NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Nature of Operations

Duos Technologies Group, Inc., through its operating subsidiaries, Duos Technologies, Inc., Duos Edge AI, Inc., and Duos Energy Corporation, (collectively the “Company”), specializes in machine vision and artificial intelligence to analyze fast moving objects such as trains, trucks, automobiles, and aircraft. This technology can help improve safety, maintenance, and operating metrics.

The Company is the inventor of the Railcar Inspection Portal (“RIP”) and is currently the rail industry leader for machine vision/camera wayside detection systems that include the use of Artificial Intelligence at speeds up to 125 mph. The RIP inspects a train at full speed from the top, sides, and bottom looking at Federal Railroad Administration/Association of American Railroads mandated safety inspection points. The system also detects illegal riders, which can assist law enforcement agencies. Each railcar is scanned with machine vision cameras and other sensors from the top, sides, and bottom, where images are produced within seconds of the railcar passing. These images can then be used by the customer to help prevent derailments, improve maintenance operations, and assist with security. The Company self-performs all aspects of hardware, software, Information Technology (“IT”), and Artificial Intelligence development and engineering. The Company maintains significant intellectual property and continues to be awarded additional patents for both the technology and methodologies used. The Company also has a proprietary portfolio of approximately 53 Artificial Intelligence “Use Cases” that automatically flag defects. The Company has deployed this system with several Class 1 railroads and one major passenger carrier and anticipates an increased demand in the future from railcar operators, owners, shippers, transit railroads as well as law enforcement agencies.

In 2024, the Company’s management team determined that it would be in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders to leverage the skills and expertise that have been built up since 2021 to expand into other markets. The Company elected to develop new offerings based on its existing technology and formed a new subsidiary in July 2024 called Duos Edge AI (“Edge”). The objective of this new subsidiary is to market a special part of the RIP for the provision of high-speed and function processing of data and applications with a focus on reducing latency in response times to end-users. Duos has many years of experience via its expert staff in bringing these types of capabilities to remote locations, also known as “the edge”. Edge processing can be an extremely efficient and lower cost alternative to traditional data centers. The strategy for Edge is to serve rural communities, also known as Tier 3 and 4 markets, and install Edge data centers in these locations thereby providing access to high-speed communications and advanced processing capabilities as a substitute for solutions where large amounts of data are “backhauled” using “the Cloud”. Duos developed these capabilities as an adjunct to its RIP offerings due to the need for fast results (less than 60 seconds) in identifying defects and maintenance issues on moving railcars.

Also in late 2024, the Company formed a third subsidiary, Duos Energy Corporation (“Duos Energy”) with the express purpose of providing consulting services and solutions for the rapidly growing demand for electrical power outside of traditional utilities. As an outgrowth of its new Edge Data Center subsidiary, and the current expert staff on hand, the Company has engaged with multiple third parties to act in a consulting and ultimately asset management capacity whereby Duos staff will be engaged directly to supply this type of power solutions for multiple uses including for large data centers supporting AI “hyperscalers”. In conjunction with this, in late 2024, Duos engaged with Fortress Investment Group (“FIG”) to assist in FIG’s purchase of approximately 850 Mega Watts of electrical generation capacity (consisting of 30 mobile gas turbine generators) and associated equipment to support their installation and operation (“balance-of-plant”). In late November 2024, Sawgrass Buyer LLC, an entity formed and owned by FIG, executed an asset purchase agreement with Atlas Corporation, APR Energy Holdings Limited and a number of its wholly-owned affiliates (collectively, “APR”). Chuck Ferry, our CEO, was formerly the CEO of APR from 2018 to 2020. The transaction closed on December 31, 2024. At closing, Sawgrass Buyer LLC entered into an Asset Management Agreement (“AMA”) with the Company under which a substantial portion of Company staff, including certain members of the management team (including Mr. Ferry), would oversee operations of Sawgrass Buyer LLC. The AMA has a two-year term with customary cancellation provisions. At closing, the Company also received a 5%, non-voting ownership interest in Sawgrass APR Holdings, LLC (“Sawgrass Parent”), the ultimate parent company of Sawgrass Buyer LLC. Subsequent to closing, Sawgrass Buyer LLC changed its name to New APR Energy, LLC (“New APR”).

On December 31, 2024, the Company entered into the AMA with New APR, an entity formed by affiliates of FIG. Under the AMA, Duos Energy manages the deployment and operations for a fleet of mobile gas turbines and “balance-of-plant” inventory, providing management, sales and operations functions to New APR in connection with the assets. In exchange for services to be performed under the AMA, the Company received an initial cash payment from New APR and common units in Sawgrass Parent. While the Company has board representation in Sawgrass Parent, its common units are non-voting and the Company does not control the board of directors of Sawgrass Parent. Where the Company has an interest in a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”), it will consolidate any VIE in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. A controlling financial interest has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance; and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. If both of the characteristics are met, the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary and therefore will consolidate that VIE into our consolidated financial statements.

Investments in partnerships, unincorporated joint ventures and LLCs that maintain specific ownership accounts for each investor are excluded from the scope of ASC 323-10. However, ASC 323-30 provides guidance on applying the criteria for equity method accounting to investments in partnerships, unincorporated joint ventures and LLCs. When an investor in a partnership, unincorporated joint venture or LLC has the ability to exercise significant influence over that investment, it should apply the equity method (ASC 323-10) by analogy (ASC 323-30-25-1).

Sawgrass Parent is deemed to be a VIE and the Company holds a 5% interest in Sawgrass Parent and an interest in the subsidiary New APR through the AMA, both of which are considered variable interests. However, the Company does not represent the primary beneficiary as it does not possess the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Sawgrass Parent. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate Sawgrass Parent. Due to the Company’s interest in Sawgrass Parent, it was determined that the Company has significant influence over Sawgrass Parent. Therefore, the Company accounts for its investment in Sawgrass Parent as an Equity Method Investment.

The Company recorded the equity method investment in Sawgrass Parent of $7.2 million, equal to the fair value of the common units as of December 31, 2024.

Under the terms of the AMA, Duos staff is conducting all operations for commercial engagement, planning and project management, installation and operations of the New APR assets. The new entity shares certain management functions with Duos including the CEO, COO, Chief Commercial Officer and General Counsel and other services are provided by Duos in a combination of direct staffing with specific experience in the power generation industry and other functions as necessary via a “shared services” agreement. Certain accounting staff are currently being supplied via the shared services agreement. It is expected that New APR will develop its own accounting and administrative functions, including its own President and Chief Financial Officer. It is expected that there will be a strong correlation between the two companies, particularly in the areas of Data Center power generation and business development and Duos is expected to participate in these opportunities in addition to the anticipated revenues from the AMA.

As a result of the relationships described above between Duos Energy Corporation and the FIG related entities, Sawgrass APR Holdings LLC ("Sawgrass Parent") and New APR Energy, LLC ("New APR") are considered related parties to the Company. (See Notes 3, 5, 6 and 10 for related party balances).

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (all of which are of a normal recurring nature) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or for any other future period. These unaudited consolidated financial statements and the unaudited condensed notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2025.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include Duos Technologies Group, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Duos Technologies, Inc., Duos Edge AI, Inc. and Duos Energy Corporation. All inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The most significant estimates in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the initial valuation of a non-monetary transaction with a customer, valuation of intangible assets for impairment analysis, allowance on accounts receivable and notes receivable, valuation of common stock warrants received in exchange for an asset sale, valuation of deferred tax assets, valuation of other long-lived assets, estimates of net contract revenues and the total estimated costs to determine progress towards contract completion, valuation of inventory, estimates of the valuation of right of use assets and corresponding lease liabilities, valuation of warrants issued with debt, valuation of warrant liabilities, valuation of stock-based awards and the valuation of a minority interest in Sawgrass Parent. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Due to the unavailability of Q2-2025 financials from Sawgrass Parent, our equity method investee, the Company has applied a one-quarter lag (in accordance with ASC 323-10-35-6) in reporting and recording the value of its 5% minority investment. The Company records its 5% interest using the Equity Method as we have significant influence. ASC 323-10-35-4 requires an entity to recognize its share of earnings or loss of an equity method investee which adjusts the carrying amount of the investment and is reflected as earnings or loss in income. Pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Sawgrass APR Holding LLC (the “Agreement”) Net Profit and Net Loss for any Fiscal Year is allocated among the members in such a manner that, as of the end of such fiscal year, the Capital Account Balance of each Member, as increased by the Member’s share of “minimum gain” and “partner minimum gain” (as such terms are used in Treasury Regulations Section 1.704-2), to the extent possible, to be equal to the amount which would have been distributed to such Member pursuant to a Hypothetical Liquidation, as defined in the Agreement, as of the end of the last day of such fiscal year. Under the Hypothetical Liquidation, the assets of Sawgrass Parent are disposed of in a taxable disposition for the book value of such assets and the remaining amounts, after repayment of outstanding obligations ae distributed to the members pursuant to the Agreement. Per the Agreement, the Company is entitled to pro-rata distributions only after Preferred Holders have received their Total Contributed Capital and subsequent distributions to Preferred and Incentive Unit Holders have reached the Multiple on Invested Capital (MOIC) Threshold of 1.5 times the initial contributions. Therefore, it is likely that early periods will not generate sufficient earnings to provide the Company with a return in the form of a claim on net assets. Based on the terms of the Agreement our specified allocation of earnings and losses of 5% differs from the allocation of cash from operations and liquidation. Therefore, we will apply the guidance in ASC 970-323-35-17 by analogy, which states, if the specified allocation for earnings differs from the allocation of cash from operations and on liquidation, the investor should not use the specified earnings or loss percentages to determine its share of the investee’s earnings. Rather, the investor should analyze the investment agreement to determine how the increase or decrease in the investee’s net assets during the reporting period would affect the cash that the investor would receive over the investee’s life and on its liquidation.

As per the guidance above, the subsequent recognition of the equity method investment should reflect the Company’s claim on net assets, determined by its rights to distributions and residual assets under the Agreement’s distribution waterfall. The Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (HLBV) method satisfies this requirement by simulating a hypothetical liquidation at each reporting period, allocating net assets based on the rights and priorities defined in the Agreement. This approach reflects the Company’s economic interest in the Sawgrass Parent by estimating the amount it would receive in a liquidation scenario, aligning the recognition of income or loss with the actual distribution provisions under the agreement. Accordingly, this method appropriately represents the cash distribution under Section 10 and the allocation of profit and loss under Section 9.1 of the Agreement.

At the initial investment date, the Company’s hypothetical claim on net assets was zero, and it is expected to remain so, until other investors have received their Total Contributed Capital and the MOIC Threshold has been met. As a result of the MOIC not being met, the Company’s share of earnings under the HLBV method is zero during these early periods. Because the Company is not obligated to fund Sawgrass Parent’s losses, no losses will be allocated unless the investment becomes impaired, and such losses will not exceed the initial investment of $7.2 million. Similarly, net income will not be allocated until the HLBV calculation results in an allocation that exceeds the Company’s carrying value.

Accordingly, the Company will continue to present the equity method investment at its initial fair value unless the HLBV calculation yields a profit or the investment becomes impaired.

Management believes that the use of estimates and assumptions in applying the equity method is reasonable.

The Company “as lessor” entered into a master capital lease agreement with Region 16 Education Service Center for the lease of a 500kW generator. The lease commenced on June 1, 2025, and includes 84 monthly payments of $4,035.38, with a $1 buyout option at the end of the lease term. In accordance with ASC 842, the lease has been classified as a sales-type finance lease. The present value of the lease payments was calculated using an implied annual interest rate of 5.29%, which equates the present value of the lease payments and buyout to the fair value of the generator at inception of $282,772. The resulting lease receivable and interest income are recognized over the lease term based on the amortization schedule derived from this rate.

Reclassification

Reclassification

Certain amounts in the prior period have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Balances in accounts receivable and contract liabilities were reclassified to related party accounts receivable and related party contract liabilities, respectively. There was no net effect of this reclassification on the consolidated balance sheets.

Concentrations

Concentrations

Cash Concentrations

Cash is maintained at financial institutions and at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses related to these balances. As of June 30, 2025, the balance in one financial institution exceeded federally insured limits by approximately $676,285. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

Significant Customers and Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company had certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows:

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, three customers accounted for 64% (related party), 17% (related party) and 11% of revenues. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, three customers accounted for 43%, 25% and 18% of revenues. In most cases, there are no minimum contract values stated. The contracts are for service and maintenance, which may be paid monthly or annually in advance with revenues recorded ratably over the contract period.

At June 30, 2025, two customers accounted for 14% and 85% (related party) of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2024, three customers accounted for 73%, 17%, and 10% of accounts receivable. Much of the credit risk is mitigated due to the historical timely payments of our customers.

Geographic Concentration

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, approximately 13% of revenue was generated from three customers outside of the United States. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, approximately 65% of revenue was generated from three customers outside of the United States.

Significant Vendors and Concentration of Credit Risk

In some instances, the Company relies on a limited pool of vendors for key components related to the manufacturing of its subsystems. These vendors are primarily focused on camera, server, and lighting technologies integral to the Company’s solution. Where possible, the Company seeks multiple vendors for key components to mitigate vendor concentration risk.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”), for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. ASC 820 establishes a common definition for fair value to be applied to existing generally accepted accounting principles that require the use of fair value measurements, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about such fair value measurements.

ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Additionally, ASC 820 requires the use of valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

These inputs are prioritized below:

Level 1:	Observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2:	Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.
Level 3:	Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require the use of the reporting entity’s own assumptions that the market participants would use in the valuation of the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The Company analyzes all financial instruments with features of both liabilities and equity under the Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) accounting standard for such instruments. Under this standard, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, including accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued expenses and notes payable are carried at historical cost basis, which approximates their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses”. In accordance with ASC 326, an allowance is maintained for estimated forward-looking losses resulting from the possible inability of customers to make the required payments (current expected losses). The amount of the allowance is determined principally on the basis of past collection experience and known financial factors regarding specific customers.

Accounts receivable are stated at estimated net realizable value. Accounts receivable are comprised of balances due from customers net of estimated allowances for credit losses. In determining the collections on the account, historical trends are evaluated, and specific customer issues are reviewed to arrive at appropriate allowances. The Company reviews its accounts to estimate losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. Any required allowance is based on specific analysis of past due accounts and also considers historical trends of write-offs. Past due status is based on how recently payments have been received from customers.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventory consists primarily of spare parts and consumables and long-lead time components to be used in the production of our technology systems or in connection with maintenance agreements with customers. Any inventory deemed to be obsolete is written off. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory cost is primarily determined using the weighted average cost method.

The Company classifies inventory as a current asset when it is expected to be sold or utilized in production within the normal operating cycle, typically twenty-four months. Inventory that is determined to be slow-moving or not expected to be sold or utilized within the next twenty-four months is reclassified to non-current assets under Non-current Inventory.

The assessment of slow-moving inventory is based on historical sales trends, demand forecasts, and management’s judgment regarding market conditions. Once reclassified, the inventory is reviewed annually for impairment, and any necessary write-downs are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized inventory shrinkage in the amount of $25,000. The shrinkage was recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of inventory and recorded to cost of revenues as an expense in the period. The Company continuously evaluates the recoverability of its inventory. There were no material impacts on the Company's financial position as a result of the shrinkage.

Intangible Asset

Intangible Asset

In May 2024, the Company recognized an intangible asset which represents digital image data rights received under a license agreement as non-monetary consideration under a five-year customer contract. The intangible asset will be amortized over the five-year contractual term.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided by the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the property and equipment (three to five years). When assets are sold or retired, their costs and accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss resulting from their disposal is included in the statement of operations. Leasehold improvements are expensed over the shorter of the term of the lease or the useful life.

Software Development Costs

Software Development Costs

Software development costs incurred prior to establishing technological feasibility are charged to operations and included in research and development costs. The technological feasibility of a software product is established when the Company has completed all planning, designing, coding, and testing activities that are necessary to establish that the product meets its design specifications, including functionality, features, and technical performance requirements. Software development costs incurred after establishing technological feasibility for software sold as a perpetual license, as defined within ASC 985-20 (Software – Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed) are capitalized and amortized on a product-by-product basis when the product is available for general release to customers. Software development costs are evaluated for impairment annually by comparing the net realizable value to the unamortized capitalization costs and writing these costs down to net realizable value.

Patents and Trademarks

Patents and Trademarks

Patents and trademarks which are stated at amortized cost relate to the development of video surveillance security system technology and are being amortized over 17 years.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of its property, equipment, and other long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, in accordance with FASB ASC 360-10-35-15 “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets”, which requires recognition of impairment of long-lived assets in the event there are indicators of impairment and the net book values of such assets exceed the estimated future undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets or the business to which such intangible assets relate. This guidance requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

Equity Method Investments

Equity Method Investments

If an investment qualifies for the equity method of accounting, the Company’s investment is recorded initially at cost and subsequently adjusted for equity in net income (loss) and cash contributions and distributions. The net income or loss of an unconsolidated equity method investment is allocated to its investors in accordance with the provisions of the operating agreement of the entity. The allocation provisions in these agreements may differ from the ownership interest held by each investor. Differences, if any, between the carrying amount of our investment in the respective equity method investee and the Company’s share of the underlying equity of such equity method investee are amortized over the respective lives of the underlying assets as applicable. These items are reported as a single line item in the consolidated statements of operations as income or loss from investments in unconsolidated equity method investments. Investments are reviewed for changes in circumstance or the occurrence of events that suggest an other non-temporary event where our investment may not be recoverable.

On December 31, 2024, the Company entered into an Asset Management Agreement (the “AMA”), with New APR, an entity formed by affiliates of FIG. Under the AMA, Duos Energy will manage the deployment and operations of a fleet of mobile gas turbines and balance-of-plant inventory, providing management, sales and operations functions to New APR in connection with the assets. In exchange for services to be performed under the AMA, the Company received an initial cash payment and common units in Sawgrass Parent. While the Company has board representation in Sawgrass Parent, its common units are non-voting and the Company does not control the board of directors of Sawgrass Parent.

Where the Company has an interest in a Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”) it will consolidate any VIE in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. A controlling financial interest has both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance; and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. If both of the characteristics are met, the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary and therefore will consolidate that VIE into the consolidated financial statements.

Sawgrass Parent is deemed to be a VIE and the Company holds a 5% interest in the Parent and an interest in the subsidiary New APR through the AMA, both of which are considered variable interests. However, the Company does not represent the primary beneficiary as it does not possess the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Sawgrass Parent. Accordingly, the Company does not consolidate Sawgrass Parent. Due to the Company’s interest in Sawgrass Parent, it was determined that the Company has significant influence over Sawgrass Parent. Therefore, the Company accounts for its investment in Sawgrass Parent as an Equity Method Investment.

The Company also concluded that the arrangement with Sawgrass Parent is within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from contracts with customers, and the common units issued to the Company by Sawgrass Parent represented non-cash consideration. The initial carrying value of the equity method investment as of December 31, 2024 of $7.2 million was measured equal to the fair value of the common units received for future services to be performed under the AMA. The Company recorded $7.2 million of deferred revenue for services to be performed under the AMA. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not recognize any revenue associated with the AMA. The Company initially recorded the equity method investment in Sawgrass Parent of $7.2 million, equal to the fair value of the common units as of December 31, 2024. Revenue recognition started January 1, 2025. The Company recorded revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025 in the amount of $1.8 million with remaining deferred revenue of $5.4 million as of June 30, 2025.

The Company assesses its equity method investment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. No impairment losses were recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2025. See further disclosure of accounting policies related to this equity method investment above under “Use of Estimates.”

Product Warranties

Product Warranties

The Company has a 90-day warranty period for materials and labor after final acceptance of a project. If any parts are defective they are replaced under our vendor warranty, which is usually 12 to 36 months. Final acceptance terms vary by customer. Some customers have a cure period for any material deviation and if the Company fails or is unable to correct any deviations, a full refund of all payments made by the customer will be arranged by the Company. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the warranty costs have been de-minimis, therefore no accrual of warranty liability has been made.

Loan Costs

Loan Costs

Loan costs paid to lenders, or third parties are recorded as debt discounts to the related loans and amortized to interest expense over the loan term.

Sales Returns

Sales Returns

Our systems are sold as integrated systems and there are no sales returns allowed.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), that affects the timing of when certain types of revenues will be recognized. The basic principles in ASC 606 include the following: a contract with a customer creates distinct contract assets and performance obligations, satisfaction of a performance obligation creates revenue, and a performance obligation is satisfied upon transfer of control to a good or service to a customer.

Revenue is recognized by evaluating our revenue contracts with customers based on the five-step model under ASC 606:

Identify the contract with the customer;

Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

Determine the transaction price;

Allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations; and

Recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company generates revenue from five sources:

(1) Technology Systems

(2) AI Technologies

(3) Technical Support including related party revenues from the AMA which began in January 2025

(4) Consulting Services including related party revenues from the AMA which began in January 2025

(5) Hosting

Technology Systems

For revenues related to technology systems, the Company recognizes revenue over time using a cost-based input methodology in which significant judgment is required to estimate costs to complete projects. These estimated costs are then used to determine the progress towards contract completion and the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize.

Accordingly, the Company now bases its revenue recognition on ASC 606-10-25-27, where control of a good or service transfers over time if the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date including a profit margin or reasonable return on capital. Control is deemed to pass to the customer instantaneously as the goods are manufactured and revenue is recognized accordingly.

In addition, the Company has adopted ASC 606-10-55-21 such that if the cost incurred is not proportionate to the progress in satisfying the performance obligation, we adjust the input method to recognize revenue only to the extent of the cost incurred. Therefore, the Company will recognize revenue at an equal amount to the cost of the goods to satisfy the performance obligation. To accurately reflect revenue recognition based on the input method, the Company has adopted the implementation guidance as set out in ASC-606-10-55-187 through 192.

Under this method, contract revenues are recognized over the performance period of the contract in direct proportion to the costs incurred. Costs include direct material, direct labor, subcontract labor and other allocable indirect costs. All un-allocable indirect costs and corporate general and administrative costs are also charged to the periods as incurred. Any recognized revenues that have not been billed to a customer are recorded as an asset in “contract assets”. Any billings of customers more than recognized revenues are recorded as a liability in “contract liabilities”. However, in the event a loss on a contract is foreseen, the Company will recognize the loss when such loss is determined to be both probable and reasonably estimable.

AI Technologies

The Company has revenue from applications that incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of predetermined algorithms which provide important operating information to the users of our systems. The revenue generated from these applications of AI consists of a fixed fee related to the design, development, testing and incorporation of new algorithms into the system, which is recognized as revenue at a point in time upon acceptance, as well as an annual application maintenance fee, which is recognized as revenue ratably over the contracted maintenance term.

Technical Support

Technical support services are provided on both an as-needed and extended-term basis and may include providing both parts and labor. Maintenance and technical support provided outside of a maintenance contract are on an “as-requested” basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are provided. Revenue for maintenance and technical support provided on an extended-term basis is recognized over time ratably over the term of the contract. This includes related party revenues from the AMA, which began on January 1, 2025, related to the installation and maintenance of certain assets deployed by New APR.

Consulting Services

The Company’s consulting services business generates revenues under contracts with customers from four sources: (1) Professional Services (consulting and auditing and including related party revenues from the AMA which began in January 2025); (2) Software licensing with optional hardware sales; (3) Customer service training and (4) Maintenance/support.

(1) Revenues for professional services, which are of short-term duration, are recognized when services are completed;

(2) For all periods reflected in this report, software license sales have been one-time sales of a perpetual license to use our software product and the customer also has the option to purchase third-party manufactured handheld devices from us if they purchase our software license. Accordingly, the revenue is recognized upon delivery of the software and delivery of the hardware, as applicable, to the customer;

(3) Training sales are one-time upfront short-term training sessions and are recognized after the service has been performed; and

(4) Maintenance/support is an optional product sold to our software license customers under one-year contracts. Accordingly, maintenance payments received upfront are deferred and recognized over the contract term.

Hosting

The Company generates hosting revenue from deploying and operating edge data centers, which provide customers with dedicated cabinet space on a monthly basis. The revenue from hosting consists of fixed monthly fees per cabinet, recognized as revenue ratably over the contractual hosting term, as the Company provides continuous access to the hosted infrastructure and related services.

Multiple Performance Obligations and Allocation of Transaction Price

Arrangements with customers may involve multiple performance obligations including project revenue and maintenance services in our Technology Systems business. Maintenance will occur after the project is completed and may be provided on an extended-term basis or on an as-needed basis. In our consulting services business, multiple performance obligations may include any of the above four sources. Training and maintenance on software products may occur after the software product sale while other services may occur before or after the software product sale and may not relate to the software product. Revenue recognition for a multiple performance obligations arrangement is as follows:

Each performance obligation is accounted for separately when each has value to the customer on a standalone basis and there is Company specific objective evidence of the selling price of each deliverable. For revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables, the Company allocates the total customer arrangement to the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices as determined by the price of the items when sold separately. Once the selling price is allocated, the revenue for each performance obligation is recognized using the applicable criteria under GAAP as discussed above for performance obligations sold in single performance obligation arrangements. A delivered item or items that do not qualify as a separate unit of accounting within the arrangement are combined with the other applicable undelivered items within the arrangement. The allocation of arrangement consideration and the recognition of revenue is then determined for those combined deliverables as a single unit of accounting. The Company sells its various services and software and hardware products at established prices on a standalone basis which provides Company specific objective evidence of selling price for purposes of performance obligations relative selling price allocation. The Company only sells maintenance services or spare parts based on its established rates after it has completed a system integration project for a customer. The customer is not required to purchase maintenance services. All elements in multiple performance obligations arrangements with Company customers qualify as separate units of account for revenue recognition purposes.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues primarily includes inventory, shipping, certain fixed labor and overhead and allocated depreciation and amortization as applicable.

Advertising

Advertising

The Company expenses the cost of advertising. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no advertising costs.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for employee and non-employee stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718-10, “Share-Based Payment,” which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors including stock options, restricted stock units, and employee stock purchases based on estimated fair values. The stock-based compensation carries a graded vesting feature subject to the condition of time of employment service with awarded stock-based compensation tranches vesting evenly upon the anniversary date of the award.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing formula. In accordance with ASC 718-10-35-8, the Company elected to recognize the fair value of the stock award using the graded vesting method as time of employment service is the criteria for vesting. The Company’s determination of fair value using an option-pricing model is affected by the stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly subjective variables.

For restricted stock awards, fair value is measured at the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. That value is then recognized over the requisite vesting period.

The Company estimates volatility based upon the historical stock price of the Company and estimates the expected term for stock options using the simplified method for employees and directors and the contractual term for non-employees. The risk-free rate is determined based upon the prevailing rate of United States Treasury securities with similar maturities.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred income taxes for differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes. The deferred tax assets and liabilities represent the future tax return consequences of those differences, which will either be taxable or deductible when the assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company evaluates all significant tax positions as required by ASC 740. As of June 30, 2025, the Company does not believe that it has taken any positions that would require the recording of any additional tax liability, nor does it believe that there are any unrealized tax benefits that would either increase or decrease within the next year.

Any penalties and interest assessed by income taxing authorities are included in operating expenses.

The federal and state income tax returns of the Company are subject to examination by the IRS and state taxing authorities, generally for three years after they were filed. Tax years 2022, 2023 and 2024 remain open for potential audit.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) are computed by dividing the net loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise or conversion of stock options, stock warrants, convertible debt instruments, convertible preferred stock or other common stock equivalents. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation if their effect is anti-dilutive.

At June 30, 2025, there were (i) an aggregate of zero outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock, (ii) employee stock options to purchase an aggregate of 485,125 shares of common stock, (iii) 333,000 common shares issuable upon conversion of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and (iv) 4,789,273 common shares issuable upon conversion of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, all of which were excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

At June 30, 2024, there were (i) an aggregate of 44,644 outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock, (ii) employee stock options to purchase an aggregate of 1,340,903 shares of common stock, (iii) 506,333 common shares issuable upon conversion of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and (iv) subject to receipt of shareholder approval, 4,541,667 common shares issuable upon conversion of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, all of which were excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Leases

Leases

The Company follows ASC 842 “Leases”. This guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for most operating leases. In addition, this guidance requires that lessors separate lease and non-lease components in a contract in accordance with the revenue guidance in ASC 606.

The Company made an accounting policy election to not recognize short-term leases with terms of twelve months or less on the balance sheet and instead recognize the lease payments in expense as incurred. The Company has also elected to account for real estate leases that contain both lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

At the inception of a contract the Company assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The Company’s assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether we obtain the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (3) whether we have the right to direct the use of the asset.

Operating ROU assets represent the right to use the leased asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of future payments. The lease term includes all periods covered by renewal and termination options where the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the renewal options or not to exercise the termination options. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in general and administration expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company accounts for leases as a lessor in accordance with ASC 842-30. Under ASC 842-30, leases are classified as either operating, sales-type or finance leases based on the terms and characteristics of the lease agreement. The Company is the lessor in a master capital lease agreement entered into during the second quarter of 2025 with Region 16 Education Service Center. Under the terms of the agreement, Region 16 is leasing a 500kW generator for a period of 84 months beginning June 1, 2025. Monthly lease payments are $4,035.38, with a $1 buyout option at the end of the lease term. The lease meets the criteria for classification as a sale-type finance lease under ASC 842 due to the presence of a bargain purchase option and the lease term covering a substantial portion of the asset’s useful life.

At lease inception, the Company reclassified the generator from property and equipment and recognized a lease receivable equal to the present value of the lease payments. The present value of the lease payments was calculated to be $282,772, which approximates the fair value of the generator. The implied annual interest rate used to calculate the present value was 5.29%, determined using the internal rate of return (IRR) method. This rate reflects the financing component embedded in the lease payments.

Over the lease term, the Company will recognize interest income on the lease receivable and reduce the receivable as payments are received. The final $1 payment at the end of the lease term will transfer ownership of the generator to Region 16. The Company believes this lease arrangement is appropriately accounted for under ASC 842 and reflects the economic substance of the transaction.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, the FASB or other standards setting bodies will issue new accounting pronouncements. Updates to the FASB ASC are communicated through issuance of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”).

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires companies to disclose, on an annual basis, specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Further, ASU 2023-09 requires companies to disclose additional information about income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025 and will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. The Company evaluated the disclosure impact of ASU 2023-09; and determined the standard will not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires entities to provide more detailed disaggregation of expenses in the income statement, focusing on the nature of the expenses rather than their function. The new disclosures will require entities to separately present expenses for significant line items, including but not limited to, depreciation, amortization, and employee compensation. Entities will also be required to provide a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, provide a definition of what constitutes selling expenses. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying financial statements.

DUOS TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. 10-Q