the-counter equity securities, including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), options, and fixed income products. Such revenues are primarily earned for services performed for retail clients whose assets are invested in brokerage accounts.

Account and service fees

•Mutual fund and other investment products - We earn servicing fees for providing sales and marketing support to third-party financial entities and for supporting the availability and distribution of their products on our platforms. We also earn servicing fees for accounting and administrative services provided to such parties.

•Raymond James Bank Deposit Program (“RJBDP”) fees - We earn servicing fees from various banks for administrative services we provide related to our clients’ deposits that are swept to such banks as part of the Raymond James Bank Deposit Program, our multi-bank sweep program. Fees received from third-party banks for these services are variable in nature and fluctuate based on client cash balances in the program, as well as the level of short-term interest rates relative to interest paid to clients by the third-party banks on balances in the RJBDP. PCG also earns fees from our Bank segment, which are based on the greater of a base servicing fee or net yield equivalent to the average yield that the firm would otherwise receive from third-party banks in the RJBDP. The fees earned from our Bank segment are eliminated in consolidation.

•Client account and other fees - We also earn fees for servicing brokerage and individual retirement accounts (“IRA”) for clients, as well as for custodial services, trade execution, research, and other support and services provided to third-party RIAs and broker-dealers through our RCS division.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Net interest income

We generate net interest income on securities borrowing and lending activities transacted with financial institutions and other counterparties. We also earn interest income on certain cash and cash equivalents and margin loans to clients, net of interest paid on client cash balances in our Client Interest Program (“CIP”).

Capital Markets

Our Capital Markets segment conducts investment banking, institutional sales, securities trading, equity research, and the syndication and management of investments in low-income housing funds and funds of a similar nature, the majority of which qualify for tax credits (referred to as our “affordable housing investments” business).

Capital Markets segment net revenues for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 are presented in the following graph.

Net Revenues — $1.77 billion

* Included in “Investment banking” on our Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

** Included in “Brokerage revenues” on our Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

We provide the following products and services through this segment.

Investment banking

•Merger & acquisition and advisory - We provide a comprehensive range of strategic and financial advisory services, including with respect to mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and restructurings, across a number of industries throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe.

•Equity underwriting - We provide public and private equity financing services, including the underwriting and placement of common and preferred stock and other equity securities, to corporate clients across a number of industries throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe.

•Debt underwriting - Our services include public finance and debt underwriting activities where we serve as a placement agent or underwriter to various issuers, including private and public corporate entities, state and local government agencies (and their political subdivisions), and non-profit entities including healthcare and higher education institutions.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Brokerage

•Fixed income - We earn revenues from institutional clients who purchase and sell both taxable and tax-exempt fixed income products, municipal, corporate, government agency and mortgage-backed bonds, and whole loans, as well as from our market-making activities in fixed income debt instruments. We carry inventories of debt instruments to facilitate such transactions.

We also enter into interest rate derivatives to facilitate client transactions or to actively manage risk exposures that arise from our client activity, including a portion of our trading inventory.

•Equity - We earn brokerage revenues from the sale of equity products to institutional clients. Client activity is influenced by a combination of general market activity and our ability to identify attractive investment opportunities for our institutional clients. Revenues on equity transactions are generally based on trade size and the amount of business conducted annually with each institution.

Our global research department supports our institutional and retail sales efforts and publishes research on a wide variety of companies. This research primarily focuses on U.S. and Canadian companies across a multitude of industries. Research reports are made available to both institutional and retail clients.

Affordable housing investments business

We act as the general partner or managing member in partnerships and limited liability companies that invest in various projects, primarily real estate. Substantially all of these investments qualify for tax credits and/or provide a mechanism for banks and other institutions to meet their Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) obligations throughout the U.S. We earn fees for the origination and sale of these investment products as well as for the oversight and management of the investments, including over the statutory tax credit compliance period when applicable.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Asset Management

Our Asset Management segment earns asset management and related administrative fees for providing asset management, portfolio management and related administrative services to retail and institutional clients. This segment oversees a portion of our fee-based AUA for our PCG clients through our Asset Management Services division (“AMS”). This segment also provides asset management services through our Raymond James Investment Management division (“Raymond James Investment Management”) for certain retail accounts managed on behalf of third-party institutions, institutional accounts, and proprietary mutual funds that we manage, generally using active portfolio management strategies.

Management fees in this segment are generally calculated as a percentage of the value of our fee-billable financial assets under management (“AUM”) in both AMS, which includes the portion of fee-based AUA in PCG that is invested in programs overseen by AMS, and Raymond James Investment Management, where investment decisions are made by in-house or third-party portfolio managers or investment committees. The fee rates applied are dependent upon various factors, including the distinct services provided and the level of assets within each client relationship. The fee rates applied in Raymond James Investment Management may also vary based on the account objective (i.e., equity, fixed income, or balanced). Our AUM are impacted by market fluctuations and net inflows or outflows of assets, including transfers between fee-based accounts and transaction-based accounts within our PCG segment. Fees are generally collected quarterly and are based on balances as of the beginning of the quarter (particularly in AMS) or the end of the quarter or based on average daily balances throughout the quarter.

Our Asset Management segment also earns administrative fees on certain fee-based assets within PCG that are not overseen by our Asset Management segment, but for which the segment provides administrative support (e.g., record-keeping).

Our Asset Management segment also earns asset management and related administrative fees through services provided by Raymond James Trust, N.A. (“RJ Trust”) and Raymond James Trust Company of New Hampshire (“RJTCNH”).

Our AUM and our Raymond James Investment Management AUM by objective as of September 30, 2025 are presented in the following graphs.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Bank

Our Bank segment reflects the results of our banking operations, including the results of Raymond James Bank, a Florida-chartered state member bank, and TriState Capital Bank, a Pennsylvania-chartered state member bank. We provide various types of loans, including securities-based loans (“SBL”), corporate loans (commercial and industrial (“C&I”), commercial real estate (“CRE”), and real estate investment trust (“REIT”) loans), residential mortgage loans, and tax-exempt loans. Our Bank segment is active in corporate loan syndications and participations and lending directly to clients. We also provide Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”)-insured deposit accounts, including to clients of our broker-dealer subsidiaries, and other retail and corporate deposit and liquidity management products and services. The Bank segment generates net interest income principally through the interest income earned on loans and an investment portfolio of available-for-sale securities, which is offset by the interest expense it pays on client deposits and on its borrowings.

As of September 30, 2025, SBL and residential mortgage loans held for investment represented 46% of the Bank segment’s total assets. SBL are primarily collateralized by the borrower’s marketable securities at advance rates consistent with industry standards and, to a lesser extent, the cash surrender value of life insurance policies issued by investment-grade insurance companies. An insignificant portion of our SBL portfolio is collateralized by private securities or other financial instruments with a limited trading market. Residential mortgage loans are originated or purchased and held for investment or sold in the secondary market. Corporate and tax exempt loans held for investment represented 33% of the Bank segment’s total assets as of September 30, 2025, and 66% of such loans were U.S. or Canadian syndicated loans. The remainder of our corporate loan portfolio is comprised of smaller participations and direct loans. The Bank segment’s investment portfolio is classified as available-for-sale and is primarily comprised of agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), agency collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), U.S. Treasury securities (“U.S. Treasuries”), and other securities which are guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies. Raymond James Bank’s liabilities primarily consist of cash deposits, including cash swept from the investment accounts of PCG clients through the RJBDP and deposits in our Enhanced Savings Program (“ESP”), in which PCG clients may deposit cash in a FDIC-insured high-yield Raymond James Bank account. Deposits at TriState Capital Bank are primarily corporate and retail money market deposits, including RJBDP sweep deposits, and interest-bearing demand deposits. Our Bank segment’s liabilities also include borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”).

The following graph details the composition of our Bank segment’s total assets as of September 30, 2025.

Bank Segment Total Assets — $65.26 billion

Other

Our Other segment includes interest income on certain corporate cash balances, our private equity investments, which predominantly consist of investments in third-party funds, certain other corporate investing activity, and certain corporate overhead costs of RJF that are not allocated to other segments, including the interest costs on our public debt, certain provisions for legal and regulatory matters, and certain acquisition-related expenses.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

HUMAN CAPITAL

Our “associates” (which include our employee financial advisors and all of our other employees) and our independent contractor financial advisors (which we call our “independent advisors”) are vital to our success. As a human capital-intensive business, our ability to attract, develop, and retain exceptional associates and independent advisors is critical, not only in the current competitive labor market, but also to our long-term success. It is important to us to maintain a strong commitment to a workplace environment that attracts talented candidates who reflect the skills and experiences required to meet our clients’ needs and are drawn from the entire available talent pool. To compete effectively, we must offer attractive compensation and health and wellness programs, as well as provide formal and informal opportunities for associates and advisors to develop their capabilities and reach their full potential. We also endeavor to foster and maintain our unique and long-standing values-based culture.

As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 19,500 associates (including 3,878 employee financial advisors) and 5,065 independent advisors. This reflects an increase of approximately 500 associates compared to the prior year, primarily due to continued growth across the firm. Our associates are largely spread across four countries in North America and Europe. However, the vast majority of our associates are located in the U.S. Of our global associates, 44% self-identify as women, and among our U.S.-based associates, 22% self-identify as people of color.

Culture

We strive to attract individuals who are people-focused and share our values. Our values are memorialized in a document we refer to as our culture “blueprint” that is communicated to all associates. Our culture is people-focused and rooted in the values established at the firm’s foundation. Our pledge to clients, to our advisors, and to all of our associates is that:

•we put clients first,

•we act with integrity,

•we think long term, and

•we value independence.

One way in which we measure the health of our culture is through firmwide and targeted surveys in which we routinely ask our associates about their experiences at the firm. Feedback provided through these surveys is also used to create and continually enhance programs that support our associates’ needs.

Recruitment, talent development, and retention

We seek to build a workforce that provides outstanding client service and helps clients achieve their financial goals. We are also committed to maintaining a workforce that is reflective of our client base and the communities in which we work, as well as a work environment that is a natural extension of our culture. We have a comprehensive approach to identifying and selecting new associates and enhancing the skills of our existing associates. We also offer internships to selected college students, professionals returning to the workforce, and veterans, which may lead to permanent roles, and we offer pipeline programs which accelerate the progression from entry level positions for recent graduates across many areas of the firm. Our recruiting approach is designed to attract a wide range of candidates for every role. To that end, we have built strong relationships with a variety of industry associations that represent professionals from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, as well as with similar groups at the colleges and universities where we recruit.

We are also committed to supporting associates in reaching their professional goals. Through our annual performance review process, associates and managers collaborate to define performance goals which are reviewed during mid-year touch points and formal end-of-year discussions. We also offer associates the opportunity to participate in a variety of development programs. Our extensive program catalog includes courses designed to expand our associates’ industry, product, technical, professional, business development, and regulatory knowledge. The firm also provides leadership development programs that prepare our leaders for challenges they will face in new roles or with expanded responsibilities. The firm also offers a mentoring program to all associates who seek additional guidance and advice on their career growth. In alignment with our focus on human capital development and a people-centric culture, we offer voluntary inclusion networks open to all associates and advisors. These networks foster connection and understanding, and support our broader associate experience strategy focused on career growth, engagement, and well-being. To provide associates opportunity to compete for new positions, we require that all roles, with the exception of certain revenue-generating positions and certain senior-level roles, be posted on our internal online career platform. We conduct ongoing and robust succession planning for roles that are within two levels of our Executive Leadership Team, and we strive to ensure we have a robust pool of candidates for such roles. We discuss the results with executive leadership and the Board of Directors several times per year.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

An important driver of our success is the continuous recruitment and retention of financial advisors. Our ability to attract high quality advisors is based on our values-based culture, our commitment to service, and the unique ways in which we provide services to our financial advisors. Individuals who want to become financial advisors can gain relevant branch experience through our Wealth Management Associate Program or move to our Advisor Mastery Program and begin building their client base. We have a department dedicated to providing growth-oriented tools and resources, including business coaching, to our financial advisors. We also offer these advisors the opportunity to participate in conferences and workshops. These include separate national conferences for our employee and independent contractor financial advisor channels, each of which is attended by thousands of advisors each year.

We also monitor and evaluate various turnover and attrition metrics. Retaining associates, including financial advisors, and their clients, is a key component of our “Service 1st” philosophy and critical to the success of our business. Our overarching commitment to the attraction, development, and retention of our associates results in a relatively low voluntary turnover rate. For the year ended September 30, 2025, our domestic financial advisor retention remained very strong.

Compensation and benefits

We have designed a compensation structure, including an array of benefit plans and programs, that is intended to be attractive to current and prospective associates, while also reinforcing our core values and mitigating excessive risk taking. Our competitive pay packages include base salary, incentive bonus, and equity compensation programs. Additionally, the firm makes annual contributions to support the retirement goals of each associate through our employee stock ownership plan and our profit-sharing plan, in addition to a matching contribution program for the 401(k) retirement savings plan, for our U.S.-based associates. We also offer U.S.-based associates the opportunity to participate in an employee stock purchase plan that enables them to acquire our common stock at a discount, further increasing their ability to participate in the growth and success of the firm. As an additional retention tool, we may grant equity awards in connection with initial employment or under various retention programs for individuals who are responsible for contributing to our management, growth, and/or profitability. For certain associates who meet compensation, production, or other criteria, we also offer various non-qualified deferred compensation plans that provide a return to the participant, as well as a retention tool to the firm.

We strive to design programs that promote equitable rewards for all associates. Our compensation practices are structured to verify that all associates are paid fairly based on objective criteria such as role, experience, performance, and qualifications. Each year, we conduct pay equity studies in the U.S., UK, and Canada. If we identify any gaps, we take remediation steps as part of our compensation strategy.

The physical, emotional, and financial well-being of our associates is a high priority of the firm. To that end, we offer programs including healthcare insurance, health and flexible savings accounts, paid time off, family leave, flexible work arrangements, tuition assistance, counseling services. We also provide on-site services, such as health clinics and fitness centers, at our corporate offices in St. Petersburg, Florida, Memphis, Tennessee, and Southfield, Michigan.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

OPERATIONS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

We have operations personnel at various locations who are responsible for processing securities transactions, custody of client securities, support of client accounts, the receipt, identification, and delivery of funds and securities, and compliance with regulatory and legal requirements for most of our securities brokerage operations.

Our information technology department develops and supports the integrated solutions that provide a customized platform for our businesses. These include a platform for financial advisors designed to allow them to spend more time with their clients and enhance and grow their businesses; systems that support institutional and retail sales and trading activity from initiation to settlement and custody; and thorough security protocols to protect firm and client information. In the area of information security, we have developed and implemented a framework of principles, policies, and technology to protect our own information and that of our clients. We apply numerous safeguards to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of both client and firm information.

Our business continuity program has been developed to provide reasonable assurance that we will continue to operate in the event of disruptions at our critical facilities or other business disruptions. We have developed operational plans for such disruptions, and we have devoted significant resources to maintaining those plans. Our business continuity plan continues to be enhanced and tested to allow for continuous operations in the event of weather-related or other interruptions at our corporate headquarters in Florida, one of our other corporate offices located in Southfield, Michigan and Memphis, Tennessee, or multiple data center sites (with our primary data center located in the Denver, Colorado area), and our branch and office locations throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe.

COMPETITION

The financial services industry is intensely competitive. We compete with many other financial services firms, including a number of larger securities firms, most of which are affiliated with major financial services companies, insurance companies, banking institutions, and other organizations. We also compete with companies that offer web-based financial services and discount brokerage services to individual clients, usually with lower levels of service and financial technology companies (“fintechs”). We compete principally on the basis of the quality of our associates, services, technology platform, product selection, performance records, location, and reputation in local markets.

Our ability to compete effectively is substantially dependent on our continuing ability to develop or attract, retain, and motivate qualified financial advisors, investment bankers, trading professionals, portfolio managers, and other revenue-producing or specialized personnel. Furthermore, the labor market continues to experience elevated levels of competition for talent across all areas of our business, as well as increased competition with non-traditional competitors, such as technology companies. Employers are offering guaranteed contracts, upfront payments, and increased compensation in order to attract talent.

REGULATION

We continue to operate in a dynamic and complex regulatory environment. Regulatory changes can have significant impacts on our business, however, we cannot predict the exact changes or quantify their potential impacts. See “Item 1A - Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K for additional discussion of the risks related to our regulatory environment.

The following summarizes the principal elements of the regulatory and supervisory framework applicable to us as a participant in the financial services industry. The framework includes extensive regulation under U.S. federal and state laws, as well as the applicable laws of the jurisdictions outside the U.S. in which we do business. While this framework is intended to protect our clients, the integrity of the financial markets, our depositors, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, it is not intended to protect our creditors or shareholders. These rules and regulations limit our ability to engage in certain activities, as well as our ability to fund RJF from our regulated subsidiaries, which include Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank (collectively, “our bank subsidiaries”), our broker-dealer subsidiaries, and our trust subsidiaries. To the extent that the following information describes statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions that are referenced. A change in applicable statutes or regulations or in regulatory or supervisory policy may have a material effect on our business.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Banking supervision and regulation

RJF is a BHC under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”), that has made an election to be a FHC and is subject to regulation, oversight and consolidated supervision, including periodic examination, by the Fed. Under the system of “functional regulation” established under the BHC Act, the primary regulators of our U.S. non-bank subsidiaries directly regulate the activities of those subsidiaries, with the Fed exercising a supervisory role. Such “functionally regulated” subsidiaries include our broker-dealers registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), such as Raymond James & Associates, Inc. (“RJ&A”) and Raymond James Financial Services, Inc. (“RJFS”), and investment advisers registered with the SEC with respect to their investment advisory activities, among other subsidiaries.

We have two FDIC-insured depository institutions, Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank. Raymond James Bank is a Florida-chartered state member bank that is primarily supervised by both the Fed and the Florida Office of Financial Regulation (“OFR”). TriState Capital Bank is a Pennsylvania-chartered state member bank that is primarily supervised by both the Fed and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities (“PDBS”). Both Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank are also subject to supervision by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) and the FDIC.

We also have non-depository trust company subsidiaries including: RJ Trust, which is regulated, supervised, and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), and RJTCNH, which is regulated, supervised, and examined by the New Hampshire Banking Department (“NHBD”). RJTCNH provides IRA custodial services and trust services for our PCG clients.

Collectively, the rules and regulations of the Fed, the FDIC, the OFR, the PDBS, the CFPB, the OCC and the NHBD result in extensive regulation and supervision covering all aspects of our banking and trust businesses, including, for example, lending practices, the receipt of deposits, capital structure, transactions with affiliates, conduct and qualifications of personnel and, as discussed further in the following sections, capital requirements. This regulatory, supervisory, and oversight framework can affect the operating costs and permissible businesses of RJF and our subsidiaries. As a part of their supervisory functions, these regulatory bodies conduct extensive examinations of our operations and also have the power to bring enforcement actions for violations of law and, in the case of certain of these regulatory bodies, for unsafe or unsound practices.

Basel III and U.S. capital rules

RJF, Raymond James Bank, and TriState Capital Bank are subject to the Fed’s capital rules. These rules establish an integrated regulatory capital framework and implement, in the U.S., the Basel III capital framework developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as amended (“Dodd-Frank Act”), and other capital provisions and, for insured depository institutions, set the prompt corrective action framework discussed below (the “U.S. Basel III Rules”). The U.S. Basel III Rules: (i) establish minimum requirements for both the quantity and quality of regulatory capital; (ii) set forth a capital conservation buffer; and (iii) define the calculation of risk-weighted assets. These capital requirements could restrict our ability to grow, including during favorable market conditions, and to return capital to shareholders, or require us to raise additional capital. As a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected. See “Item 1A - Risk Factors,” “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and capital resources,” and Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger discretionary, and in certain cases, mandatory actions by regulators that could have a direct material effect on the financial results of RJF, Raymond James Bank, and TriState Capital Bank. In addition, failure to maintain the capital conservation buffer would result in constraints on distributions, including limitations on dividend payments and stock repurchases, and certain discretionary bonus payments based on the amount of the shortfall and eligible retained income. Under the capital adequacy rules, RJF, Raymond James Bank, and TriState Capital Bank must meet specific capital ratio requirements that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under the rules. The capital amounts and classification for RJF, Raymond James Bank, and TriState Capital Bank are also subject to the qualitative judgments of U.S. regulators based on components of capital, risk-weightings of assets, off-balance sheet transactions, and other factors.

Under applicable capital rules, RJF would need to obtain prior approval from the Fed if its repurchases or redemptions of equity securities over a twelve-month period would reduce its net worth by ten percent or more and an exemption were not available. Guidance from the Fed also provides that RJF would need to inform the Fed in advance of repurchasing common stock in certain prescribed situations, such as if it were experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, financial weaknesses or considering expansion, either through acquisitions or other new activities, or if the repurchases would result in a net reduction in common equity over a quarter. Further, Fed guidance indicates that, pursuant to the Fed’s general supervisory and enforcement


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authority, Fed supervisory staff should prevent a BHC from repurchasing its common stock if such action would be inconsistent with the BHC’s prospective capital needs and safe and sound operation.

Source of strength

The Fed requires that BHCs, such as RJF, serve as a source of financial strength for any of its subsidiary depository institutions. The term “source of financial strength” is defined as the ability of a company to provide financial assistance to its insured depository institution subsidiaries in the event of financial distress at such subsidiaries. Under this requirement, RJF could be required to provide financial assistance to Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank in the future should either bank experience financial distress.

Transactions between affiliates

Transactions between (i) Raymond James Bank, TriState Capital Bank, RJ Trust, or their subsidiaries on the one hand and (ii) RJF or its other subsidiaries or affiliates on the other hand are subject to compliance with Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W issued by the Fed, which generally limit the types and amounts of such transactions that may take place and generally require those transactions to be on market terms. These laws generally do not apply to transactions between Raymond James Bank, TriState Capital Bank, RJ Trust, and any subsidiaries they may have.

The Volcker Rule, a provision of the Dodd-Frank Act, generally prohibits certain transactions and imposes a market terms requirement on certain other transactions between (i) RJF or its affiliates on the one hand and (ii) covered funds for which RJF or its affiliates serve as the investment manager, investment adviser, commodity trading advisor or sponsor, or other covered funds organized and offered by RJF or its affiliates on the other hand. See “The Volcker Rule” in the following section.

Deposit insurance

Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank are subject to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act because they provide deposits covered by FDIC insurance, generally up to $250,000 per account ownership type. For banks with greater than $10 billion in assets, which includes Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank, the FDIC’s current assessment rate calculation relies on a scorecard method based on a number of factors, including the bank’s regulatory ratings, asset quality, and amount of brokered deposits. This scorecard method is designed to measure a bank’s financial performance and ability to withstand stress, in addition to measuring the FDIC’s exposure should Raymond James Bank or TriState Capital Bank fail. From time to time, in response to specific events, the FDIC may also enact a special assessment to recover any losses to the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund as a result of protecting uninsured depositors.

Prompt corrective action

The U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, as amended (“FDICIA”), requires the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not meet specified capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five capital categories for FDIC-insured banks, such as Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized.

An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than the category indicated by its capital ratios if the institution is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive constraints on operations, management and capital distributions as the capital category of an institution declines. Failure to meet the capital requirements could also require a depository institution to raise capital. Ultimately, critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator.

Although the prompt corrective action regulations do not apply to BHCs, such as RJF, the Fed is authorized to take appropriate action at the BHC level, based upon the undercapitalized status of the BHC’s depository institution subsidiaries. In certain instances related to an undercapitalized depository institution subsidiary, the BHC would be required to guarantee the performance of the undercapitalized subsidiary’s capital restoration plan and might be liable for civil money damages for failure to fulfill its commitments on that guarantee. Furthermore, in the event of the bankruptcy of the BHC, this guarantee would take priority over the BHC’s general unsecured creditors. As of September 30, 2025, Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank were categorized as well-capitalized.


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The Volcker Rule

RJF is subject to the Volcker Rule, which generally prohibits BHCs and their subsidiaries and affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading, but permits underwriting, market-making, and risk-mitigating hedging activities. The Volcker Rule also prohibits BHCs and their subsidiaries and affiliates from acquiring or retaining ownership interests in, sponsoring, or having certain relationships with “covered funds” (as defined in the rule), including hedge funds and private equity funds, subject to certain exceptions.

Compensation practices

Our compensation practices are subject to oversight by the Fed. The U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies have provided guidance designed to ensure incentive compensation policies do not encourage imprudent risk-taking and are consistent with safety and soundness. As required by SEC rules, we disclose in our proxy statements for each annual meeting of shareholders the relationship of our compensation policies and practices to risk management initiatives, to the extent that the risks arising from such policies and practices are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the firm.

Community Reinvestment Act regulations

Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank are subject to the CRA, which is intended to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their communities, with a focus on low- and moderate-income communities, consistent with safe and sound bank operations. Under the CRA, federal banking regulators are required to periodically examine and assign to each bank a public CRA rating. If any insured depository institution subsidiary of a FHC fails to maintain at least a “satisfactory” rating under the CRA, the FHC would be subject to restrictions on certain new activities and acquisitions.

Other restrictions

FHCs, such as RJF, generally can engage in a broader range of financial and related activities than are otherwise permissible for BHCs as long as they continue to meet the eligibility requirements for FHCs. Among other things, the broader range of permissible activities for FHCs includes underwriting, dealing and making markets in securities and making investments in non-FHCs, or merchant banking activities. We are required to obtain Fed approval before engaging in certain banking and other financial activities both within and outside the U.S.

The Fed, however, has the authority to limit an FHC’s ability to conduct activities that would otherwise be permissible, and will likely do so if the FHC does not satisfactorily meet certain requirements of the Fed. For example, if an FHC or any of its U.S. depository institution subsidiaries ceases to maintain its status as “well-capitalized” or “well-managed,” the Fed may impose corrective capital and/or managerial requirements, as well as additional limitations or conditions. If the deficiencies persist, the FHC may be required to divest its U.S. depository institution subsidiaries or to cease engaging in activities other than the business of banking and certain closely related activities.

Broker-dealer and securities regulation

The SEC is the federal agency charged with administration of the federal securities laws in the U.S. Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to SEC regulations relating to their business operations, including sales and trading practices, securities offerings and other investment banking activity, publication of research reports, use and safekeeping of client funds and securities, capital structure, record-keeping, privacy requirements, and the conduct of directors, officers and employees. Financial services firms are also subject to regulation by state securities commissions in those states in which they conduct business. Our most significant U.S. broker-dealers, RJ&A, RJFS, and SumRidge Partners, LLC (“SumRidge Partners”), are currently registered as broker-dealers in all 50 states.

Financial services firms are also subject to regulation by various foreign governments, securities exchanges, central banks and regulatory bodies, particularly in those countries where they have established offices. Outside of the U.S., we have additional offices primarily in Canada, the UK, and Germany and are subject to regulations in those areas. Much of the regulation of broker-dealers in the U.S. and Canada, however, has been delegated to self-regulatory organizations (“SROs”), such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) in the U.S., the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (“CIRO”) in Canada, and securities exchanges. These SROs adopt and amend rules for regulating the industry, subject to the approval of government agencies. These SROs also conduct periodic examinations of member broker-dealers. The single primary regulator with respect to our conduct of financial services in the UK is the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which operates on a statutory basis.


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The SEC, SROs, and other securities regulators may conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fines, suspension or expulsion of a broker-dealer, its officers, employees, or other associated persons. Such administrative proceedings, whether or not resulting in adverse findings, can require substantial expenditures and may adversely impact the reputation of a broker-dealer.

Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the Securities Investor Protection Act, as amended (“SIPA”), and are required by federal law to be members of the Securities Investors Protection Corporation (“SIPC”). The SIPC was established under SIPA, and oversees the liquidation of broker-dealers during liquidation or financial distress. The SIPC fund provides protection for cash and securities held in client accounts up to $500,000 per client, with a limitation of $250,000 on claims for cash balances.

U.S. broker-dealer capital

Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to certain of the SEC’s financial stability rules, including the: (i) net capital rule; (ii) customer protection rule; (iii) record-keeping rules; and (iv) notification rules. Broker-dealers are required to maintain the minimum net capital deemed necessary to meet their continuing commitments to customers and others, and are required to keep their assets in relatively liquid form. These rules also limit the ability of broker-dealers to transfer capital to parent companies and other affiliates. See Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information pertaining to our broker-dealer regulatory minimum net capital requirements.

Standard of care

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC adopted a package of rule-makings and interpretations related to the provision of advice by broker-dealers and investment advisers, including Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS. Among other things, Regulation Best Interest requires a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail client when making a recommendation to that client of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities. Form CRS requires that broker-dealers and investment advisers provide retail investors with a brief summary document containing simple, easy-to-understand information about the nature of the relationship between the parties. Our implementation of these regulations resulted in the review and modification of certain of our policies and procedures and associated supervisory and compliance controls, as well as the implementation of additional client disclosures, which included us providing related education and training to financial advisors. Various states have also proposed, or adopted, laws and regulations seeking to impose new standards of conduct on broker-dealers that may differ from the SEC's regulations, which may lead to additional implementation costs.

Similarly, non-U.S. jurisdictions have also adopted regulations relating to standards of care. For example, on July 31, 2023, the FCA’s Consumer Duty took effect in the UK. Among other things, the UK Consumer Duty requires firms to act to deliver “good outcomes” for retail customers with respect to products and services, price and value, consumer understanding, and consumer support.

In April 2024, the Department of Labor (“DOL”) issued a final rule significantly expanding the definition of “investment advice fiduciary” under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. In related rulemakings, the DOL also finalized amendments to several class prohibited transaction exemptions (“PTE”), which exempt certain compensation arrangements that would otherwise be prohibited. In July 2024, two federal district courts separately issued nationwide stays of the effective date of the final rule and PTE amendments pending consideration of the merits. We are monitoring the legal activity while continuing to evaluate the impact these new rules could have on our business. If the rules become effective as promulgated, we expect compliance will require us to alter certain of our business practices and impose additional costs.

Other non-U.S. regulation

Raymond James Ltd. (“RJ Ltd.”), a wholly-owned subsidiary, is currently registered as an investment dealer in all provinces and territories in Canada. The financial services industry in Canada is subject to comprehensive regulation under both federal and provincial laws. Securities commissions have been established in all provinces and territorial jurisdictions, which are charged with the administration of securities laws. Investment dealers in Canada are subject to regulation by CIRO, an SRO under the oversight of the securities commissions that make up the Canadian Securities Administrators. CIRO is responsible for the enforcement of, and conformity with, securities legislation for their members and has been granted the powers to prescribe their own rules of conduct and financial requirements of members, including RJ Ltd. CIRO also requires that RJ Ltd. be a member of the Canadian Investors Protection Fund, whose primary role is investor protection. This fund provides protection for securities and cash held in client accounts up to 1 million Canadian dollars (“CAD”) per client, with additional coverage of CAD 1 million for certain types of accounts.


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Certain of our subsidiaries are registered in, and operate from, the UK, which has a highly developed and comprehensive regulatory regime. These subsidiaries are authorized and regulated by the FCA and have limited permissions to carry out business in certain European Union (“E.U.”) countries, to the extent permitted under domestic law and regulation in those countries. The FCA operates on a statutory basis and creates rules which are largely principles-based. These regulated UK subsidiaries and their senior managers are registered with the FCA, and wealth managers and certain other staff are subject to certification requirements. Certain of these subsidiaries operate in the retail sector, providing investment and financial planning services to predominantly high-net-worth individuals, while others provide brokerage and investment banking services to institutional clients. Retail clients of our UK subsidiaries benefit from the Financial Ombudsman Service, which settles complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services, as well as the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, which is the UK’s statutory deposit insurance and investors compensation scheme for customers of authorized financial services firms.

In Germany, our subsidiary Raymond James Corporate Finance GmbH is licensed by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, or “BaFin”) to conduct the regulated activities of investment advice and investment brokerage. Among other requirements, BaFin requires Raymond James Corporate Finance GmbH, as a regulated entity, to comply with certain capital, liquidity, governance, and business conduct requirements, and has a range of supervisory and disciplinary powers which it is able to use in its oversight.

Investment management regulation

Our investment advisory operations, including the mutual funds that we sponsor, are also subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. The majority of our asset managers are registered as investment advisers with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 as amended and are also required to make notice filings in certain states. Virtually all aspects of our asset management business are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are primarily intended for the benefit of our clients.

Anti-money laundering, economic sanctions, and anti-bribery and corruption regulation

The U.S. Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”), as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (“PATRIOT Act”), the Customer Due Diligence Rule, and the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various regulations applicable to all financial institutions, including standards for verifying client identification at account opening, and obligations to monitor client transactions and report suspicious activities. Through these and other provisions, the BSA, the PATRIOT Act, and AMLA seek to promote the identification of parties that may be involved in terrorism, money laundering or other suspicious activities. Anti-money laundering laws outside the U.S. contain similar provisions.

The U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control administers economic and trade sanctions programs and enforces sanctions regulations with which all U.S. persons must comply. The E.U. as well as various countries have also adopted economic sanctions programs targeted at countries, entities, and individuals that are involved in terrorism, hostilities, embezzlement, or human rights violations.

In addition, various countries have adopted laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act, related to corrupt and illegal payments to, and hiring practices with regard to, government officials and others. The scope of the types of payments or other benefits covered by these laws is very broad and is subject to significant uncertainties that may be clarified only in the context of further regulatory guidance or enforcement proceedings.

RJF and its affiliates have implemented and maintain internal policies, procedures, and controls to meet the compliance obligations imposed by such U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations concerning anti-money laundering, economic sanctions, and anti-bribery and corruption. Failure to continue to meet the requirements of these regulations could result in supervisory action, including fines.


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Privacy and data protection

U.S. federal law establishes minimum federal standards for financial privacy by, among other provisions, requiring financial institutions to adopt and disclose privacy policies with respect to consumer information and setting forth certain limitations on disclosure to third parties of consumer information. U.S. state laws and regulations adopted under U.S. federal law impose obligations on RJF and its subsidiaries for protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of client information, and require notice of data breaches to certain U.S. regulators and to clients. The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, mandates the development and implementation of a written identity theft prevention program that is designed to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft.

The California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) amended the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2020 and became enforceable in 2023. CPRA regulations updated existing privacy protections for the personal information of California residents, including by requiring companies to provide certain additional disclosures to California consumers, and provide for a number of specific additional data subject rights for California residents.

Similarly, the E.U. and UK General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) imposes requirements for companies that collect or store personal data of E.U. residents, as well as residents of the UK. GDPR’s legal requirements extend to all foreign companies that solicit and process personal data of E.U. and UK residents, imposing a strict data protection compliance regime that includes consumer rights actions that must be responded to by organizations. Canadian data privacy laws contain many provisions similar to U.S. financial privacy laws and are currently undergoing legislative reform at a federal and provincial level. Quebec enacted Bill C-64, a comprehensive privacy law with extraterritorial application modeled after GDPR which imposes fines for non-compliance and became fully effective in September 2024.

In May 2024, the SEC adopted amendments to Regulation S-P, which includes a requirement for broker-dealers, investment companies, RIAs, and transfer agents to adopt written policies and procedures for an incident response program with respect to unauthorized access to or use of customer information. The final amendments require these entities to notify individuals whose sensitive customer information was accessed or used without authorization no later than 30 days after becoming aware that the information has been compromised. These amendments become effective on December 21, 2025 and are not expected to have a significant impact on our business.

Certain U.S. states have recently enacted privacy and data protection regulation related to the development and deployment of artificial intelligence (“AI”). These laws intersect with existing privacy laws and present challenges for firms using AI-related technologies, particularly in cases where personal information is processed requiring notice disclosure and, in certain cases, consent for use of AI. The E.U. Artificial Intelligence Act, which has tiered compliance dates, poses further challenges for organizations in managing transparency, fairness, and accountability for AI use.

Data privacy requirements affect business processes and compel companies to track personal information use and provide greater transparency on data practices to consumers. The multitude of data privacy laws and regulations adds complexity and cost to managing compliance and data management capabilities and can result in potential litigation, regulatory fines and reputational harm.

We have implemented policies, processes, and training with regard to communicating to our clients and business partners required information relating to financial privacy and data security. We continue to monitor regulatory developments on both a domestic and international level to assess requirements and potential impacts on our global business operations.


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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Executive officers of the registrant (which includes officers of certain significant subsidiaries) are as follows:

Christopher S. Aisenbrey (56) — Chief Human Resources Officer since October 2019

James E. Bunn (52) — President - Capital Markets since October 2024; President - Global Equities and Investment Banking - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., December 2018 - September 2024; Head of Investment Banking - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., January 2014 - September 2024

Vincent Campagnoli (62) — Executive Vice President, Technology and Operations since October 2024; Chief Information Officer, March 2013 - October 2024

Scott A. Curtis (62) — Chief Operating Officer since October 2024; President - Private Client Group, June 2018 - September 2024; President - Raymond James Financial Services, Inc., January 2012 - September 2024

Tashtego S. Elwyn (54) — President - Private Client Group since October 2024; Chief Executive Officer and President - Raymond James & Associates, Inc. since June 2018

T.J. Haynes-Morgan (59) — Chief Audit Executive since January 2020

Tarek Helal (46) — Chief Strategy Officer since October 2024; Senior Vice President, Investments and Strategy Renewables, February 2024 - October 2024; Chief Risk Officer - Private Client Group and Capital Markets, May 2018 - February 2024

David Krauss (49) — Chief Risk Officer since September 2024; Managing Director, Global Head of Market Risk and Investment Banking Chief Risk Officer - Credit Suisse, July 2023 - September 2024; Managing Director, Global Head of Market Risk and U.S. Chief Risk Officer - Credit Suisse, July 2020 - July 2023

Bella Loykhter Allaire (71) — Chief Administrative Officer since October 2024; Executive Vice President - Technology and Operations - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., June 2011 - September 2024

Jonathan W. Oorlog, Jr. (62) — Chief Financial Officer since October 2024; Chief Accounting Officer, January 2023 - September 2024; Senior Vice President - Controller, October 2020 - January 2023; Senior Vice President - Financial Reporting, January 2020 - September 2020

Steven M. Raney (59) — President - Bank Segment since October 2024; Executive Chair - Raymond James Bank since October 2024; Director - TriState Capital Bank since June 2022; Chair - Raymond James Bank, November 2020 - September 2024; President and CEO - Raymond James Bank, January 2006 - September 2024

Paul C. Reilly (71) — Executive Chair since February 2025; Chair since February 2017 and Director since January 2006; Chief Executive Officer, May 2010 - February 2025

Jonathan N. Santelli (54) — Executive Vice President and General Counsel since May 2016; Secretary, May 2016 - October 2025

Paul M. Shoukry (42) — Chief Executive Officer since February 2025; Director since May 2024; President, March 2024 - February 2025; Chief Financial Officer, January 2020 - September 2024; Head of the Bank segment, including Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank, August 2023 - September 2024; Director - TriState Capital Bank, June 2022 - July 2024; Treasurer, February 2018 - December 2022

Except where otherwise indicated, the executive officer has held his or her current position for more than five years.


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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Our Internet address is www.raymondjames.com. We make available on our website, free of charge and in printer-friendly format including “.pdf” file extensions, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our reports and other information that we electronically file with the SEC are also available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

FACTORS AFFECTING “FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS”

Certain statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may constitute “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include information concerning future strategic objectives, business prospects, anticipated savings, financial results (including expenses, earnings, liquidity, cash flow and capital expenditures), industry or market conditions (including changes in interest rates, inflation, and international trade policies), demand for and pricing of our products (including cash sweep and deposit offerings), anticipated timing and benefits of our acquisitions, and our level of success integrating acquired businesses, anticipated results of litigation, regulatory developments, and general economic conditions. In addition, words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” and “would,” as well as any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although we make such statements based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, there can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. We caution investors not to rely unduly on any forward-looking statements and urge you to carefully consider the risks described in “Item 1A - Risk Factors” of this report. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statement in the event it later turns out to be inaccurate, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described in the following sections, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and the trading price of our common and preferred stock. The list of risk factors provided in the following sections is not exhaustive; there may be other factors that adversely impact our results of operations, harm our reputation or inhibit our ability to generate new business prospects. The following sections should be read in conjunction with “Item 1C - Cybersecurity,” “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in “Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, see “Item 1C - Cybersecurity” for additional information on how we assess, identify, and manage cybersecurity risks and “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Risk management” for additional information on our exposure and how we monitor and manage our market, credit, liquidity, operational, model, and compliance, and certain other risks.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

Damage to our reputation could damage our businesses.

Maintaining our reputation is critical to attracting and maintaining clients, investors, associates, and independent contractor financial advisors. If we fail to address, or appear to fail to address, issues that may give rise to reputational risk, we could significantly harm our business prospects. These issues may include, but are not limited to, any of the risks discussed in this Item 1A, including appropriately dealing with potential conflicts of interest, legal and regulatory requirements, fraud perpetrated against our clients, ethical issues, money laundering, cybersecurity, privacy, record-keeping, sales and trading practices, and associate misconduct. In addition, the failure to either sell securities we have underwritten at anticipated price levels or to properly identify and communicate the risks inherent in the products and services we offer could also give rise to reputational risk. A failure or perceived failure to maintain appropriate service and quality standards or to treat clients fairly can result in client dissatisfaction, litigation, and heightened regulatory scrutiny, all of which can lead to lost revenue, higher operating costs, and reputational harm. Negative publicity about us, including information posted on social media or other internet forums or published by news organizations, whether or not true, may also harm our reputation. The speed and pervasiveness with which information can be disseminated through these channels, in particular social media, may magnify risk relating to negative publicity. Further, failures at other large financial institutions or other market participants, regardless of


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whether they relate to our activities, could lead to a general loss of client confidence in financial institutions that could negatively affect us, including harming the market perception of the financial system in general.

Any cyber-attack or other security breach of our technology systems, or those of our clients or other third parties we rely on, could subject us to significant liability and harm our reputation.

Our operations rely heavily on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of sensitive and confidential financial, personal, and other information in our computer systems and networks. There have been numerous highly publicized cases involving financial services companies reporting the unauthorized disclosure of client or other confidential information in recent years, as well as cyber-attacks involving the theft, dissemination, and destruction of corporate information or other assets, in some cases as a result of failure to follow procedures by employees or contractors or as a result of actions by third parties. There have also been numerous highly publicized cases where hackers have requested “ransom” payments in exchange for not disclosing customer information or for restoring access to information or systems. Like other financial services firms, we experience malicious cyber activity directed at our computer systems, software, networks, and users on a daily basis. This malicious activity includes attempts at unauthorized access, implantation of computer viruses or malware, and denial-of-service attacks. We also experience large volumes of phishing and other forms of social engineering (including through the use of AI) attempted for the purpose of perpetrating fraud against the firm, our associates, or our clients. This includes attempts by threat actors to impersonate our clients or associates, or to defraud our clients directly. In addition, clients may also share information (including information used for authentication) with third parties, which also may be a source of a potential cybersecurity incidents or fraud. These activities may occur outside of our systems but could still result in financial loss to our clients and potential liability or reputational harm to us. Additionally, we may face increased cybersecurity risk for a period of time after acquisitions as we transition the acquired entity’s historical systems and networks to our standards. We also face increased cybersecurity risk related to mobile and cloud solutions or related to new and emerging technologies such as AI. We seek to continuously monitor for and nimbly react to any and all such malicious cyber activity, and we develop our systems to protect our technology infrastructure and data from misuse, misappropriation, or corruption.

Cyber-attacks can originate from a variety of sources, including threat actors affiliated with foreign governments, organized crime, or terrorist organizations. Threat actors may also attempt to place individuals within our firm, or induce employees, clients, or other users of our systems, to disclose sensitive information or provide access to our data, and these types of risks may be difficult to detect or prevent. Although cybersecurity incidents among financial services firms continue to increase, we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches. However, the techniques used in these attacks are increasingly sophisticated, change frequently, and are often not recognized until launched. Although we seek to maintain a robust suite of authentication and layered information security controls, including our cyber threat analytics, data encryption, anti-malware defenses, and vulnerability management programs, any one or combination of these controls could fail to detect, mitigate, or remediate these risks in a timely manner. Despite our implementation of protective measures and endeavoring to modify them as circumstances warrant, our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to human error, equipment failure, natural disasters, power loss, unauthorized access, supply chain attacks, distributed denial-of-service attacks, computer viruses and other malicious code, and other events that could result in significant liability and damage to our reputation, and have an ongoing impact on the security and stability of our operations. In addition, although we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of cyber and information security risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses, such as litigation costs or financial losses that exceed our policy limits or are not covered under any of our current insurance policies.

We also rely on numerous third parties, including service providers that utilize cloud technologies to conduct other aspects of our business operations, and we face similar risks relating to them. While we regularly conduct security assessments on these third-party service providers, we cannot be certain that their information security protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyber-attack or other security breach. We also cannot be certain that we will receive timely notification of such cyber-attacks or other security breaches. In addition, in order to access our products and services, our clients, independent contractor financial advisors, and financial advisors associated with firms affiliated with us through our RCS division may use computers and other devices that are beyond our security control systems.

Notwithstanding the precautions we take, if a cyber-attack or other information security breach were to occur, this could jeopardize the information we confidentially maintain, or otherwise cause interruptions in our operations or those of our clients and counterparties, exposing us to liability, including potential financial liability for certain client losses arising from various assurances we make to our clients regarding such instances. As attempted attacks continue to evolve in scope and sophistication, we may be required to expend substantial additional resources to modify or enhance our protective measures, to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures or to communicate about cyber-attacks to our clients and/or regulators. A technological breakdown could also interfere with our ability to comply with financial reporting and other regulatory requirements, exposing us to potential disciplinary action by regulators. Further, successful cyber-attacks at other


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large financial institutions or other market participants, whether or not we are affected, could lead to a general loss of confidence in financial institutions that could negatively affect us, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or the financial system in general, which could result in reduced use of our financial products and services.

Further, in light of the high volume of transactions we process, the large number of our clients, partners, and counterparties, and the increasing sophistication of malicious actors, a cyber-attack could occur. Moreover, any such cyber-attack may persist for an extended period of time without detection. We endeavor to design and implement policies and procedures to identify such cyber-attacks as quickly as possible; however, we expect that any investigation of a cyber-attack would take substantial amounts of time, and that there may be extensive delays before we obtain full and reliable information. During such time we would not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, all of which would further increase the costs and consequences of such an attack.

We may also be subject to liability under various data protection laws. In providing services to clients, we manage, utilize, and store sensitive or confidential client or employee data, including personal data. As a result, we are subject to numerous laws and regulations designed to protect this information, such as U.S. federal, state, and international laws governing the protection of personally identifiable information. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number. If any person, including any of our associates or independent contractor financial advisors negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to client or employee data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates such data, we could be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines, and/or criminal prosecution. In addition, unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential information, as well as information we collect from our actual and prospective clients, associates, and independent contractor financial advisors, whether through system failure, employee negligence, fraud, or misappropriation, could damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients and related revenue. Potential liability in the event of a security breach of client data could be significant. Depending on the circumstances giving rise to the breach, this liability may not be subject to a contractual limit or an exclusion of consequential or indirect damages. Further, lapses in cybersecurity controls, as perceived by our regulators, could lead to fines and penalties compounding monetary losses.

Lack of funding, liquidity, or access to capital could impair our business and financial condition.

An inability to maintain adequate funding and liquidity to operate our business could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition. We have a contingency funding plan which would guide our actions if one or more of our businesses were to experience disruptions from normal funding and liquidity sources. If the available funding from one or more of our contingent funding sources is not sufficient to sustain normal operating levels, we may be required to scale back or curtail our operations, such as by limiting lending, selling assets at unfavorable prices, reducing or eliminating dividend payments, or limiting our recruiting of financial advisors. Our liquidity could be negatively affected by: any inability of our subsidiaries to generate cash to distribute to the parent company, liquidity or capital requirements that may prevent our subsidiaries from distributing cash, limitations on our subsidiaries’ access to credit markets for secured and unsecured borrowings, diminished access to the capital markets for RJF, and other commitments or restrictions on capital as a result of adverse legal settlements, judgments, regulatory sanctions, or an adverse change in our credit rating by one or more of the national rating agencies. Furthermore, as a BHC, we may become subject to prohibitions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and/or repurchase our stock. Certain of our regulators have the authority, and under certain circumstances, the duty, to prohibit or to limit dividend payments by regulated subsidiaries to their parent company.

The availability of financing, including access to the credit and capital markets, depends on various factors, such as conditions in the debt and equity markets, the general availability of credit, the volume of securities trading activity, the overall availability of credit to the financial services sector, and our credit ratings. Our cost of capital and the availability of funding may be adversely affected by illiquid credit markets, wider credit spreads, or our inability to pay a prevailing rate of interest that is competitive with other market offerings. Additionally, lenders may from time to time curtail, or even cease to provide, funding to borrowers as a result of future concerns over the strength of specific counterparties, as well as the stability of markets generally.

Significant volatility in our clients’ cash sweep and bank deposit balances and higher costs in sourcing such balances could negatively affect our net revenues, our Bank segment’s growth, and our regulatory capital ratios.

We rely heavily on the RJBDP to fund our Bank segment asset growth. Any significant reduction in PCG clients’ cash balances swept to the RJBDP, a change in the allocation of that cash between our Bank segment and third-party banks within the RJBDP, a movement of cash away from the firm, or an inability to implement new or modified deposit offerings, could significantly impair our ability to continue growing interest-earning assets and/or require our Bank segment to increase reliance


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on higher-cost deposit sources, such as the ESP and certain higher-yield RJBDP offerings to clients, or other sources of liquidity to support asset growth. Additionally, periods of higher interest rates have made and may continue to make investments in securities, such as fixed-income securities and money market funds, more attractive for investors, thereby incentivizing them to reduce their cash balances with us.

We also earn fees from third-party banks on deposits they receive through the RJBDP. If PCG clients’ cash balances decrease further or third-party bank demand or capacity for RJBDP deposits decline from current levels, our RJBDP fees from third-party banks could decline. In addition, an inability to deploy client cash to third-party banks through RJBDP would require us to retain more cash in our Bank segment or in our CIP, both of which may cause a significant increase in our assets, thereby negatively affecting certain of our regulatory capital ratios. Any increase to the rates we pay clients can reduce our earnings. Such increases may result from competitive industry dynamics as well as changes to rules or interpretations governing the fees we earn on cash sweep balances.

The ESP provides a high-yield deposit offering to our PCG clients and operates through a reciprocal deposit program, which allows us to place deposits at third-party insured depository institutions in return for deposits received by our bank subsidiaries. This program allows us to offer higher levels of FDIC insurance to our clients. If third-party bank capacity for reciprocal deposits declines, or we are otherwise restricted from participating in this program, we may have to reduce FDIC insurance coverage on such deposits, which may cause clients to withdraw deposits that exceed FDIC insurance limits from our bank subsidiaries. In such event, we may have to pay higher interest rates to replace them with other sources of funding, which could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations. In addition, reciprocal deposit balances in excess of $5 billion meet the FDIC definition of “brokered deposits.” Such brokered deposits are subject to additional scrutiny from regulators, incur higher FDIC insurance costs, and may also be viewed negatively by our rating agencies, shareholders, and depositors, among others.

We are exposed to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings, which could materially and adversely impact our business operations and prospects.

The financial services industry faces significant litigation and regulatory risks. Additionally, our litigation and regulatory risks continue to increase as our business grows both domestically and internationally. Many aspects of our business involve substantial risk of liability. We have been named as a defendant or co-defendant in lawsuits and arbitrations primarily involving claims for damages. The risks associated with potential litigation often may be difficult to assess or quantify and the existence and magnitude of potential claims often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Unauthorized or illegal acts or noncompliance with firm policies by our associates and independent contractor financial advisors could also result in substantial liability. In addition, our business activities include providing custody, clearing, and back office support for certain non-affiliated, independent RIAs and broker-dealers. Even though these independent firms are exclusively responsible for their operations, supervision, compliance, and the suitability of their client’s investment decisions, we have been, and may in the future be, named as defendants in litigation involving their clients. We are also the subject of inquiries, investigations, and proceedings by regulatory and other governmental agencies.

In challenging market conditions, the volume of claims and amount of damages sought in litigation and regulatory proceedings against financial institutions have historically increased. Litigation risks include potential liability under securities laws or other laws for: alleged materially false or misleading statements made in connection with securities offerings and other transactions; issues related to our investment recommendations, including the suitability of such recommendations or potential concentration of investments; the inability to sell or redeem securities in a timely manner during adverse market conditions; contractual issues; employment claims; and potential liability for other advice we provide to participants in strategic transactions. Substantial legal liability could have a material adverse financial impact or cause us significant reputational harm, which in turn could seriously harm our business and future business prospects. In addition to financial costs and risks associated with potential liability, the costs of defending litigation, claims, and/or regulatory matters continue to increase over time. The amount of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the defense of litigation, claims and/or regulatory matters could be substantial and might materially and adversely affect our results of operations. See “Item 3 - Legal Proceedings” and Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information about legal and regulatory matters.

Our business is sensitive to domestic and international macroeconomic conditions caused by political and geopolitical developments, fiscal, monetary, and tax policies, regulations, and other domestic or international events.

We are engaged in various financial services businesses. As such, we are affected by domestic and international macroeconomic and political conditions, as well as economic output levels, interest and inflation rates, employment levels, prices of commodities, consumer confidence levels, changes in consumer spending, international trade policy, and fiscal and monetary policy. For example, Fed policies determine, in large part, interest rates and the cost of funds which directly affect


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the returns and fair value on our lending and investing activities. The market impact from such policies can also materially decrease the value of certain of our financial assets, most notably debt securities, as well as our cash flows. In addition, our results of operations may be impacted by governmental policy changes and/or regulatory reform in multiple areas, including tax, international trade, immigration, healthcare, labor, infrastructure, and energy. While there is uncertainty around the timing of many such potential changes, such changes, or any market uncertainty caused by a potential change in governmental policies, may also affect our clients and, directly or indirectly, our business. Furthermore, over the last several years the federal government has shut down multiple times, in some cases for prolonged periods, and it is possible that the federal government may shut down again in the future. Although the recent government shutdown is not expected to materially affect our results of operations, any prolonged future shutdown could significantly impact business and economic conditions generally or specifically in our key markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results and financial condition. Macroeconomic conditions may also be negatively affected by domestic or international events, including natural disasters, political unrest, the indirect impact of wars and conflicts, or public health epidemics and pandemics, as well as by a number of factors in the global financial markets that may be detrimental to our operating results.

If we were to experience a period of sustained downturn in the securities markets, credit market dislocations, reductions in the value of real estate, increases in mortgage and other loan delinquencies, or other negative market factors, our revenues and the value of the assets we own could be adversely impacted. Market uncertainty could also cause clients to move their investments to lower margin products, or withdraw them, which could have an adverse impact on our profitability. We could also experience a material reduction in trading volume and lower asset prices in times of market uncertainty, which would result in lower brokerage revenues, including losses on firm inventory, as well as losses on certain of our investments. Conversely, periods of severe market volatility may result in a significantly higher level of transactions and activity which may cause operational challenges that may result in losses. These can include, but are not limited to, trade errors, failed transaction settlements, late collateral calls to borrowers and counterparties, credit losses, or interruptions to our system processing. Periods of reduced revenue and other losses could lead to reduced profitability because certain of our expenses, including our interest expense on debt, lease expenses, and salary expenses, are fixed and our ability to reduce them over short time periods is limited.

Our businesses and revenues derived from non-U.S. operations may also be subject to risk of loss from currency fluctuations, social or political instability, less established regulatory regimes, changes in governmental or central bank policies, downgrades in the credit ratings of sovereign countries, expropriation, nationalization, confiscation of assets and unfavorable legislative, economic and political developments.

Our ability to attract and retain senior professionals, qualified financial advisors and other associates is critical to the continued success of our business.

Our ability to recruit, serve and retain our clients depends on the reputation, judgment, leadership, business generation capabilities and client service skills of our client-serving professionals, members of our executive team, as well as employees who support revenue-generating professionals and their clients. To compete effectively we must attract, develop, and retain qualified professionals, including successful financial advisors, investment bankers, trading professionals, portfolio managers and other revenue-producing or specialized support personnel. Further, effective management succession planning, is important for the continued success of the firm. Competitive pressures we experience, or inadequate management succession planning, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

The labor market remains competitive, and we face competition for talent across all aspects of our business, as well as competition with non-traditional firms, such as technology companies. Firms are developing a wide variety of offerings to attract talent throughout the financial services industry, including but not limited to, increasing compensation and enhancing health and wellness offerings. These can be important factors in a current associate’s decision to leave us as well as in a prospective associate’s decision to join us. As competition for skilled professionals remains intense, we may have to devote significant resources to attract and retain qualified personnel, which could negatively affect earnings.

Specifically within the financial services industry, other firms are offering guaranteed contracts, upfront payments, and increased compensation. Our financial results may be adversely affected by the costs we incur in connection with any loans or other incentives we may offer to newly recruited financial advisors and other key personnel. If we were to lose the services of any of our financial advisors, investment bankers, senior equity research analysts, sales and trading professionals, asset managers, or executive officers to a competitor or otherwise, we may not be able to retain valuable relationships and some of our clients could choose to use the services of a competitor instead of our services. If we are unable to retain our senior professionals or recruit additional professionals, our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected. To the extent we have compensation targets, we may not be able to retain our associates, which could result in increased recruiting expense, result in our recruiting additional associates at compensation levels that are higher than our


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target range, and/or negatively impact our revenue growth. Further, new business initiatives and efforts to expand existing businesses generally require that we incur compensation and benefits expense, and other expenses before generating additional revenues.

Our PCG business is subject to risks arising from the continued industry-wide trend in which financial advisors are departing traditional firms, including to form independent RIAs or to join existing third-party RIAs, some of which are backed by private equity investors. This ongoing trend has resulted in a highly competitive recruiting environment. In addition to transitions to independent RIAs, financial advisors may leave our firm for a variety of reasons, including other employment opportunities, retirement, or exiting the industry. Similarly, retiring financial advisors without a successor affiliated with us may sell their practices to unaffiliated third parties. Our reported AUA has been and may continue to be negatively impacted if we are unsuccessful in retaining our existing financial advisors and/or recruiting new financial advisors. We seek to mitigate these risks through financial advisor succession planning and by providing our financial advisors with a broad range of services and resources to support their practices. If these mitigation efforts are not successful, and financial advisors departing our firm continues or accelerates, including to transition to an unaffiliated RIA channel, this could have an adverse effect on our PCG business, its results of operations and financial condition.

Moreover, companies in our industry whose employees or independent contractors accept positions with competitors frequently claim that those competitors have engaged in unfair hiring practices. We have been subject to several such claims and may be subject to additional claims in the future as we seek to hire or otherwise affiliate with qualified personnel, some of whom may work for our competitors. Some of these claims may result in material litigation. We could incur substantial costs in defending against these claims, regardless of their merits. Such claims could also discourage potential associates who work for our competitors from joining us. We participate, with limited exceptions, in the Protocol for Broker Recruiting (“Protocol”), a voluntary agreement among many firms in the industry that governs, among other things, the client information that financial advisors may take with them when they affiliate with a new firm and the financial advisor’s ability to solicit clients of their prior firm. The ability to bring such client data to a new broker-dealer, as well as the ability to solicit clients generally, means that the clients of the financial advisor are more likely to choose to open accounts at the advisor’s new firm. Participation in the Protocol is voluntary, and it is possible that certain of our competitors will withdraw from it. If the broker-dealers and RIAs from whom we recruit new financial advisors prevent, or significantly limit, the transfer of client data and the solicitation of clients, our recruiting efforts may be adversely affected. Additionally, we could experience a larger number of claims against us relating to our recruiting efforts.

We are exposed to credit risk.

We are generally exposed to the risk that third parties that owe us money, securities, or other assets will fail to meet their obligations to us due to numerous causes, including bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, or operational failure, among others. Credit risk may also be affected by the deterioration of strength in the U.S. economy or adverse changes in the financial performance or condition of our clients and counterparties. We actively buy and sell securities from and to clients and counterparties in the normal course of our broker-dealers’ trading and underwriting activities, which exposes us to credit risk. Although generally collateralized by the underlying security to the transaction, we still face risk associated with changes in the market value of collateral through settlement date. We also hold certain securities, loans and derivatives as part of our trading operations. Deterioration in the actual or perceived credit quality of the underlying issuers of securities or loans or the non-performance of counterparties to certain derivatives could result in losses.

We incur credit risk by lending to businesses and individuals, including through offering SBL, C&I loans, CRE loans, REIT loans, residential mortgage loans, and tax-exempt loans. We also incur credit risk through certain of our investments. Our credit risk and credit losses can increase if our loans or investments are concentrated among borrowers or issuers engaged in the same or similar activities, industries, or geographies, or to borrowers or issuers who as a group may be uniquely or disproportionately affected by economic or market conditions. Declines in the real estate market or sustained economic downturns may cause us to experience credit losses or charge-offs related to our loans, sell loans at unattractive prices, or foreclose on certain real estate properties. Furthermore, the deterioration of an individually large exposure, for example due to natural disasters, health emergencies or pandemics, acts of terrorism, severe weather events, or other adverse economic events, could lead to additional credit loss provisions and/or charges-offs, and subsequently have a material impact on our net income and regulatory capital. In addition, TriState Capital Bank utilizes information provided by third-party organizations to monitor changes in the value of marketable securities that serve as collateral for substantially all of its SBL portfolio. These third parties also provide control over cash and marketable securities for purposes of perfecting TriState Capital Bank’s security interests and retaining the collateral in the applicable accounts. In the event that TriState Capital Bank would need to take control of collateral, it is dependent upon such third parties to follow contractual control agreements in order to mitigate any potential losses on its SBL.


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We borrow securities from, and lend securities to, other financial institutions and may also enter into agreements to repurchase and/or resell securities as part of our financing activities. A sharp change in the market values of the securities utilized in these transactions may result in losses if counterparties to these transactions fail to honor their commitments. We manage the risk associated with these transactions by establishing and monitoring credit limits, as well as by evaluating collateral and transaction levels on a recurring basis. Significant deterioration in the credit quality of one of our counterparties could lead to widespread concerns about the credit quality of other counterparties in the same industry, thereby exacerbating our credit risk. In addition, we permit our clients to purchase securities on margin. During periods of steep declines in securities prices, the value of the collateral securing client margin loans may fall below the amount of the loan. If clients are unable to provide additional collateral for these margin loans, we may incur losses on those margin transactions. This may cause us to incur additional expenses defending or pursuing claims or litigation related to counterparty or client defaults.

We are exposed to market risk, including interest rate risk.

Market risk generally represents the risk that values of assets and liabilities or revenues will be adversely affected by changes in market conditions, which directly and indirectly affect us. Market conditions that change from time to time, thereby exposing us to market risk, include fluctuations in interest rates, equity prices, foreign exchange rates, and price deterioration or changes in value due to changes in market perception of the credit quality of an issuer, or other factors.

Market risk is inherent in financial instruments associated with our operations and activities, including loans, deposits, securities, short-term borrowings, long-term debt, trading assets and liabilities, derivatives, and investments. For example, interest rate increases could adversely affect the value of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Interest rate changes could also adversely affect the value of our fixed income trading inventories, as well as our net interest spread, which is the difference between the yield we earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest rate we pay for deposits and other sources of funding, in turn impacting our net interest income and interest-related earnings. Interest rate changes could affect the interest earned on assets differently than interest paid on liabilities.

Increases in short-term interest rates have historically resulted in an increase in our net earnings and we expect decreases in short-term interest rates to generally reduce our net earnings, although there may be offsetting favorable impacts. As it relates to our net interest income, the magnitude of the effect of a decrease in short-term interest rates depends on a number of factors impacting balances, asset yields, and the cost of funding. The magnitude of the impact to our net interest margin depends on the yields on interest-earning assets relative to the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, including deposit rates paid to clients on their cash balances. Decreases in short-term interest rates generally also result in a decrease to our RJBDP fees earned from third-party banks, although the magnitude of the decline may also be impacted by demand for cash balances by third-party banks and the rate paid to clients on their cash sweep balances. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate risk, changes in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our profitability.

In addition, disruptions in the liquidity or transparency of the financial markets may result in our inability to sell, syndicate or realize the value of security positions, potentially leading to increased concentrations. The inability to reduce our positions in specific securities may not only increase the market and credit risks associated with such positions, but also increase the level of risk-weighted assets on our balance sheet, thereby increasing our capital requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our business results, financial condition, and liquidity.

Our business depends on fees generated from the distribution of financial products, fees earned from the management of client accounts, and other asset management fees.

A large portion of our revenues are derived from fees generated from the distribution of financial products, such as mutual funds, variable annuities, and exchange-traded funds, and the various services we perform related to such products. Changes in the structure or amount of the fees paid by the sponsors of these products could directly affect our revenues, business, and financial condition. In addition, if these products experience losses or increased investor redemptions, we may receive lower fees from the distribution and other services we provide on behalf of third-party financial entities.

The asset management fees we are paid are dependent upon the value of client assets in fee-based accounts in our PCG segment, as well as AUM in our Asset Management segment. The value of our fee-based assets and AUM is impacted by market fluctuations and net inflows or outflows of assets. As our PCG clients increasingly show a preference for fee-based accounts over transaction-based accounts, a larger portion of our client assets are more directly impacted by market movements. Therefore, in periods of declining market values, the values of fee-based accounts and AUM may resultantly decline, which would negatively impact our revenues. In addition, below-market investment performance by our funds, portfolio managers, or financial advisors could result in reputational damage that might cause outflows or make it more difficult to attract new investors into our asset management products and thus, further impact our business and financial condition.


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Our asset management fees may also decline over time due to factors such as increased competition and the renegotiation of contracts. Additionally, most of our clients may withdraw funds from under our management at their discretion at any time for any reason, including as a result of competition or poor performance of our products. In addition, the market environment in recent years has resulted in a shift to passive investment products, which generate lower fees than actively managed products. A continued trend toward passive investments or changes in market values or in the fee structure of asset management accounts would negatively affect our revenues, business, and financial condition.

Our underwriting, market-making, trading, lending, and other business activities place our capital at risk.

We may incur losses and be subject to reputational harm to the extent that, for any reason, we are unable to sell securities we have underwritten at anticipated price levels. As an underwriter, we also are subject to heightened standards regarding liability for material misstatements or omissions in prospectuses and other offering documents relating to offerings in which we are involved. From time to time as part of our underwriting processes, we may carry significant positions in securities of a single issuer or issuers engaged in a specific industry. Sudden changes in the value of these positions, despite our risk mitigation policies, could impact our financial results.

As a market maker, we take ownership of positions in specific securities, and these undiversified holdings concentrate the risk of market fluctuations and may result in greater losses than would be the case if our holdings were more diversified. Despite risk mitigation policies and practices, we may incur losses as a result of positions we hold in connection with these activities.

A continued interruption to our telecommunications or data processing systems, or the failure to effectively update the technology we utilize could be materially adverse to our business.

Our businesses rely extensively on data processing and communications systems, including both third-party and internally-developed technology solutions. In addition to better serving clients, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables us to reduce costs. Adapting or developing our technology systems to meet new regulatory requirements, client needs, and competitive demands is critical for our business. Introduction of new technology presents challenges on a regular basis. There are significant technical and financial costs and risks in the development of new or enhanced applications, including the risk that we might be unable to effectively use new technologies, adapt our applications to emerging industry standards, or keep applications current as it relates to vulnerabilities and security controls.

Our continued success depends, in part, upon our ability to: (i) successfully maintain and upgrade the capability of our technology systems on a regular basis; (ii) maintain the quality of the information contained in our data processing and communications systems; (iii) address the needs of our clients by using technology to provide products and services that satisfy their demands; (iv) retain skilled information technology employees; and (v) ensure that our existing and new technology systems conform to regulatory requirements. Failure of our technology systems to operate appropriately, which could result from events beyond our control, including a systems malfunction or cyber-attack, failure by a third-party service provider, or an inability to effectively upgrade those systems or implement new technology-driven products or services, could result in financial losses, liability to clients for non-compliant data processing, and violations of privacy and other laws and regulations, as well as regulatory sanctions.

The soundness of other financial institutions and intermediaries affects us.

We face the risk of operational failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses, or other financial intermediaries that we use to facilitate our securities and derivative transactions. As a result of regulatory changes and the consolidation over the years among clearing agents, exchanges, and clearing houses, our exposure to certain financial intermediaries has increased and could affect our ability to find adequate and cost-effective alternatives should the need arise. Any failure, termination, or constraint of these intermediaries could adversely affect our ability to execute transactions, service our clients, and manage our exposure to risk.

Our ability to engage in routine trading and funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interdependent as a result of trading, clearing, funding, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional clients. Defaults by, or even rumors or questions about the financial condition of, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have historically led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be


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exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us. Losses arising in connection with counterparty defaults may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We deposit our cash in depository institutions as a means of maintaining the liquidity necessary to meet our operating needs, and we also facilitate the deposit of cash awaiting investment in depository institutions on behalf of our clients. Many of these deposits exceed FDIC-insured limits. While we perform extensive diligence on the banks we select to hold these deposits, a failure of one or more of these depository institutions to return these deposits could affect our operating liquidity, result in reputational damage, and impair our financial performance.

Our risk management and conflicts of interest policies and procedures may leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk.

We seek to manage, monitor, and control our market, credit, operational, liquidity, and legal and regulatory compliance risk through operational and compliance reporting systems, internal controls, management review processes, and other mechanisms; however, there can be no assurance that our procedures will be effective. While we use limits and other risk mitigation techniques, those techniques and the judgments that accompany their application cannot always anticipate unforeseen economic and financial outcomes or the specifics and timing of such outcomes. Our risk management methods may not predict future risk exposures effectively. In addition, some of our risk management methods are based on an evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, and other matters that are based on assumptions that may no longer be accurate or may have limited predictive value. A failure to manage our growth adequately, including growth in the products or services we offer or through acquisitions, or to manage our risk effectively, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Financial services firms are subject to numerous actual or perceived conflicts of interest, which are routinely examined by regulators and SROs, such as FINRA, and may be used as the basis for claims for legal liability by plaintiffs in actions against us. Through our risk management processes we seek to address potential conflicts of interest that arise in our business. Management of potential conflicts of interest becomes increasingly complex as our business activities expand. A perceived or actual failure to address conflicts of interest adequately could affect our reputation, the willingness of clients to transact business with us, or give rise to litigation or regulatory actions. Therefore, there can be no assurance that conflicts of interest will not arise in the future that could result in material harm to our business and financial condition.

We face intense competition and pricing pressures and may not be able to keep pace with technological change.

We are engaged in intensely competitive businesses. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of our associates and financial advisors, our products and services, pricing (such as execution pricing and fee levels), technology solutions, and location and reputation in relevant markets. Over time, there has been substantial consolidation and convergence among companies in the financial services industry, which has significantly increased the capital base and geographic reach of our competitors. See “Item 1 - Business - Competition” of this Form 10-K for additional information about our competitors.

We compete directly with other national full service broker-dealers, investment banking firms, commercial banks, investment advisors, investment managers and, to a lesser extent, discount brokers and dealers. We face competition from more recent entrants into the market, including fintechs, and increased use of alternative sales channels by other firms. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for fintechs to compete with larger financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions. This competition has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to intensify. In addition, commercial firms and other non-traditional competitors have applied for banking licenses or have entered into partnerships with banks to provide banking services. We also compete indirectly for investment assets with insurance companies, real estate firms, and hedge funds, among others. Competition from other financial services firms to attract clients or trading volume, through direct-to-investor online financial services, or higher deposit rates to attract client cash balances, could result in pricing pressure or otherwise adversely impact our business and cause our business to suffer.

We must monitor the pricing of our services and financial products in relation to competitors and periodically may need to adjust our fees, commissions, margins, or interest rates on deposits to remain competitive. In fixed income and equity markets, regulatory requirements have resulted in greater price transparency, leading to price competition and decreased trading margins. Our trading margins have been further compressed by the shift from high- to low-touch services over time, which has created additional competitive pressure. We believe that price competition and pricing pressures in these and other areas will continue as institutional investors continue to reduce the amounts they are willing to pay, including by reducing the number of brokerage firms they use, and some of our competitors seek to obtain market share by reducing fees, commissions, or margins.


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Our future success also depends in part on our ability to develop, maintain, and enhance our products and services, including factors such as customer experience, and the pricing and range of our offerings. The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. If we are not able to develop new products and services, enhance existing offerings, effectively implement new technology-driven products and services, or successfully market these products and services to our customers, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, both financial institutions and their non-banking competitors face the risk that payments processing and other services could be significantly disrupted by technologies (e.g., AI, online trading platforms, digital payment technologies) that require no intermediation. New technologies have required, and could require us in the future, to spend more to modify or adapt our products to attract and retain clients or to match products and services offered by our competitors, including technology companies.

We use, develop, and incorporate within our technology platform and services, systems and tools that incorporate AI and machine learning, including generative AI. Although we strive to establish and maintain appropriate governance and risk management processes, ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us or third-party vendors could result in unintended consequences such as AI algorithms that produce inaccurate output or that are based on biased, incomplete, and/or inaccurate datasets. Despite implementing policies and safeguards to prevent unauthorized disclosures, our use of AI may still pose heightened security and privacy risks, which we seek to mitigate by relying on proprietary or “walled-garden” environments to enhance data protection and operational controls and maintain confidentiality. Any of the foregoing may result in harm to our business, results of operations, or reputation. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations, or industry standards relating to AI may impose significant operational costs and limit our ability to develop, deploy, or use AI and machine learning technologies.

A downgrade in our credit ratings could have a material adverse effect on our operations, earnings, and financial condition.

If our credit ratings were downgraded, or if rating agencies indicate that a downgrade may occur, our business, financial position, and results of operations could be adversely affected, perceptions of our financial strength could be damaged, and as a result, adversely affect our client relationships. Such a change in our credit ratings could also adversely affect our liquidity and competitive position, increase our borrowing costs, limit our access to the capital and credit markets, trigger obligations under certain financial agreements, cause clients to withdraw bank deposits that exceed FDIC insurance limits from our bank subsidiaries, or decrease the number of investors, clients, and counterparties willing or permitted to do business with or lend to us, thereby curtailing our business operations and reducing profitability.

We may not be able to obtain additional outside financing to fund our operations on favorable terms, or at all. The impact of a credit rating downgrade to a level below investment grade would result in our breaching provisions in certain of our derivative instruments, and may result in a request for immediate payment and/or ongoing overnight collateralization on our derivative instruments in liability positions. A credit rating downgrade would also result in the firm incurring a higher facility fee on its $1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility agreement (the “Credit Facility”), in addition to triggering a higher interest rate applicable to any borrowings outstanding on the line as of and subsequent to such downgrade. See “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and capital resources” of this Form 10-K and Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for information on the Credit Facility.

Business growth, including through acquisitions, could increase costs and regulatory and integration risks.

We continue to grow, including through acquisitions and through our recruiting efforts. Integrating acquired businesses, providing a platform for new businesses and partnering with other firms involve risks and present financial, managerial, and operational challenges. While cultural fit is a requirement for both our recruiting and acquisition efforts, there can be no assurance that recruited talent and/or acquisition targets will ultimately assimilate into our firm in a manner which results in the expected financial benefits. We may incur significant expense, including in the areas of technology and cybersecurity, in connection with expanding our existing businesses, recruiting financial advisors, or when acquiring and integrating businesses. Our overall profitability would be negatively affected if investments and expenses associated with such growth are not matched or exceeded by the earnings derived from such investments or growth. Assumptions which underlie the basis of our acquisition decisions, such as the retention of key personnel, future revenue growth of an acquired business, cost efficiencies to be realized, or the value created through the application of specialized expertise we plan to bring to the acquired business, may not be fully realized post-acquisition, resulting in an adverse impact on the value of our investment and potential dilution of the value of our shares.


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We may be unable to integrate an acquired business into our existing business successfully, or such integration may be materially delayed or become more costly or difficult than expected. Further, either company’s clients, suppliers, employees or other business partners may react negatively to the transaction. Such developments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Domestic and international business growth, including through acquisitions, may expose us to additional regulatory oversight, create a need for additional compliance, risk management, and internal control procedures, and require us to hire additional personnel to address these procedures. To the extent such procedures are not adequate or not adhered to with respect to our expanded business or any new business, we could be exposed to a material loss or regulatory sanction.

Moreover, to the extent we pursue acquisitions, or enter into acquisition commitments, a number of factors may prevent us from completing such acquisitions on acceptable terms. For example, regulators such as the Fed could fail to approve a proposed transaction or such approvals could result in the imposition of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits of the transaction. The shareholders of a publicly-traded target company could fail to approve the transaction. Closing conditions in the transaction agreement could fail to be satisfied, or there could be an unexpected delay in closing. Other developments that may affect future results of an acquired company may occur, including changes in asset quality and credit risk, changes in interest rates and capital markets, inflation, and/or changes in customer borrowing, repayment, investment, and deposit practices. Finally, an event, change, or other circumstance could occur that gives rise to the termination of the transaction agreement.

In addition, we may need to raise capital or borrow funds in order to finance an acquisition, which could result in dilution or increased leverage. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms or perhaps at all. Further, we may issue our shares as a component of some or all of the purchase consideration for an acquisition, which may result in dilution.

Securities class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into merger agreements. Even if such lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims could result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. An adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial condition.

Associate misconduct, which is difficult to detect and deter, could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subject us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.

There is a risk that our associates or independent advisors could engage in misconduct, fraudulent, unauthorized, or illegal acts, or noncompliance with firm policies or regulations that adversely affects our business and/or results in substantial liability. For example, our investment banking business often requires that we appropriately manage the use of our institutional clients’ non-public, confidential information. Similarly, many of our associates interact routinely with clients and counterparties and are expected to comply with our policies and procedures to protect both our clients’ confidential information and our own. If confidential information, for example, is improperly used or disclosed by any associate or independent advisor, we could be subject to regulatory action and suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position, current client relationships, and ability to attract future clients. Additionally, associate or independent advisor misconduct on non-business matters, such as social issues, including the posting of information on social media or other internet forums, could be inconsistent with our policies and values and result in reputational harm to our business due to their employment by us or affiliation with us. It is not always possible to deter or prevent every instance of misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If our associates or independent advisors engage in misconduct, our business could be adversely affected.

Our operations could be adversely affected by serious weather conditions.

Certain of our principal operations are located in St. Petersburg, Florida. While we have a business continuity plan that provides for significant operations to be conducted out of remote locations, as well as our Southfield, Michigan and Memphis, Tennessee corporate offices, and our U.S. information systems processing to be conducted out of multiple information technology data centers, with our primary data center located in the Denver, Colorado area, our operations could be adversely affected by hurricanes or other serious weather conditions, the magnitude and frequency of which may be affected by climate change. Such weather conditions could affect the processing of transactions, communications, and the ability of our associates to work. In addition, our operations are dependent on our associates’ ability to relocate to a secondary location in the event of a power outage or other disruption in their primary work location. Furthermore, such weather events may also have a negative impact on the operations and/or financial condition of our clients or counterparties, which may affect the processing of transactions with such parties, decrease revenues from such clients, or increase the credit risk associated with loans and other credit exposures to such clients.


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We are subject to risks relating to environmental, social, and governance matters that could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations, as well as the price of our common and preferred stock.

As a large financial institution, we have multiple stakeholders, including our shareholders, clients, associates, independent advisors, federal, state, and foreign regulatory authorities, and the communities in which we operate, and these stakeholders will often have differing priorities and expectations regarding environmental, social, and governance matters. For example, individual U.S. states are increasingly developing differing, and sometimes conflicting, rules related to environmental, social, and governance matters, while at the federal level, the SEC has recently stopped pursuing rulemaking efforts focused on certain of these matters. In addition, proxy advisory firms and certain institutional investors who manage investments in public companies may integrate environmental, social, and governance factors into their investment analysis. Frameworks for evaluating such matters remain under-developed and vary widely, which may lead to misperceptions of our policies and practices. Organizations that provide ratings information to investors on such matters may also assign unfavorable ratings to RJF. Stakeholders continue to focus on environmental, social, and governance issues in corporate actions, such as the election of directors and approval of executive compensation. Certain of our clients might also require that we implement additional procedures or standards in these areas in order to continue to do business with them. If we take action in conflict with one or another of those stakeholders’ expectations, we could experience an increase in client complaints, a loss of business, or reputational harm. We could also face negative publicity or reputational harm based on the identity of those with whom we choose to do business. Any adverse publicity in connection with environmental, social, and governance issues could damage our reputation, ability to attract and retain clients, associates, and independent advisors, compete effectively, and grow our business.

Regulatory scrutiny of disclosure practices for sustainable and values-based investment strategies has been a focus in recent years, though that focus appears to be moderating following the SEC’s decision to withdraw proposed rulemaking in this area. Nonetheless, we could still face reputational risk if our investment managers are perceived as making inaccurate or misleading statements regarding the investment strategies of our funds and ETFs, commonly referred to as “greenwashing.” Such perceptions or accusations could damage our reputation, result in litigation or regulatory enforcement actions, and adversely affect our business.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of estimates that may vary from actual results.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions may require management to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. One of our most critical estimates is our allowance for credit losses. At any given point in time, conditions in real estate and credit markets may increase the complexity and uncertainty involved in estimating the losses inherent in our loan portfolio. The recorded amount of liabilities related to legal and regulatory matters is also subject to significant management judgment. For either of these estimates, if management’s underlying assumptions and judgments prove to be inaccurate, our loss provisions could be insufficient to cover actual losses, and our financial condition, including our liquidity and capital, and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. For additional discussion of our significant accounting estimates, policies and standards, see “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical accounting estimates” of this Form 10-K and Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.

We are exposed to risks related to our insurance programs.

Our operations and financial results are subject to risks and uncertainties related to our use of a combination of insurance, self-insured retention, and self-insurance for a number of risks. To a large extent, we have elected to self-insure our errors and omissions liability and our employee-related healthcare benefit plans. We have self-insured retention risk related to several exposures, including our property and casualty, workers compensation, and professional liability policies.

While we endeavor to purchase insurance coverage appropriate to our risk assessment, we are unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature, or magnitude of claims for direct or consequential damages. Our business may be negatively affected if our insurance proves to be inadequate or unavailable. In addition, claims associated with risks we have retained either through our self-insurance retention or by self-insuring may exceed our recorded liabilities which could negatively impact future earnings. Insurance claims may divert management resources away from operating our business.


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RISKS RELATED TO OUR REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Financial services firms are highly regulated and are subject to new and proposed regulations, all of which may increase our risk of financial liability and reputational harm resulting from adverse regulatory actions.

Financial services firms operate in an evolving regulatory environment and are subject to extensive supervision and regulation. The laws and regulations governing financial services firms are intended primarily for the protection of our depositors, our clients, the financial system, and the FDIC insurance fund, not our shareholders or creditors. The financial services industry has experienced an extended period of significant change in laws and regulations, as well as a high degree of scrutiny from various regulators, including the SEC, the Fed, the FDIC, the OCC, the DOL, and the CFPB, in addition to stock exchanges, FINRA, and governmental authorities, such as state attorneys general. Further, final and proposed rules and regulations have been increasingly subjected to legal challenge which creates uncertainty in planning our compliance and could lead to increased compliance costs. Penalties and fines imposed by regulatory and other governmental authorities have also been substantial and growing in recent years. Additionally, an increasing number of U.S. states have proposed, or are considering, their own laws and regulations, and as a result our activities could be subject to overlapping and divergent regulation. We may be adversely affected by the adoption of new rules and by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws, rules, and regulations. Existing and new laws and regulations could negatively affect our revenue, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities, impact the value of our assets, require us to alter our business practices, impose additional compliance costs, and otherwise adversely affect our businesses.

Additionally, our international business operations are subject to laws, regulations, and standards in the countries in which we operate. In many cases, our activities have been and may continue to be subject to overlapping and divergent regulation in different jurisdictions. As our international operations continue to grow, we may need to comply with additional laws, rules, and regulations which could require us to alter our business practices and/or result in additional compliance costs. Any violations of these laws, regulations or standards could subject us to a range of potential regulatory events or outcomes that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and prospects including potential adverse impacts on continued operations in the relevant international jurisdiction.

Broker-dealers and investment advisors are subject to regulations covering all aspects of the securities business, including, but not limited to: sales and trading methods; trade practices among broker-dealers; use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities; capital structure of securities firms; anti-money laundering efforts; recordkeeping; and the conduct of directors, officers, and employees. Any violation of these laws or regulations could subject us to the following events, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation, and prospects: civil and criminal liability for us or our employees or affiliated financial advisors; sanctions, which could include the revocation of our subsidiaries’ registrations as investment advisors or broker-dealers; the revocation of the licenses of our financial advisors; censures; fines; conditions or limitations on our business activities, including higher capital requirements; or a temporary suspension or permanent bar from conducting business. See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Federal and state laws or regulations governing, among other things, the wages we pay our employees, the terms of our employment contracts (e.g., post-employment non-competition agreements), or the criteria for determining whether a person is an employee or independent contractor could materially impact our relationships with our advisors and our business, result in higher compensation costs, or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.

Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank are subject to the CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, and other U.S. federal fair lending laws and regulations that impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The U.S. Department of Justice and other federal agencies, including the CFPB, are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. An unfavorable CRA rating or a successful challenge to an institution’s performance under the fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil monetary penalties, injunctive relief, and the imposition of restrictions on mergers, acquisitions, and expansion activity. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge a financial institution’s performance under fair lending laws by bringing private class action litigation.

The Fed requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength for its subsidiary banks and could require RJF to commit resources to Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank when doing so is not otherwise in the best interests of RJF or its shareholders or creditors.


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Regulatory actions brought against us may result in judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, or other results, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation, or results of operations. In particular, the banking regulators have broad enforcement power over bank holding companies and banks, including with respect to unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law. There is no assurance that regulators will be satisfied with the policies and procedures implemented by RJF and its subsidiaries. In addition, from time to time, RJF and its subsidiaries have been and may in the future become subject to additional findings with respect to supervisory, compliance, or other regulatory deficiencies, which could subject us to additional liability, including penalties and restrictions on our business activities. Among other things, these restrictions could limit our ability to make investments, complete acquisitions, onboard new branches or financial advisors, expand into new business lines, pay dividends on our common and preferred stock, and/or engage in share repurchases. See “Item 1 - Business - Regulation” of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding our regulatory environment.

Continued asset growth may result in changes to our status with respect to existing regulations as well as increased oversight, which will result in additional capital and other financial requirements and may increase our compliance costs.

We will incur increased regulatory scrutiny and heightened supervision (together with related compliance costs) as we continue to grow and approach certain consolidated asset thresholds, which would have the effect of imposing enhanced standards and requirements on us as a larger financial institution. These include enhanced prudential standards that would become applicable to us if our average total consolidated assets for four consecutive calendar quarters equal or exceed $100 billion and we are therefore classified as a category IV bank holding company. Under such enhanced prudential standards, we would be subject to greater regulation and supervision, including, but not limited to: certain capital planning and stress capital buffer requirements; supervisory capital stress testing conducted by the Fed biennially; and certain liquidity risk management and liquidity stress testing and buffer requirements. These also include certain resolution planning requirements applicable to our insured depository institutions if their average total assets reported over the previous four quarters were to equal or exceed $50 billion. Our preparations for, and the application of, these enhanced prudential standards for RJF and resolution planning requirements for our depository institutions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial performance by imposing additional capital and liquidity requirements and increased costs. On July 27, 2023, U.S. banking regulators issued proposed rules that, if enacted, would result in changes to regulations applicable to bank holding companies, including eliminating the accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (“AOCI”) opt-out election. Upon classification as a category IV bank holding company, this aspect of the proposed rules would apply to us and could negatively impact our regulatory capital ratios. While finalization of this proposal is uncertain, we continue to monitor developments and assess potential impacts.

Changes in requirements relating to the standard of care for broker-dealers have increased, and may continue to increase, our costs.

The SEC’s Regulation Best Interest requires, among other things, a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail client when making a recommendation to that client of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities. The regulation imposes heightened standards on broker-dealers, and we have incurred substantial costs in order to review and modify our policies and procedures, including associated supervisory and compliance controls. We anticipate that we will continue to incur incremental costs in the future to comply with the standard.

In addition to the SEC, various states have considered adopting laws and regulations that would impose new standards of conduct on broker-dealers that might differ from the SEC’s regulations and could lead to additional implementation costs. Implementation of the SEC regulations, as well as any new state rules that might be adopted addressing similar matters, has resulted in (and may continue to result in) increased costs related to compliance, legal, operations and information technology. Furthermore, certain non-U.S. jurisdictions have imposed heightened standards of conduct, which may have similar impacts on our business in those jurisdictions.

Failure to comply with regulatory capital requirements primarily applicable to RJF, Raymond James Bank, TriState Capital Bank or our broker-dealer subsidiaries would significantly harm our business.

As discussed in “Item 1 - Business - Regulation” of this Form 10-K, RJF, Raymond James Bank and TriState Capital Bank are subject to capital requirements administered by various federal regulators in the U.S. and, accordingly, must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of RJF’s, Raymond James Bank’s, and TriState Capital Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory guidelines. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger certain mandatory (and potentially discretionary) actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could harm either RJF’s, Raymond James Bank’s, or TriState Capital Bank’s operations and financial condition, including precluding us from accepting or renewing brokered deposits. Further, we are subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) and FINRA’s net capital rule, which may limit our ability to make withdrawals of capital from our broker-dealer subsidiaries.


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Our non-U.S. subsidiaries are subject to similar limitations under applicable regulations in the countries in which they operate. Regulatory capital requirements applicable to some of our significant subsidiaries may impede access to funds that RJF may need to make payments on any of its obligations. See Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information on regulatory capital requirements.

The Basel III regulatory capital standards impose capital and other requirements on us that could negatively impact our profitability.

The Fed and other federal banking regulators have implemented the global regulatory capital requirements of Basel III and certain requirements implemented by the Dodd-Frank Act. The U.S. Basel III Rules establish the quantity and quality of regulatory capital, set forth a capital conservation buffer, and define the calculation of risk-weighted assets. The capital requirements stipulated under the U.S. Basel III Rules could restrict our ability to grow during favorable market conditions or require us to raise additional capital. Revisions to the Basel III Rules could, when implemented in the U.S., negatively impact our regulatory capital ratio calculations or subject us to higher and more stringent capital and other regulatory requirements. As a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. See “Item 1 - Business - Regulation” of this Form 10-K for additional information on the Basel III regulatory capital standards.

As a financial holding company, RJF’s liquidity depends on payments from its subsidiaries, which may be subject to regulatory restrictions.

RJF as a financial holding company depends on dividends, distributions, and other payments from its subsidiaries in order to meet its obligations, including its debt service obligations and to fund dividend payments and share repurchases. RJF’s subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations that restrict dividend payments or authorize regulatory bodies to prevent or reduce the flow of funds from those subsidiaries to RJF. If RJF’s subsidiaries are unable to make dividend payments to us and sufficient cash or liquidity is not otherwise available, RJF may not be able to make dividend payments to its shareholders, repurchase its shares, or make principal and interest payments on its outstanding debt. RJF’s broker-dealer and bank subsidiaries are limited in their ability to lend or transact with affiliates, are subject to minimum regulatory capital and other requirements and, in the case of our broker-dealer subsidiaries, limitations on their ability to use funds deposited with them in brokerage accounts to fund their businesses. These requirements and limitations may hinder RJF’s ability to access funds from its subsidiaries. Federal regulators, including the Fed and the SEC (through FINRA), have the authority and under certain circumstances, the obligation, to limit or prohibit dividend payments and share repurchases by the banking organizations they supervise, including RJF and its bank subsidiaries. In addition, RJF’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of creditors of that subsidiary, except to the extent that any of RJF’s claims as a creditor of such subsidiary may be recognized. As a result, shares of RJF’s capital stock are effectively subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations of its subsidiaries.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Overview

Cybersecurity risk is a key operational risk facing the firm, and measures to address such risk are an important component of the firm’s overall Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) framework. As part of our ERM framework, we have implemented and maintain a program to identify, assess, and manage risks arising from cybersecurity threats (“Cybersecurity Program”). Our Cybersecurity Program seeks to mitigate cybersecurity risk and associated legal, financial, reputational, regulatory and/or operational risks by protecting our clients, associates, firm data, and services through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach. Specifically, our Cybersecurity Program is focused on preserving the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, enabling the secure and uninterrupted delivery of financial services, and protecting the firm and the safe operation of our technology systems. Further, we consider cybersecurity risks in our business strategy decisions, including in our business continuity planning and in connection with our acquisition activity. We seek to continually adjust our Cybersecurity Program to address the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape and comply with extensive legal and regulatory requirements.

Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Risk management” section of this Form 10-K for additional information on our approach to risk management, including our governance framework. Refer to “Item 1A - Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K for additional information on our cybersecurity risks.


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Cybersecurity risk management process

Our Cybersecurity Program takes into account industry best practices and addresses risks from cybersecurity threats to our network, infrastructure, computing environment, and to third parties. We periodically assess the design of our cybersecurity controls against the Cyber Risk Institute Cyber Profile, which is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, as well as global cybersecurity regulations, and we seek to implement improvements to our controls in response to that assessment. Our Cybersecurity Program also includes cybersecurity and information security policies, procedures, and technologies that are designed to address regulatory requirements and protect our clients’, associates’, and firm data against unauthorized disclosure, modification, and misuse. These policies, procedures, and technologies cover a broad range of areas, including: identification of internal and external threats, access control, data security, protective controls, detection of malicious or unauthorized activity, incident response, recovery planning, and providing appropriate public disclosure of cybersecurity risks and incidents when required. In addition, we maintain a global training program for our associates about cybersecurity risks and requirements and conduct regular phishing email simulations in order to test our associates’ understanding of these risks.

Our cybersecurity strategy takes a defense-in-depth approach, with layered controls consisting of both commercially available and proprietary technologies that are intended to prevent an adversary from conducting a successful attack. Included in that approach is our Cyber Threat Center which is a critical component of our Cybersecurity Program and operates internally with the purpose of monitoring, detecting, and responding to cyber threats that could jeopardize the integrity, confidentiality, or availability of information systems. Our Cyber Threat Center operates 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, continuously monitoring our systems for signs of tampering or unauthorized activity, utilizes an incident response playbook which is based on NIST industry best practices, and includes containment and recovery procedures. Furthermore, we maintain cybersecurity insurance coverage which provides certain limited protection.

In conjunction with third-party vendors and consultants, we perform a variety of periodic risk assessment initiatives to gauge the performance of the Cybersecurity Program, to estimate our risk profile, and to assess compliance with relevant regulatory requirements. We perform periodic assessments of control efficacy through our internal risk and control self-assessment process, a variety of cyber event simulation exercises focused on the effectiveness of our incident response and crisis management procedures, and external technical assessments, including external penetration tests and “red team” engagements where third parties test our defenses. The results of these risk assessments, together with control performance findings, are used to establish priorities, allocate resources, and identify and improve controls.

In addition, our processes are designed to help identify, oversee, and mitigate cybersecurity risks associated with our use of third-party vendors. We have a third-party risk management process that includes evaluation of, and response to, cybersecurity risks at our third-party vendors, and this process covers vendor selection, onboarding, performance monitoring, and risk management. Our third-party risk management program includes policies and standards requiring that we perform cybersecurity due diligence reviews on our vendors based on the inherent risk profile of a particular supplier or service provider. We also monitor our principal third parties and service providers on an ongoing basis by conducting additional periodic reviews. Additionally, we execute agreements with our third-party vendors, independent contractor financial advisors, and firms affiliated with us through our RCS division under which these parties contractually agree to implement certain safeguards designed to protect firm data and mitigate cybersecurity risks.

We also maintain business continuity plans that include identification of critical functions, third-party suppliers, and personnel. Our information technology department executes several disaster recovery exercises per year in order to test our capabilities and ensure that business recovery needs could be met during a real-world event. Additionally, our information technology department participates in annual crisis management exercises to test our operational responses and assess our preparedness for various scenarios, including cyber incidents. We also participate annually in industry-wide and internal exercises to test our response capabilities.

While we and our third-party vendors have experienced cybersecurity incidents, as well as adverse impacts from such incidents, cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected the firm, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, due to the evolving threat environment, we expect to continue to experience cybersecurity incidents resulting in adverse impacts with increased frequency and severity, and there can be no assurance that future cybersecurity incidents, including incidents experienced by our third parties, will not have a material adverse impact on the firm, including its business strategy, results of operations, financial condition, and/or reputation. See Item 1A - Risk Factors of this Form 10-K for additional information on our cybersecurity risks.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

Governance

The Board of Directors has designated its Risk Committee to assist it in overseeing management’s responsibility to implement an effective risk management framework designed to identify, assess, and manage key risks, including cybersecurity risk. As part of our ERM program, executive management, with review and oversight of the Risk Committee, establishes key risk indicators to measure ongoing alignment with the firm’s risk appetite and tolerance levels related to cybersecurity risk. Risk appetite and tolerance thresholds are periodically reviewed by management and approved by the Risk Committee. The Risk Committee receives regular presentations and reports from our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), which address a wide range of cybersecurity risk topics, including emerging threats and recent developments, cybersecurity policy and standards updates, vulnerability assessments, risk assessment outcomes (including third-party and independent reviews), technology trends, and information security considerations arising with respect to the firm, our peers, and third-party vendors. Additionally, the Board of Directors receives reports at least annually on the performance of the firm’s cybersecurity risk metrics.

Under the Risk Committee’s oversight, management works closely with key stakeholders, including regulators, government agencies, peer institutions, and industry groups, and develops and invests in human talent and innovative technology in order to better manage cybersecurity risk. The firm’s Cybersecurity Program is led by our CISO, who reports to our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”). The CISO, in coordination with our information technology, compliance (including privacy), and risk management functions, works collaboratively across the firm to implement a program designed to protect the firm’s information systems from cybersecurity threats and to promptly respond to any cybersecurity incidents in accordance with the firm’s incident response and recovery plans. We maintain policies and procedures for the escalation of cybersecurity incidents assessed as potentially being or becoming material. Such incidents are escalated to a multidisciplinary group of senior leaders from our risk management, regulatory, compliance, finance, and legal teams, to assess such incidents for reporting under regulatory guidelines. In evaluating cybersecurity incidents, management considers the potential impact to our results of operations, control framework and financial condition, as well as the potential impact, if any, to our business strategy or reputation. Through ongoing communications with these teams, the CISO monitors the mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time, and reports such threats and incidents to the Risk Committee when appropriate.

The members of management who lead our Cybersecurity Program have extensive experience in technology, cybersecurity, and information security. Our CIO has over 35 years of relevant experience, including 25 years leading technology teams at multiple global financial services institutions, and is a Certified Information Security Manager and Registered Series 99 Operations Professional. Our CISO has over 25 years of financial services industry experience, with varying positions in information technology, security, and risk management, and is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional and Registered Series 99 Operations Professional. Both our CIO and CISO also participate in various financial services industry committees and cybersecurity advisory boards.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We operate our business from our principal location in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1.25 million square feet of office space that we own in the Carillon Office Park. We conduct certain activities from our owned facility in Southfield, Michigan, comprising approximately 90,000 square feet, and operate a 40,000 square foot information technology data center primarily on land that we own in the Denver, Colorado area. Our owned locations and principal leases, identified below, support more than one of our business segments.

We lease the premises we occupy in other U.S. and foreign locations, including employee-based branch office operations. Leases for branch offices for independent contractors are the responsibility of the respective independent contractor financial advisors and are not included in the amounts listed below. Our leases contain various expiration dates through fiscal year 2036. Our principal leases are in the following locations:

•We occupy leased space in major metropolitan areas throughout the U.S. which is used to provide services across our various businesses or in certain cases to provide corporate services outside of our principal location in St. Petersburg, Florida, including approximately 250,000 square feet in Memphis, 185,000 square feet in New York City, 90,000 square feet in Pittsburgh, 60,000 square feet in Chicago, 60,000 square feet in Houston, and 50,000 square feet in Boston;

•We occupy leased space of approximately 90,000 and 80,000 square feet in Toronto and Vancouver, respectively, along with other office and branch locations throughout Canada; and

•We occupy leased space of approximately 75,000 square feet in London, along with other office locations in the UK and Germany.

Additionally, we own approximately 65 acres of land located in Pasco County, Florida for potential development, as needed. We regularly monitor the facilities we own or occupy to ensure that they suit our needs. To the extent that they do not meet our needs, we will expand, contract or relocate, as necessary. See Notes 2 and 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for information regarding our lease obligations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of our business, we have been named, from time to time, as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, arising in connection with our activities as a diversified financial services institution.

RJF and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to regular reviews and inspections by regulatory authorities and SROs. Reviews can result in the imposition of sanctions for regulatory violations, ranging from non-monetary censures to fines and, in serious cases, temporary or permanent suspension from conducting business, or limitations on certain business activities. In addition, regulatory agencies and SROs institute investigations from time to time into industry practices, among other things, which can also result in the imposition of such sanctions.

We may contest liability and/or the amount of damages, as appropriate, in each pending matter. The level of litigation and investigatory activity (both formal and informal) by government and self-regulatory agencies in the financial services industry continues to be significant. There can be no assurance that material losses will not be incurred from claims that have not yet been asserted or are not yet determined to be material.

For many legal and regulatory matters, we are unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss as we cannot predict if, how or when such proceedings or investigations will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty or other relief, if any, may be. A large number of factors may contribute to this inherent unpredictability: the proceeding is in its early stages; the damages sought are unspecified, unsupported or uncertain; it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis; the other party is seeking relief other than or in addition to compensatory damages (including, in the case of regulatory and governmental proceedings, potential fines and penalties); the matters present significant legal uncertainties; we have not engaged in settlement discussions; discovery is not complete; there are significant facts in dispute; and numerous parties are named as defendants (including where it is uncertain how liability might be shared among defendants). Subject to the foregoing, after consultation with counsel, we believe that the outcome of such litigation and regulatory proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition. However, the outcome of such litigation and regulatory proceedings could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular future period, depending on, among other things, our revenues or income for such period.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding legal and regulatory matters contingencies, and refer to “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical accounting estimates” in the section “Loss provisions for legal and regulatory matters” and Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for information on our criteria for establishing accruals.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “RJF.” As of November 21, 2025, we had 347 holders of record of our common stock. Shares of our common stock are held by a substantially greater number of beneficial owners, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

See Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for information regarding our intentions for paying cash dividends and the related capital restrictions.

Information related to our compensation plans under which equity securities are authorized for issuance is presented in Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K.

We did not have any sales of unregistered securities for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, or 2023.

We purchase our own stock from time to time in conjunction with a number of activities, each of which is described in the following paragraphs. The following table presents information on our purchases of our own stock, on a monthly basis, for the year ended September 30, 2025.


	Total number of shares purchased	Average price per share		Number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	Approximate dollar value (in millions) at each month-end, of securities that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 1, 2024 – October 31, 2024	—	$	—	—	$644
November 1, 2024 – November 30, 2024	427	$	154.42	—	$644
December 1, 2024 – December 31, 2024	371,287	$	161.98	310,302	$1,450
First quarter	371,714	$	161.97	310,302

January 1, 2025 – January 31, 2025	23,435	$	162.69	—	$1,450
February 1, 2025 – February 28, 2025	315,686	$	158.54	315,391	$1,400
March 1, 2025 – March 31, 2025	1,402,024	$	142.78	1,399,870	$1,200
Second quarter	1,741,145	$	145.91	1,715,261

April 1, 2025 – April 30, 2025	1,559,201	$	125.67	1,555,458	$1,005
May 1, 2025 – May 31, 2025	712,149	$	147.48	711,957	$900
June 1, 2025 – June 30, 2025	1,019,018	$	148.17	1,019,018	$749
Third quarter	3,290,368	$	137.36	3,286,433

July 1, 2025 – July 31, 2025	830,888	$	160.03	830,888	$616
August 1, 2025 – August 31, 2025	445,070	$	165.30	444,478	$542
September 1, 2025 – September 30, 2025	831,339	$	172.71	831,339	$399
Fourth quarter	2,107,297	$	166.14	2,106,705
Fiscal year total	7,510,524	$	148.64	7,418,701

In December 2024, the Board of Directors authorized repurchase of our common stock in an aggregate amount of up to $1.5 billion, which replaced the previous authorization. For additional information about our share repurchase activities, see Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

In the preceding table, the total number of shares purchased includes shares purchased pursuant to the Restricted Stock Trust Fund, which was established to acquire our common stock in the open market and used to settle restricted stock units granted as a retention vehicle for certain employees of our wholly-owned Canadian subsidiaries. For additional information on this trust fund, see Notes 2 and 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. These activities do not utilize the repurchase authorization presented in the preceding table.

The total number of shares purchased also includes shares repurchased as a result of employees surrendering shares as payment for option exercises or withholding taxes. These activities do not utilize the repurchase authorization presented in the preceding table.

ITEM 6. RESERVED


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES			Index

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


INDEX
			PAGE
Introduction			41
Executive overview			41
Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures			43
Net interest analysis			46
Results of Operations
Private Client Group			50
Capital Markets			54
Asset Management			56
Bank			59
Other			60
Statement of financial condition analysis			61
Liquidity and capital resources			61
Regulatory			68
Critical accounting estimates			69
Accounting standards update			70
Risk management			71


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

INTRODUCTION

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the results of our operations and financial condition. This MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. Where “NM” is used in various percentage change computations, the computed percentage change has been determined to be not meaningful.

We operate as a financial holding company and bank holding company. Results in the businesses in which we operate are highly correlated to general economic conditions and, more specifically, to the direction of the U.S. equity and fixed income markets, changes in interest rates, market volatility, corporate and mortgage lending markets and commercial and residential credit trends. Overall market conditions, economic, political and regulatory trends, and industry competition are among the factors which could affect us and which are unpredictable and beyond our control. These factors affect the financial decisions made by market participants, including investors, borrowers, and competitors, impacting their level of participation in the financial markets. These factors also impact the level of investment banking activity and asset valuations, which ultimately affect our business results.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Summary results of operations


	Year ended September 30,						% change
$ in millions, except per share amounts	2025		2024		2023		2025 vs. 2024		2024 vs. 2023
Net revenues	$	14,065	$	12,821	$	11,619	10	%	10	%
Compensation, commissions and benefits expense	$	9,072	$	8,213	$	7,299	10	%	13	%
Non-compensation expenses	$	2,279	$	1,965	$	2,040	16	%	(4)	%
Pre-tax income	$	2,714	$	2,643	$	2,280	3	%	16	%
Net income available to common shareholders	$	2,130	$	2,063	$	1,733	3	%	19	%

Earnings per common share – basic	$	10.53	$	9.94	$	8.16	6	%	22	%
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	10.30	$	9.70	$	7.97	6	%	22	%

Non-GAAP measures:
Adjusted net income available to common shareholders (1)	$	2,205	$	2,137	$	1,806	3	%	18	%
Adjusted earnings per common share - diluted (1)	$	10.66	$	10.05	$	8.30	6	%	21	%


	Year ended September 30,
Other selected financial highlights	2025		2024		2023
Pre-tax margin	19.3	%	20.6	%	19.6	%
Adjusted pre-tax margin (1)	20.0	%	21.4	%	20.5	%
Return on common equity (“ROCE”)	17.7	%	18.9	%	17.7	%
Adjusted ROCE (1)	18.3	%	19.6	%	18.4	%
Return on tangible common equity (“ROTCE”) (1)	20.6	%	22.6	%	21.7	%
Adjusted ROTCE (1)	21.3	%	23.3	%	22.5	%
Compensation ratio	64.5	%	64.1	%	62.8	%
Adjusted compensation ratio (1)	64.3	%	63.7	%	62.1	%
Effective income tax rate	21.3	%	21.8	%	23.7	%

(1)These are non-GAAP financial measures. Please see the “Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures” in this MD&A for a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures and for other important disclosures.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

Year ended September 30, 2025 compared with the year ended September 30, 2024

For the year ended September 30, 2025, we generated net revenues of $14.07 billion, an increase of 10% compared with the prior year, and pre-tax income of $2.71 billion, an increase of 3%. Our net income available to common shareholders of $2.13 billion was 3% higher than the prior year and our earnings per diluted share were $10.30, reflecting a 6% increase. Our ROCE was 17.7%, down from 18.9% for the prior year, and our ROTCE was 20.6%(1), compared with 22.6%(1) for the prior year.

Excluding the impact of $75 million of expenses, net of their tax effect, related to acquisitions completed in prior years, adjusted net income available to common shareholders for the year ended September 30, 2025 was $2.21 billion(1), an increase of 3% compared with adjusted net income available to common shareholders for the prior year. Our adjusted earnings per diluted share were $10.66(1), an increase of 6% compared with the prior year. Adjusted ROCE was 18.3%(1), compared with 19.6%(1) for the prior year, and adjusted ROTCE was 21.3%(1), compared with 23.3%(1) in the prior year.

The increase in net revenues compared with the prior year was primarily due to higher asset management and related administrative fees, largely the result of higher PCG client assets in fee-based accounts at the beginning of each of the current-year billing periods compared with the prior-year billing periods. The increase in PCG client assets in fee-based accounts resulted from net market appreciation and net new assets to the firm since the prior year. Investment banking revenues also increased significantly compared with the prior year primarily due to more favorable market conditions during the year. Brokerage revenues also increased compared with the prior year largely due to an increase in client activity in both our PCG and Capital Markets segments. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in combined net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks, due to lower short-term interest rates compared with the prior year and lower RJBDP balances swept to third-party banks, which more than offset a favorable impact from growth in average interest-earning assets.

Compensation, commissions and benefits expense increased 10%, primarily due to an increase in compensable revenues, an increase in compensation costs to support our growth, including financial advisor recruiting-related expenses, and annual salary increases. Our compensation ratio was 64.5%, compared with 64.1% for the prior year. Excluding acquisition-related compensation expenses, our adjusted compensation ratio was 64.3%(1), compared with an adjusted compensation ratio of 63.7%(1) for the prior year. The increase in the compensation ratio primarily resulted from changes in our revenue mix due to increases in compensable revenues compared with the prior year, including asset management and related administrative fees, investment banking revenues, and brokerage revenues, as well as a decrease in combined net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks, which have little associated direct compensation.

Non-compensation expenses increased 16%, primarily due to higher provisions for legal and regulatory matters as the current year included a net provision expense for legal and regulatory matters, including a $58 million expense increase associated with the settlement of a legal matter related to bond underwritings for a specific issuer sold to institutional investors between 2013 and 2015, while the prior year reflected a net reserve release. Non-compensation expenses also increased due to higher communications and information processing expenses resulting from continued investments in technology to benefit our advisors and their clients and to support our growth, higher investment sub-advisory fees resulting from growth in assets under management in sub-advised programs, and higher business development expenses, primarily due to financial advisor recruiting and other business growth investments.

Our effective income tax rate was 21.3% for the year ended September 30, 2025, a decrease from 21.8% for the prior year, primarily due to the impact of a larger tax benefit recognized during the current year related to share-based compensation that vested during the year and, to a lesser extent, the release of accruals for uncertain tax positions following the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations, partially offset by lower non-taxable valuation gains on our corporate-owned life insurance policies recognized in the current year compared with the prior year.

(1)ROTCE, adjusted net income available to common shareholders, adjusted earnings per diluted share, adjusted ROCE, adjusted ROTCE, and adjusted compensation ratio are non-GAAP financial measures. Please see the “Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures” in this MD&A for a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures, and for other important disclosures.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

We continue to maintain strong levels of liquidity and capital. As of September 30, 2025, our tier 1 leverage ratio was 13.1% and total capital ratio was 24.1%, both well above regulatory capital requirements. On September 11, 2025, to secure financing during a period of favorable market conditions characterized by tight credit spreads and attractive benchmark yields, we issued $1.5 billion in senior notes, consisting of $650 million in 4.90% senior notes due 2035 and $850 million in 5.65% senior notes due 2055. We also amended our revolving credit facility to increase our borrowing capacity to $1 billion and reduce our cost of borrowing. These actions increased our available liquidity on hand for deployment in our growth and to meet client needs, resulting in $3.7 billion of RJF corporate cash(1) as of September 30, 2025. During the year ended September 30, 2025, we repurchased 7.4 million shares of our common stock for $1.1 billion at an average price of $148 per share under the Board of Directors’ common stock repurchase authorization, leaving $399 million available under the authorization as of September 30, 2025. We believe our strong capital and liquidity positions enable us to invest in growth across our businesses and remain opportunistic in our capital deployment.

Year ended September 30, 2024 compared with the year ended September 30, 2023

Refer to “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of our fiscal 2024 results compared to fiscal 2023.

(1) For additional information, please see the “Liquidity and capital resources - Sources of liquidity” section in this MD&A.

RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES TO GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We utilize certain non-GAAP financial measures as additional measures to aid in, and enhance, the understanding of our financial results and related measures. These non-GAAP financial measures have been separately identified in this document. We believe certain of these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to management and investors by excluding certain material items that may not be indicative of our core operating results. We utilize these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing the financial performance of the business, as they facilitate a comparison of current- and prior-period results. We believe that ROTCE is meaningful to investors as it facilitates comparisons of our results to the results of other companies. In the following tables, the tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments reflects the statutory rate associated with each non-GAAP item. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies. The following tables provide a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.


	Year ended September 30,
$ in millions	2025		2024		2023
Net income available to common shareholders	$	2,130	$	2,063	$	1,733
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Expenses directly related to acquisitions:
Compensation, commissions and benefits:
Acquisition-related retention	31		42		70
Other acquisition-related compensation	4		—		10
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	35		42		80
Communications and information processing	2		2		2
Professional fees	10		4		3

Other:
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	41		44		45

All other acquisition-related expenses	9		5		—
Total “Other” expense	50		49		45
Total expenses related to acquisitions	97		97		130

Other — Insurance settlement received	—		—		(32)
Pre-tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments	97		97		98
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments	(22)		(23)		(25)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax	75		74		73
Adjusted net income available to common shareholders	$	2,205	$	2,137	$	1,806


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index


	Year ended September 30,
$ in millions	2025			2024			2023
Pre-tax income	$	2,714		$	2,643		2,280
Pre-tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments (as detailed above)	97			97			98
Adjusted pre-tax income	$	2,811		$	2,740		$	2,378

Compensation, commissions and benefits expense	$	9,072		$	8,213		$	7,299
Less: Total compensation-related acquisition expenses (as detailed above)	35			42			80
Adjusted “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	$	9,037		$	8,171		$	7,219








Pre-tax margin	19.3		%	20.6		%	19.6		%
Less the impact of non-GAAP adjustments on pre-tax margin:
Expenses related to acquisitions:


Compensation, commissions and benefits:
Acquisition-related retention	0.2		%	0.4		%	0.6		%
Other acquisition-related compensation	—		%	—		%	0.1		%
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	0.2		%	0.4		%	0.7		%
Communications and information processing	—		%	—		%	—		%
Professional fees	0.1		%	—		%	0.1		%
Other:
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	0.3		%	0.3		%	0.4		%
All other acquisition-related expenses	0.1		%	0.1		%	—		%
Total “Other” expense	0.4		%	0.4		%	0.4		%
Total pre-tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments related to acquisitions	0.7		%	0.8		%	1.2		%
Other — Insurance settlement received	—		%	—		%	(0.3)		%
Total non-GAAP adjustments	0.7		%	0.8		%	0.9		%
Adjusted pre-tax margin	20.0		%	21.4		%	20.5		%

Total compensation ratio	64.5		%	64.1		%	62.8		%
Less the impact of non-GAAP adjustments on compensation ratio:
Acquisition-related retention	0.2		%	0.4		%	0.6		%
Other acquisition-related compensation	—		%	—		%	0.1		%
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expenses related to acquisitions	0.2		%	0.4		%	0.7		%
Adjusted total compensation ratio	64.3		%	63.7		%	62.1		%





























Diluted earnings per common share	$	10.30		$	9.70		$	7.97
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments on diluted earnings per common share:
Expenses directly related to acquisitions:
Compensation, commissions and benefits:
Acquisition-related retention	0.15			0.20			0.32
Other acquisition-related compensation	0.02			—			0.05
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	0.17			0.20			0.37
Communications and information processing	0.01			0.01			0.01
Professional fees	0.05			0.02			0.01

Other:
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	0.20			0.21			0.21

All other acquisition-related expenses	0.04			0.02			—
Total “Other” expense	0.24			0.23			0.21
Total expenses related to acquisitions	0.47			0.46			0.60

Other — Insurance settlement received	—			—			(0.15)
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments	(0.11)			(0.11)			(0.12)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax	0.36			0.35			0.33
Adjusted diluted earnings per common share	$	10.66		$	10.05		$	8.30


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index


	Year ended September 30,
$ in millions, except per share amounts	2025			2024			2023
Average common equity	$	12,035		$	10,893		$	9,791
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments on average common equity:
Expenses directly related to acquisitions:
Compensation, commissions and benefits:
Acquisition-related retention	16			22			35
Other acquisition-related compensation	1			—			4
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	17			22			39
Communications and information processing	—			—			1
Professional fees	3			2			1

Other:
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	21			22			22

All other acquisition-related expenses	1			2			—
Total “Other” expense	22			24			22
Total expenses related to acquisitions	42			48			63

Other — Insurance settlement received	—			—			(26)
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments	(10)			(12)			(9)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax	32			36			28
Adjusted average common equity	$	12,067		$	10,929		$	9,819













Average common equity	$	12,035		$	10,893		$	9,791
Less:
Average goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, net	1,861			1,896			1,928
Average deferred tax liabilities related to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, net	(141)			(134)			(129)
Average tangible common equity	$	10,315		$	9,131		$	7,992
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments on average tangible common equity:
Compensation, commissions and benefits:
Acquisition-related retention	16			22			35
Other acquisition-related compensation	1			—			4
Total “Compensation, commissions and benefits” expense	17			22			39
Communications and information processing	—			—			1
Professional fees	3			2			1

Other:
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets	21			22			22

All other acquisition-related expenses	1			2			—
Total “Other” expense	22			24			22
Total expenses related to acquisitions	42			48			63

Other — Insurance settlement received	—			—			(26)
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments	(10)			(12)			(9)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net of tax	32			36			28
Adjusted average tangible common equity	$	10,347		$	9,167		$	8,020

Return on common equity	17.7		%	18.9		%	17.7		%
Adjusted return on common equity	18.3		%	19.6		%	18.4		%
Return on tangible common equity	20.6		%	22.6		%	21.7		%
Adjusted return on tangible common equity	21.3		%	23.3		%	22.5		%


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders (less allocation of earnings and dividends to participating securities) by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding for each respective period or, in the case of adjusted diluted earnings per common share, computed by dividing adjusted net income available to common shareholders (less allocation of earnings and dividends to participating securities) by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding for each respective period.

Pre-tax margin is computed by dividing pre-tax income by net revenues for each respective period or, in the case of adjusted pre-tax margin, computed by dividing adjusted pre-tax income by net revenues for each respective period.

Total compensation ratio is computed by dividing compensation, commissions and benefits expense by net revenues for each respective period. Adjusted total compensation ratio is computed by dividing adjusted compensation, commissions and benefits expense by net revenues for each respective period.

Tangible common equity is computed by subtracting goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, net, along with the associated deferred tax liabilities, from total common equity attributable to RJF. Average common equity is computed by adding the total common equity attributable to RJF as of each quarter-end date during the indicated fiscal year to the beginning of the year total, and dividing by five, or in the case of average tangible common equity, computed by adding tangible common equity as of each quarter-end date during the indicated fiscal year to the beginning of the year total, and dividing by five. Adjusted average common equity is computed by adjusting for the impact on average common equity of the non-GAAP adjustments, as applicable for each respective period. Adjusted average tangible common equity is computed by adjusting for the impact on average tangible common equity of the non-GAAP adjustments, as applicable for each respective period.

ROCE is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by average common equity for each respective period or, in the case of ROTCE, computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by average tangible common equity for each respective period. Adjusted ROCE is computed by dividing adjusted net income available to common shareholders by adjusted average common equity for each respective period, or in the case of adjusted ROTCE, computed by dividing adjusted net income available to common shareholders by adjusted average tangible common equity for each respective period.

NET INTEREST ANALYSIS

In the beginning of our fiscal 2024, the Fed funds target rate was at a range of 5.25% to 5.50% where it remained throughout most of our fiscal 2024. In late September 2024, the Fed decreased the Fed funds target rate by 50 basis points, followed by three additional 25-basis-point reductions during fiscal 2025 to end the current year at a range of 4.00% to 4.25%. Effective October 30, 2025, the Fed enacted an additional 25-basis point decrease reducing the Fed funds target rate to a range of 3.75% to 4.00%. The Fed has indicated that it intends to closely monitor market conditions to determine whether it will consider making additional downward adjustments to short-term interest rates in our fiscal 2026. We anticipate our combined net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks will be unfavorably impacted in our fiscal 2026 due to the impact of the two 25-basis point decreases in short-term interest rates enacted by the Fed in September 2025 and October 2025. The magnitude of this decline will largely depend on the level of short-term interest rates, including any additional rate cuts during fiscal 2026, as well as our interest-earning asset levels, client cash balances, and other market-related factors. However, declines in short-term interest rates are also expected to have a favorable impact on certain of our other businesses.

The following table details the Fed’s short-term interest rate activity since the end of our fiscal year 2023.





RJF fiscal quarter ended	Effective date of interest rate action	Increase/(decrease) in interest rates (in basis points)	Fed funds target rate










September 30, 2023	July 27, 2023	25	5.25% - 5.50%
September 30, 2024	September 19, 2024	(50)	4.75% - 5.00%
December 31, 2024	November 8, 2024	(25)	4.50% - 4.75%
December 31, 2024	December 19, 2024	(25)	4.25% - 4.50%
September 30, 2025	September 18, 2025	(25)	4.00% - 4.25%
Rate changes subsequent to September 30, 2025
December 31, 2025	October 30, 2025	(25)	3.75% - 4.00%


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

Given the relationship between our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities (primarily held in our PCG, Bank, and Other segments) and the nature of fees we earn from third-party banks on client cash balances swept to such banks as part of the RJBDP (included in account and service fees), our financial results are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Increases in short-term interest rates have historically resulted in an increase in our net earnings, and we expect decreases in short-term interest rates to generally reduce our net earnings, although there may be offsetting favorable impacts. As it relates to our net interest income, the magnitude of the effect of a decrease in interest rates depends on a number of factors impacting balances, asset yields, and the cost of funding. The magnitude of the impact on our net interest margin depends on the yields on interest-earning assets relative to the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, including deposit rates paid to clients on their cash balances.

Decreases in short-term interest rates generally result in a decrease to our RJBDP fees earned from third-party banks, although the magnitude of the impact may also be impacted by demand for cash balances by third-party banks and the rate paid to clients on their cash sweep balances. Rates paid to clients on their cash balances are generally impacted by the level of short-term interest rates, as well as competitive industry dynamics and the demand for client cash. Additionally, any future changes to regulatory rules or interpretations governing the fees the firm earns on cash sweep balances could also impact the rates we pay to clients on cash balances. In recent fiscal years, we have sought to continue to meet client demand for higher yields on cash balances, without sacrificing the benefits of FDIC insurance on such balances, by introducing new deposit products leveraging our bank subsidiaries or through initiatives offered within the RJBDP. Such programs include our ESP introduced to our clients in fiscal 2023 where such deposits are held by Raymond James Bank, offer enhanced rates, and offer FDIC coverage of up to $50 million for certain accounts, as well as initiatives offered from time to time within the RJBDP program which may offer enhanced rates to clients on certain balances within the program. These programs, while meeting client needs and diversifying our funding sources, have a higher relative cost than other alternatives therefore reducing our net interest margin and yields on RJBDP balances.

Refer to the discussion of our net interest income within the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Results of Operations”

of our PCG, Bank, and Other segments, where applicable. Also refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Results of

Operations - Private Client Group - Clients’ domestic cash sweep balances” for further information on the RJBDP.

Net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks


	Year ended September 30,						% change
$ in millions	2025		2024		2023		2025 vs. 2024		2024 vs. 2023
Net interest income	$	2,147	$	2,130	$	2,375	1	%	(10)	%
RJBDP fees from third-party banks	486		607		498		(20)	%	22	%
Net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks	$	2,633	$	2,737	$	2,873	(4)	%	(5)	%

Year ended September 30, 2025 compared with the year ended September 30, 2024

Combined net interest income and RJBDP fees from third-party banks was $2.63 billion and $2.74 billion for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The 4% decline compared with the prior year was primarily due to lower short-term interest rates and lower average RJBDP balances swept to third-party banks, which more than offset a favorable impact from growth in average interest-earning assets.

Year ended September 30, 2024 compared with the year ended September 30, 2023

Refer to “Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Net Interest Analysis” of our 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of our fiscal 2024 results compared to fiscal 2023.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

The following table presents our consolidated average interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability balances, interest income and expense and the related rates.


	Year ended September 30,
	2025						2024						2023
$ in millions	Average balance		Interest		Average rate		Average balance		Interest		Average rate		Average balance		Interest		Average rate
Interest-earning assets:
Bank segment:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,860	$	257	4.37	%	$	5,694	$	307	5.37	%	$	4,033	$	199	4.89	%
Available-for-sale securities	8,174		185		2.27	%	9,852		220		2.23	%	10,805		219		2.02	%
Loans held for sale and investment: (1) (2)
Loans held for investment:
SBL	17,666		1,095		6.11	%	15,000		1,081		7.09	%	14,510		977		6.65	%
C&I loans	10,383		692		6.57	%	10,167		784		7.59	%	10,955		767		6.90	%
CRE loans	7,678		512		6.57	%	7,425		568		7.53	%	6,993		496		6.99	%
REIT loans	1,685		122		7.12	%	1,728		136		7.71	%	1,680		119		6.99	%
Residential mortgage loans	9,839		388		3.94	%	9,069		329		3.62	%	8,114		258		3.18	%
Tax-exempt loans (3)	1,276		35		3.40	%	1,428		38		3.30	%	1,596		41		3.14	%

Loans held for sale	232		16		6.97	%	194		16		8.26	%	173		13		7.61	%
Total loans held for sale and investment	48,759		2,860		5.81	%	45,011		2,952		6.48	%	44,021		2,671		6.02	%
All other interest-earning assets	237		13		5.30	%	239		15		6.06	%	156		9		5.67	%
Interest-earning assets — Bank segment	$	63,030	$	3,315	5.22	%	$	60,796	$	3,494	5.69	%	$	59,015	$	3,098	5.21	%
All other segments:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,164	$	182	4.36	%	$	3,358	$	202	6.00	%	$	3,125	$	159	5.08	%
Assets segregated for regulatory purposes and restricted cash	3,585		149		4.16	%	3,583		183		5.10	%	4,722		197		4.17	%
Trading assets — debt securities	1,388		75		5.43	%	1,274		73		5.71	%	1,059		57		5.40	%
Brokerage client receivables	2,413		171		7.09	%	2,287		187		8.17	%	2,214		170		7.68	%
All other interest-earning assets	2,591		102		3.87	%	2,304		93		3.98	%	1,809		67		3.46	%
Interest-earning assets — all other segments	$	14,141	$	679	4.79	%	$	12,806	$	738	5.74	%	$	12,929	$	650	4.99	%
Total interest-earning assets	$	77,171	$	3,994	5.14	%	$	73,602	$	4,232	5.70	%	$	71,944	$	3,748	5.17	%

Interest-bearing liabilities:
Bank segment:
Bank deposits:
Money market and savings accounts	$	33,196	$	601	1.81	%	$	31,519	$	681	2.16	%	$	40,463	$	547	1.35	%
Interest-bearing demand deposits	21,328		877		4.11	%	20,329		1,001		4.92	%	10,352		473		4.57	%
Certificates of deposit	2,034		91		4.47	%	2,633		123		4.66	%	2,163		84		3.88	%
Total bank deposits (4)	56,558		1,569		2.77	%	54,481		1,805		3.31	%	52,978		1,104		2.08	%
FHLB advances and all other interest-bearing liabilities	955		31		2.74	%	1,168		33		2.80	%	1,364		37		2.67	%
Interest-bearing liabilities — Bank segment	$	57,513	$	1,600	2.78	%	$	55,649	$	1,838	3.30	%	$	54,342	$	1,141	2.09	%
All other segments:
Trading liabilities — debt securities	$	846	$	44	5.23	%	$	825	$	44	5.34	%	$	727	$	36	5.24	%
Brokerage client payables	4,808		66		1.38	%	4,663		83		1.78	%	5,877		78		1.33	%
Senior notes payable	2,121		96		4.54	%	2,039		92		4.50	%	2,038		92		4.53	%
All other interest-bearing liabilities (4)	1,202		41		3.41	%	1,157		45		4.03	%	620		26		3.78	%
Interest-bearing liabilities — all other segments	$	8,977	$	247	2.76	%	$	8,684	$	264	3.06	%	$	9,262	$	232	2.51	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	66,490	$	1,847	2.78	%	$	64,333	$	2,102	3.27	%	$	63,604	$	1,373	2.15	%
Firmwide net interest income			$	2,147					$	2,130					$	2,375
Net interest margin (net yield on interest-earning assets):
Bank segment					2.68	%					2.67	%					3.28	%
Firmwide					2.78	%					2.89	%					3.30	%

(1)Loans are presented net of unamortized purchase discounts or premiums, unearned income, deferred origination fees and costs, and charge-offs.

(2)Nonaccrual loans are included in the average loan balances. Any payments received for corporate nonaccrual loans are applied entirely to principal. Interest income on residential mortgage nonaccrual loans is recognized on a cash basis.

(3)The average rate on tax-exempt loans in the preceding table is presented on a taxable-equivalent basis utilizing the applicable federal statutory rates for each of the years presented.

(4)The average balance, interest expense, and average rate for “Total bank deposits” included amounts associated with affiliate deposits. Such amounts are eliminated in consolidation and are offset in “All other interest-bearing liabilities” under “All other segments.”


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following table shows the effect that these factors had on the interest earned on our interest-earning assets and the interest incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in volume by the previous year’s average rate. Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average rate by the previous year’s volume. Changes attributable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionately.


	Year ended September 30,
	2025 compared to 2024						2024 compared to 2023
	Increase/(decrease) due to						Increase/(decrease) due to
$ in millions	Volume		Rate		Total		Volume		Rate		Total
Interest-earning assets:	Interest income
Bank segment:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9	$	(59)	$	(50)	$	87	$	21	$	108
Available-for-sale securities	(39)		4		$	(35)	(22)		23		1
Loans held for sale and investment:
Loans held for investment:
SBL	161		(147)		14		35		69		104
C&I loans	15		(107)		(92)		(59)		76		17
CRE loans	18		(74)		(56)		32		40		72
REIT loans	(3)		(11)		(14)		3		14		17
Residential mortgage loans	29		30		59		32		39		71
Tax-exempt loans	(4)		1		(3)		(6)		3		(3)

Loans held for sale	3		(3)		—		2		1		3
Total loans held for sale and investment	219		(311)		(92)		39		242		281
All other interest-earning assets	—		(2)		(2)		5		1		6
Interest-earning assets — Bank segment	$	189	$	(368)	$	(179)	$	109	$	287	$	396
All other segments:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	35	$	(55)	$	(20)	$	13	$	30	$	43
Assets segregated for regulatory purposes and restricted cash	—		(34)		$	(34)	(58)		44		(14)
Trading assets — debt securities	6		(4)		$	2	13		3		16
Brokerage client receivables	9		(25)		$	(16)	6		11		17
All other interest-earning assets	12		(3)		$	9	17		9		26
Interest-earning assets — all other segments	$	62	$	(121)	$	(59)	$	(9)	$	97	$	88
Total interest-earning assets	$	251	$	(489)	$	(238)	$	100	$	384	$	484

Interest-bearing liabilities:	Interest expense
Bank segment:
Bank deposits:
Money market and savings accounts	$	33	$	(113)	$	(80)	$	(163)	$	297	$	134
Interest-bearing demand deposits	46		(170)		$	(124)	489		39		528
Certificates of deposit	(27)		(5)		$	(32)	20		19		39
Total bank deposits	52		(288)		(236)		346		355		701
FHLB advances and all other interest-bearing liabilities	(2)		—		(2)		(6)		2		(4)
Interest-bearing liabilities — Bank segment	$	50	$	(288)	$	(238)	$	340	$	357	$	697
All other segments:
Trading liabilities — debt securities	1		(1)		—		7		1		8
Brokerage client payables	3		(20)		(17)		(21)		26		5
Senior notes payable	3		1		4		—		—		—
All other interest-bearing liabilities	2		(6)		(4)		17		2		19
Interest-bearing liabilities — all other segments	$	9	$	(26)	$	(17)	$	3	$	29	$	32
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	59	$	(314)	$	(255)	$	343	$	386	$	729
Change in firmwide net interest income	$	192	$	(175)	$	17	$	(243)	$	(2)	$	(245)


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – PRIVATE CLIENT GROUP

Through our PCG segment, we provide financial planning, investment advisory, and securities transaction services for which we generally charge either asset-based fees (presented in “Asset management and related administrative fees”) or sales commissions (presented in “Brokerage revenues”). We also earn revenues for distribution and related services performed related to mutual and other funds, fixed and variable annuities, and insurance products. Asset management and related administrative fees and brokerage revenues in this segment are typically correlated with the level of PCG client AUA, including those in fee-based accounts, as well as the overall U.S. equity markets. In periods where equity markets improve, AUA and client activity generally increase, thereby having a favorable impact on net revenues. In periods of rising interest rates, we may also see increased activity in fixed income and fixed annuity products.

We also earn servicing fees, such as omnibus and education and marketing support fees, from mutual fund, annuity, and exchange-traded fund companies whose products we distribute. Servicing fees earned from such companies are based on the level of assets or number of positions in such programs or a flat fee. Our PCG segment also earns fees from banks to which we sweep clients’ cash in the RJBDP, including both third-party banks and our Bank segment. Such fees, which generally fluctuate based on average balances in the program and the level of short-term interest rates, are included in “Account and service fees.” See “Clients’ domestic cash sweep balances” in the “Selected key metrics” section and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Net interest analysis” of this Form 10-K for additional information about fees earned from the RJBDP.

Net interest income in the PCG segment is primarily generated by interest earnings on assets segregated for regulatory purposes, margin loans provided to clients, cash balances, and securities borrowing transactions, less interest paid on client cash balances in the CIP and securities lending transactions. Amounts are impacted by client cash balances in the CIP and short-term interest rates. Higher client cash balances generally lead to increased net interest income, depending on interest rate spreads realized in the CIP (i.e., between interest received on assets segregated for regulatory purposes and interest paid on CIP balances). For additional information on client cash balances, see “Clients’ domestic cash sweep balances” in the “Selected key metrics” section.

For an overview of our PCG segment operations, refer to the information presented in “Item 1 - Business” of this Form 10-K.


RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Management’s Discussion and Analysis			Index

Operating results


	Year ended September 30,						% change
$ in millions	2025		2024		2023		2025 vs. 2024		2024 vs. 2023
Revenues:
Asset management and related administrative fees	$	5,980	$	5,246	$	4,545	14	%	15	%
Brokerage revenues:
Mutual and other fund products	605		567		540		7	%	5	%
Insurance and annuity products	511		519		439		(2)	%	18	%
Equities, ETFs and fixed income products	621		545		455		14	%	20	%
Total brokerage revenues	1,737		1,631		1,434		6	%	14	%
Account and service fees:
Mutual fund and other investment products	518		461		415		12	%	11	%
RJBDP fees:
Bank segment	754		824		1,093		(8)	%	(25)	%
Third-party banks	486		607		498		(20)	%	22	%
Client account and other fees	275		264		231		4	%	14	%
Total account and service fees	2,033		2,156		2,237		(6)	%

RAYMOND JAMES FINANCIAL INC 10-K