UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 9
to
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Accelerated Pharma, Inc.

36 Church Lane
Westport, Connecticut 06880
(203) 520-3840

Michael Fonstein, PhD.
Chief Executive Officer
36 Church Lane
Westport, Connecticut 06880
(203) 520-3840

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

1,500,000 Units consisting of Common Stock and Two Series A Warrants

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The Offering

Summary Financial Data

RISK FACTORS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

USE OF PROCEEDS

DIVIDEND POLICY

CAPITALIZATION

DILUTION

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END

PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

UNDERWRITING

EXPERTS

LEGAL MATTERS

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

ACCELERATED PHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 9toFORM S-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Accelerated Pharma, Inc.

36 Church Lane Westport, Connecticut 06880 (203) 520-3840

Michael Fonstein, PhD. Chief Executive Officer 36 Church Lane Westport, Connecticut 06880 (203) 520-3840

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

1,500,000 Units consisting of Common Stock and Two Series A Warrants

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The Offering

Summary Financial Data

RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need For Additional Capital

Risks Related to the Clinical Development of Our Product Candidate

Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidate

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates and Other Legal and Compliance Matters

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities and this Offering

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 9
to
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

36 Church Lane
Westport, Connecticut 06880
(203) 520-3840

Michael Fonstein, PhD.
Chief Executive Officer
36 Church Lane
Westport, Connecticut 06880
(203) 520-3840

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates
and Other Legal and Compliance Matters

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Accelerated Pharma, Inc. S-1/A

Registration Statement No. 333-214048

Overview

Our Product Candidate

Our Strategy and Targeted Milestones

Summary Risks Associated with Our Business

Recent Developments

Corporate Information

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

Overview

Results of Operations

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

JOBS Act

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Overview

Background on Our Rights to Picoplatin

Our Strategy and Targeted Milestones

Background on Cancer

Picoplatin and Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics

Previous Picoplatin Clinical Studies

The Previous Phase III SPEAR Trial Results

Our Clinical Trial Plan for the U.S.

Planned Application to Ministry of Health in the Russian Federation

Our Genomics Program

Performance of our genomic predictors applied to FOLFOX & FOLFIRI treatment regimens

Picoplatin Source of Supply

Patents and Proprietary Rights

Competition

Government Regulation and Product Testing

Employees

Properties

Legal Proceedings

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants

Corporate Background

Board Committees and Director Independence

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Insider Trading Policy

2016 Equity Incentive Plan

Compensation of Directors

Statement of Policy

General

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Series A Warrants

Convertible Notes

The Bridge Notes

Warrants

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law and Provisions of Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws

Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Elimination of Monetary Liability for Officers and Directors

Indemnification of Officers and Directors

Disclosure of Commission Position on Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities

Rule 144

Rule 701

Lock-up Agreements

Equity Incentive Plans

Over-Allotment Option

Underwriter Compensation

Lock-Up Agreements

The NASDAQ Capital Market Listing

Price Stabilization, Short Positions and Penalty Bids

Other Terms

Indemnification

Electronic Distribution

Foreign Regulatory Restrictions on Purchase of Securities Generally

NOTE 1 — BUSINESS

NOTE 2 — GOING CONCERN AND MANAGEMENT’S LIQUIDITY PLANS

NOTE 3 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 3 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued)

NOTE 3 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued)

NOTE 3 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued)

NOTE 3 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued)

NOTE 4 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

NOTE 4 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS – (continued)

NOTE 4 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS – (continued)

NOTE 5 — OBLIGATION TO PURCHASE LICENSE RIGHTS

NOTE 7 — NOTE PAYABLE — SHORT TERM

NOTE 8 — CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE

NOTE 8 — CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE – (continued)

Registration Statement No. 333-214048

Overview

Our Product Candidate

Our Strategy and Targeted Milestones

Summary Risks Associated with Our Business

Recent Developments

Corporate Information

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

Statement of Operations Data:

Balance Sheet Data:

We are a pre-revenue biopharmaceutical company and are thus subject to the risks associated with new businesses in that industry.

We have a very limited operating history and are expected to incur significant operating losses during the early stage of our corporate development.

We have no experience as a company in obtaining regulatory approval for, or commercializing, any product candidate.

Our current and future operations substantially depend on our management team and our ability to hire other key personnel, the loss of any of whom could disrupt our business operations.

We are highly dependent on our license agreement with Genzyme, and the loss of this license would materially impair our business plan and viability.

We have never generated revenue, may never generate revenue, are not profitable and may never become profitable.

We will require additional funding to progress our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts and our business could fail.

We may have difficulty in raising capital and may consume resources faster than expected.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

As a result of our current lack of financial liquidity, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a “going concern,” within one year from the issuance date of our financial statements.

We are very early in our development efforts for Picoplatin and Picoplatin is our only product candidate. If we are unable to clinically develop and ultimately commercialize Picoplatin as an anti-cancer therapy or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

If we are unable to demonstrate to physicians the benefits of Picoplatin as an anti-cancer therapy, if and when it is approved, we may incur delays or additional expense in our attempt to establish market acceptance.

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidate.

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, including delays or difficulties resulting from the actions of regulatory authorities, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

Poniard’s Phase III trial of Picoplatin in small cell lung cancer failed to meet the primary endpoint of overall survival. Accordingly, there is a material risk that we will be unable to develop and successfully complete clinical testing for Picoplatin.

If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of our product candidate, we may need to abandon or limit such development, which would adversely affect our company.

For the foreseeable future, we expect to expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate, leaving us unable to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of clinical and commercial development.

We expect to rely on collaborations with third parties for key aspects of our business. If we are unable to secure or maintain any of these collaborations, or if these collaborations do not achieve their goals, our business would be adversely affected.

Our third party manufacturing collaborators are subject to significant regulatory oversight with respect to manufacturing our product candidate. Third-party manufacturing facilities may not meet regulatory requirements, which would adversely impact our business.

Any contamination in our manufacturing process, shortages of raw materials or failure of any of our key suppliers to deliver necessary components could result in delays in our clinical development or marketing schedules.

Even if Picoplatin receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may not be able to commercialize our product candidate if and when it is approved.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to commercialize our technology and products may be impaired.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidate(s).

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose rights that are important to our business.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

If we fail to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidate, and our ability to generate revenue and the viability of our company will be materially impaired.

We will be subject to healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement; our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions.

A fast track designation by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

A breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA for our product candidate may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidate will receive marketing approval.

We may seek but be unable to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidate. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for their products that are the same drug as our product candidate, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.

Even if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidate, we could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

While it is our intention to enter into a strategic partnership with a European partner to seek regulatory approval for Picoplatin in the European Union, we may not enter into such a partnership and even if we do enter into such a partnership, we may not be successful in obtaining regulatory approval.

The holders of our Series B Preferred Stock have rights that the holders of our common stock do not have.

Our management has broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering.

There is no existing market for our common stock or Series A warrants and we do not know if one will develop to provide you with adequate liquidity.

The offered securities have no prior public market, and our common stock and Series A warrant prices could be volatile and could decline after this offering.

The market price of our common stock and Series A warramts may be highly volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The NASDAQ Capital Market may not list our securities, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market could result in a de-listing of our securities.

If our shares become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

There can be no assurance that we will ever provide liquidity to our investors through a sale of our company.

The financial and operational projections and statements regarding future milestones that we may make from time to time are subject to inherent risks.

In making your investment decision, you should understand that we and the underwriters have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering.

In addition to the registration of the sale of units to investors in our initial public offering, we are also registering for resale 3,287,601 shares of our common stock, including 1,892,374 shares of common stock (consisting of currently outstanding shares of common stock and shares of common stock that are issuable upon conversion of our outstanding convertible notes or Series B Preferred Stock) that will not be subject to lock-up agreements. Future sales by these selling stockholders or by our other stockholders may adversely affect our stock price and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering and may experience additional dilution in the future.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

An investment in our company may involve tax implications, and you are encouraged to consult your own advisors as neither we nor any related party is offering any tax assurances or guidance regarding our company or your investment.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carry-forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Because we have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards for an “emerging growth company” our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the price of our common stock and Series A warrants and trading volume could decline.

The Series A warrants are a risky investment. You may be unable to exercise your Series A warrants for a profit.

The shares of common stock that are issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants may become unregistered.

Holders of the Series A warrants will have no rights as common stockholders until they acquire our common stock.

The Series A warrants included in this offering may not have any value.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

We do not expect to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2016

Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Overview of drug rescuing and repositioning as a clinical development strategy

Overview of our target cancers

Overview of planned Phase II and Phase III trials

Director Independence

Board Committees

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Cash Compensation

Statement of Operations Data:

Balance Sheet Data:

We are a pre-revenue biopharmaceutical company and are thus subject to the risks associated with new businesses in that industry.

We have a very limited operating history and are expected to incur significant operating losses during the early stage of our corporate development.

We have no experience as a company in obtaining regulatory approval for, or commercializing, any product candidate.

Our current and future operations substantially depend on our management team and our ability to hire other key personnel, the loss of any of whom could disrupt our business operations.

We are highly dependent on our license agreement with Genzyme, and the loss of this license would materially impair our business plan and viability.

We have never generated revenue, may never generate revenue, are not profitable and may never become profitable.

We will require additional funding to progress our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts and our business could fail.

We may have difficulty in raising capital and may consume resources faster than expected.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

As a result of our current lack of financial liquidity, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a “going concern,” within one year from the issuance date of our financial statements.

We are very early in our development efforts for Picoplatin and Picoplatin is our only product candidate. If we are unable to clinically develop and ultimately commercialize Picoplatin as an anti-cancer therapy or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

If we are unable to demonstrate to physicians the benefits of Picoplatin as an anti-cancer therapy, if and when it is approved, we may incur delays or additional expense in our attempt to establish market acceptance.

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidate.

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, including delays or difficulties resulting from the actions of regulatory authorities, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

Poniard’s Phase III trial of Picoplatin in small cell lung cancer failed to meet the primary endpoint of overall survival. Accordingly, there is a material risk that we will be unable to develop and successfully complete clinical testing for Picoplatin.

If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of our product candidate, we may need to abandon or limit such development, which would adversely affect our company.

For the foreseeable future, we expect to expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate, leaving us unable to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of clinical and commercial development.

We expect to rely on collaborations with third parties for key aspects of our business. If we are unable to secure or maintain any of these collaborations, or if these collaborations do not achieve their goals, our business would be adversely affected.

Our third party manufacturing collaborators are subject to significant regulatory oversight with respect to manufacturing our product candidate. Third-party manufacturing facilities may not meet regulatory requirements, which would adversely impact our business.

Any contamination in our manufacturing process, shortages of raw materials or failure of any of our key suppliers to deliver necessary components could result in delays in our clinical development or marketing schedules.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Even if Picoplatin receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may not be able to commercialize our product candidate if and when it is approved.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidate(s).

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose rights that are important to our business.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

If we fail to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidate, and our ability to generate revenue and the viability of our company will be materially impaired.

We will be subject to healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement; our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial conditions.

A fast track designation by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

A breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA for our product candidate may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidate will receive marketing approval.

Even if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidate, we could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The holders of our Series B Preferred Stock have rights that the holders of our common stock do not have.

Our management has broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering.

There is no existing market for our common stock or Series A warrants and we do not know if one will develop to provide you with adequate liquidity.

The offered securities have no prior public market, and our common stock and Series A warrant prices could be volatile and could decline after this offering.

The market price of our common stock and Series A warramts may be highly volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The NASDAQ Capital Market may not list our securities, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market could result in a de-listing of our securities.

If our shares become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

There can be no assurance that we will ever provide liquidity to our investors through a sale of our company.

The financial and operational projections and statements regarding future milestones that we may make from time to time are subject to inherent risks.

In making your investment decision, you should understand that we and the underwriters have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering and may experience additional dilution in the future.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

Summary Table

Research and Development Expenses

General and Administrative Expenses

Net Loss

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Summary Table

Research and Development Expenses

General and Administrative Expenses

Net Loss

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Overview

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

Stock-Based Compensation

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Small Cell Lung Cancer — Phase III SPEAR Trial

Metastatic Colorectal Cancer — Phase I-II Clinical Trial

Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer — Phase I-II Clinical Trial

Ovarian Cancer

Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Phase II study in the second line of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Phase II study in the second line Metastaic Colorectal Cancer

Planned Phase III trials

Treatment-specific nature of the classifiers

Heraeus Agreement

Baxter Agreement

Picoplatin Combination Product Patents

Methods of Manufacture Patents

Picoplatin Formulation Patents

Methods of Treating Colorectal Cancer Patents

Methods of Treating Small Cell Lung Cancer Patents

Patent Term Extension

Orphan Drug Exclusivity

Development of Future Intellectual Property

U.S. Government Regulation

Post-Approval Requirements

Foreign Regulation

Coverage and Reimbursement

Audit Committee

Compensation Committee

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Employment Agreements

Series A Preferred Stock

Series B Preferred Stock

December 29, 2014 Secured Convertible Notes

May 8, 2015 Senior Secured Convertible Notes

November 6, 2015 Senior Secured Convertible Notes

2016 Senior Secured Convertible Notes

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law

Reclassifications

Consolidation

Use of estimates

Cash equivalents

Property and equipment

Research and development costs

Concentration of Credit Risk

Foreign currency translation

Comprehensive loss

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Convertible Instruments

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

Stock-Based Compensation

Income Taxes

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Subsequent Events

December 29, 2014 senior convertible notes

May 8, 2015 senior convertible notes

November 6, 2015 senior convertible notes

2016 financing

Summary

As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2017

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	2834	47-2380751
(State or jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:


Barry I. Grossman, Esq. Lawrence A. Rosenbloom, Esq. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP 1345 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10105 Phone: (212) 370-1300 Fax: (212) 370-7889		Louis Taubman, Esq. Joan Wu, Esq. Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC 1450 Broadway, 26^th Floor New York, New York 10018 Phone: (212) 732-7184 Fax: (212) 202-6380

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If delivery of the Prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and emerging growth company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer o		Accelerated filer o		Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting company x Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. o

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Title of Each Class of Securities to Be Registered	Amount to Be Registered		Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Share		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price		Amount of Registration Fee⁽⁸⁾
Units, each consisting of:		—		—	$	8,625,000	$	999.64
Shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		—		—	$	—	$	—
Series A warrants to purchase common stock⁽³⁾		—		—	$	—	$	—
Shares of common stock underlying series A warrants⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾⁽⁴⁾		—		—	$	18,975,000	$	2,199.20
Representatives’ warrants⁽³⁾		—		—	$	—	$	—
Shares of common stock underlying representatives’ warrants⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾⁽⁶⁾		—		—	$	215,625	$	24.99
Shares of common stock underlying outstanding convertible promissory notes owned by selling stockholders⁽²⁾⁽⁵⁾		1,479,612	$	6.00	$	8,877,672	$	1,028.92
Shares of common stock owned by selling stockholders⁽²⁾		1,376,302	$	6.00	$	8,257,812	$	957.08
Shares of common stock underlying outstanding Series B convertible preferred stock⁽²⁾⁽⁷⁾		431,687	$	6.00	$	2,590,122	$	300.20
Total		—		—	$	47,541,231	$	5,510.03

(1)

Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee under Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Includes shares of our common stock that the underwriters have the option to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any.

(2)

Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, the securities being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of additional shares of common stock as may be issued after the date hereof as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.

(3)

In accordance with Rule 457(g) under the Securities Act, because the shares of our common stock underlying the warrants and Representatives’ warrants are registered hereby, no separate registration fee is required with respect to the warrants registered hereby.

(4)

There will be issued two warrants each to purchase one share of common stock for every one unit offered. The warrants are exercisable at a per share price of 110% of the initial public offering price.

(5)

Represents shares of common stock issuable to selling stockholders upon the conversion of convertible promissory notes, including interest payable thereon through June 30, 2017, issued by the registrant in a private placement offering.

(6)

Estimated solely for the purposes of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(g) under the Securities Act. The warrants issued to the representatives of the underwriters are exercisable at a per share exercise price equal to 125% of the public offering price. As estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(g) under the Securities Act, the proposed maximum aggregate offering price of the representatives’ warrants is $215,625 (which is equal to 125% of $172,500 (2% of $8,625,000)).

(7)

Represents shares of common stock issuable to a selling stockholder upon the conversion of Series B convertible preferred stock issued by the registrant.

(8)

Previously paid.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission acting pursuant to said Section 8(a) may determine.

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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.


Preliminary Prospectus		Subject to Completion, dated July 12, 2017

[GRAPHIC MISSING]

This is the initial public offering of Accelerated Pharma, Inc. We are offering 1,500,000 units, with each unit consisting of one (1) share of our common stock and two (2) Series A warrants, exercisable on or before the five year anniversary of issuance, each to purchase one (1) share of our common stock at an exercise price of $ per share. The shares of common stock and the Series A warrants that are part of the units are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but will be purchased together in this offering. The units will not be issued, certificated or traded. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock or Series A warrants. We currently expect the initial public offering price per unit to be between $4.00 and $6.00. We have applied to have our common stock and Series A warrants listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbols “ACCP” and “ACCPW,” respectively.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered before making a decision to purchase our securities.


	Per Unit	Total
Public offering price
Discounts and commissions to underwriters⁽¹⁾
Proceeds, before expenses, to us

(1)

See “Underwriting” on page 102 of this prospectus for a description of our arrangements with the underwriters.

We have granted a 45 day option to the representatives of the underwriters to purchase up to an additional 225,000 units to cover over-allotments, if any.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock and Series A warrants offered hereby to purchasers on or about , 2017 through the book-entry facilities of The Depository Trust Company.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.


Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H.C. Wainwright & Co.		Joseph Gunnar & Co.

The date of this prospectus is , 2017.

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	Page
Prospectus Summary		1
Risk Factors		12
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		41
Use of Proceeds		42
Dividend Policy		44
Capitalization		45
Dilution		47
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		49
Business		54
Management		82
Executive Compensation		86
Principal Stockholders		90
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions		92
Description of Securities		94
Shares Eligible For Future Sale		100
Underwriting		102
Experts		106
Legal Matters		106
Where You Can Find More Information		106
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

Please read this prospectus carefully. It describes our business, our financial condition and our results of operations. We have prepared this prospectus so that you will have the information necessary to make an informed investment decision. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations about us, the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus or any other matter discussed in this prospectus, other than the information and representations contained in this prospectus. If any other information or representation is given or made, such information or representation may not be relied upon as having been authorized by us.

The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any distribution of securities in accordance with this prospectus shall, under any circumstances, imply that there has been no change in our affairs since the date of this prospectus. This prospectus will be updated and made available for delivery to the extent required by the federal securities laws.

This prospectus includes estimates, statistics and other industry data that we obtained from industry publications, research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties and publicly available information. Such data involves a number of assumptions and limitations and contains projections and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we operate that are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. This prospectus also includes data based on our own internal estimates. We caution you not to give undue weight to such projections, assumptions and estimates.

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For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus we may provide to you in connection with this offering in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus and any such free writing prospectus outside of the United States.

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This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. To understand this offering fully, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” section, the consolidated financial statements and the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Unless the context otherwise requires, references contained in this prospectus to “we,” “us,” “our” or similar terminology refers to Accelerated Pharma, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

Unless otherwise indicated, all share amounts and per share amounts in this prospectus have been presented on a pro-forma basis to reflect a forward stock split of the outstanding shares of our common stock at a ratio of 4.9-for-1 shares effected on December 1, 2016.

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on utilizing our genomic technology to (i) enhance the development of pre-existing pharmaceutical products for the treatment of various cancer indications, (ii) prospectively identify patients that may respond to such pharmaceutical products and (iii) commercialize such pharmaceutical products for sale in various markets.

Our lead product candidate is Picoplatin, a new generation platinum-based cancer therapy that has the potential for use in different formulations, as a single agent or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, to treat multiple cancer indications. We hold and are the exclusive, worldwide licensee of patented and proprietary technology related to Picoplatin. We will initially use our genomic technology to identify suitable patients prospectively for our anticipated Picoplatin clinical trials described below in hope of obtaining regulatory approval for Picoplatin and commercializing the therapy. Ultimately, we believe that our genomic program will allow us to identify additional drug candidates that can be substantially improved for the treatment of various cancer indications and ultimately create a targeted, driven approach for cancer treatment by selecting patients who will respond to therapy in advance of administering such therapy.

Platinum-based drugs are prescribed for a significant portion of newly diagnosed cancer patients, generating several billions of dollars in estimated annual sales according to a review article published in December 2007 in Cancer Therapy entitled “Designing Platinum Compounds in Cancer.” In many cases, these treatments succeed in reducing the size of tumors. However, current platinum therapies suffer from two major shortcomings. First, platinum-based chemotherapy often causes serious side effects. Second, and even worse, recipients often do not respond to these treatments, resulting in the loss of critical time for alternative therapies. Therefore, while platinum drugs are widely viewed as effective in the treatment of cancer, improvements are needed. We believe that our strategy to integrate a new platinum molecule (Picoplatin) with improved properties into pre-existing pharmaceutical products can improve the success rates of such products, especially because we expect that our technology will allow us to identify prospectively patients that will be more likely to respond positively to the treatment. We believe these factors make Picoplatin a potentially attractive compound for other pharmaceutical companies to partner with us for the commercialization of Picoplatin upon or prior to the completion of our anticipated clinical trials and/or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (or FDA) approval, particularly considering the platinum-based drug market which has been genericized due to the lack of recent developments and innovation.

Although chemotherapy has been an available treatment for cancer for decades, there have been many new drug therapies, such as immunotherapy, that have shown promise and have been the focus of much of the recent attention in the cancer treatment sector. While we believe that these new therapies have significant potential in the battle to combat cancer, recent examples have demonstrated the continuing importance of chemotherapy and its critical role as a standard of care in treating cancer. For example, Celgene Corporation’s Abraxane sales were approximately $967 million in 2015 after receiving FDA approval in 2012, and Oxaliplatin, the last branded platinum-based chemotherapy drug, generated over $1 billion of sales as late as 2012. Additionally, in 2015, the FDA approved four new chemotherapeutic drugs, and recently, in July 2016, Jazz Pharmaceuticals acquired Celator Pharmaceuticals for $1.5 billion. Celator’s lead product candidate is Vyxeos, a Phase III chemotherapy compound targeting acute myeloid leukemia. Our goal is to establish Picoplatin as a significant entrant into the chemotherapy marketplace.

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We believe that our strategy to employ our genomic technology to develop Picoplatin is timely. Recently, there has been a significant focus on further developing and using genomics as an important tool in the treatment of cancer. Large pharmaceutical companies have recognized the value of genomics in their drug development efforts and have implemented large-scale changes to move in that direction. In an April 2016 press release, AstraZeneca announced “an integrated genomics initiative to transform drug discovery and development across its entire research and development pipeline” and that the company had sequenced “2 million genomes in the hunt for new drugs.” Additionally, in October 2016, the U.S. federal government’s Moonshot Task Force released its report entitled “Cancer Moonshot — Ending Cancer as We Know It”, a significant portion of which was dedicated to describing the government’s goal to provide substantial funds to drug developers and research organizations in an effort to enhance genomics as a tool to fight cancer. The goal of our genomics program with respect to Picoplatin is to use our genomics tools with associated predictive models to select patients who will respond to Picoplatin prospectively. Our genomics technology will be designed to both identify patients who will and who will not benefit from Picoplatin (the expected accuracy of prediction may be higher than 90%) before such patients begin receiving therapy. If a potential patient would not benefit from Picoplatin, such patient can be directed to alternative treatments saving precious time which otherwise would have been spent on a drug treatment therapy that would not have been effective for them.

We intend to conduct Phase II clinical trials both in colorectal cancer (or CRC) and squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck. We expect to first pursue a Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck using the proceeds of this offering. Commencing after the closing of this offering and over the next 24 months thereafter, we expect to conduct a Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck in order to determine the genomic signatures for Picoplatin with respect to this indication. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial for CRC. For more information on how we will spend the proceeds from this offering, see “Use of Proceeds” below. In October 2016, following its review of our Investigational New Drug Application (or IND) for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, the FDA, through a series of telephonic calls and a confirmatory e-mail, gave us permission to initiate Phase II trials of Picoplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. If one or both of these trials meets their primary endpoints, we expect to conduct a Phase III study in order to utilize the genomic classifiers (which are individual genes or sets of genes which allow the separation of tumors which differ in response to treatment by looking at their gene expressions) identified in the Phase II clinical trials to prospectively identify patients that we expect to respond positively to (and to not respond positively to) Picoplatin prior to receiving treatment such that we can achieve positive progression-free survival endpoints, significantly increasing the patient response rate to Picoplatin. A gene expression is a conversion of the information from a gene and determines the phenotype (trait) defined by a specific form of gene. This data will support submission for drug approval from the FDA and other regulatory agencies, including in the Russian Federation.

Picoplatin is a small molecule new-generation platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent designed to address the major weaknesses of existing platinum therapies. In clinical trials, Picoplatin has demonstrated not only comparable efficacy but the ability to overcome platinum resistance and significantly reduced levels of certain of the side effects associated with platinum chemotherapy in solid tumors. Study data to date suggests that Picoplatin has an improved safety profile relative to existing platinum-based cancer therapies and can be safely administered in combination with multiple approved oncology products. To date, over 1,100 patients have received Picoplatin in clinical trials conducted by previous licensees of the drug. Results obtained suggest that decreased production of blood cells, or myelosuppression, is common but manageable. Kidney damage, or nephrotoxicity, and, particularly, nerve damage, or neurotoxicity, have been significantly less frequent and less severe than is commonly observed with other currently-marketed platinum chemotherapy drugs. Picoplatin has shown evidence of anti-tumor activity in a variety of solid tumors, including tumors that have been treated with existing platinum-based therapeutics and became resistant to them.

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primary endpoint of overall survival. On March 24, 2010, Poniard announced that it was suspending its effort to seek regulatory approval for Picoplatin in small cell lung cancer (or SCLC). On June 30, 2013, Encarta, Inc. (or Encarta), the predecessor to Tallikut Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (or Tallikut), acquired certain assets of Poniard, including the Genzyme License and all related intellectual property, providing Encarta with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. All previous clinical trials with respect to Picoplatin have been conducted by Poniard and we have not yet initiated any clinical trials with respect to Picoplatin. The previous developers have spent a substantial amount of capital in the development of Picoplatin through its Phase III trials.

Led by Michael Fonstein, our management team decided to form a company in 2014 to pursue the development of novel cancer therapies via in-license. After extensive analysis of the Phase III SPEAR trial which we received in our due diligence of the Picoplatin opportunity, we came to the conclusion that the significant clinical data produced in the Phase III SPEAR trial as well as previous trials conducted indicate a strong potential effectiveness of Picoplatin. We believe that Ponaird’s trial design and elements of its clinical trial execution (which were explainable at the time of trials but which defects were clearly seen after the fact), and not the drug itself, are chiefly to blame for its unsuccessful Phase III SPEAR trials. We further believe that, despite the seemingly unsuccessful Phase III SPEAR trial performed by Poniard, if certain subgroups of patients had been excluded from the trials and the trial endpoints were more in line with that of other precedent cancer trials, the data indicated that the trial would have met its endpoints and been successful. Accordingly, given the efficacy of Picoplatin along with its vastly improved safety profile, our management identified Picoplatin as a priority to license as the first compound for its drug development program enhanced by its genomics technology.

On June 17, 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Tallikut pursuant to which we acquired from Tallikut the exclusive, global license of all rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin (we refer to such license, as amended in December 2014 and March 2016, as the Tallikut License). Under the Tallikut License, we paid $150,000 as consideration plus 100,000 shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (or Series A Preferred Stock) and a warrant to purchase 80,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Tallikut and were obligated to pay certain royalties to Tallikut relating to sales of Picoplatin in the United States and abroad. This agreement was terminated and superseded based upon entry into the Assignment Agreement as described below.

On March 15, 2016, we entered into an assignment of license agreement and an assignment agreement (which we refer to, collectively, as the Assignment Agreement) with Tallikut pursuant to which we were assigned certain assets of Poniard owned by Tallikut and all related intellectual property, providing us with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. We also became the assignee of the Genzyme license which enabled us to terminate our License Agreement with Tallikut. Pursuant to the Genzyme License, following FDA approval we will pay royalties to Genzyme ranging from 5% to a maximum of 9% (based on designated product sales levels) for annual net product sales of Picoplatin. Additionally, we will be required to pay a total of up to $5,000,000 based upon the achievement of certain sales milestones in the United States following FDA approval.

Our primary objective is to establish Picoplatin as the preferred platinum-based drug choice for inclusion in treatment protocols by physicians treating cancer patients and to establish the predictive capability of our genomic technology. Our strategy has been followed before, where a failed clinical trial of an otherwise promising drug was rescued and repurposed in a subsequent clinical trial. There have been many cases where drugs have had experienced initial trial failures only to achieve subsequent success. Viagra, Erbitux, Revlimid and Thalomid are several cases of rescued drugs which have general many billions of annual sales. A 2015 study published in Drug Discovery World found that drug rescue efforts have the potential to “reduce the costs of subsequent drug development by 85% when such activities are restarted from Phase II and increase the chances of success by 2.5 times.”

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The following represents our current plan which could change based upon trial results, discussions with the FDA, or other opportunities or information that could cause us to focus on other cancer indications. The key elements of our strategy over the next several years following this offering in the U.S. are:

•

Complete two Phase II clinical trials for Picoplatin. We intend to conduct two Phase II trials for the purpose of defining the genomic signature of the Picoplatin response in patients with (a) squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (or SCCHN) as well as (b) metastatic CRC, which is the third leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the U.S. and the second leading cause of cancer death of men and women combined. As described in more detail in “Use of Proceeds,” we expect to initially conduct a Phase II clinical trial with patients suffering from SCCHN using the proceeds from this offering. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC. In October 2016, following its review of the IND for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, the FDA, through a series of telephonic calls and a confirmatory e-mail, gave us permission to initiate Phase II trials of Picoplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. More recently, in connection with our planned initiation of our Phase II clinical trial, the FDA has requested us to supplement our clinical trial plan with a more detailed statistical plan to provide a robust justification for the patient sample size that we have proposed. The FDA is requiring that we submit this plan before recruiting over twenty patients. With respect to our clinical trial plan, the FDA has also provided comments on sample collection and suggested that we begin discussions with the FDA regarding in vitro diagnostic genomic assay before we begin the second arm of our clinical trial. The genomic signatures which we expect to define in clinical trials represent a set of 15-40 genes (selected from 22,000 genes examined in an initial analysis) which change their “expression” in a tumor to produce more or less mRNA in a manner which correlates with tumor responses to specified treatment regimens. We expect that the use of such signatures will enable the selection of patients, prospectively, who will have a significantly higher likelihood (potentially up to 90%) of responding to Picoplatin treatment. Our clinical trials may include studying the objective response rate (or ORR) in a group of patients selected based on the presence of the genomic signatures that we determine will predict positive responses to Picoplatin. An objective response rate is the percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. It includes a complete response (CR) when all detectable tumors disappear, and partial response (PR), defined as at least a 50% decrease in the total tumor volume with some residual disease still remaining. ORR has been viewed as a “direct measure of drug antitumor activity” according to the “Guidance for Industry Clinical Trial Endpoints for the Approval of Cancer Drugs and Biologics” as set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research in 2007. Accordingly, we believe that the increases in ORR should be viewed as a strong indicator of the efficacy of the drug.

•

Conduct a Phase III clinical trial for SCCHN and/or CRC patients treated by Picoplatin. Following the completion of our Phase II trials, and assuming those trials meet the endpoints, we intend to conduct a Phase III clinical trial for either or both of SCCHN and CRC which would be designed to utilize these genomic classifiers to achieve the progression-free or overall survival endpoints needed to move the product candidate forward and significantly increase the patient response rate to Picoplatin. As described elsewhere in this prospectus, we expect to initially conduct only a Phase II clinical trial with patients suffering from SCCHN using the proceeds from this offering. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC.

•

Submit an application for registration of medicine to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the right to market and sell Picoplatin for Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Russian Federation. We believe that the Phase II and Phase III data for SCLC from the Picoplatin trials conducted by Poniard is sufficient for us to submit an application for registration of medicine to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the permission to market and sell Picoplatin in the Russian Federation. We anticipate a filing during 2017. A decision by the Ministry of Health would be made within a year of filing.

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•

Seek a strategic partnership with a European partner to obtain European Union approval of Picoplatin for SCLC. The European Commission designated Picoplatin as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of SCLC, which, if approved, would qualify Picoplatin for ten years of marketing exclusivity in the European Union. Accordingly, we will seek to enter a strategic partnership with a European partner for obtaining approval of Picoplatin in the European Union.

•

Commercially Launch Picoplatin in the U.S. Although we may decide to utilize a small specialty sales strategy for targeting oncologists to launch Picoplatin if it is approved in the U.S., our primary focus will be dedicated to entering into a partnership with a pharmaceutical company with an established sales force for the full commercialization of Picoplatin and retaining a meaningful royalty percentage based upon U.S. sales. Outside the United States, we expect to enter into distribution and other marketing arrangements with third parties for any of our product candidates that obtain marketing approval.

•

Pursue opportunities to develop and commercialize Picoplatin in foreign markets. As we engage in clinical trials for Picoplatin in the U.S., we will also seek to enter into development and commercialization partnerships with pharmaceutical companies in foreign countries including in Asia.

•

File new patents with respect to the combination of our genomic technology and Picoplatin and possibly other drug compounds. We believe that patent protection is available for the method of using our genomic technology in combination with Picoplatin as well as other drug compounds in treating cancer and other diseases. We will seek to file new patents, when appropriate, to protect our proprietary technology.

•

Publish review papers and participate in recognized genomic and other scientific conferences. Our management team will look to publish peer review papers that describe our genomics technology and clinical trials we conduct in combination with Picoplatin and possibly other drug compounds. We will also participate in genomic and scientific conferences to raise the profile and awareness of our genomic technology in the scientific community.

•

Pursue federal and state grants to obtain funding for genomic research. Our management team has had success in the past in obtaining government research grants in order to fund drug research and development. We believe that our genomics technology and related capabilities position us to take advantage of the significant government focus on genomics. We intend to pursue federal and state grants to fund our genomic research efforts which will be geared towards enhancing our genomic capabilities and, potentially, providing us additional tools in expanding our drug pipeline.

While we will focus our efforts on achieving these or similar milestones, potential investors are cautioned that no assurances can be given that our Phase II clinical trials for Picoplatin will meet their endpoints (or in the case of CRC, that we will ever conduct a Phase II clinical trial), that our genomic technology will have the effect we expect on patient response to treatment, or that we will be able to achieve all or any of these or similar milestones over the next few years or ever. In describing our targeted milestones, potential investors are advised that we not projecting any specific timeline of results but are rather providing insight into our strategic priorities as a company.

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Our business is subject to many significant risks, as more fully described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary. You should read and carefully consider these risks, together with the risks set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors” and all of the other information in this prospectus, including the financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. If any of the risks discussed in this prospectus actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, our risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

We are a clinical stage biotechnology company with no history of revenue generating operations, and it will take several years to have any proposed products approved, assuming such approval can be obtained at all. We therefore do not expect to generate revenue for at least the next several years.

•

Our cash resources are presently limited, and there is a risk that our cash will be insufficient to advance the clinical development of our therapies and ultimately bring our therapies to market. If we are unable to raise additional funds in the future, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts and our business could fail.

•

As a result of the pre-revenue nature of our business and our current lack of financial liquidity, there is a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statement issuance date, and accordingly, our auditors’ report for our 2016 consolidated financial statements, which are included as part of this prospectus, contains a statement concerning the substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a “going concern.”

•

The gene expression studies we have conducted to date are of a preliminary nature and were performed using data generated from clinical treatments using other platinum and non-platinum chemotherapeutic drugs. While it is our intent to confirm our genomic technology with respect to Picoplatin through our planned clinical trials, there is no assurance that we will be successful in doing so.

•

Our limited operating history makes it difficult for you to evaluate our business to date and to assess our future viability.

•

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

•

We are highly dependent on our rights to Picoplatin, the loss of which could lead to the failure of our business.

•

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

•

We are subject to extensive regulation, and if we fail to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidate, and our ability to generate revenue and the viability of our company will be materially impaired.

On June 29, 2017, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (which we refer to herein as the Series B Purchase Agreement) with various investors (each of whom we had a preexisting relationship and collectively referred to as the Preferred Investors) pursuant to which we agreed to issue 603,865 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (which we refer to as Series B Preferred Stock) and warrants to purchase 603,865 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of $2,500,000 (or a price per share and warrant of $4.14). We refer to this concurrent private placement as the Series B Private Placement. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into one share of common stock. The Series B Preferred Stock carry a liquidation preference that is senior to our common stock. The closing of the Series B Private Placement is contingent upon, among other things, the closing of this initial public offering on or prior to July 21, 2017 and the listing of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market as described in this prospectus. In connection with the Series B Private Placement, the Preferred Investors will receive resale registration rights with respect to the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B

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Preferred Stock and upon exercise of the warrants issued in the Series B Private Placement. In addition, for as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding, we have agreed not to incur any indebtedness or enter into any variable rate transactions without the consent of a majority in interest of the Series B Preferred Stock. Additionally, except for certain exceptions, including a registration statement registering the Preferred Investors’ securities for resale, we have agreed not to file a registration statement for a primary issuance of our securities for 12 months following the closing of the Series B Private Placement without the consent of the holders of a majority in interest of the Series B Preferred Stock. The warrants issued in the Series B Private Placement will be exercisable beginning on the date of issuance and terminate on the 60 month anniversary of issuance at a price per share equal to the exercise price of the Series A warrants issued in this offering. Palladium Capital Advisors, LLC acted as placement agent in the Series B Private Placement and will receive a cash fee equal to 8% of the gross proceeds at closing.

In addition, pursuant to the Series B Purchase Agreement, we agreed with one of our current security holders to issue at the closing of the Series B Private Placement 317,674 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for all of its outstanding convertible promissory notes (including accrued interest thereon) (which we refer to as the Exchange Transaction) and, pursuant to a letter agreement, issued on June 29, 2017 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for 331,687 shares of our common stock held by such security holder.

The closing of the Series B Private Placement and the Exchange Transaction will occur concurrently with the closing of this offering provided that this offering closes on or prior to July 21, 2017. For more information regarding the Series B Preferred Stock and warrant issued in the Series B Private Placement, see “Description of Securities” in this prospectus.

On June 29, 2017, certain of our founders separately sold an aggregate of 1,288,000 shares of common stock to various investors. These investors were predominantly the Preferred Investors.

We were organized as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware in May 2014. Our principal executive office is located at 36 Church Lane, Westport, Connecticut 06880, and our phone number is (203) 520-3840.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (or the JOBS Act). As a result, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

•

being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this prospectus;

•

not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act);

•

reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

•

exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of some accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (i) our reporting $1 billion or more in annual gross revenues; (ii) the end of fiscal year 2021; (iii) our issuance, in a three year period, of more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt; and (iv) the end of the fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

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Securities Offered:

1,500,000 units, each unit consisting of one (1) share of our common stock and two (2) Series A warrants each to purchase one (1) share of our common stock. The shares of common stock and the Series A warrants that are part of the units are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but will be purchased together in this offering. The units will not be issued, certificated or traded. Each unit will be offered at an anticipated offering price of between $4.00 and $6.00.

Over-allotment Option:

We have granted the underwriters a 45 day option to purchase up to an additional 225,000 units at the initial public offering price to cover over-allotments, if any.

Common Stock Outstanding Before this Offering:⁽¹⁾

7,858,115 shares

Common Stock to be Outstanding After this Offering:⁽¹⁾

9,358,115 shares (or 9,583,115 shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full)

Series A Warrants Outstanding Before this Offering:

There were no Series A warrants outstanding prior to this offering.

Series A Warrants Outstanding After this Offering:

3,000,000 Series A warrants (or 3,450,000 Series A warrants if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full).

Terms of Series A Warrants Offered:

The Series A warrants will have an exercise price equal to 110% of the initial public offering price per unit and will be exercisable any time after the date of issuance until the five year anniversary of the date of issuance. The terms of the Series A warrants will be governed by the Series A Warrant Agreement between us and VStock Transfer, LLC, who we refer to in this prospectus as the warrant agent. For more information regarding the Series A warrants, you should carefully read the section entitled “Description of Securities” in this prospectus.

Use of Proceeds:

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to fund our anticipated Phase II clinical trial in head and neck cancer to obtain genomic signatures, the costs of producing drug product for the trial and for working capital and general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”

Proposed Nasdaq Symbol:

We have applied to list our common stock and Series A warrants on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbols “ACCP” and “ACCPW,” respectively.

Concurrent Private Placement and Exchange:

At the closing of this offering, we will also close the Series B Private Placement and the Exchange Transaction provided that this offering closes on or prior to July 21, 2017. For more information regarding the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction see “Prospectus Summary — Recent Developments” in this prospectus. For more information regarding the Series B Preferred Stock and the warrant issued in the Series B Private Placement, see “Description of Securities” in this prospectus.

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Risk Factors:

An investment in our company is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our securities.

(1)

The number of shares of common stock outstanding includes 490,000 shares of our common stock underlying our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Tallikut, which preferred stock will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering, 75,000 shares of common stock to be issued to the holder of an outstanding promissory note in consideration for extending the maturity date of such note and 1,479,612 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding convertible notes (including conversion of accrued interest thereon through June 30, 2017) with a weighted average conversion price of $2.97 per share, which notes will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering and excludes:

•

3,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants offered hereby (or 3,450,000 shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full);

•

392,000 shares of our common stock underlying a preferred stock purchase warrant held by Tallikut;

•

145,856 shares of our common stock underlying common stock purchase warrants issued to Palladium Capital Advisors, LLC with a weighted average exercise price of $3.49;

•

431,687 shares of common stock that are issuable upon conversion of 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock;

•

921,629 shares of common stock that will be issuable upon conversion of the 921,629 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued in the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, such shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be issued concurrently with the closing of this offering;

•

603,865 shares of common stock underlying warrants to be issued to investors in the Series B Private Placement with an exercise price equal to the exercise price of the Series A warrants offered in this offering, such warrants to be issued concurrently with the closing of this offering;

•

shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (an aggregate of twenty percent (20%) of the outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering on a fully-diluted basis will be reserved for issuance under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan); and

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436,100 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options which were issued prior to the adoption of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan with an exercise price of $0.41.

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The summary financial data below as of March 31, 2017 and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 have been derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as well as for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following summary financial information should be read in connection with, and is qualified by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and their related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 (unaudited)			Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 (unaudited)			Year Ended December 31,
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 (unaudited)			Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 (unaudited)			2016			2015
Operating expenses
General and administrative	$	410,308		$	1,285,792		$	3,037,646		$	1,482,505
Research and development		—			230,892			164,772			2,269,520
Total operating expenses		410,308			1,516,684			3,202,368			3,752,025
Loss from operations		(410,308	)		(1,516,684	)		(3,202,368	)		(3,752,025	)
Other income (expense)
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss)		18,893			3,169			(5,803	)		101,957
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability		30,633			32,763			112,391			112,911
Interest expense		(275,291	)		(229,149	)		(834,080	)		(639,396	)
Total other expense		(225,765	)		(193,217	)		(727,492	)		(424,528	)
Net loss		(636,073	)		(1,709,901	)		(3,929,860	)		(4,176,553	)
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.85	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		5,027,117			4,957,051			4,988,320			4,900,000


	As of March 31, 2017
	Actual			Pro Forma As Adjusted⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾ (unaudited)
Cash	$	62,573		$	8,011,205
Working capital		(5,895,160	)		6,165,259
Total assets		197,840			8,020,533
Total debt, net of debt discount of $197,422⁽³⁾		4,943,578			—
Preferred stock⁽⁴⁾		—			14
Accumulated deficit⁽⁵⁾		(10,901,233	)		(12,365,991	)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(6,991,190	)		6,528,190

(1)

Amounts calculated on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to:

•

the automatic conversion of all our outstanding convertible notes, together with any unpaid and accrued interest thereon, into an aggregate of 1,479,612 shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering;

•

the repayment of other outstanding indebtedness in the amount of $584,568;

•

the repayment of the net proceeds of $481,318 from a bridge financing in January 2017, which amount includes penalties and interest and the issuance of 90,000 shares of our common stock to the holder; and

•

In conjunction with the exchange of warrants into common stock, a reclassification of warrant embedded derivative liabilities to additional paid-in capital.

(2)

Amounts calculated on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give further effect to (i) our issuance and sale of 1,500,000 units in this offering at the assumed offering price of $5.00, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, payment of

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accrued financing costs and the reclassification of deferred financing costs to additional paid-in capital (ii) the payment of $71,800 to the executive officers of the Company upon the consummation of the offering in connection with their employment agreements, (iii) the gross proceeds of $2,500,000 from the issuance of 603,865 shares of Series B Preferred Stock into 603,865 shares of our common stock in connection with the Series B Private Placement, (iv) the payment of $200,000 to the placement agent in connection with the Series B Private Placement and (v) the issuance of 749,451 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in connection with the Exchange Transaction and the letter agreement.

(3)

Total debt represents the carrying amount of our convertible notes and short-term notes payable.

(4)

Convertible Preferred Stock represents our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, which was issued on February 1, 2016 in connection with our licensing of the global rights to Picoplatin, and convertible into 490,000 shares of common stock upon the consummation of this offering.

(5)

In connection with the Warrant Exchange, the pro-forma amounts have been adjusted to reflect an estimated loss on the exchange of approximately $1,430,000, as if the transaction took place on December 31, 2016.

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An investment in our securities involves substantial risks, including the risks described below. You should carefully consider the risks described below before purchasing our securities. The risks highlighted here are not the only ones that we may face. For example, additional risks presently unknown to us or that we currently consider immaterial or unlikely to occur could also impair our operations. If any of the risks or uncertainties described below or any such additional risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected, and you might lose all or part of your investment.

We acquired the exclusive, global license of all rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin on June 17, 2014 and have only recently begun to pursue this new business opportunity. As such, we are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with no history of revenue-generating operations, and our only assets consist of the intellectual property and related assets licensed to us by Genzyme and certain intellectual property of Poniard. Therefore, we are, and expect for the foreseeable future to be, subject to all the risks and uncertainties inherent in a new business, in particular new businesses engaged in the development of pharmaceuticals. We still must establish and implement many important functions necessary to operate a business, including the clinical development of Picoplatin, establishing our managerial and administrative structure and implementing financial systems and controls.

Accordingly, you should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their pre-revenue generating stages, particularly those in the pharmaceutical field. Potential investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties that a new company with no operating history will face. In particular, potential investors should consider that there is a significant risk that we will not be able to:

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implement or execute our current business plan, or create a business plan that is sound;

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maintain our anticipated management team;

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raise sufficient funds in the capital markets or otherwise to effectuate our business plan;

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determine that the processes and technologies that we have developed are commercially viable; and/or

•

attract, enter into or maintain contracts with, potential commercial partners such as licensors of technology and suppliers.

If we cannot execute any one of the foregoing, our business may fail, in which case you may lose the entire amount of your investment in our Company.

In addition, as a pre-revenue biopharmaceutical company, we expect to encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. We will need to transition at some point from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be able to reach such point of transition or make such a transition, which would have a material adverse effect on our company.

We were organized on May 12, 2014 and we acquired the rights to our product candidate Picoplatin in June 2014. Accordingly, we have a limited operating history. We have not sold our product candidate because it is currently investigational in nature and requires completion of additional clinical and non-clinical trials and studies in order to obtain regulatory approval in the U.S. and abroad. Therefore, our historical financial information consists only of our unaudited financial results at and for the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 and our financial results at and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. This is

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very limited historical financial information upon which to base an evaluation of our performance. We are an emerging company, and thus our prospects must be considered in light of the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stages of operation, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. As of March 31, 2017, we have generated cumulative losses of approximately $10.9 million since inception, and we expect to continue to incur losses until Picoplatin is approved by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities, including the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Even if regulatory approval is obtained, there is a risk that we will not be able to generate material sales of Picoplatin, which would cause us to continue to incur losses. We thus expect to incur substantial operating expenses over the next several years as our product development and marketing activities increase. The amount of future losses and when, if ever, we will achieve profitability are uncertain.

As a company, we have never obtained regulatory approval for, or commercialized, any product candidate. It is possible that the FDA may refuse to accept our planned New Drug Application (or NDA) for Picoplatin for substantive review, or may conclude after review of our data that our application is insufficient to obtain regulatory approval of Picoplatin or any future product candidates. If the FDA does not accept or approve our planned NDA for Picoplatin, it may require that we conduct additional clinical, preclinical or manufacturing validation studies, which may be costly, and submit that data before it will reconsider our applications. Depending on the extent of these or any other FDA required studies, approval of any NDA or application that we submit may be significantly delayed, possibly for several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, regulatory approvals would prevent us from commercializing Picoplatin, generating revenues and achieving and sustaining profitability. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA to approve any NDA we submit. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to abandon our planned NDA for Picoplatin, which would materially adversely affect our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. We face similar risks for any approval in a foreign jurisdiction, including approval of an application for registration of medicine from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Our business depends and will continue to depend in substantial part on the continued service of Michael Fonstein, Randy S. Saluck, Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya and Dmitry Prudnikov, each of whom entered into an employment agreement with the Company which will be effective upon consummation of this offering. Such agreements have limited terms and may also be terminated by us with or without cause (as defined in the employment agreements) and by each of such officers voluntarily or with good reason (as defined in the employment agreements). The loss of the services of any of these individuals would significantly impede implementation and execution of our business strategy and may result in the failure to reach our goals. We do not carry key person life insurance on any of our management, which would leave our company uncompensated for the loss of any of our management.

Our future viability and ability to achieve sales and profit will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified personnel in the diverse areas required for continuing our operations. There is a risk that we will be unable to attract, train or retain qualified personnel, both near term or in the future, and our failure to do so may severely damage our prospects.

We have secured exclusive rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin from Genzyme on a worldwide basis, and Picoplatin is currently our only product candidate. As such, our license agreement with Genzyme is critical to our business. In the event that our license agreement with Genzyme is terminated, we would lose the ability to develop and commercialize Picoplatin, and our business prospects would be materially damaged, which could lead to the loss of your investment.

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We expect to incur substantial losses and negative operating cash flow for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to launch Picoplatin, we expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable.

As we have no operating revenue, we also expect to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future as we continue to fund our operating losses and capital expenditures. As a result, we will need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve and maintain profitability. We may not be able to generate these revenues or achieve profitability in the future. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability would negatively impact the value of your securities and potentially require us to shut down our business, which would result in the loss of your investment.

We expect that we will be required to incur significant expenses in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we engage in efforts to develop and ultimately commercialize our Picoplatin. Accordingly, we will need to obtain long term additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. We will require approximately $6,700,000 of funding over the next 12 months to fund our planned operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts, and our business might fail.

In addition, our future capital requirements will be significant and will depend on many factors, including:

•

the progress and results of our development efforts for Picoplatin;

•

the costs, timing and outcome of clinical trials of our product candidate for one or more types of cancer;

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the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidate for one or more types of cancer;

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the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims;

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competing technological and market developments;

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market acceptance of our product candidate as a treatment for one or more types of cancer;

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the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any product candidate for which we receive marketing approval;

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the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of any product candidate for which we may receive marketing approval;

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the extent to which we acquire or in-license other products and technologies; and

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legal, accounting, insurance and other professional and business-related costs.

Developing pharmaceutical products, conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials and seeking regulatory approval of such products is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidate, if approved (of which no assurances may be given), may not achieve any level of commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of a product that we do not expect to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Accordingly,

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we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. See “Use of Proceeds” below.

We currently do not generate any revenue from product sales or otherwise, and we therefore have a limited source of cash to meet our future capital requirements. We do not expect to generate revenues for the foreseeable future, and we may not be able to raise funds in the future, which would leave us without resources to continue operations and force us to resort to stockholder investments or loans, which may not be available to us. We may have difficulty raising needed capital in the near or longer term as a result of, among other factors, the very early stage of our company, the rights of certain of our stockholders to participate in our future financings and our lack of revenues as well as the inherent business risks associated with our company and present and future market conditions. Also, we may consume available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding sooner than anticipated. Our inability to raise funds could lead to decreases in the price of our common stock and Series A warrants and the failure of our business.

Since we will be unable to generate any revenue from actual sales of products and expect to be in the early stages for the foreseeable future, we will need to seek equity or debt financing to provide the capital required to execute our business plan. We will need significant funding for developing our intellectual property, conducting clinical trials and entering into collaborations with third party partners as well as for working capital requirements and other operating and general corporate purposes.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient capital on acceptable terms, or at all. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available at all, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate the development of business opportunities and our operations and financial condition may be adversely affected to a significant extent.

If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the percentage and/or economic ownership of our existing stockholders may be reduced, and accordingly these stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may also issue equity securities that provide for rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our common stock.

Debt financing, if obtained, may involve agreements that include liens on our assets, covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, increases in our expenses and requirements that our assets be provided as a security for such debt. Debt financing would also be required to be repaid regardless of our operating results.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our technologies or product candidate, or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Funding from any source may be unavailable to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient capital to fund our operations and expenses, our business could fail.

As a result of our current lack of financial liquidity, our auditors’ report for our 2016 consolidated financial statements, which are included as part of this prospectus, contains a statement concerning substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our lack of sufficient liquidity could make it more difficult for us to secure additional financing or enter into strategic relationships on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and may materially and adversely affect the terms of any financing that we may obtain and our public stock price generally.

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Our continuation as a going concern is dependent upon, among other things, achieving positive cash flow from operations and, if necessary, augmenting such cash flow using external resources to satisfy our cash needs. Our plans to achieve positive cash flow include engaging in offerings of securities, negotiating up-front and milestone payments on pipeline products under development and royalties from sales of our products which secure regulatory approval and any milestone payments associated with such approved products. These cash sources could, potentially, be supplemented by financing or other strategic agreements. However, we may be unable to achieve these goals and therefore may be unable to continue as a going concern.

We are very early in our development efforts and have only one product candidate, namely Picoplatin for the treatment of cancer. We have yet to engage in our own clinical testing of Picoplatin, and our operations since our inception in 2014 have been limited to developing our own intellectual property and know how, while acquiring the technology and rights of others in order to pursue the clinical development of Picoplatin.

Moreover, the gene expression studies we have conducted to date are of a preliminary nature and were performed using data generated from clinical treatments using other platinum and non-platinum chemotherapeutic drugs. While it is our intent to confirm our genomic technology with respect to Picoplatin through our planned clinical trials, there is no assurance that we will be successful in doing so.

Therefore, our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for several years, if ever, will depend heavily on our ability to develop and eventually commercialize our product candidate. The positive development of our product candidate will depend on several factors, including the following:

•

positive commencement and completion of clinical trials;

•

successful preparation of regulatory filings and receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•

obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and potential regulatory exclusivity for our product candidate and protecting our rights in our intellectual property portfolio;

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maintaining our agreement with Genzyme for the license of our product;

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launching commercial sales of our product, if and when approved for one or more indications, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

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acceptance of the product for one or more indications, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third party payors;

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protection from generic substitution based upon our own or licensed intellectual property rights;

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effectively competing with other therapies;

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obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement; and

•

maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of our product following approval, if any.

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to clinically develop and commercialize Picoplatin as a cancer therapy, which would materially harm our business.

Use of Picoplatin as an anti-cancer therapy will require physicians to be informed regarding the intended benefits of the product. The time and cost of such an educational process may be substantial. Inability to carry out this physician education process may adversely affect market acceptance of Picoplatin. We may be unable

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to timely educate physicians in sufficient numbers regarding our intended application of Picoplatin to achieve our marketing plans or to achieve product acceptance. Any delay in physician education or acceptance may materially delay or reduce demand for our product candidate. In addition, we may expend significant funds toward physician education before any acceptance or demand for Picoplatin as a cancer therapy is created, if at all.

The risk of failure for product candidates in clinical development is high. It is impossible to predict when our sole product candidate, Picoplatin, will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval for any form of cancer or any other indication. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of Picoplatin, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidate in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. Moreover, the outcome of early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. In addition, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidate, including:

•

regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

•

we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites;

•

clinical trials of our product candidate may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs, which would be time consuming and costly;

•

the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

•

we may have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

•

regulators or institutional review boards may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

•

the cost of clinical trials may be greater than we anticipate;

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the supply or quality of materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidate may be insufficient or inadequate;

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our product candidate may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators, regulators or institutional review boards to suspend or terminate the trials; and

•

interactions with other drugs.

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If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidate beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

•

be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidate for one or more indications;

•

not obtain marketing approval at all for one or more indications;

•

obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired (particularly, in our case, for different types of cancer);

•

obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings;

•

be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or

•

have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals. We do not know which, if any, of our clinical trials will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidate or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our product candidate and may harm our business and results of operations.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidate if we are unable to locate a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, including the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Further, even if we are able to locate a sufficient number of patients, we may not be permitted to enroll such patients in our clinical trials. For example, the FDA has recently requested us to supplement our clinical trial plan with a more detailed statistical plan to provide a robust justification for the patient sample size that we have proposed and the FDA is requiring that we submit this plan before recruiting over twenty patients which will cause delays in the enrollment of patients for our clinical trials. If the FDA does not accept our plan, the FDA will likely require a modified statistical plan which could cause additional delays in our trials. If the FDA ultimately does not accept our statistical plan then we will be unable to enroll over twenty patients and our planned clinical trial would be adversely effected. In addition, some of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as our product candidate, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.

Patient enrollment is affected by other factors including:

•

the severity of the disease under investigation;

•

the eligibility criteria for the study in question;

•

the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;

•

the patient referral practices of physicians

•

the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and

•

the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.

Our inability to locate and enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidate, which would cause the value of our company to decline and otherwise materially and adversely affect our company.

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Poniard was the prior sponsor of clinical trials for our product candidate Picoplatin. In 2009, Poniard announced that its Phase III trial of Picoplatin failed to meet its primary endpoint of overall survival. While we believe this failure was attributable to the fact that Poniard’s clinical trial utilized a suboptimal group of patient and endpoints, there can be no assurance that our view is correct, and any trials we design for Picoplatin may fail for similar or unrelated reasons. Clinical trial design errors constitute a potential risk to the timeline and ultimate results of our planned pivotal clinical program and there is a material risk that our trials will not meet their designated endpoints. Additionally, the failure of Poniard’s Phase III trial could create additional obstacles for potential collaborators or investors to recognize the beneficial properties of Picoplatin and could delay the execution and funding of our planned clinical program.

If clinical testing of Picoplatin for the treatment of cancer results in undesirable side effects or demonstrates characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to abandon such development or limit such development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Many compounds that initially showed promise in early stage testing for treating cancer have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. If we are unable to develop Picoplatin due to reported adverse effects or characteristics, our business would be severely harmed.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we will focus for the foreseeable future only on the clinical development of Picoplatin for one or a relatively small number of cancer indications. As a result, we may forego or be unable to pursue opportunities with other product candidates or for indications other than those we intend to pursue that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on research and development programs related to Picoplatin may not yield any commercially viable therapies. Because of this concentration of our efforts, our business will be particularly subject to significant risk of failure of our one current product candidate.

We presently have very limited capabilities for drug development and do not yet have any capability for manufacturing, sales, marketing or distribution. Accordingly, we expect to enter into collaborations with other companies that we believe can provide such capabilities. These collaborations may also provide us with important funding for our development programs.

There is a risk that we may not be able to maintain our current collaboration or to enter into additional collaborations on acceptable terms or at all, which would leave us unable to progress our business plan. We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. If we are unable to maintain or reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of our product candidate, reduce or delay its development program, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense.

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Moreover, even if we are able to maintain and/or enter into such collaborations, such collaborations may pose a number of risks, including the following:

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collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;

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disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development, might cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidate, might lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to such product candidate, or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time-consuming and expensive;

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collaborators could independently develop or be associated with products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidate;

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collaborators could have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to our arrangements with them;

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should our product candidate achieve regulatory approval, a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to our product candidate may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product;

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collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

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collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability; and

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collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if terminated, we could be required to either find alternative collaborators (which we may be unable to do) or raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of our product candidate on our own.

Our business would be materially or perhaps significantly harmed if any of the foregoing or similar risks comes to pass with respect to our key collaborations.

The preparation of therapeutics for clinical trials or commercial sale is subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished therapeutic product approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, requirements. These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures, including record keeping, and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction of outside agents or other contaminants, or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of a product candidate that may not be detectable in final product testing. We must supply all necessary documentation in support of a marketing authorization application on a timely basis and must adhere to the FDA’s and other countries’ cGMP requirements which are enforced, in the case of the FDA, through its facilities inspection program. The facilities and quality systems of our third party manufacturers must pass an inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations as a condition of regulatory approval. In addition, the regulatory authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect the third-party manufacturing facility or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities being conducted. If these facilities do not pass a plant inspection, marketing authorizations or approval of our product candidate will not be granted.

We do not directly control the manufacturing of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with the cGMP. If our contract manufacturers cannot manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, they will not be able to secure and/or

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maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no direct control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. Furthermore, all of our contract manufacturers are engaged with other companies to supply and/or manufacture materials or products for such companies, which exposes our manufacturers to regulatory risks for the production of such materials and products. As a result, failure to meet the regulatory requirements for the production of those materials and products may generally affect the regulatory clearance of our contract manufacturers’ facility. Our failure, or the failure of our third parties, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and product candidates.

Our dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.

Given the nature of biologics manufacturing, there is a risk of contamination. Any contamination could materially adversely affect our ability to produce Picoplatin on schedule and could, therefore, harm our results of operations and cause reputational damage.

Some of the raw materials required in our manufacturing process are derived from biologic sources. Such raw materials are difficult to procure and may be subject to contamination or recall. A material shortage, contamination, recall or restriction on the use of biologically derived substances in the manufacture of Picoplatin could adversely impact or disrupt the commercial manufacturing or the production of clinical material, which could materially and adversely affect our development timelines and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Because we will rely on third parties to manufacture Picoplatin and to perform quality testing, and because we collaborate with various organizations for the advancement of our technology, we must, at times, share our proprietary technology and confidential information, including trade secrets, with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our proprietary technology and confidential information or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development or publication of information including our trade secrets by third parties. A competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Even if Picoplatin receives marketing approval in the U.S. or elsewhere, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community. For example, current cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy are well established in the medical community, and doctors may continue to rely on these treatments. If Picoplatin does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of Picoplatin, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

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the efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;

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our ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices;

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the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

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the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

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the strength of marketing and distribution support;

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the availability of third party coverage and adequate reimbursement;

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the prevalence and severity of any side effects; and

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any restrictions on the use of our product together with other medications.

We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure. To achieve any level of commercial success for any product for which we have obtained marketing approval, we will need to establish a sales and marketing organization or outsource sales and marketing functions to third parties.

There are risks involved with establishing our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

If approved, factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product on our own include:

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our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;

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the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe our product;

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the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and

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unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

If we are unable to establish our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and instead enter into arrangements with third parties to perform these services, our product revenues and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we were to market, sell and distribute any products that we develop ourselves. In addition, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute our product candidate or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to

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sell and market our product effectively. If we do not establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidate, which would have a material adverse effect on our company.

The development and commercialization of new drug products, particularly in the area of cancer, is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current product candidate, and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of cancer. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Many of the companies against which we are competing, or against which we may compete in the future, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs, and we may be unable to effectively compete with these companies for these or other reasons.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Current and future legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals.

Our ability to commercialize any product candidate also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidate will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for any product that we commercialize and, even if these are available, the level of reimbursement may not be satisfactory. Reimbursement may affect the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for our products may be difficult. We may be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of reimbursement relative to other therapies. If coverage and adequate

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reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

In addition, there may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors. Third party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidate in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot defend ourselves against claims that our product candidate or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop;

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damage to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

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significant costs to defend the related litigation;

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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

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loss of revenue;

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reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and

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the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

We may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on reasonable terms or at all. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

Our business plan depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection with respect to our proprietary technology and products, and in particular, Picoplatin. We seek to protect our proprietary position gained through our license with Genzyme by filing patent applications in the United States and elsewhere related to our novel technologies, the issuance of patents regarding our own intellectual property regarding our product candidate and also expect to license additional applicable patents from third parties.

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also

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possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control (in whole or in part) the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in general is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection, which could adversely affect our company.

Patent reform legislation could further increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The United States Patent Office has developed regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, since we have patent applications pending and plan to file for additional patents in the future, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third party preissuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Even if our owned and licensed patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection

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of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of our product candidate, patents protecting such candidate might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

The patent positions of companies engaged in the development and commercialization of biologics and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Two cases involving diagnostic method claims and “gene patents” have recently been decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, or the Supreme Court. On March 20, 2012, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., or Prometheus, a case involving patent claims directed to a process of measuring a metabolic product in a patient to optimize a drug dosage for the patient. According to the Supreme Court, the addition of well-understood, routine or conventional activity such as “administering” or “determining” steps was not enough to transform an otherwise patent-ineligible natural phenomenon into patent-eligible subject matter. On July 3, 2012, the USPTO issued a guidance memo to patent examiners indicating that process claims directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or a naturally occurring relation or correlation that do not include additional elements or steps that integrate the natural principle into the claimed invention such that the natural principle is practically applied and the claim amounts to significantly more than the natural principle itself should be rejected as directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. On June 13, 2013, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., or Myriad, a case involving patent claims held by Myriad Genetics, Inc. relating to the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Myriad held that an isolated segment of naturally occurring DNA, such as the DNA constituting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, is not patent eligible subject matter, but that complementary DNA may be patent eligible. On June 27, 2016, the Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of Sequenom v. Ariosa, leaving in place a Federal Circuit appellate decision holding that there is no patentable subject matter where claims are directed to a method that “starts and ends with a naturally occurring phenomenon.”

Recently, the USPTO issued a guidance memorandum to patent examiners entitled “Formulating a Subject Matter Eligibility Rejection and Evaluating the Applicant’s Response to a Subject Matter Eligibility Rejection.” (May 4, 2016). This memorandum provides an update to “2014 Procedure for Subject Matter Eligibility Analysis of Claims Reciting or Involving Laws of Nature/Natural Principles, Natural Phenomena, and/or Natural Products.” Cumulatively, these guidelines instruct USPTO examiners on the ramifications of the Prometheus and Myriad rulings and apply the Myriad ruling to natural products and principles including all naturally occurring nucleic acids, as well as methods related to such materials. Certain claims of our licensed patents and patent applications contain claims that relate to specific recombinant DNA sequences that are naturally occurring at least in part and, therefore, could be the subject of future challenges made by third parties. In addition, the recent USPTO guidance could impact our ability for us to pursue similar patent claims in patent applications we may prosecute in the future.

We cannot assure you that our efforts to seek patent protection for our technology and product candidate will not be negatively impacted by the decisions described above, rulings in other cases or changes in guidance or procedures issued by the USPTO. We cannot fully predict what impact the Supreme Court’s decisions in Prometheus and Myriad may have on the ability of life science companies to obtain or enforce patents relating to their products and technologies in the future. These decisions, the guidance issued by the USPTO and rulings in other cases or changes in USPTO guidance or procedures could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.

Moreover, although the Supreme Court has held in Myriad that isolated segments of naturally occurring DNA are not patent-eligible subject matter, certain third parties could allege that activities that we may undertake infringe other gene-related patent claims, and we may deem it necessary to defend ourselves against these claims by asserting non-infringement and/or invalidity positions, or paying to obtain a license to these claims. In any of the foregoing or in other situations involving third-party intellectual property rights, if we are unsuccessful in defending against claims of patent infringement, we could be forced to pay damages or be

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subjected to an injunction that would prevent us from utilizing the patented subject matter. Such outcomes could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Competitors may infringe our owned or licensed patents or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly.

Our business will depend upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our primary product candidate or other products and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future.

If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

We are and expect to be party to one or more license or similar agreements that may impose due diligence, development and commercialization timelines, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under current or future licenses, our counterparties may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which case we might not be able to develop, manufacture or market any product that is covered by these agreements or may face other penalties under the agreements. Such an occurrence could materially adversely affect the value of the product candidate being developed under any such agreement. Termination of these agreements or reduction or elimination of our rights under these agreements may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated agreements with less favorable terms, or cause us to lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to important intellectual property or technology.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings,

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motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Our product candidate and the activities associated with its clinical development and commercialization, including matters relating to design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA (including under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act) and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by the European Medicines Agency (known as the EMA) and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, including the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Failure to obtain marketing approval for our product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market Picoplatin or any other product from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction and it will likely be years before we are even eligible to receive such approval.

Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Our product candidate may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude us from obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use of our product. In particular, new cancer drugs frequently are indicated only for patient populations that have not responded to an existing therapy or have relapsed. Even if our product candidate receives marketing approval for one or more indications, of which no assurances may be given, the accompanying labels may limit the approved use of our drug, which could limit sales of the product.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals in the United States is very expensive, may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate involved. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies.

The regulatory process of obtaining state registration of medicine in Russia has changed as of January 2016 and some critical procedures still are not defined in details and could cause significant delays in its implementation. As a result of this uncertainty, we may be required to delay our regulatory filing in Russia until our European manufacturer of drug product obtains GMP certificate from Russian Authorities which became obligatory as of 2016.

In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of our product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

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If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidate, the commercial prospects for our product candidate will be harmed and our ability to generate revenues, and the viability of our company generally, will be materially impaired.

Although we currently do not directly market or promote any products, we may also be subject to several healthcare regulations and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

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the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (or HIPAA), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information;

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the federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

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federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

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federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; and

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state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

We may seek “fast track” designation for our product candidate for one or more indications. If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the drug demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe that Picoplatin may be eligible for this designation, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant it should we apply for this designation. Even if we do receive fast track designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

We may seek a “breakthrough therapy” designation for our product candidate. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate

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substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drugs and biologics that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA are also eligible for accelerated approval.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that Picoplatin meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy for one or more indications, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. Even if such designation is granted, of which no assurances may be given, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for our product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if Picoplatin qualifies as a breakthrough therapy for one or more indications, the FDA may later decide that it no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened, which would deny us the benefits of such designation.

Regulatory authorities may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of market exclusivity, which, subject to certain exceptions, precludes the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug for the same indication for that time period. The applicable market exclusivity period is seven years in the United States.

Obtaining orphan drug exclusivity for Picoplatin may be important to our commercial strategy. If a competitor obtains orphan drug exclusivity for and approval of a product with the same indication as our product before we do, and if the competitor’s product is the same drug or a similar medicinal product as ours, we could be excluded from the market. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for Picoplatin, we may not be able to maintain it. For example, if a competitive product that is the same drug or a similar medicinal product as our product candidate is shown to be clinically superior to our product candidate, any orphan drug exclusivity we have obtained will not block the approval of such competitive product. In addition, orphan drug exclusivity will not prevent the approval of a product that is the same drug as our product candidate if the FDA finds that we cannot assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the needs of the persons with the disease or condition for which the drug was designated. If one or more of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our company.

Even if we obtain marketing approval for Picoplatin, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, we will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities, including the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. In addition, even if marketing approval of our product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy. New cancer drugs frequently are indicated only for patient populations that have not responded to an existing therapy or have relapsed. If our product

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candidate receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use of our drug in this way, which could limit sales of the product.

The FDA may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of our product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we or any third party partners of ours do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our product, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

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restrictions on such product, our manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

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restrictions on the labeling or marketing of the product;

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restrictions of product distribution use;

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requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

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the need to utilize warning letters;

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suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

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withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;

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refusal by regulatory authorities to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

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fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

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product seizure; or

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

We may face similar issues in connection with non-compliance with non-U.S. regulatory requirements.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The MMA expanded Medicare coverage for outpatient drug purchases by those covered by Medicare under a new Part D and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for Medicare Part B physician-administered drugs. In addition, the MMA authorized Medicare Part D prescription drug plans to limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class in their formularies. The MMA’s cost reduction initiatives and other provisions could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for any approved products. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. Similar regulations or reimbursement policies may be enacted in international markets which could similarly impact our business.

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More recently, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the PPACA, was passed, which substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The PPACA, among other things: (i) addresses a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; (ii) increases the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extends the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; (iii) establishes annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs; (iv) expands the availability of lower pricing under the 340B drug pricing program by adding new entities to the program; and (v) establishes a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D. Additionally, in the United States, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biologic products that are demonstrated to be “highly similar” or “biosimilar or interchangeable” with an FDA-approved biologic product. This new pathway could allow competitors to reference data from biologic products already approved after 12 years from the time of approval. This could expose us to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars even if we commercialize a product candidate faster than our competitors. Moreover, the creation of this abbreviated approval pathway does not preclude or delay a third party from pursuing approval of a competitive product candidate via the traditional approval pathway based on their own clinical trial data.

Additional changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under the health insurance exchanges and fraud and abuse and enforcement. Continued implementation of the PPACA and the passage of additional laws and regulations may result in the expansion of new programs such as Medicare payment for performance initiatives, and may impact existing government healthcare programs, such as by improving the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there likely will be fewer insured patients overall, which could impact the sales, business and financial condition of manufacturers of branded prescription drugs. Where patients receive insurance coverage under any of the new options made available through the PPACA, the possibility exists that manufacturers may be required to pay Medicaid rebates on that resulting drug utilization, a decision that could impact manufacturer revenues. The U.S. federal government also has announced delays in the implementation of key provisions of the PPACA. The implications of these delays for our and our potential partners’ business and financial condition, if any, are not yet clear.

Additionally, the future implementation of the PPACA is in no way assured. By way of example, in January 2017, Congress voted to adopt a budget resolution for fiscal year 2017, or the Budget Resolution, that authorizes the implementation of legislation that would repeal portions of the PPACA. The Budget Resolution is not a law; however, it is widely viewed as the first step toward the passage of legislation that would repeal certain aspects of the PPACA. Further, on January 20, 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the PPACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the PPACA that would impose a fiscal or regulatory burden on states, individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. Congress also could consider subsequent legislation to replace elements of the PPACA that are repealed.

With the new administration and Congress, there may be additional legislative changes, including repeal and replacement of certain provisions of the PPACA. It remains to be seen, however, precisely what the new legislation will provide, when it will be enacted and what impact it will have on the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain marketing approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

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We expect that the PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products.

We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for Picoplatin or additional pricing pressures.

The European Commission designated Picoplatin as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of SCLC, which, if approved, would qualify Picoplatin for ten years of marketing exclusivity in the European Union. Accordingly, we expect to seek a strategic partnership with a European partner for obtaining approval of Picoplatin in the European Union. However, we may be unable to find a strategic partner in Europe to move forward with the regulatory approval process or may determine that seeking regulatory approval in Europe is not in the best interest of the company. Furthermore, even if we do secure a strategic partner, there is no guarantee that the we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in the European Union or that the terms of the strategic partnership will make such regulatory approval lucrative to us.

We currently have 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding and in connection with the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, which are expected to close concurrently with the closing of this offering, we will be issuing an additional 921,629 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock will have rights that the holders of our common stock (including common stock issued in this offering) will not have. For example:

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for as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding, we have agreed not to incur any indebtedness or enter into any variable rate transactions without the consent of a majority in interest of the Series B Preferred Stock;

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in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up, our assets will be available to pay obligations on our Series B Preferred Stock in preference to the holders of our common stock.

Investors in this offering are not being afforded the opportunity to invest in our Series B Preferred Stock, and the holders of Series B Preferred Stock may exercise their rights to the disadvantage of the holders of our common stock. See “Description of Securities — Preferred Stock — Series B Preferred Stock” for more information.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund our Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck and related expenses and for working capital and general corporate purposes, however we cannot specify with certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds we will receive from this offering. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, including for any of the purposes described in “Use of Proceeds.” Accordingly, you will have to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of the proceeds. Our management may spend a portion or all of the net proceeds from this offering in ways that holders of our common stock and Series A warrants may not desire or that may not yield a significant return or any return at all. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we may also invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

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Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our common stock or Series A warrants. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock or Series A warrants will develop following this offering, or if it does develop, it may not be maintained. You may not be able to sell your securities quickly or at the market price if trading in our securities is not active. The initial public offering price for the units will be determined by negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market.

This offering constitutes the initial public offering of our shares of common stock and Series A warrants, and no public market for our shares of our common stock or Series A warrants currently exists. There can be no assurance that an active trading market for any of our offered securities will develop or be sustained after this offering is completed. We have negotiated the initial public offering price per unit with the representatives of the underwriters and, therefore, that price may not be indicative of the market prices of our common stock or the Series A warrants after the offering. We anticipate that our shares of common stock and Series A warrants will be approved for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market in connection with this offering, however, we cannot ensure that an active public market for any of these securities will develop after this offering, or that if it does develop, it will be sustained. In the absence of a public trading market:

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you may not be able to liquidate your investment in our common stock or the Series A warrants;

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you may not be able to resell your shares or the Series A warrants at or above the initial public offering prices;

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the market price of our common stock or the Series A warrants may experience more price volatility; and

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there may be less efficiency in carrying out your purchase and sale orders.

The trading price of our common stock and Series A warrants is likely to be volatile. This volatility may prevent you from being able to sell your securities at or above the price you paid for your securities. Our stock price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, which include:

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whether we achieve our anticipated corporate objectives;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

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changes in financial or operational estimates or projections;

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our ability to implement our pre-clinical, clinical and other development or operational plans;

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termination of the lock-up agreement or other restrictions on the ability of our stockholders and other security holders to sell shares after this offering;

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changes in the economic performance or market valuations of companies similar to ours; and

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general economic or political conditions in the United States or elsewhere.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the stock of biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

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We anticipate that our securities will be listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market (or NASDAQ) upon consummation of this offering. Although, after giving effect to this offering, we expect to meet, on a pro forma basis, NASDAQ’s minimum initial listing standards, which generally mandate that we meet certain requirements relating to stockholders’ equity, market capitalization, aggregate market value of publicly held shares and distribution requirements, we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet those initial listing requirements. If NASDAQ does not list our securities for trading on its exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

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reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

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a determination that our shares of common stock are “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our shares of common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our shares of common stock;

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Assuming our securities will be listed on NASDAQ, our securities will be covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Furthermore, if we were no longer listed on NASDAQ, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

If after listing we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of NASDAQ, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, NASDAQ may take steps to de-list our securities. Such a de-listing would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock and Series A warrants when you wish to do so. In the event of a de-listing, we would take actions to restore our compliance with NASDAQ’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock and/or Series A warrants to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our common stock from dropping below the NASDAQ minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with NASDAQ’s listing requirements.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (or SEC) has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not obtain or retain a listing on NASDAQ and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock will be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks;

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and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

While acquisitions of pharmaceutical companies like ours are not uncommon, potential investors are cautioned that no assurances can be given that any form of merger, combination, or sale of our company will take place following this offering, or that any merger, combination, or sale, even if consummated, would provide liquidity or a profit for our investors following this offering. You should not invest in our company with the expectation that we will be able to sell the business in order to provide liquidity or a profit for our investors.

The projections and statements regarding future milestones that we provide herein or our management may provide from time to time (including, but not limited to, those relating to potential peak sales amounts, clinical and regulatory timelines, production and supply matters, commercial launch dates, strategic collaborations and other financial or operational matters) reflect numerous assumptions made by management, including assumptions with respect to our specific as well as general business, regulatory, economic, market and financial conditions and other matters, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, there is a risk that the assumptions made in preparing the projections, or the projections and targeted milestones themselves, will prove inaccurate or may not be achieved. There may be differences between actual and projected results, and actual results may be materially different from than those contained in the projections and statements regarding future milestones. The inclusion of the projections and statements regarding future milestones in this prospectus should not be regarded as an indication that we, our management or the underwriters considered or consider the projections or such statements to be a guaranteed prediction of future events, and the projections and such statements should not be relied upon as such.

You should carefully evaluate all of the information in this prospectus before investing in our company. We may receive media coverage regarding our company, including coverage that is not directly attributable to statements made by our officers, that incorrectly reports on statements made by our officers or employees, or that is misleading as a result of omitting information provided by us, our officers or employees. We and the underwriters have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering, and you should not rely on this information in making an investment decision.

In addition to the registration of the sale of 1,500,000 units to investors in our initial public offering, we are registering for resale 3,287,601 shares of our common stock, including 1,892,374 shares of common stock (consisting of currently outstanding shares of common stock and shares of common stock that are issuable upon conversion of our outstanding convertible notes or Series B Preferred Stock) that will not be subject to lock-up agreements. Additionally, shares of our common stock that are not held by our “affiliates” generally may be resold under Rule 144 beginning 90 days from the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part (notwithstanding any lock-up agreements executed by stockholders). Sales of our common stock in the public market following this offering could lower the market price of our common stock. Sales may also make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that our management deems acceptable or at all.

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Furthermore, we will also have various securities that are convertible or exercisable into shares of common stock outstanding, including shares of Series B Preferred Stock that are currently outstanding and convertible into 431,687 shares of common stock and shares of Series B Preferred Stock that are issuable in the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction that will be convertible into 921,629 shares of common stock, warrants exercisable for up to 145,856 shares of our common stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.94 to $4.75 per share, warrants exercisable for up to 80,000 shares of preferred stock which are convertible into 392,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.94 were outstanding, and warrants issuable in the Series B Private Placement exercisable, upon issuance, for up to 603,865 shares of our common stock at an exercise price equal to the exercise price of the Series A warrants in this offering. The conversion of these shares of Series B Preferred Stock or exercise of any of these warrants would result in additional dilution, and the sale of the shares issuable upon conversion of these shares of Series B Preferred Stock or exercise of outstanding warrants could also lower the market price of our common stock.

You will incur immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering. After giving effect to the sale by us of 1,500,000 units offered in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $5.00 per share (the mid-point of the range indicated on the front cover of this prospectus), and after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, investors in this offering can expect an immediate dilution of $4.88 per share, or 98% at the assumed public offering price, assuming no exercise of the Series A warrants. You may experience further dilution to the extent that shares of common stock are issued upon exercise of the Series A warrants. In addition, in the past, we issued warrants to acquire shares of common stock. Additionally, to the extent that these warrants, or options we will grant to our officers, directors and employees, are ultimately exercised, you will sustain future dilution. We may also acquire or license other technologies or finance strategic alliances by issuing equity, which may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

We are an “emerging growth company,” or EGC, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. We will remain an EGC until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of this offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. For so long as we remain an EGC, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

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not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404;

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not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

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being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure;

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reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and

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exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this prospectus. In particular, we have not included all of the executive compensation information that would be required if we were not an EGC. We cannot predict

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whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on certain or all of these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. Overall, we estimate that our incremental costs resulting from operating as a public company may be between $300,000 and $400,000 per year.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an EGC, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and NASDAQ have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

Pursuant to Section 404, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an EGC, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

The formation of our company and our financings, as well as an investment in our company generally, involves complex federal, state and local income tax considerations. Neither the Internal Revenue Service nor any State or local taxing authority has reviewed the transactions described herein, and may take different positions than the ones contemplated by management. You are strongly urged to consult your own tax and other advisors prior to investing, as neither we nor any of our officers, directors or related parties is offering you tax or similar advice, nor are any such persons making any representations and warrants regarding such matters.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, referred to as the Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We believe that, with this offering, taken together with our private placements within a three-year period and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have triggered an “ownership change” limitation. We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, including as a result of the completion of this offering when it is taken together with other transactions we may consummate in the

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succeeding three-year period. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which potentially could result in increased future tax liability to us.

We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards under Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act. This election allows us to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards apply to private companies. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates, and thus investors may have difficulty evaluating or comparing our business, performance or prospects in comparison to other public companies, which may have a negative impact on the value and liquidity of our common stock.

The trading market for our common stock and Series A warrants may be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock and Series A warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us was to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price of our common stock or trading volume to decline.

The amount paid for the units in this offering in excess of the value of our shares of common stock represents the value of your investment in the Series A warrants. The value of the Series A warrants will depend on the value of our common stock, which will depend on factors related and unrelated to the success of our clinical development program and cannot be predicted at this time. The Series A warrants will have an exercise period of five years.

If the price of our shares of common stock does not increase to an amount sufficiently above the exercise price of the Series A warrants during the exercise period of the Series A warrants, you may be unable to recover any of your investment in the Series A warrants. There can be no assurance that any of the factors that could impact the trading price of our units or common stock will result in the trading price increasing to an amount that will exceed the exercise price or the price required for you to achieve a positive return on your investment in the Series A warrants.

We are registering, as part of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the issuance by us of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants. However, there is no guarantee that the registration statement will remain effective at the time on which you exercise your Series A warrants. If you exercise your Series A warrants at a time where there is not an effective registration statement, the shares of common stock that you receive upon exercise of your Series A warrants will be restricted and contain a restrictive legend. In this case, you will only be able to sell these shares of common stock issued if a resale registration statement is filed or if there is an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

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Until you acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of the Series A warrants, you will have no rights with respect to our common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants, including the right to receive dividend payments, vote or respond to tender offers. Upon exercise of your Series A warrants, you will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

The Series A warrants will expire on the five year anniversary of the closing of the offering. In the event our common stock price does not exceed the exercise price of the Series A warrants during the period in which the Series A warrants are exercisable, the Series A warrants may not have any value.

The anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation (which we refer to as the certificate of incorporation) and amended and restated bylaws (which we refer to as the bylaws) may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will:

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provide that vacancies on our board of directors, including newly created directorships, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office;

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provide that special meetings of stockholders may only be called by our Chairman and/or President, our board of directors or a super-majority (66 2/3%) of our stockholders;

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place restrictive requirements (including advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals) on how special meetings of stockholders may be called by our stockholders;

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not provide stockholders with the ability to cumulate their votes; and

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provide that only a super-majority of our stockholders (66 2/3%) may amend our bylaws.

We do not expect to pay dividends on our common stock offered in this transaction for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any potential investor who anticipates the need for current dividends should not purchase our securities.

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This prospectus contains a number of “forward-looking statements”. Specifically, all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this prospectus regarding our financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of management at the time these statements were made, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to management. When used in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “continue” and “intend,” and words or phrases of similar import, as they relate to our financial position, business strategy and plans, or objectives of management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current view with respect to future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions related to various factors.

You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those discussed in our periodic reports to be filed with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, could affect our future results and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements:

A variety of factors, some of which are outside our control, may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly. They include:

•

our lack of operating history;

•

our current lack of the capital resources needed to progress our business plan;

•

our current and future capital requirements and our ability to satisfy our capital needs;

•

our reliance on Picoplatin as our only product candidate;

•

our ability to complete required clinical trials of our product candidate and obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies in different jurisdictions;

•

our ability to secure and maintain key development and commercialization partners for our product candidate;

•

our ability to obtain, maintain or protect the validity of our patents and other intellectual property;

•

our ability to internally develop new inventions and intellectual property;

•

our ability to retain key executive members; and

•

interpretations of current laws and the passages of future laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business.

Although we believe that our expectations (including those on which our forward-looking statements are based) are reasonable, we cannot assure you that those expectations will prove to be correct. Should any one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in our forward-looking statements as anticipated, believed, estimated, expected or intended.

Except for our ongoing obligations to disclose material information under the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or any other reason. All subsequent forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to herein. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein might not occur.

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Assuming the sale of 1,500,000 units in this offering at an assumed offering price of $5.00 per unit (the mid-point of the range indicated on the front cover of this prospectus), we estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of the units we are offering will be approximately $6.30 million. If the underwriters fully exercise the over-allotment option, the net proceeds of the units we sell will be approximately $7.34 million. “Net proceeds” is what we expect to receive after deducting the underwriting discount and commission and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We cannot predict when the Series A warrants will be exercised, if at all. If all of the Series A warrants sold in this offering are exercised for cash, then we will receive an additional $16.5 million of proceeds. It is possible that all or a portion of the Series A warrants may expire prior to being exercised, in which case we will not receive any additional proceeds. If we receive proceeds from the exercise of Series A warrants, we expect to use such proceeds for clinical development, research and general corporate purposes.

We intend to use the proceeds from this offering (after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us) to fund:

•

our expenses in connection with our Phase II clinical trial to obtain genomic expression data for Picoplatin in patients with head and neck cancer;

•

the manufacturing expenses to procure sufficient drug product for our Phase II and assuming those trials meet their endpoints, Phase III clinical trials;

•

the payment of approximately $395,000 to the holder of the promissory note in the principal amount of $345,000 that bears interest at a rate of 2% per annum and that was payable on April 30, 2017 at a 15% premium to the principal amount (the proceeds of such note having been used by us for general working capital purposes) plus default penalties and interest of $86,318 for an aggregate amount of $481,318;

•

the payment of $65,000 to the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, the President of which is the wife of our Chief Executive Officer, in satisfaction of two unsecured promissory notes in the principal amounts of $30,000 and $35,000 that do not bear any interest and mature on July 15, 2017 (the proceeds of such note having been used by us for general working capital purposes);

•

the payment of approximately $40,500 to the holder of an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $30,000 that bore fixed interest of $6,000, matured on December 31, 2016 and has accrued additional interest on the full amount of the note at a rate of 15% per annum following maturity (the proceeds of such note having been used by us for general working capital purposes); and

•

our working capital and general corporate requirements.

While we expect to use the net proceeds for the purposes described above, the amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including the ongoing status and results of our clinical trials. We anticipate an approximate allocation of the use of net proceeds as follows:


Use of Net Proceeds⁽¹⁾	$ (in millions)		% (approx.)
Fund the expenses in connection with our Phase II clinical trial to develop genomic expression data for Picoplatin in head and neck cancer patients	$	4.75		75.3
Fund the expenses of contract manufacturing the Picoplatin drug product to be used for our contemplated Phase II and Phase III trials	$	0.75		11.9
Repay existing indebtedness, including interest thereon	$	0.58		9.3
Fund working capital and general corporate purposes	$	0.22		3.5
Total	$	6.30		100

(1)

We will need to raise net proceeds of at least $6.1 million to close this offering and list on NASDAQ.

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The expected net proceeds from the sale of the units offered hereby combined with the proceeds of the Series B Private Placement of approximately $2.3 million, if added to our current cash, is anticipated to be sufficient to fund our operations through September 2018 and we expect that the proceeds will be sufficient to complete our Phase II trial for head and neck cancer patients. In the event that our plans change, our assumptions change or prove to be inaccurate, or the net proceeds of this offering are less than as set forth herein or otherwise prove to be insufficient, it may be necessary or advisable to reallocate proceeds or curtail expansion activities, or we may be required to seek additional financing or curtail our operations. As a result of the foregoing, our success will be affected by our discretion and judgment with respect to the application and allocation of the net proceeds of this offering.

Pending their use, we plan to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short- and intermediate-term, interest-bearing obligations, investment-grade instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government.

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We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and we intend to retain all of our earnings, if any, to finance our growth and operations and to fund the expansion of our business. Payment of any dividends will be made in the discretion of our Board of Directors, after its taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for expansion. Any dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock, must also be paid in the same consideration or manner, as the case may be, on our shares of preferred stock, if any.

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As described elsewhere in this prospectus, all share amounts and per share amounts in this prospectus have been presented on a pro-forma basis to reflect a forward stock split of the outstanding shares of our common stock at a ratio of 4.9-for-1 shares effected on December 1, 2016.

The following table sets forth our cash and capitalization as of March 31, 2017:

•

on an actual basis;

•

on a pro forma, as adjusted basis to give effect to (i) the issuance in connection with this offering of 1,479,612 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding convertible notes (including conversion of accrued interest thereon through June 30, 2017) with a weighted average conversion price of $2.97 per share, which notes will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering, (ii) the issuance in connection with this offering of 490,000 shares of our common stock underlying our currently outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Tallikut, which preferred stock will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering, (iii) the exchange by our convertible noteholders of an aggregate of 944,077 warrants to purchase common stock (at exercise prices ranging from $2.45 to $3.96) for an aggregate of 1,104,740 shares of common stock (the “Warrant Exchange”), (iv) the payment of $71,800 to our executive officers upon consummation of this offering in connection with their employment agreements, (v) our issuance and sale of 1,500,000 units in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $5.00 per share, after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, (vi) the repayment of $584,568 of our short-term debt and related interest, (vii) our issuance of 75,000 shares of common stock to be issued to the holder of an outstanding promissory note in consideration for extending the maturity date of such note, (viii) the exchange of 331,687 shares of common stock for 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, (ix) the gross proceeds of $2,500,000 from the issuance of 603,865 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in connection with the Series B Private Placement, (x) the payment of $200,000 to the placement agent in connection with the Series B Private Placement and (xi) the issuance of 317,764 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in connection with the Exchange Transaction.


	As of March 31, 2017
	Actual			Pro Forma As Adjusted⁽²⁾
Cash	$	62,573		$	8,011,205
Convertible Debt, net of Discount of $197,422 as of March 31, 2017		4,883,578
Short Term Debt		60,000			—
Warrant Liability⁽¹⁾		396,721			—
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value, 45,000,000 shares authorized and 5,040,450 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2017 and 9,358,115 shares on a pro forma basis		50			94
Preferred Stock, $0.00001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized and 100,000 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2017 and 1,353,316 shares on a pro forma basis		1			14
Additional Paid in Capital		4,012,577			18,894,073
Accumulated deficit		(10,901,233	)		(12,365,991	)
Total Stockholders’ equity		(6,991,190	)		6,528,190
Total Capitalization		(2,047,612	)		6,528,190

(1)

In connection with the Warrant Exchange, the pro-forma (as adjusted) amounts have been revised to reflect the reclassification of the warrant liability to additional-paid-in-capital, and to reflect an estimated loss on the exchange of approximately $1,393,000, as if the transaction took place as of March 31, 2017.

(2)

Pro forma adjusted numbers assume that the warrants from this offering and the Series B Private Placement are treated as equity instruments.

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The number of shares outstanding in the foregoing table, unless otherwise indicated, excludes the following:

•

3,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants offered hereby (or 3,450,000 shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full);

•

392,000 shares of our common stock underlying a preferred stock purchase warrant held by Tallikut;

•

145,856 shares of our common stock underlying common stock purchase warrants issued to Palladium Capital Advisors, LLC with a weighted average exercise price of $3.49;

•

431,687 shares of common stock that are issuable upon conversion of 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock;

•

436,100 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options which were issued prior to the adoption of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan with an exercise price of $0.41.

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If you purchase units in this offering your interest in our common stock will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the assumed public offering price of $5.00 per unit and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately following this offering.

Our net tangible book value as of March 31, 2017 was $(7,117,129), or approximately $(1.41) per share. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets less total tangible liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2017. Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per unit paid by purchasers in this offering and the adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock immediately after completion of this offering.

After giving effect to our sale of 1,500,000 units in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $5.00 per unit (the mid-point of the range indicated on the front cover of this prospectus), and after deducting the underwriters’ commission and estimated offering expenses, our adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2017 would have been approximately $(812,129)⁽¹⁾ or $(0.12) per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $1.29 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $4.88 per share to purchasers of shares in this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:


Assumed public offering price per share				$	5.00
Net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2017	$	(1.41	)
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors	$	1.29
Adjusted net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2017, after giving effect to the offering				$	(0.12	)
Dilution per share to new investors in the offering				$	4.88

You will experience further dilution if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option, if any additional shares are issued in connection with the exercise of options and when the Series A warrants, the representatives’ warrants and other outstanding warrants are exercised.

⁽¹⁾

Pro forma adjusted numbers assume that the warrants from this offering and the Series B Private Placement are treated as equity instruments.

In addition, for purposes of this section, the foregoing does not take into account:

•

3,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants offered hereby (or 3,450,000 shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full);

•

490,000 shares of our common stock underlying our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Tallikut, which preferred stock will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering;

•

392,000 shares of our common stock underlying a preferred stock purchase warrant held by Tallikut;

•

1,479,612 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding convertible notes (including conversion of accrued interest thereon through June 30, 2017) with a weighted average conversion price of $2.97 per share, which notes will automatically be converted into shares of our common stock upon the closing of this offering;

•

145,856 shares of our common stock underlying common stock purchase warrants issued to Palladium Capital Advisors, LLC with a weighted average exercise price of $3.49;

•

431,687 shares of common stock that are issuable upon conversion of 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock;

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•

the shares of Series B Preferred Stock that will be issued in the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, including 921,629 shares of common stock that will be issuable upon conversion of the 921,629 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued in the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, such shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be issued concurrently with the closing of this offering;

•

75,000 shares of common stock to be issued to the holder of an outstanding promissory note in consideration for extending the maturity date of such note;

•

436,100 shares of our common stock underlying outstanding options which were issued prior to the adoption of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan with an exercise price of $0.41;

•

1,104,740 shares of our common stock that were issued to the holders of our outstanding convertible notes in exchange for their warrants to buy shares of common stock with exercise prices ranging from $2.45 to $3.96; and

•

40,000 shares issued to an investor in connection with our issuance of short term debt to that investor in January 2017.

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The following discussion and analysis is based on, and should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains statements that are forward-looking. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risk, uncertainties and other factors. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Actual results could differ materially because of the factors discussed in “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this prospectus, and other factors that we may not know.

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on utilizing our genomic technology to enhance the development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of various cancer indications. We were formed in May 2014, and we acquired the worldwide rights to Picoplatin from a third party in December 2014. We thus have a very limited history of operations. We have not generated any revenues to date, having focused all of our effort on research and development activities.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared with the three months ended March 31, 2016:


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Percentage Increase (Decrease)
	2017		2016		Percentage Increase (Decrease)
Research and Development Expenses	$	—	$	230,892		(100	)%
General and Administrative Expenses	$	410,308	$	1,285,792		(68	)%
Total Expenses	$	410,308	$	1,516,684		(73	)%
Net Loss	$	636,073	$	1,709,901		(63	)%

Research and development expenses were $0.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Research and development expenses decreased primarily as a result of our completion of our pre-trial manufacturing activities in 2016. Our research and development costs in 2016 consisted of preparing to commence phase II trials and communicating with the FDA as well as the manufacturing expenses relating to the production of drug product for our anticipated clinical trials.

General and administrative expenses were $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, and $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, an increase of $0.9 million. The decrease in general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to our efforts to significantly reduce our cash burn until we receive cash proceeds of a financing in order to adequately fund our operations. The Company accrued but did not pay executive and employee salaries and expenses related to the compensation of key consultants to our company for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Net loss was $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, a decrease of $1.1 million primarily due to decreases in research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the reasons stated above.

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Net cash used in operating activities was $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The net loss for this period was greater than the net cash used in operating activities by $0.4 million, which was primarily attributable to accrued compensation of $0.1 million, and the amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs of $0.1 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. The net loss for this period was greater than the net cash used in operating activities by $1.3 million, which was primarily attributable to share based compensation of $0.8 million, the amortization of debt discounts for our convertible debt of $0.2 million, and an increase in accounts payable and accrued interest of $0.4 million combined.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $0.2 million, which was attributable to aggregate net proceeds of $0.3 million received from our bridge financing of debt on January 31, 2017 and the reduction of deferred offering costs.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $0.0 million, as we did not engage in any financing activities for the period.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with the year ended December 31, 2015:


	Year Ended December 31,				Percentage Increase (Decrease)
	2016		2015		Percentage Increase (Decrease)
Research and Development Expenses	$164,722		$2,269,520		(93)%
General and Administrative Expenses	$	3,037,646	$	1,482,505		105	%
Total Operating Expenses	$	3,202,368	$	3,752,025		(14.7	)%
Net Loss	$	3,929,860	$	4,176,553		(5.9	)%

Research and development expenses were approximately $0.16 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Research and development expenses decreased primarily as a result of decreased manufacturing activity related to the manufacturing of our active pharmaceutical ingredients which we ordered primarily in 2015. Our research and development costs in 2016 consisted of preparing to commence phase II trials and communicating with the FDA as well as expenses relating to manufacturing Picoplatin in sufficient quantities as needed for our anticipated application to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the approval of Picoplatin and for the Phase II clinical trials which we expect to commence during 2017. Additionally, we entered into a licensing agreement with Tallikut Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 2015, which amount was booked as research and development expense.

General and administrative expenses were approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, and $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $1.5 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to (i) stock-based compensation of $0.8 million in connection with the issuance of options and shares of common stock to certain of our executive officers, key employees and directors, (ii) executive and employee salaries of $0.4 million, and (iii) expenses related to the compensation of key consultants to our company of $0.4 million.

Net loss was approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $0.3 million primarily due to decreases in research and development costs partially offset by increases in general and administrative expenses for the reasons stated above.

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Net cash used in operating activities was $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The net loss for this period was greater than the net cash used in operating activities by $2.0 million, which was primarily attributable to $0.8 million of share based compensation in connection with the issuance of options and shares of common stock to certain of our executive officers, key employees and directors, and an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $0.5 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The net loss for this period was greater than the net cash used in operating activities by $2.3 million, which was primarily attributable to the amortization of debt discounts for our convertible debt, increased accounts payable and an accrued obligation to acquire licensing rights.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $1.3 million, which was principally attributable to aggregate net proceeds received from the private placement of our convertible notes at various dates from April through October of 2016. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $2.2 million, which was attributable to aggregate net proceeds received from the private placement of our convertible notes in May, June and November of 2015.

As of March 31, 2017, we have generated no revenue from operations and we have incurred cumulative losses of approximately $10.9 million since inception. We have funded our operations primarily from the issuance of convertible notes which will be converted into shares of our common stock upon the consummation of this offering. We received net cash proceeds of approximately $4.6 million from financings closed between December 2014 and January 2017. Our convertible debt financings are convertible into equity at a price per share ranging from $2.45 to $3.96 per share with 50% warrant coverage at 120% of the conversion price. On June 29, 2017, we entered into the Series B Private Placement securities purchase agreement with various investors pursuant to which we expect to raise gross proceeds of $2,500,000. The Series B Private Placement will close concurrently with this offering provided that this offering closes on or prior to July 21, 2017.

Based upon our lack of revenue expected for 2017, together with the planned expenditures, management currently believes that current cash will be insufficient to fund our research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses beyond July 31, 2017. We will require approximately $6,700,000 of funding over the next 12 months to fund our planned operations. Upon completion of this offering, the expected net proceeds from this offering, added to our current cash, is anticipated to be sufficient to fund our operations through September 2018.

Furthermore, if our assumptions underlying our anticipated timing for the completion of our clinical and regulatory program and our anticipated expenses prove to be wrong, we may have to raise additional capital sooner than anticipated. Because of numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the research, development and future commercialization of our product candidate, we are unable to estimate with certainty the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our anticipated clinical trials and development activities. Our current estimates may be subject to change as circumstances regarding requirements further develop. We may decide to raise capital through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. We do not have any existing commitments for future external funding. We may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a bank credit facility if available. The sale of additional equity or debt securities, if convertible, could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also result in covenants that would restrict our operations or other financing alternatives.

Our ability to continue as a going concern may be dependent on our ability to raise additional capital, to fund our research and development and commercial programs and meet our obligations on a timely basis. If we are unable to successfully raise sufficient additional capital we may not have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund our business operations, forcing us to delay, discontinue or prevent product development and

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clinical trial activities or the approval of any of our potential products or curtail our activities and, ultimately, potentially cease operations. Even if we are able to raise additional capital, such financings may only be available on unattractive terms, or could result in significant dilution of stockholders’ interests and, in such event, the value and potential future market price of our common stock may decline. In addition, the incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in covenants that would restrict our operations or other financing alternatives.

As of March 31, 2017, we had a working capital deficit (current liabilities exceeded current assets) of approximately $5.9 million, consisting primarily of approximately $0.1 of cash, offset by approximately $0.9 million in accounts payable, approximately $0.5 million of accrued interest payable, approximately $0.4 million of accrued compensation, approximately $3.7 million of short-term convertible debt (net of discount) and approximately $0.4 million of warrant liability.

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 included elsewhere in this document.

The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) provide the Company with a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement) providing that such contracts are indexed to the Company’s own stock. The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the Company’s control) or (ii) gives the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company assesses classification of its common stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between equity and liabilities is required.

The Company’s free-standing derivatives consisted of warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in connection with its issuance of convertible debt (see Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015). The Company evaluated these derivatives to assess their proper classification in the balance sheet as described above and determined that certain common stock purchase warrants do not contain fixed settlement provisions. The exercise price of such warrants is subject to adjustment in the event that the Company subsequently issues equity securities or equity linked securities with exercise prices lower than the exercise price in these warrants.

As such, the Company records the warrants that do not have fixed settlement provisions as liabilities and mark to market all such derivatives to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

The Company has adopted a sequencing policy that reclassifies contracts (from equity to assets or liabilities) with the most recent inception date first. Thus any available shares are allocated first to contracts with the most recent inception dates.

The Company measures the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. For employees and directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date and for non-employees, the fair value of the award is generally re-measured on vesting dates and interim financial reporting dates until the service period is complete. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period during which services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded by the Company in the same expense classifications in the statement of operations, as if such amounts were paid in cash.

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measurement date. The Company also follows a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 — quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 — inputs that are unobservable based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. (for example, cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions).

See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an “emerging growth company,” we may, under Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933 (or Securities Act), delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We may take advantage of this extended transition period until the first to occur of the date that we (i) are no longer an “emerging growth company” or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of this extended transition period. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Securities Act Section 7(a)(2)(B), upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-emerging growth companies and the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard. Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on our historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and experiences may differ materially from these estimates.

We did not have, during the periods presented, and we are currently not party to, any off-balance sheet arrangements.

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According to a review article published in December 2007 in Cancer Therapy entitled “Designing Platinum Compounds in Cancer,” platinum-based drugs are prescribed for a significant portion of newly diagnosed cancer patients, generating several billions of dollars in estimated annual sales. In many cases, these treatments succeed in reducing the size of tumors. However, current platinum therapies suffer from two major shortcomings. First, platinum-based chemotherapy often causes serious side effects. Second, and even worse, recipients often do not respond to these treatments, resulting in the loss of critical time for alternative therapies. Therefore, while platinum drugs are widely viewed as effective in the treatment of cancer, improvements are needed. We believe that our strategy to integrate a new platinum molecule (Picoplatin) with improved properties into pre-existing pharmaceutical products can improve the success rates of such products, especially because we expect that our technology will allow us to identify prospectively patients that will be more likely to respond positively to the treatment. We believe these factors make Picoplatin a potentially attractive compound for other pharmaceutical companies to partner with us for the commercialization of Picoplatin upon or prior to the completion of our anticipated clinical trials and/or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (or FDA) approval, particularly considering the platinum-based drug market which has been genericized due to the lack of recent developments and innovation.

Picoplatin is a chemotherapeutic designed to treat solid tumors that are resistant to existing platinum-based cancer therapies. Clinical studies conducted by a prior licensee of Picoplatin in small cell lung cancer (or SCLC), metastatic colorectal cancer (or CRC) and castration-resistant (hormone-refractory) prostate cancer and ovarian cancer suggest that Picoplatin has a significantly improved safety profile relative to currently marketed platinum-based cancer therapies and showed strong signs of efficacy including efficacy in patients with tumors resistant to other platinum agents. For more information regarding these prior clinical studies see the subsection below entitled “Picoplatin and Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics.”

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not benefit from Picoplatin, such patient can be directed to alternative treatments saving precious time which otherwise would have been spent on a drug treatment therapy that would not have been effective for them. If our genomics technology is proven effective in connection with the Picoplatin trials we intend to conduct, then we believe that our genomics program has the potential to become a platform technology for additional drugs treating cancer and other diseases.

In 2015, we requested a meeting in a letter to FDA to obtain its input on our proposed plans for a clinical study of Picoplatin to be conducted in patients with head and neck cancer. In January 2016, FDA responded to our questions relating to manufacturing, whether we should conduct certain pre-clinical studies as well as our genomics-signature-driven study design submitted to the agency. FDA agreed with our strategy and confirmed that no additional preclinical studies are needed and that it did not object to our study design and did not object to a plan to develop gene expression signatures in order to identify patients who are more likely to respond to Picoplatin. This provided us with clarity for our genomic-driven strategy for the development of Picoplatin and our planned Phase II clinical trials. FDA further agreed that we may submit an IND application that cross references the original IND submitted by Poniard, and such application will include a complete protocol of our Phase II trials. We submitted an IND for head and neck cancer trial in August 2016. Following review of our IND for head and neck cancer trial, the FDA gave us permission to initiate Phase II trials of Picoplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. More recently, in connection with the initiation of our Phase II clinical trial, the FDA has requested us to supplement our clinical trial plan with a more detailed statistical plan to provide a robust justification for the patient sample size that we have proposed. The FDA is requiring that we submit this plan before recruiting over twenty patients. With respect to our clinical trial plan, the FDA has also provided comments on sample collection and suggested that we begin discussions with the FDA regarding in vitro diagnostic genomic assay before we begin the second arm of our clinical trial.

We intend to conduct Phase II clinical trials both in CRC and squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck. We expect to first pursue a Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck using the proceeds of this offering. Commencing after the closing of this offering and over the next 24 months thereafter, we expect to conduct a Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck in order to determine the genomic signatures for Picoplatin with respect to these indications. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial for CRC. For more information on how we will spend the proceeds from this offering, see “Use of Proceeds” below. If one or both of these trials meets their primary endpoints, we expect to conduct a Phase III study in order to utilize the genomic classifiers (which are individual genes or sets of genes which allow the separation of tumors which differ in response to treatment by looking at their gene expressions) identified in the Phase II clinical trials to prospectively identify patients that we expect to respond positively to and to not respond positively to Picoplatin prior to receiving treatment such that we can achieve positive progression-free survival endpoints, significantly increasing the patient response rate to Picoplatin, which will support submission for drug approval from the FDA and other regulatory agencies., including in the Russian Federation.

Picoplatin was first developed by a subsidiary of AstraZeneca PLC which was subsequently sold to Genzyme Corporation (or Genzyme). In 2004, Genzyme entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement, as amended (which we refer to as the Genzyme License), with Poniard Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (or Poniard) for the development and commercialization of Picoplatin. Under the Genzyme License, Poniard was solely responsible for the development and commercialization of Picoplatin, but was required to pay (i) up to $5.0 million in commercialization milestone payments upon the attainment of certain levels of annual net sales of Picoplatin after regulatory approval and (ii) royalty payments equal to a maximum of 9% of annual net product sales. Genzyme retained the right, at Poniard’s cost, to prosecute its patent applications and maintain all of the licensed patents.

The Genzyme License was terminable by either Poniard or Genzyme if either party breached its obligations under the agreement, or if either party filed a petition for bankruptcy or insolvency or either party was reorganized, dissolved, liquidated or made an assignment for the benefit of creditors. Poniard could also terminate the license at any time upon prior written notice to Genzyme. If not earlier terminated, the Genzyme License would continue in effect, in each country in the territory in which the licensed product was sold or

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manufactured, until the earlier of (i) expiration of the last valid claim of a pending or issued patent covering the licensed product in that country or (ii) fifteen (15) years after first commercial sale of the licensed product in that country.

On November 16, 2009, Poniard announced that its Phase III SPEAR (Study of Picoplatin Efficacy After Relapse) pivotal trial did not meet its primary endpoint of overall survival. The Phase III SPEAR trial, which is described below, was a 401 patient trial to compare the efficacy and safety of Picoplatin as a second-line therapy for SCLC. On March 24, 2010, Poniard announced that it was suspending its effort to seek regulatory approval for Picoplatin in small cell lunch caner (or SCLC). Poniard made this decision following a detailed analysis of primary and updated data from its Phase III SPEAR trial and evaluation of the New Drug Application (or NDA) process with the FDA. Although Poniard completed internal preparation for advancing Picoplatin into pivotal clinical trials in CRC, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and SCLCs, it ceased to undertake any significant Picoplatin development activities since that time. On June 30, 2013, Encarta, Inc. (or Encarta), the predecessor to Tallikut Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (or Tallikut), acquired certain assets of Poniard, including the Genzyme License and all related intellectual property, providing Encarta with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. All previous clinical trials with respect to Picoplatin have been conducted by Poniard and we have not yet initiated any clinical trials with respect to Picoplatin. The previous developers have spent a substantial amount of capital in the development of Picoplatin through its Phase III trials.

Led by Michael Fonstein, our management team decided to form a company in 2014 to pursue the development of novel cancer therapies via in-license. After extensive analysis of the Phase III SPEAR trial which we received in our due diligence of the Picoplatin opportunity, we came to the conclusion that the significant clinical data produced in the Phase III SPEAR trial as well as previous trials conducted indicate a strong potential effectiveness of Picoplatin. We believe that Poniard’s trial design and elements of its clinical trial execution (which were explainable at the time of trials but which defects were clearly seen after the fact), and not the drug itself, are chiefly to blame for its unsuccessful Phase III SPEAR trials. We further believe that, despite the seemingly unsuccessful Phase III SPEAR trial performed by Poniard, if certain subgroups of patients had been excluded from the trials and the trial endpoints were more in line with that of other precedent cancer trials, the data indicated that the trial would have met its endpoints and been successful. Accordingly, given the efficacy of Picoplatin along with its vastly improved safety profile, our management identified Picoplatin as a priority to license as the first compound for its drug development program enhanced by its genomics technology.

On June 17, 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Tallikut pursuant to which we acquired from Tallikut the exclusive, global license of all rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin (we refer to such license, as amended in December 2014 and March 2016, as the Tallikut License). Under the Tallikut License, we received an exclusive sub-license and license, respectively, for the worldwide rights to the patents and patent applications of Genzyme and Poniard, respectively, for the development and commercialization of Picoplatin. Pursuant to the Tallikut License we paid $150,000 as consideration plus 100,000 shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (or Series A Preferred Stock) and a warrant to purchase 80,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Tallikut and were obligated to pay certain royalties to Tallikut relating to sales of Picoplatin in the United States and abroad. This agreement was terminated and superseded based upon our entry into the Assignment Agreement as described below.

On March 15, 2016, we entered into an assignment of license agreement and an assignment agreement (which we refer to, collectively, as the Assignment Agreement) with Tallikut pursuant to which we acquired certain assets of Poniard owned by Tallikut and all related intellectual property, providing us with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. We also became the direct assignee of the Genzyme License which enabled us to terminate our License Agreement with Tallikut. As a result of the Assignment Agreement, we are no longer obligated to pay royalty or milestone payments to Tallikut. Pursuant to the Genzyme License, following FDA approval we will pay royalties to Genzyme ranging from 5% to a maximum of 9% (based on designated product sales levels) for annual net product sales of Picoplatin. Additionally, we will be required to pay a total of up to $5,000,000 to Genzyme based upon the achievement of certain sales milestones in the United States following FDA approval.

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Our primary objective is establish Picoplatin as the preferred platinum-based drug choice for inclusion in treatment protocols by physicians treating cancer patients and to establish the predictive capability of our genomic technology. The following represents our current plan which could change based upon trial results, discussions with the FDA, or other opportunities or information that could cause us to focus on other cancer indications. The key elements of our strategy over the next several years following this offering in the U.S. are:

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Complete two Phase II clinical trials for Picoplatin. We intend to conduct two Phase II trials for the purpose of defining the genomic signature of the Picoplatin response in patients with (a) squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (or SCCHN) as well as (b) metastatic CRC, which is the third leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the U.S. and the second leading cause of cancer death of men and women combined. As described in more detail in “Use of Proceeds,” we expect to initially conduct a Phase II clinical trial with patients suffering from SCCHN using the proceeds from this offering. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC. In October, following its review of our IND for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, the FDA, through a series of telephonic calls and a confirmatory e-mail, gave us permission to initiate Phase II trials of Picoplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. More recently, in connection with our planned initiation of our Phase II clinical trial, the FDA has requested us to supplement our clinical trial plan with a more detailed statistical plan to provide a robust justification for the patient sample size that we have proposed. The FDA is requiring that we submit this plan before recruiting over twenty patients. With respect to our clinical trial plan, the FDA has also provided comments on sample collection and suggested that we begin discussions with the FDA regarding in vitro diagnostic genomic assay before we begin the second arm of our clinical trial. The genomic signatures which we expect to define in clinical trials represent a set of 15-40 genes (selected from 22,000 genes examined in an initial analysis) which change their “expression” in a tumor to produce more or less mRNA in a manner which correlates with tumor responses to specified treatment regimens. We expect that the use of such signatures will enable the selection of patients, prospectively, who will have a significantly higher likelihood (potentially up to 90%) of responding to Picoplatin treatment. Our clinical trials may include studying the objective response rate (or ORR) in a group of patients selected based on the presence of the genomic signatures that we determine will predict positive responses to Picoplatin. An objective response rate is the percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. It includes a complete response (CR) when all detectable tumors disappear, and partial response (PR), defined as at least a 50% decrease in the total tumor volume with some residual disease still remaining. ORR has been viewed as a “direct measure of drug antitumor activity” according to the “Guidance for Industry Clinical Trial Endpoints for the Approval of Cancer Drugs and Biologics” as set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research in 2007. Accordingly, we believe that the increases in ORR should be viewed as a strong indicator of the efficacy of the drug.

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Conduct a Phase III clinical trial for SCCHN and/or CRC patients treated by Picoplatin. Following the completion of our Phase II trials, and assuming those trials meet their endpoints, we intend to conduct a Phase III clinical trial for either or both of SCCHN and CRC which would be designed to utilize these genomic classifiers to achieve the progression-free or overall survival endpoints needed to move the product candidate forward and significantly increase the patient response rate to Picoplatin. As described elsewhere in this prospectus, we expect to initially conduct only a Phase II clinical trial with patients suffering from SCCHN using the proceeds from this offering. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC.

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Submit an application for registration of medicine (comparable to a New Drug Application in the U.S.) to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the right to market and sell Picoplatin for SCLC in the Russian Federation. We believe that the Phase II and Phase III data for SCLC from the Picoplatin trials conducted by Poniard is sufficient for us to submit an application for

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registration of medicine to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the permission to market and sell Picoplatin in the Russian Federation. We anticipate a filing during 2017. A decision by the Ministry of Health would be made within a year of filing.

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Seek a strategic partnership with a European partner to obtain European Union approval of Picoplatin for SCLC. The European Commission designated Picoplatin as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of SCLC, which, if approved, would qualify Picoplatin for ten years of marketing exclusivity in the European Union. Accordingly, we will seek to enter a strategic partnership with a European partner for obtaining approval of Picoplatin in the European Union.

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Leverage our genomic technology by acquiring rights to other compounds and by seeking to enter into strategic collaborations combining the pipelines of other drug companies with our genomic technology. If our clinical trials and the use of our genomics classifiers to select patients for Picoplatin meet their endpoints, we will seek to in-license or acquire other drug compounds that we believe would be well-suited for our genomic technology. We believe that there is a large addressable market for our genomics technology which is in a nascent stage of adoption. We plan to identify other drug compounds used to treat conditions in which we believe we will be able to use our genomic technology to separate responding and non-responding patients and perform necessary clinical trials leading to approval and the commercialization of these drug candidates. We believe that, once proved by our Picoplatin clinical trials, our genomics program has the potential to become a platform technology that could be used with other drug compounds. Accordingly, we will also seek to work together with other pharmaceutical companies to conduct clinical trails combined with our genomic technology. We could also conceivably seek to exploit our genomics classifiers even if our clinical efforts with Picoplatin are not successful, but our immediate priority is to combine our genomic technology with Picoplatin.

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Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2015 there will be approximately 1.7 million new cases and approximately 590,000 deaths from cancer in the United States. Cancer originates from defects in the cell’s genetic code, or DNA, which disrupt the mechanisms that normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth. Increasingly, doctors are using diagnostic tests that identify these genetic aberrations in order to select better treatment options.

The most common methods of treating patients with cancer are surgery, radiation and drug therapy. A cancer patient often receives treatment with a combination of these modalities. Surgery and radiation therapy are particularly effective in patients in whom the disease is localized. Physicians generally use systemic drug therapies in situations in which the cancer has spread beyond the primary site or cannot otherwise be treated through surgery.

The goal of drug therapy is to damage and kill cancer cells or to interfere with the molecular and cellular processes that control the development, growth and survival of cancer cells. In many cases, drug therapy entails the administration of several different drugs in combination. Over the past several decades, drug therapy has evolved from non-specific drugs that kill both healthy and cancerous cells, to drugs that target specific molecular pathways involved in cancer and more recently to therapeutics that target specific oncogenic drivers. These therapies often require genetic testing of a cancer to identify the subsets of patients for whom a drug will most effectively impact tumor growth.

Cytotoxic Therapies. The most established approach to cancer drug therapy has been the development of cytotoxic drugs, commonly referred to as chemotherapy, designed to kill rapidly proliferating cancer cells. While cytotoxic drug therapies act in an indiscriminate manner, killing healthy as well as cancerous cells, in many cases, these treatments succeed in reducing the size of tumors and prolonging survival.

According to a review article published in Cancer Therapy entitled “Designing Platinum Compounds in Cancer,” platinum-based chemotherapy drugs are prescribed for a significant portion of newly diagnosed cancer patients, generating several billions of dollars in estimated annual sales. However, current platinum therapies suffer from two major shortcomings. First, platinum-based chemotherapy often causes severe side effects. Second, and even worse, recipients often simply do not respond to these treatments, resulting in the loss of critical time for alternative therapies. Patients also develop resistance to these drugs over time, due to an ability of cancer cells to evolve under selective pressure, which is a common problem in cancer therapy. Therefore, while platinum drugs are widely viewed as effective in the treatment of cancer, improvements are needed. As the patents for the class of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs being sold in the market continue to expire and platinum-based drugs are marketed on a generic basis, we believe that the emergence of a branded platinum-based chemotherapy agent such as Picoplatin in a largely genericized field, upon regulatory approval, of which there can be no assurance, could have the effect of expanding the overall market in terms of revenues and that we will be able to attract a pharmaceutical partner for the commercialization of the drug as well as fund additional clinical trials for additional indications in the future.

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Jazz Pharmaceuticals acquired Celator Pharmaceuticals for $1.5 billon. Celator’s lead product candidate is Vyxeos, a Phase III chemotherapy compound targeting acute myeloid leukemia. Our goal is to establish Picoplatin as a significant entrant into the chemotherapy marketplace.

Targeted Therapies. A more recent class of medicines target specific biological signaling pathways that play a role in rapid cell growth or the spread of cancer. While these drugs have been effective in the treatment of some cancers, most of them are used in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents. Examples of targeted therapies include sunitinib (Sutent), sorafenib (Nexavar), and cabozantinib (Cometriq). The shortcomings of targeted therapies, such as developed resistance and common complications in the selection of patient populations, which detract from the optimal benefits from treatment, are compensated by the use of genetic markers of responses as well as by combining them with traditional chemotherapeutic agents.

Poniard initiated its Picoplatin clinical program in 2004, which included about 20 various studies (counting earlier trials performed by Astra Zeneca) and has completed a pivotal Phase III SPEAR trial of Picoplatin in the second-line treatment of patients with SCLC. This trial did not meet its primary endpoint of overall survival. Poniard also completed Phase II trials evaluating Picoplatin as a first-line treatment of metastatic CRC and castration-resistant (hormone-refractory) prostate cancer and a Phase I study evaluating an oral formulation of Picoplatin in solid tumors. We performed a detailed analysis of the trial results for the Phase III SPEAR trial and strongly believes that Ponaird’s trial design and elements of its clinical trial execution, and not the drug itself, are chiefly to blame for its unsuccessful Phase III trials. We further believes that, if certain subgroups of patients had been excluded from the Phase III trials, the data indicates that the trial would have met its endpoints and been successful.

Poniard initiated its pivotal Phase III SPEAR trial in April 2007. The Phase III trial was undertaken pursuant to a Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA, with the FDA. An SPA is a written agreement between a sponsor and the FDA regarding the objectives, design and endpoints of a study to be used as a basis of filing an NDA and the data analysis plan necessary to support full regulatory approval. The Phase III trial was an international, multi-center, open-label, controlled study to compare the efficacy and safety of Picoplatin plus best supportive care with best supportive care alone as a second-line therapy for SCLC. The study enrolled 401 patients with SCLC whose disease was non-responsive (refractory) to first-line platinum-containing (cisplatin or carboplatin) chemotherapy or whose disease responded initially to first-line platinum-containing therapy but then progressed within six months after treatment was completed. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive Picoplatin plus best supportive care or best supportive care alone. Best supportive care includes all medical, radiation and surgical interventions that SCLC patients should receive to relieve the symptoms and treat the complications caused by SCLC, but excludes treatment with other chemotherapy. The study was conducted at clinical sites in Eastern Europe, India and South America, because the greater availability of patients could enable the study to more rapidly complete patient enrollment. Patient enrollment was completed in March 2009.

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The primary endpoint of the Phase III SPEAR study was overall survival, as measured in time from randomization to death. Secondary endpoints included ORR, disease control and progression-free survival (or PFS)). On November 16, 2009, based on 320 patient deaths, Poniard announced that its pivotal Phase III SPEAR trial did not meet its primary endpoint of overall survival in the intent-to-treat population. Although the study’s secondary endpoint, improvement of PFS had been achieved, in March 2010, following a detailed analysis of primary and updated data from the Phase III SPEAR study and an evaluation of the ongoing NDA process with the FDA, Poniard suspended its efforts to seek regulatory approval based on its Phase III clinical data. In connection with this decision, Poniard, in their press releases dated November 16, 2009 and March 25, 2010, disclosed that the data indicated that more patients on the best supportive care arm received chemotherapy following progression than those on the Picoplatin arm of the trial, a factor which may have contributed to the trial outcome.

Although the previous licensee determined that the Phase III SPEAR trial did not meet the primary endpoint of overall survival, Picoplatin demonstrated a statistically significant survival benefit in multiple subsets of SCLC patients who currently do not have any FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of their disease. When used in this prospectus, the term “statistical significance” refers to whether any differences observed between groups being studied are “real” or whether they are simply due to chance. This commonly used concept to test drugs sets the standard level of significance at 5% (since every experiment is considered to have a 5% error rate). This means that a drug is superior to another drug or control group in a clinical trial only if 95% of the results with respect to such drug being tested are higher than 95% of the results with respect to the other drug/control group. The term “p-value” (“p” stands for probability) reflects the level of significance and is presented in decimal terms, i.e., the p-value should not be higher than 0.05 for general (and FDA) acceptance of clinical trial results as statistically significant. Those statistically significant survival benefits were:

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A statistically significant difference (based on the definition above) in favor of patients in the Picoplatin arm for PFS in the intent-to-treat population. Patients in the Picoplatin arm of the SPEAR trial had PFS of 9.0 weeks, compared to 6.6 weeks for those patients who received best supportive care alone (p-value = 0.028).

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Overall survival in the intent-to-treat population, the primary endpoint of the study, which was based on 320 evaluable events, or deaths, showed a median overall survival of 20.6 weeks in the Picoplatin arm of the SPEAR trial, compared to overall survival of 19.7 weeks in patients who received best supportive care alone — this difference was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.089). Thus, the primary endpoint of the trial was not met, potentially due to an imbalance in the use of post-trial chemotherapy between the Picoplatin arm of the trial and the best supportive care alone arm: 27.6 percent of patients in the Picoplatin arm of the trial received post-trial chemotherapy, compared to 40.6 percent of the patients who received best supportive care alone.

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Among the 273 patients who did not receive post-SPEAR trial chemotherapy, the 194 patients in the Picoplatin arm demonstrated a statistically significant (based on the definition above) improvement in overall survival compared to the 79 patients who received best supportive care alone. In these 273 patients, the patients in the Picoplatin arm demonstrated a median survival of 18.3 weeks, compared to a median survival of 14.4 weeks for patients who received best supportive care alone (p-value = 0.0345).

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The 294 patients who were refractory or relapsed within 45 days of first-line platinum-based therapy, the 202 patients in the Picoplatin arm demonstrated a statistically significant (based on the definition above) improvement in overall survival compared to the 92 patients who received the best supportive care alone. In these 294 patients, the patients in the Picoplatin arm demonstrated a median survival of 21.3 weeks, compared to a median survival of 18.4 weeks for the patients who received best supportive care alone (p-value = 0.0173). We believe that if this subgroup were excluded from the Phase III Spear trial, the trail would have had the potential to meet its primary endpoint.

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The FDA has designated Picoplatin as an orphan drug for the treatment of SCLC under the provisions of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, as amended (which we refer to as the Orphan Drug Act). To qualify for orphan drug status, a proposed drug must be intended for use in the treatment of a condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Orphan drug status entitles us to exclusive marketing rights for Picoplatin in the United States for seven years following marketing approval, if any, and qualifies it for research grants to support clinical studies, tax credits for certain research expenses and an exemption from certain application user fees.

In August 2007, the FDA also granted Picoplatin Fast Track designation for the second-line treatment of SCLC. The FDA’s Fast Track programs are designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. Fast Track designation provides for priority interactions with the FDA to improve the efficiency of clinical development and support the expeditious review of promising drug candidates.

The European Commission, in 2007, designated Picoplatin as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of SCLC in the European Union. To qualify for this designation, a proposed drug must be intended for the treatment of life-threatening or serious conditions that are rare and affect not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union. Orphan medicinal product designation entitles us and our potential partners to certain incentives, such as regulatory assistance with protocol design and possible exemptions or reductions of certain regulatory fees during development or at the time of application for marketing approval in the European Union. If such approval is received, Picoplatin would qualify for ten years of marketing exclusivity in the European Union. To this end, our strategy includes identifying European partners to fund trials for a new drug submission to the European Union.

In March 2011, Clinical Trial Application approval was received from the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration, or SFDA, to conduct two Phase III clinical studies of Picoplatin in the treatment of second-line SCLC and second-line ovarian cancer, respectively, in the People’s Republic of China. Although clinical trials are not currently being conducted in China, the approval of these Phase III protocols by the SFDA would allow for the inclusion of Chinese clinical sites by potential partners developing and executing global registration trials in these disease settings in the future.

Below is a summary of the clinical trials conducted by Poniard with respect to Picoplatin.


Clinical Trials	Phase I (# of patients)	Phase II (# of patients)	Phase III (# of patients)	Results
Tolerability monotherapy (3 trials)	68			Tolerable doses established; pharmacokinetics (or PK) parameters determined (linear PK confirmed); Picoplatin excretion with urine was studied*
Tolerability combinations (4 trials)	90			Safety profile described; maximum tolerated doses for combined therapies (Picoplatin and companion drugs) were established*
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 2^nd line		80	401	Increase in PFS in all patients (statistically significant) compared to PFS and overall survival (or OS); statistically significant superiority compared to best supportive care, including platinum-resistant patients
Colorectal 1^st line		101		3 times fewer (statistically significant) neurotoxicity events compared to standard care; similar efficacy in Picoplatin and Oxaliplatin (standard of care platinum chemotherapy) groups

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Clinical Trials	Phase I (# of patients)	Phase II (# of patients)	Phase III (# of patients)	Results
Prostate (HRPC) 2^nd line	20	30		78% response in Prostate Specific Antigen
Oral Bioavailability		31		Oral formulation similar to intravenous
Ovarian 2^nd line		82		>40% response, including 10% response rate in platinum-resistant patients
NSCLC (2 trials) 2^nd line		68		No effect
Mesothelioma 2^nd line		47		No effect

For single-arm, non-comparative studies (as most Phase I-II early stage trials are), statistical significance is not applicable.

In studies conducted prior to the Phase III trial as show in the table above, indications of activity were seen in patients with SCLC, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (or NSCLC), CRC, head and neck cancer, renal cell cancer, thymic cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, leiomyosarcoma, liver cancer, mesothelioma, breast and prostate cancers. Overall survival appears to be increased in patients receiving Picoplatin in several of these studies. Additionally, responses in platinum-resistant patients with ovarian cancer, NSCLC, SCLC, and mesothelioma were noted and complete responses were reported in 3 patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; one with platinum resistant SCLC, and 2 with CRC employing a Picoplatin combination.

Previously, a Phase I-II study of intravenous Picoplatin in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic CRC was conducted in Russia, and enrollment was completed in May 2008. The Phase I component of the trial was designed to determine an appropriate dose of Picoplatin, either once every two weeks or once every four weeks, in combination with the chemotherapy agents 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for further testing in the Phase II component of the trial. This combination is called FOLPI. Based on final Phase I data, both dosing regimens were generally well-tolerated. Twenty-two percent of the patients treated developed neuropathy. In the majority of patients, the neuropathy was mild. Four percent of patients experienced moderate neuropathy and, importantly, no severe neuropathy was observed.

A Phase II trial was initiated in November 2007 to generate proof-of-concept data to demonstrate that Picoplatin can be used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent as a neuropathy-sparing alternative to oxaliplatin in patients with CRC who had not received prior chemotherapy. Enrollment of 101 patients in this randomized, controlled, Phase II trial was completed in May 2008. The trial’s primary objective was to measure the relative incidence and severity of neuropathy in the FOLPI regimen (our Picoplatin-based chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of CRC) compared to the FOLFOX regimen (a chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of CRC, which is the current standard of care in the United States for the treatment of CRC). FOLFOX is a combination therapy containing 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin and oxaliplatin administered every two weeks. FOLFOX is associated with a high incidence of neuropathy, a peripheral nerve function problem that can cause numbness, tingling and pricking sensations, sensitivity to touch, pain and muscle weakness and wasting, which is key barrier to continued use of oxaliplatin. The study also measured comparative safety and efficacy (assessed by disease control, progression-free survival, and overall survival); however, the study was not powered to assess the statistical significance of these efficacy endpoints.

The Phase II data presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium in January 2010 indicate that Picoplatin is a neuropathy-sparing alternative to oxaliplatin and is active in the treatment of CRC:

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FOLPI is associated with a statistically significant reduction in neurotoxicity compared to FOLFOX. Neuropathy is less frequent and less severe with FOLPI. Neuropathy occurred in 26% of FOLPI-treated patients and in 64% of FOLFOX-treated patients. No severe neuropathy was observed in patients who received the FOLPI regimen.

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FOLPI had similar efficacy to FOLFOX as measured by:

Disease control rate of 75% and 76% for FOLPI and FOLFOX, respectively;

Progression-free survival of 6.8 months and 7.0 months for FOLPI and FOLFOX, respectively; and

Overall survival of 13.6 months and 15.6 months for FOLPI and FOLFOX, respectively.

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Six-month and one-year survival rates were 80% and 52% for FOLPI and 83% and 55% for FOLFOX, respectively.

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More patients who discontinued FOLFOX had associated neuropathy; neurotoxicity was not dose-limiting for FOLPI.

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More patients who discontinued FOLPI had associated hematological events than those who were treated with FOLFOX, but the hematological events were manageable.

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FOLPI treated patients had more frequent and severe, but manageable, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia; however, complications were rare.

A Phase I-II study of intravenous Picoplatin in the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, who previously had not been treated with chemotherapy, was conducted in Russia, and enrollment was completed in December 2007. The Phase I component of the trial was designed to evaluate increasing doses of Picoplatin in combination with 60 or 75 mg/m2 of the chemotherapy agent docetaxel (Taxotere®) administered every three weeks with 5 mg prednisone twice daily, to establish a dose of Picoplatin for further testing in the Phase II component of the trial. Interim Phase I safety data showed that the Picoplatin and docetaxel combination was generally well-tolerated, with only mild neuropathy in three of 33 patients (9%), and with a prostate specific antigen, or PSA, response rate of 65% (20 of 31 evaluable patients). Myelosuppression was the dose limiting toxicity. The Phase II data presented at the indicated that:

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Prostate Specific Antigen (or PSA) response was achieved in 78% of patients with sufficient data to evaluate response (n=27). In contrast, data from the published literature report a PSA response of 45% in patients who received docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and prednisone 5 mg. (Source: Tannock et al, NEJM 2004;351:1502-12; docetaxel package insert).

•

The median progression-free survival in 29 patients who received Picoplatin in combination with docetaxel and prednisone was 7.4 months.

•

The median overall survival in 29 patients who received Picoplatin in combination with docetaxel and prednisone was 21.4 months. In comparison, the published data showed the median overall survival for patients who received docetaxel and prednisone was 18.9 months.

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Picoplatin can be safely administered with full-dose docetaxel and prednisone. No neurotoxicity was observed in this study. In contrast, data from the published literature report evidence of neuropathy in 30% of patients receiving docetaxel and prednisone, including severe neuropathy in almost 2% of patients.

Although the Phase II trial was a small single-arm study, the safety and efficacy results support further development of Picoplatin in combination with docetaxel and prednisone for the first-line treatment of CRPC. Further, the study indicates that Picoplatin could play a role in the treatment of other tumor types where platinum and taxane therapies are currently used.

In 2002, a prior licensee reported results of a Phase II open-label, non-comparative, multicenter study of Picoplatin monotherapy in the second-line treatment of women whose ovarian cancer had relapsed or progressed after completion of prior platinum-containing treatment. The study, which assessed tumor response, time to progression, time to death, and safety (adverse effects), was conducted in multiple study locations in Europe and Australia. A total of 94 patients were enrolled. Picoplatin demonstrated activity as a single agent in 82 evaluable patients with platinum-pretreated ovarian cancer, including eight patients with complete

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responses. Picoplatin appeared to be well tolerated, with manageable myelosuppression. No clinically significant ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity was observed. The results of this trial suggest that Picoplatin has a manageable toxicity profile and encouraging activity in advanced ovarian cancer.

The SPEAR trial designed by the previous licensee was set up with two arms — Picoplatin and best supportive care (BSC) versus BSC alone in patients with refractory or progressive SCLC within six months of completing first-line, platinum-containing chemotherapy. SCLC is fast growing and the most aggressive form of lung cancer. Cisplatin is a standard of care for first line treatment and second line treatment was and remains an unmet medical need. Poniard attempted to obtain Picoplatin approval for this indication in a randomized, controlled Phase III pivotal study (401 patients).

We have carefully reviewed the data from the previous Phase III SPEAR trial. There were several elements to the study that we believe adversely impacted the results of the trial. The post clinical trial chemotherapy treatment regimen was not defined/limited in the study protocol, and, therefore was not balanced between the treatment arms (41% for the BSC group compared with 28% for the Picoplatin combined with BSC group. Accordingly, the overall survival endpoint was confounded by the imbalanced post-study therapy as Picoplatin was not the last line of chemotherapy. We believe that PFS, a widely-used endpoint in oncology clinical trials, would have been a better measure of Picoplatin’s activity — median PFS was 9.0 weeks in the Picoplatin and BSC arm compared with just 6.6 weeks in the BSC alone arm. Additionally, a subgroup of patients who did not respond to the first line treatment or progressed within 45 days (thus, not eligible for topotecan treatment) was re-evaluated. The post-study treatment in this subgroup was balanced. An analysis of this group shows that there was a significant survival benefit for the patients who did not respond within 45 days of first line treatment and who were in the Picoplatin plus BSC arm of the trial. Had PFS been the endpoint for the trial, we believe that the trial would have met such endpoints.

Our clinical development strategy has been followed before, where a failed clinical trial of an otherwise promising drug was rescued and repurposed in a subsequent clinical trial. There have been many cases where drugs have had experienced initial trial failures only to achieve subsequent success. Viagra, Erbitux, Revlimid and Thalomid are several cases of rescued drugs which have general many billions of annual sales. A 2015 study published in Drug Discovery World found that drug rescue efforts have the potential to “reduce the costs of subsequent drug development by 85% when such activities are restarted from Phase II and increase the chances of success by 2.5 times.”

There are approximately 60,000 new cases of SCCHN in the U.S. and approximately 100,000 new cases in the European Union each year. The demographic of patients has been getting younger due to the prevalence of Human Papillomavirus among other factors. Males are affected with SCCHN at a ratio between 2 to 1 and 4 to 1 versus females depending on geographic region, and oral SCCHN is the sixth most common form of cancer. Additionally, there has been very little improvement in the 5-year survival rate for oral SCCHN during the last 30 years.

While morbidity for CRC has decreased over the last several decades, CRC remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. according to the American Cancer Society and an estimated $13.8 billion was spent on CRC care in the U.S. in 2014 according to the National Cancer Institute. The treatment approach for first line CRC has been either oxaliplatin or Irinotecan in combination with 5-FU and Leucovarin (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) and Avastin (bevacizumab) has been also added to these combinations in first and second line treatment.

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Our initial strategy is to conduct two Phase II clinical trials to define the genomic signature of Picoplatin response in patients with SCCHN and CRC and the potential of these signatures to increase ORR, a measure of how tumors react to treatment. We will first pursue a Phase II clinical trial in squamous cell cancer of the head-and-neck using the proceeds of this offering. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC. These studies will be performed with “second line patients”, which means that they already have failed one previous treatment. Our primary endpoint in these trials is the generation of specific genomic signatures (“specific” in this context means that we will know the exact gene composition needed to correlate signature and drug response). Our secondary endpoint is an increase in ORR in groups of patients selected as having “positive” response signatures (i.e., a genomic signature pointing to a higher likelihood of response to Picoplatin treatment).

In evaluating our trials, overall survival (or OS) is commonly defined as a length of time that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive, measured from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease. In a clinical trial, measuring the overall survival and comparing with another treatment, placebo, or standard-of-care is one way to determine how well a new treatment works. Improvements in OS, if significant, are viewed as an ultimate criterion for FDA drug approval. Progression free survival (or PFS) is commonly defined as a length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is also a way to see how well a new treatment works and is also a criterion acceptable for drug approval in some situations.

If our Phase II trials meet their primary endpoints, we plan to conduct a randomized Phase III study in which the genomic signatures will be used as a key patient inclusion criterion. This “prospective” use of genomic signatures (i.e., using signatures to determine, before treatment, the patients who are more likely to respond to Picoplatin) in the Phase III study is expected to produce a statistically significant increase in the overall survival (known as OS). OS is considered as a critical standard in cancer studies and would constitute a basis of our drug approval. The term “prospective use of signatures” used above means that patient selection occurs before treatment, and the trial adequately represent situations involving real-life clinical use. The final decision on which particular cancer indication will be the focus for our Phase III study will depend on the results of our Phase II trials as well as our discussions with FDA and other customary factors.

The diagram below represents the general structure of both of our proposed Phase II trials. The blue boxes represent two consequent cohorts of patients planned for the studies; the gray arrows represent the major steps of the studies (drawn to scale to provide a chronology of each activity); and the green boxes at the bottom of the diagram highlight the endpoints of these studies.

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Our planned Phase II study in SCCHN, which the FDA has given us permission to initiate following its review of our IND, is designed to include two consequent cohorts: cohort 1, consisting of 30 – 70 patients, and cohort 2, consisting of 30 – 40 patients. In the first cohort, we will enroll all recruited patients, obtain their tumor samples (before treatment) and treat them with the regimen consisting of Picoplatin and Docetaxel. For clarity, we call this regimen “Picoplatin Treatment” in the above diagram, but, as noted, it contains other components of standard-of-care platinum based chemotherapy.

The major phases of our planned Phase II trials are as follows:

(1)

drug is infused intravenously every 3 weeks;

(2)

treatment duration will be until tumor progression or intolerable adverse events are experienced;

(3)

efficacy parameters recorded: ORR and PFS will be recorded where applicable;

(4)

tumor tissue samples to be obtained for genomic analysis;

(5)

primary endpoint evaluated: to determine genomic signature of Picoplatin response based on ORR; and

(6)

secondary endpoint evaluated: to demonstrate increase in ORR for patients selected based on presence of the response signature.

The major steps associated with cohort one of the proposed studies (represented by grey arrows in the diagram) are:

(1)

patient recruitment, which includes tumor sample collection for microarray analysis;

(2)

treatment using Picoplatin;

(3)

evaluation of drug response using standard RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) classification; and

(4)

calculation of gene expression signatures.

After collecting the tumor response data, which requires 4 to 6 months for each individual patient, we will analyze the correlations between tumor gene expressions and the treatment results from our trials. This produces the genomic signatures of drug response which would represent the achievement of one of the primary endpoints of the trials. Based on those genomic statistics generated by this portion of the study, we expect that it will require between 40 to 70 patients to obtain these signatures. This stage of the trial is expected to take one year given the time needed for patient recruitment as well as the time period required for patient treatment and observation.

The major steps associated with cohort two of the proposed studies are essentially the same as in cohort one but with one important difference: here we enroll only patients whose tumors carry expression signatures which indicate expected positive drug response.

Comparing ORR in these two cohorts, based on our pilot calculations, we hope to see an increase in ORR from 30 to 40% in the first cohort to about 80% the second cohort. Evaluation of the effect of signature-based patient selection on ORR represents a secondary endpoint of a study. If the strength of signature effect will be as expected (greater than 80%), we will only need 30 to 40 patients in the second cohort. However, their recruitment will be slower (we expect only to enroll 30% of screened patients), so studying this cohort will likely to take another year.

Our proposed Phase II study in CRC will be identical in its approach, number of patients and expected timeline to the Phase II SCCHN study described above. The only difference will be the combination of drugs used in the trial which will consist of Leucovorin, 5FU, Picoplatin and Avastin instead of Picoplatin and Docetaxel. We have not yet determined when we will begin a Phase II clinical trial relating to CRC.

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The diagram below sets forth, in very simple terms, the general structure of our proposed Phase III trial. The blue arrows represent the two parallel arms of the study (the Picoplatin arm as well as the control arm); the gray arrows represent the major steps of the study (drawn to scale to provide a chronology of each activity); and the green box on the right side of the blue arrows represent the anticipated endpoints of these studies.

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In order to achieve generally acceptable statistical characteristics of the effect of Picoplatin necessary for approval by FDA, we plan to recruit up to 250 patients in our pivotal Phase III trial, which is less than the average number of patients generally seen in such trials. The number of patients necessary for a pivotal trial is generally determined by the strength (increase in occurrence) of the anticipated effects of the drug and the need to collect additional safety information during the trial. The increase in occurrence of the effect is expected to be very significant based an anticipated higher response rate indicated by our pilot findings and that we expect to be supported by our Phase II studies. Picoplatin’s safety is already well characterized by multiple prior studies (1,100 patients in total) conducted by Poniard, so the need to collect additional safety information is minimal.

The enrollment rate is expected to be 0.5 patients per site/month. Approximately 25 to 40 clinical trial sites will be required for an anticipated 15-month enrollment period.

Russia is one of the fastest growing markets for pharmaceutical drugs in the world. In 2013, over $30 billion of pharmaceuticals were sold and annual growth in the market has ranged between 6 – 14% since 2010. As of 2008, over half of the clinical trials submitted to the FDA were generated outside of the U.S. and the number of clinical trials conducted in the Russian Federation has increased tenfold. In 2010, Russian legislation introduced that a portion of clinical trials must be conducted in the Russian Federation for companies that seek Marketing Authorization for new drugs from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the Russian counterpart to the FDA.

We believe that a sufficient amount of its “Russian” Picoplatin clinical data was generated from Poniard’s multinational-based trials so that it will not need to conduct additional trials to satisfy this mandate. Additionally, the timeline for the Russian Ministry to decide on an application for Marketing Authorization has been recently shortened to 160 days for the entire process following the filing and there is no longer any requirement that drugs from foreign countries need regulatory approval to market and sell their drugs from countries other than Russia.

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We intend to file our Marketing Authorization application for Picoplatin for the treatment of SCLC with the Ministry of Health during 2017, subject to the readiness of three batches of its Picoplatin drug product for quality control testing with the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medicinal Products. We would expect to receive a decision on our application from the Ministry of Health within a year from submission date. If Picoplatin is approved, then we would have a 5-year renewable right to sell Picoplatin in the Russian Federation.

The goal of our genomics program is to use its genomics tools (described below) with associated predictive models to select patients who will respond to Picoplatin treatment prospectively. By identifying patients who are likely responders and non-responders to Picoplatin prior to receiving therapy (the expected accuracy of our predictive technology may be higher than 90%), the patients who will not be expected to benefit from the treatment (as predicted by our genomics predictive model) will be directed to alternative treatments which may benefit the patient, without losing time — a critical factor for cancer patients.

The use of genetic markers to predict the effectiveness of multiple drugs has become part of today’s cancer treatment. The table below details various uses of genetic markers for guiding certain treatment regimens.

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The main efforts in today’s cancer genomics are focused on at generating a basic understanding of cancer, building cancer atlases and mapping potential therapeutic targets in cancer pathways. The results of such studies are expected to allow for the design of more targeted therapies, and ultimately create knowledge-driven strategies for cancer treatment. However, we believe that a more clinically useful approach would be the reliable identification of patients for whom standard therapies will fail. These patients could be guided to alternative chemotherapy agents and treatment options, potentially avoiding unnecessary toxicity and the loss of critical time wasted by being treated by agents which produce no benefits.

In our preliminary studies with several chemotherapeutic drugs, we have constructed a set of classifiers that each take as input gene expression values for a patient and produce as output a prediction of the patient’s response to a specific drug therapy. Gene classifiers are individual genes which are derived by identifying

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their level of expression which enable the separation of tumors based on certain characteristics (in our case, response to treatment). Our preliminary studies have shown that our classifiers use 10 – 40 distinct gene expression values and produce an above 90% accuracy in predicting response when tested in a validation set (taken from the same study). While it is true that many researchers seek to discover classifiers using only 1 – 3 genes on which to discover predictions, we consider it unlikely that they will succeed in achieving similar accuracy levels. The reason lies in the underlying biology: there are multiple mechanisms that a cell may employ to produce resistance, and successful classifiers may well need to be sensitive to a larger set of unrelated genes.

We have chosen to base our classifiers on gene expression data, We believe that the alternative and popular approach of using GWAS (genome-wide association studies) in which individual mutations are detected by whole-genome sequencing and used as a basis for predictions is far more difficult and expensive. Gene expression profiles generate a “simplified” picture of a genome, where the number of elements to look at is reduced to a number of genes (approximately 20,000). We are likely to miss many primary events (a point mutation causing tumor resistance may not produce a detectable change in expression), but their consequences are usually form a cascade of multiple secondary changes in expression. Although these changes do not necessarily tell us how things work, they are hard to miss and easier to correlate with a property of interest or characteristic such as likely response or non-response to a certain drug. Ultimately, successful classifiers will be based on integration of all of these data-types, but for now we believe that the use of gene expression data is far more accurate and cost effective.

Our approach is based on the analysis of the data from studies of expression profiles of other platinum- based drugs. The goal of our genomic program is to:

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identify small collections of “signature” genes whose expression pattern is predictive of tumor responses to Picoplatin;

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confirm the treatment-specific behavior of those genes;

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analyze the expression of these genes to select patients for a pivotal clinical study;

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demonstrate that the genomic-based selection of patients will significantly increase the response rate in studies where genomic markets are used prospectively — patients who are identified as likely responders will be targeted in such studies; and

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use this genomic strategy as a platform technology to identify new drug candidates for us.

We use the GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 platform in our work, which we believe is the first and most comprehensive whole human genome expression array. It represents a complete coverage of the human genome plus 6,500 additional genes for analysis of over 47,000 transcripts (expressed mRNA). When results of hybridization of total mRNA specimens extracted from biological samples (for example, tumors) are compared to other tumors or normal tissues, it allows for the determination of changes in gene expression (the amount of RNA produced by a gene), which in turn allows for the creation of hypothesis or models to explain the studied phenomena.

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Our genomic process flow is illustrated in the following diagram:

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As shown above, we start with tumor expression microarray data for each patient supplemented with treatment-response information and correlate phenotypes (response to treatment/non-response) to the microarray data. An expression microarray is an instrument to measure the expression of a set of genes or a complete genome. With this information in the training set (as described below) of patients, our goal is to build genomic classifiers that will predict treatment response for a test set (as described below) of patients. Our process requires the following steps:

We start by collecting microarray expression data for the patients in each study. In our current work, these data are produced using U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays and are downloaded from the NIH Gene Expression Omnibus Repository (a web depositary) for the relevant studies. We start with the raw data, which we then normalize. Normalization is a necessary part of the conversion of signals detected by an array to a set of numerical values, which is aimed to correct various systematic biases caused by the non-linear nature of measurements and other technical properties of data generation and collection. In order to be compatible, one needs to use the same normalization scheme for all comparable data-points.

The normalized datasets are connected to the patient response type (either “responder” or “non-responder”). Then, we divide the data into a training set and a test set. Typically, the training set is 80% of the data and the test set is 20%. Then we convert signal intensities measured for each gene into the “response vectors” with values 1 (increase in expression) or 0 (decrease in expression). We start with expression information generated for all 22,000 human genes for each tumor sample, which we reduce to the 1,000 most correlated and anti-correlated genes (i.e., genes for which change in the expression correlate with response/non-response in the strongest manner) for a total of 2,000 genes. Using this reduced features set, we then use an algorithm to build initial classifiers. As we build these initial classifiers, we compute the “importance value” for each probe (feature) used in the classifier. The “importance value” is an estimate of how much an expresson’s presence in the classifier contributes to the accuracy of the classifier.

At this point, the number of genes analysed has been reduced from 50,000 features to the 2,000 most important, to generate the actual predictor, we run our algorithms again to ascertain the minimal set of the most predictive features (genes or probes) chosen from the 2,000 most important genes as described above. This set consists of from 15 to 40 genes and is called gene expression classifier.

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Being tested in the validation set of patients, expression classifiers demonstrated an ability to predict more then 90% of patients who responded and not responded to treatment. While this validation is performed in a retrospective manner to derive the classifiers, once the classifiers have been identified, the next step would be to use them on patients prospectively.

The datasets we have used to develop these methods are from prior genomic studies. The samples are all from pre-treatment patient tumor biopsies ranging from 31 to 83 samples. The test data are all from CRC and cover treatment with FOLFOX, FOLFIRI and 5FU. They all use the same U133 Plus 2.0 platform which we normalize using the same algorithm. The patient drug responses were tabulated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (known as RECIST).

A critically important property of our classifier is their ability to predict the outcome of a treatment and not simply the difference between easy-to-treat and hard-to-treat cases. The chart below demonstrates that our preliminary studies have confirmed the validity of this approach, and we believe we have achieved a substantially higher predictive accuracy in excess of 90% (up to 95%), with low false negative and false positive rates, when compared to prior studies.

A principle issue generally defining the utility of expression classifiers is whether they represent prognostic markers, which generally separate hard-to-treat from easy-to-treat tumors, or whether they represent regimen-specific markers with the ability to guide treatment. In order to address this critical question, we compared the performance of various classifiers being used to predict tumor response for the same type of tumor but being treated by different therapeutic regimens. The table below shows the results of testing that we have performed using both FOLFOX and FOLFIRI predictors for patients that received FOLFOX and FOLFIRI treatment. The FOLFOX data is based on a prior study of 83 patients in 2011 at the University of Tokyo and the Teikyo University School of Medicine. The FOLFIRI data is based on two prior studies of 21 and 10 patients performed in 2007 and 2014, respectively, by the Department d’Oncologie of Sanofi-Aventis, among others, in France and by The Spanish National Cancer Research Center, among others, in Madrid, Spain.

As indicated above, when we used FOLFOX predictors on FOLFOX patients our accuracy was approximately 90%, but when we used FOLFOX predictors for FOLFIRI patients and FOLFIRI predictors with FOLFOX patients, the accuracy drops to approximately 50%. These results clearly demonstrate a high accuracy in predicting patient responses to specific treatment regimens (either FOLFOX and FOLFIRI) which strongly suggests that our genomics based predictors are treatment-specific in that patients who predicted to respond well to FOLFOX did so, and those who did not predict to respond well did not, with the same results shown in FOLFIRI. This strongly suggests that treatment specific predictors have strong predictive capability, but only when treatment specific classifiers are matched with patients receiving that particular treatment. We believe that this data demonstrates that we have constructed a set of classifiers that each take as input gene expression values for a patient and produce as output a prediction of the patient’s response to a specific drug therapy.

To develop our method we applied our algorithms to the data from prior studies which identified genomic classifiers for other platinum-based drugs. We achieved a result that had a predictive accuracy rate in excess of 90% with low false positive and false negative rates. Our classifier identified 15 genes that are the most important for the performance of our prediction model. Out of the 15 top predictors our process identified, 10 could be connected to the known mechanisms of platinum resistance. This finding serves as a critical check on the results generated by expression analysis. It also presents a picture of resistance mechanisms employed in patient population.

We believe that this process is repeatable and represents a typical result selected from many dozens of runs with different sets of patients. We also believe that Picoplatin would have similar response characteristics

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as other platinum-based compounds and that our planned Phase II trials will enable us to build genomic classifiers with similar predictive performances to the results we described above.

We do not have any manufacturing facilities or personnel. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates (initially only Picoplatin) undergoing preclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture in the event that our product candidates receive marketing approval. We entered into an agreement with Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. (or Heraeus) on April 27, 2015 for the manufacture of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API) of Picoplatin for use in its clinical studies and for commercial purposes. We entered into an agreement with Baxter Oncology GmbH (or Baxter) on August 26, 2015 for the bulk production and distribution of Picoplatin finished drug product for clinical and commercial use. We will be required to have completed the production of three batches of finished drug product for testing for our planned submission of an application for registration of medicine in the Russian Federation during 2017.

We believe that there are other contract manufacturers with the capacity to manufacture and formulate the Picoplatin finished drug product and to synthesize the Picoplatin active pharmaceutical ingredient. However, seeking out alternative manufacturers or formulators may result in significant increased costs and may delay the drug development and commercialization process. Both of these manufacturers have worked with Picoplatin in the past and have familiarity with the manufacturing and formulating process with respect to Picoplatin.

Heraeus is expected to be the sole supplier of Picoplatin substance for our clinical trials. The API clinical supply agreement with Heraeus has a 7 year term and will continue unless terminated by us and/or Heraeus as follows: (i) by mutual agreement of the parties; (ii) by us, if there is a material breach by the other party that remains uncured; (iii) by us, in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of Heraeus; or (iv) by either party, upon 15 days’ written notice.

Manufacturing services under the Heraeus clinical supply agreement are provided on a purchase order, fixed-fee basis (other than the cost of the drug product which is based upon the market price at the time of the receipt of a purchase order by Heraeus pursuant to a schedule set forth in the agreement). We believe will have sufficient supply to complete our anticipated clinical trials. We made and received substantially all of our drug product purchases during the third quarter of 2016.

Baxter is expected to be the sole supplier of finished drug product for our clinical trials. The Baxter clinical supply agreement has a term of 7 years unless terminate by us and/or Baxter as follows: (i) by mutual agreement of the parties; (ii) by either party, if there is a material breach by the other party that remains uncured; or (iii) by either party, in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party.

Upon termination of the agreement, we are obligated to repay Baxter for the purchase and set-up of any equipment that we specifically order in connection with the agreement and any outstanding firm purchase orders of the finished drug product. As in the case of the agreement with Heraeus, manufacturing services under the Baxter clinical supply agreement are provided on a purchase order, fixed-fee basis pursuant to a schedule set forth in the agreement. We believe we will have a sufficient supply to complete our anticipated clinical trials. We made and received substantially all of its drug product purchases during the third quarter of 2016.

It is our policy to aggressively protect our proprietary technologies. We hold an exclusive worldwide license granted from Genzyme for patents and patent applications (which we refer to as the Genzyme Patents) for the development and commercialization of Picoplatin (we refer to such license as the Genzyme License). We also own the Picoplatin patent portfolio that was later developed by Poniard (which we refer to as the Poniard Patents). Between the owned Poniard Patents and the Genzyme License, we have rights to 20 patents and 15 patent applications. Our Picoplatin portfolio includes United States and foreign patents and patent

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applications related to (i) the Picoplatin product, (ii) Picoplatin combination products, (iii) Picoplatin formulations, (iv) methods of treatment and (v) methods of manufacture.

Genzyme retains the right to prosecute patent applications and maintain all licensed Genzyme Patents, and we are required to reimburse such expenses. We have the right to sue any third party infringers of the patents under the Genzyme License. If we do not file suit, Genzyme, in its sole discretion, has the right to sue the infringer at its own expense.

The Genzyme License may be terminated by either us or Genzyme if either party breaches its obligations under the terms of the agreement, or if the other party files a petition for bankruptcy or insolvency or for reorganization or is dissolved, liquidated or makes assignment for the benefit of creditors. We may terminate the Genzyme License at any time upon prior written notice to Genzyme. If not earlier terminated, the Genzyme License will continue in effect, in each country in the territory in which the licensed product is sold or manufactured, until the earlier of (i) expiration of the last valid claim of a pending or issued patent covering the licensed product in that country due to expire in 2021 (unless extended) or (ii) fifteen (15) years after first commercial sale of the licensed product in that country.

Our Picoplatin portfolio also includes 7 patents and 5 patent applications that cover Picoplatin in combination with other non-platinum chemotherapeutics. We believe that the combination product patents provide effective levels of protection as the Picoplatin product patents will typically be used in combination with other non-platinum chemotherapeutics, such as 5FU and leucovorin.

The Picoplatin combination patents originated with International Patent Publication WO 2001/87313, filed on May 10, 2001. WO 2001/87313 was subsequently nationalized in numerous foreign countries and any patent originating therefrom is expected to expire in 2021. In the United States, application 15/619,934 is currently being prosecuted to cover the Picoplatin combination. A patent issuing in the United States covering the Picoplatin combination is potentially eligible for patent term extension for up to an additional five years as a result of regulatory review by the FDA (See “Patent Term Extension” below). Patents covering the Picoplatin combination have been issued in Australia, Russia, Mexico, Singapore, and Ukraine. Patent applications are pending in Pakistan (2) and Venezuela.

Our Picoplatin portfolio also includes 8 patents and 1 patent application that cover particular methods of manufacturing Picoplatin products. The initial Picoplatin manufacturing patents originated in the United States with U.S. Patent Application 09/547,074 and internationally with International Patent Publication WO 2000/061590. In the United States, U.S. Patent 6,518,428 covers a specific process of manufacturing a Picoplatin complex and expires no later than April 11, 2020. The 6,518,428 patent is potentially eligible for patent term extension for up to an additional five years as a result of regulatory review by the FDA (See “Patent Term Extension” below). Internationally, additional patents covering the manufacturing of Picoplatin products have been issued in Australia, Czech Republic, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. Additional methods of manufacturing Picoplatin products are covered by International Patent Publication WO 2010/144827, which is currently being prosecuted in South Korea. Any patent issuing from WO 2010/144827 would be expected to expire in 2030.

In countries with method of manufacture patents, there is protection against the same methods being performed to manufacture Picoplatin products. There is also protection against the importation of Picoplatin being imported from another country whether the products were made using the same methods. The method of manufacture patents may provide effective protection because regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, may require a potential generic entry to be manufactured using the same methods as the reference product.

Our Picoplatin portfolio also includes 1 patent and 7 patent applications, 3 applications of which we co-own with Genzyme, and that cover various stabilized formulations of Picoplatin. The jointly owned stabilized formulations include oral and intravenous formulations of Picoplatin. The jointly owned Picoplatin formulation patents originate from International Patent Publications WO 2008/097658, WO 2008/097661 and/or WO 2009/032034 and are expected to expire in 2028. Patent applications related for Picoplatin

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formulations are currently being prosecuted in additional countries, including the United States (U.S. Patent Application 15/612,514), Hong Kong, China, Israel and South Korea. A patent covering Picoplatin formulations has been issued in Ukraine (UA Patent 100508).

Our Picoplatin portfolio also includes 4 patents that cover a treatment regimen using Picoplatin for treating CRC. The Picoplatin treatment method involves the administration of Picoplatin, 5-FU, and leucovorin. The CRC-related Picoplatin patents consist of U.S. Patents 8,168,661, 8,168,662, 8,173,686 and 8,178,564, which will expire in 2028. One of the CRC-related Picoplatin patents is potentially eligible for patent term extension for up to an additional five years as a result of regulatory review by the FDA (see “Patent Term Extension” below).

Our Picoplatin portfolio also includes 3 patent applications that cover a treatment regimen using Picoplatin for treating SCLC. The Picoplatin treatment method involves the administration of Picoplatin to patients with refractory SCLC. The SCLC patent applications include U.S. Patent Application 15/492,533. Any SCLC patent that is issued in the United States is projected to expire on November 5, 2027, and is potentially eligible for patent term extension for up to an additional five years as a result of regulatory review by the FDA (See “Patent Term Extension” below). SCLC patent applications are being pursued in foreign countries through the nationalization of WO 2011/109752, including China and South Korea.

A number of additional potential avenues exist which may further extend our Picoplatin patent protection and exclusivity. In the United States, patent term extension (or PTE) is available to restore patent term that is lost due to pre-market approval requirements of the FDA for a new drug product that has not been previously approved. In addition, since Picoplatin has not been previously approved for marketing in the United States, Picoplatin may qualify for new chemical entity data exclusivity, under which the FDA bans, for a period of time, submissions of applications from competitors based on published data or Abbreviated New Drug Applications for a drug containing the same active agent. Certain patent term restoration procedures and marketing exclusivity rights also may be available for qualifying drug products in the European Union or individual foreign countries. We intend to evaluate the availability of these mechanisms for extending the patent term and marketing exclusivity for Picoplatin on an individual regional or country basis. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in any efforts to extend the term of any patent relating to Picoplatin or that Picoplatin will be granted additional marketing exclusivity rights in the United States or abroad.

In the United States, PTE is available for patents that claim the new drug product, method of using the new drug product for treatment or method of manufacturing the new drug product. For combination products containing multiple active ingredients, the combination product is available for PTE if any one active ingredient has not been previously approved. In order to be eligible for PTE, the patent in question must not have expired before the application for PTE has been submitted, with submission being within 60 days of the FDA approving the NDA for the new drug product. The term of only 1 U.S. patent may be extended by one-half of the amount of time of the FDA review period with a reduction for any period of time where there is a failure to exercise due diligence. The total market exclusivity time of the drug product cannot exceed 14 years, regardless of how much time was lost to clinical testing and regulatory review, and the total time of extension cannot exceed 5 years. Interim PTE is available if the patent will expire before product approval by filing an application for interim extension between six months and fifteen days before patent expiration. Each interim PTE extends the term of a patent for up to one year, with a total of 5 requests for interim PTE being available.

The FDA designated Picoplatin as an orphan drug for the treatment of SCLC under the provisions of the Orphan Drug Act, which potentially entitles us to exclusive marketing rights for Picoplatin in the United States for seven years following market approval. In addition, the European Commission has designated Picoplatin as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of SCLC in the European Union, which potentially entitles us to exclusive marketing rights for Picoplatin in the European Union for ten years following market approval.

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We intend to develop additional inventions arising from our drug discovery program and intend to file additional patent application in the United States and foreign countries to protect future commercialization efforts.

We believe our genomics technology will enable us to identify novel genomic or expression signatures that will allow effective selection of patients for treatment with Picoplatin or other therapeutic agents. While recent holdings by the U.S. Supreme Court may make it difficult to obtain patents on diagnostic patents based on the identify genetic signatures, we believe that patent protection continues to be available in the United States for any patent directed to a method of treating a genetically-defined group of patients.

We will also pursue patent protection for any discoveries that are made during past or future clinical trials. Based on its review of the data from the clinical trials previously conducted by Poniard using Picoplatin for different forms of cancer therapy, we believe that additional patent protection may be obtained. We are currently evaluating the potential scope of patent claims that may be obtained.

The competition for development of cancer therapies is worldwide and substantial. There is intense competition from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic research institutions, clinical reference laboratories and government agencies that are pursuing research and development activities similar to ours in the United States and abroad. We have developed potential registration strategies for Picoplatin in CRC, head and neck, prostate, ovarian and SCLCs. If approved, Picoplatin will be competing with existing treatment regimens, as well as emerging therapies for these indications and other platinum-based therapeutics. Large biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, Inc., AstraZeneca PLC, Baxter Healthcare, Bayer Healthcare, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline PLC, Merck & Co., Inc., Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., Novartis, Pfizer Inc., and Sanofi are marketing and/or developing therapeutics in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of one or more of these indications or platinum agents for the treatment of cancer. Multiple biotechnology companies are engaged in clinical trials for the treatment of one or more of these indications and other platinum-based therapeutics, including Access Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ascenta Therapeutics, Inc., ImmunoGen, Inc., Ipsen Group, Meabco A/S, MolMed S.p.A., Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., PharmaMar (Zeltia Group), Regulon, Inc., Simcere Pharmaceutical Group and Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp. If we or a potential partner were to seek to expand the use of Picoplatin into other oncology indications, we will be facing additional competition from major pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, research institutions and government agencies.

Most of our potential competitors have, or have access to, substantially greater financial, research and development, marketing and production resources, and are better equipped, to develop, manufacture and market competing products. Further, such potential competitors may have, or may develop and introduce, new products that would render Picoplatin less competitive, uneconomical or obsolete.

Our ability to commercialize Picoplatin and to compete effectively will depend in large part on:

•

our ability to meet all necessary regulatory requirements and to advance Picoplatin through the approval processes of the FDA and foreign regulatory health authorities in a timely manner;

•

the perception by physicians and other members of the health care community of the safety, efficacy and benefits of Picoplatin compared to those of competing products or therapies;

•

our ability to acquire Picoplatin API and finished drug product on a commercial scale;

•

timing of market introduction;

•

the effectiveness of the sales and marketing efforts by us and/or any pharmaceutical company in which we enter a strategic partnership;

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the willingness of physicians to adopt new or modified treatment regimens using Picoplatin and to embrace the use of our genomic technology to be used in connection with treatment regimens with Picoplatin;

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•

our ability to secure third party reimbursement for Picoplatin;

•

the price of Picoplatin relative to competing products; and

•

our ability to develop a commercial and sales infrastructure, either on its own or with a collaborator, which would include the development of a distribution network and other operational and financial systems necessary to support the increased scale of activities.

We believe that competition among products approved for sale will be based, among other things, on product safety, efficacy, reliability, extent of adverse side effects, time to market, availability, third party reimbursement, price and patent position. Our competitiveness also will depend on our ability to advance our product candidates, license additional technology, maintain a proprietary position in its technologies and product candidates, obtain required government and other approvals on a timely basis, attract and retain key personnel, and enter into collaborative or other arrangements that enable us and any strategic partners to develop effective products that can be manufactured cost-effectively and marketed successfully.

The FDA and comparable regulatory health authorities in state and local jurisdictions and in foreign countries impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacture, marketing and distribution of drugs. These health authorities and other federal, state, local and foreign entities regulate research and development activities and the testing, manufacture, quality control, safety, storage, record-keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of Picoplatin and any other future drug candidates. Product development and approval within these regulatory frameworks take a number of years to accomplish, if at all, and involve the expenditure of substantial resources.

In the United States, drugs and biologics are subject to regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1976, as amended, and implementing regulations. The process required by the FDA before Picoplatin and any other future drug candidates may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

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completion of extensive preclinical laboratory tests, in vivo preclinical studies and formulation studies;

•

submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug Application, (or IND), which must become effective before clinical trials can commence;

•

performance of properly designed and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for each proposed indication;

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submission of an NDA to the FDA; and

•

FDA review and approval of the NDA prior to any commercial sale or shipment of the drug.

In addition to obtaining FDA approval for each product, each domestic drug manufacturing establishment must be registered with and inspected by the FDA. Domestic manufacturing establishments are subject to biennial inspections by the FDA and must comply with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, regulations which are enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program for biologics, drugs and devices. To supply products for use in the United States, foreign manufacturing establishments must also comply with cGMP regulations and are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA or by corresponding regulatory health authorities in such countries under reciprocal agreements with the FDA.

Nonclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as animal studies, to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the proposed product. Preclinical safety testing must be conducted by laboratories that are in compliance with the FDA regulations regarding Good Laboratory Practice. The results of the preclinical studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND and are reviewed by the FDA prior to commencement of clinical trials. Unless the FDA provides comments to an IND, the IND will become effective 30 days following its receipt by the FDA. Submission of an IND does not assure FDA authorization to commence clinical trials or to allow clinical studies to continue once initiated.

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Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or to patients under the supervision of a qualified principal investigator. Clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the FDA’s Protection of Human Subjects regulations and Good Clinical Practices under protocols that detail the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used to monitor safety, and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Further, each clinical study must be conducted under the auspices of an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, at the institution where the study will be conducted. The IRB will consider, among other things, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects, and the possible liability of the institution.

Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase I, the drug is tested for:

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safety (adverse effects);

•

dosage tolerance;

•

pharmacokinetics (how the body processes the drug); and

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clinical pharmacology (how the drug works in the body).

In Phase II, a limited patient population is studied to:

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determine the efficacy of the drug for specific, targeted indications;

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determine the dosage tolerance and optimal dosage; and

•

identify possible adverse effects and safety risks.

If a compound is found to have potential activity in a disease or condition and to have an acceptable safety profile in Phase II clinical trials, Phase III clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate clinical activity and to further test for safety within an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. Often, Phase IV (post-marketing) studies are required by the FDA in order to gain more data on safety and efficacy of a drug after it has transitioned into general medical practice.

With respect to Picoplatin or any proposed products subject to clinical trials, there can be no assurance that Phase I, Phase II or Phase III studies will be completed successfully within any specific time period, if at all. For example, in connection with our planned initiation of our Phase II clinical trial, the FDA has requested us to supplement our clinical trial plan with a more detailed statistical plan to provide a robust justification for the patient sample size that we have proposed and is requiring that we submit this plan before recruiting over twenty patients. If the FDA does not accept our plan, the FDA will likely require a modified statistical plan which could cause additional delays in our trials and if the FDA ultimately does not accept our statistical plan then we will be unable to enroll over twenty patients and our planned clinical trial would be adversely effected. Further, clinical studies are inherently uncertain, and future clinical trials may not confirm the results achieved in earlier clinical or preclinical trials. If Picoplatin is not shown to be safe and effective, we will not be able to obtain the required regulatory approvals for commercial sale of that product. Furthermore, we or the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time if it is determined that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

The results of the pharmaceutical development, preclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA for approval of the marketing and commercial shipment of the drug. The testing and approval processes are likely to require substantial cost, time and effort, and there is no assurance that approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA may deny an NDA if applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, may require additional testing or information, or may require post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety of the product. If regulatory approval is granted, such approval may entail limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. The FDA may withdraw product approvals if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur following initial marketing. Among the conditions for NDA approval is the requirement that the prospective manufacturers’ quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP regulations. In complying with standards set forth in these regulations, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to ensure full technical compliance.

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Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.

Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports are required following FDA approval of an NDA. FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging and labeling procedures must continue to conform to current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by FDA, during which the Agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

In addition to regulation in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and will be subject to foreign regulations with respect to commercial sales and distribution of Picoplatin and any proposed future products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval to conduct a clinical trial of a product by comparable regulatory health authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or we must obtain an approval of a product before we can commence marketing of the product in those counties. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement also vary greatly from country to country.

Under the European Union regulatory systems, marketing authorizations may be submitted either under a centralized or mutual recognition procedure. For oncology products, a centralized procedure is required. It provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. The mutual recognition procedure provides for mutual recognition of national approval decisions. Under this procedure, the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the remaining member states. Within 90 days of receiving the application and assessment report, each member state must decide whether to recognize approval.

Under Russian regulatory requirements, in order to commence any clinical study we must obtain regulatory (Ministry of Health) approval for every particular study. The timelines to obtain such approval are typically not be less than 2 months but may be up to 4 months from the time of application submission. To obtain registration of new medicine from Ministry of Health (like marketing authorization in the U.S.), a drug product manufacturer must obtain GMP certification from Russian regulatory authorities. New regulatory procedures for the performance of such inspections by Russian regulatory authorities are expected to be implemented during 2016, but the particular rules and requirements for application have not been published and may have significant impact on our goals in Russia, including registration application submission. We may be required to wait for an inspection of our manufacturer’s facility until we are permitted to submit an application for registration of Picoplatin for medical use in Russia.

Sales of pharmaceutical products depend significantly on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement are provided by third-party payors. Third-party payors include state and federal government health care programs, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Although we currently believe that third-party payors will provide coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates,

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if approved, we cannot be certain of this. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the cost-effectiveness, and reducing reimbursement for medical products and services. In addition, significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. We may need to conduct expensive clinical studies to demonstrate the comparative cost-effectiveness of our products. The product candidates that we develop may not be considered cost-effective and thus may not be covered or sufficiently reimbursed. It is time consuming and expensive for us to seek coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, as each payor will make its own determination as to whether to cover a product and at what level of reimbursement. Thus, one payor’s decision to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement for a product does not assure that another payor will provide coverage or that the reimbursement levels will be adequate. Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Reimbursement may not be available or sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a competitive and profitable basis.

As of the date of this prospectus, we had seven full-time employees and 3 consultants that work with us. Of these full-time employees, two hold Ph.D. degrees, two hold a medical doctor degree, and two hold a J.D. and M.B.A. degree. Of the total full-time employees, two employees are engaged in regulatory and clinical activities and five are in general administration. We consider our relations with employees to be good. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that our current workforce is sufficient to execute our business plan for the next year and will hire additional employees and/or consultants as needed.

We currently lease our principal executive office, consisting of approximately 800 square feet of office space located at 36 Church Lane, Westport, Connecticut, pursuant to a lease that expired on December 31, 2016, but has been continued on a month-to-month basis. The lease is cancelable upon 30 days prior notice. We also currently lease 630 square feet of space in Moscow, Russian Federation under a one year lease which expired on April 30, 2016 and was extended through December 31, 2017. The monthly rent for our office space are approximately $3,600 in the aggregate. We believe that our office facilities are in good condition and are adequate for their present uses.

As of March 31, 2017, we are not a party to any legal proceedings.

Marcum LLP serves as our independent registered accounting firm for the fiscal year 2016 and 2015. The audit reports of Marcum on our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and and December 31, 2015 did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle, except that such reports were qualified as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

During our fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were no disagreements with Marcum on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to Marcum’s satisfaction, would have caused Marcum to make reference to the subject matter of such disagreements in connection with its reports on our consolidated financial statements for such years.

There were no “reportable events,” as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K, during our fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

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We were organized as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware in May 2015. Our principal executive office is located at 36 Church Lane, Westport, Connecticut 06880, and our phone number is (203) 557-6254.

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Set forth below is information regarding our current directors and executive officers. Each director holds his office until he resigns or is removed and his successor is elected and qualified.


Name	Age	Position
Michael Fonstein, PhD.	57	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Randy S. Saluck, JD, MBA	51	Chief Financial Officer, Chief Strategic Officer and Secretary
Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya, PhD	55	Chief Operating Officer and Director
Dmitry Prudnikov, MD	53	Chief Medical Officer and Director
Teddy Scott Jr., JD	50	Chief Intellectual Property Officer
Douglas G. Watson⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	71	Director
Rick Stevens, PhD⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾⁽³⁾	56	Director
Michael Yomtov⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾	47	Director

(1)

member of the audit committee

(2)

member of the compensation committee

(3)

member of nominating and corporate governance committee

There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.

In February 2017, Daniel H. Perez resigned as a director and Chairman of our Board due to his stated lack of available time to serve as such given his other, full-time business commitments. Douglas G. Watson, our Audit Committee Chairman, will become the Chairman of our Board of Directors upon the consummation of this offering.

Dr. Michael Fonstein is a co-founder of our company and has been our Chief Executive Officer since our inception in May 2014. From 2003 to 2013, Dr. Fonstein was the Chief Executive Officer and a Director of Cleveland Biolabs, Inc., a publicly-traded healthcare company that he co-founded which has been focused on the development of oncology and anti-radiation syndrome products. From 2012 to 2014, he was the Chief Executive Officer and President of Panacela Labs, Inc., a subsidiary of Cleveland Biolabs and a company focused on developing several oncology compounds. From 1997 to 2003, he was Chief Executive Officer and President of Integrated Genomics, Inc., a company that he founded. Integrated Genomics was a pioneer in providing genomic sequencing and research for a number of research-oriented healthcare companies. Prior thereto, he was the founder and Director of the DNA Sequencing Center at the University of Chicago from its creation in 1994 until 1998, where he became a recognized expert and pioneer in genomics and published numerous papers in top peer-reviewed scientific journals and where he sequenced over 40 bacterial and fungal genomes. From 1994 to 1998, Dr. Fonstein was an assistant professor of molecular genetics and cell biology at the University of Chicago. Dr. Fonstein received a master’s degree from the Biological Department of Moscow University in 1981 and received a PhD in Microbial Genetics at VNIIGenetika (Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms). Dr. Fonstein has supervised the development, human drug trials and the FDA approval process for multiple drug candidates and developed a leading bioinformatics program and has generated substantial governmental grant fund and contracts with leading pharmaceutical and chemical companies.

Randy S. Saluck, JD, MBA is our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Strategic Officer and Secretary. He joined our company in February 2015. From 2005 to 2015, Mr. Saluck was the managing member and portfolio manager of Mortar Rock Capital Management, LLC, a private investment firm. Since February 2016, Mr. Saluck has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Convexity Scientific LLC, a private medical device company. From May 2013 to April 2016, Mr. Saluck served as a member of the Board of Directors and a member of the Audit Committee for Cleveland Biolabs, Inc., a publicly-listed healthcare company focused on the development of oncology and anti-radiation syndrome products. In July 2016, Mr. Saluck was reappointed to the Board of Directors of Cleveland Biolabs, Inc. to fill a vacancy and sits on its audit committee as chairman. From 2002 to 2005, Mr. Saluck was a portfolio manager at Meisenbach Capital Management, LLC, a private investment firm. From 1998 to 2002, Mr. Saluck worked as a junior partner and senior analyst for private investment firms. From 1997 to 1998, Mr. Saluck was an investment banking

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associate for Salomon Brothers Inc, focusing on mergers and acquisitions. Prior thereto Mr. Saluck was a corporate attorney for Cahill Gordon & Reindel and Blank Rome Tenzer, focusing on equity and debt financings, mergers and acquisitions, corporate restructurings and other corporate and securities matters. Mr. Saluck has a Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Pennsylvania, a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, with a concentration in Finance and Accounting and where he served as the Chairman of the Wharton Ethics Committee.

Ekaterina E. Nikolaevskaya a co-founder of our company has been our Chief Operating Officer of our company since August 2015. From 2011 to 2015, she was the Chief Executive and Chief Operating Officer of Panacela Labs, LLC, a subsidiary of Panacela Labs, Inc., and a company focused on the development of several oncology drug compounds. From 2012 she was also a co-founder and Chief Operating Officer of FNP Clinical LLC, a contract research organization. From 2007 to 2012, she was the Chief Operating Officer of Prudentas LLC, a contract research organization. From 2000 to 2007, she was the Senior Project Manager for ClinStar Europe LLC, a U.S. contract research organization with operations in Russia and Ukraine. From 1984 to 1998, she was a Senior Research Manager at the VNIIGenetika (Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms) where she focused on genetic engineering research in the field of amino acid operons regulations and amino acid producers. Ms. Nikolaevskaya graduated from the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology with a Master’s Degree in chemical engineering in 1984 with a specialization in chemical synthesis of biologically active compounds.

Dmitry Prudnikov is a co-founder of our company has been our Chief Medical Officer since February 2015. From 2011 to 2014, Dr. Prudnikov was the VP Scientific & Regulatory for Panacela Labs Inc., a subsidiary of Cleveland Biolabs and a company focused on the development of several oncology drug compounds. From 2012 to 2014, Dr. Prudnikov was the Executive Director of BioLabs612 LLC, an affiliate of Panacela and also focused on developing drug compounds focused on oncology. He was also the Chief Executive Officer of FNP Clinical LLC, a contract research company, during the same time period. From 2007 to 2012, he was the Chief Executive Officer of Prudentas LLC a contract research organization. From 2002 to 2007, Dr. Prudnikov held several upper level management positions at ClinStar, a contract research organization, and from 1997 to 2002, Dr. Prudnikov held managerial positions at Janssen Pharmaceutica, a contract research organization and a division of Johnson and Johnson. Dr. Prudnikov graduated with MD degree from Smolensk State Medical Academy in the Russian Federation.

Teddy Scott, Ph.D., is our Chief Intellectual Property Counsel, a position he has held since our inception in May 2014. Since February 2015, Dr. Scott has served as the Chief Executive Officer of PharmaCann LLC, a private company operating in the medical marijuana industry. Prior to joining PharmaCann, Dr. Scott was a shareholder at the national law firm of Polsinelli PC. While at Polsinelli, Dr. Scott was a patent attorney and also the co-chair of the Emerging Enterprises practice focusing on businesses in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, medical diagnostic and information technology industries. Dr. Scott received a J.D. from Northwestern University Law School, a Ph.D in Molecular Biophysics from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and a B.S. In Biochemistry from Texas Tech University.

Douglas G. Watson has been a director of our company since February 2016 and will become the Chairman of our board of directors upon the consummation of this offering. He is the founder of Pittencrieff Glen Associates, a corporate leadership consulting firm which was established in June 1999. Prior to this, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Novartis Corporation, the US subsidiary of Novartis A.G. Mr. Watson’s career spanned 33 years with J.R. Geigy Ltd., Ciba-Geigy Corporation and Novartis, during which time he held a variety of positions in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States. From 1986 to 1996, he was President of Ciba US Pharmaceuticals Division of Ciba-Geigy Corporation, when he was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Ciba-Geigy Corporation. During this ten year period, Mr. Watson was an active member of the Pharmaceutical Research & Manufacturers Association (PhRMA) board in Washington, DC. Mr. Watson became President and Chief Executive Officer of Novartis Corporation in 1997 upon the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz. Mr. Watson elected to take early retirement from Novartis in May 1999. Mr. Watson also served as the Chairman of OraSure Technologies, Inc. (NASDAQ:OSUR), a developer of oral fluid diagnostics and collection devices from March 2003 until November 2016. Prior board memberships include Engelhard Corporation, Summit Bank Corporation, Novartis Corporation, Wright Medical Group Inc. (NASDAQ: WMGI), BioMimetic Therapeutics Inc., Delcath

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Systems Inc. (NASDAQ:DCTH), Dendreon Corporation, InforMedix Inc., Javelin Pharmaceuticals Inc., Genta Inc. and Bionor Immuno AS. He is a former member of the board of the Freedom House Foundation, a former member of the board of the American Liver Foundation, and a former member of the Advisory Council of the New York Floating Hospital. Mr. Watson holds an MA degree in pure mathematics from Churchill College, Cambridge University, and is a member of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.

Rick Stevens has been a director of our company since April 2015. He is the Associate Laboratory Director for Computing, Environment and Life Sciences for Argonne National Laboratory, a world-renowned multi-disciplinary science and engineering research center with a budget in excess of $750 million and over 3,400 total employees and 1,400 scientists. Argonne is managed for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. Mr. Stevens has been at Argonne since 1982 where he has served as the director of its Mathematics and Computer Science Division and Associate Laboratory Director for Physical, Biological and Computing Sciences. He is currently also the leader of Argonne’s Petascale Computing Initiative. From 2000 to 2004, Mr. Stevens also served as the Director of the National Science Foundation’s Teragrid project and from 1997 to 2001 as the Chief Architect for the National Computational Science Alliance. He is a Professor of Computer Science and a Senior Fellow of the Computation Institute at the University of Chicago and Professor at the University of Chicago Physical Sciences Collegiate Division. Mr. Stevens has a Bachelor’s Degree in 1984 in Applied Mathematics and Philosophy from the Western University Macomb, IL.

Michael Yomtov has been a director of our company since December 2014. Since 2002, Mr. Yomtov has been an Investment Banker at Palladium Capital Advisors and an advisor to Eagle Advisers. Previously, Mr. Yomtov worked for MH Meyerson, a New York based investment banking firm from 1996 to 2002. In that capacity he managed assets for high net worth individuals, including pension assets and participated in a number of IPO deals, helping raise working capital for start-up companies. From 1994 to 1996 Mr. Yomtov worked for Smith Barney, where he managed retail accounts for high net worth individuals, helped clients structure portfolios and performed both fundamental and technical research. Mr. Yomtov has helped numerous companies in the Biotech and Telecom industries to raise capital.

Of our current directors, we have determined that Messrs. Watson, Stevens and Yomtov are “independent” as defined by applicable rules and regulations. Following the resignation of Mr. Perez, our Board of Directors is no longer composed of a majority of “independent” directors. In accordance with NASDAQ Rule 5615(b)(1), we intend to appoint an additional independent director within one year following the completion of this offering.

Our Board of Directors has established three standing committees — Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance. All standing committees operate under a charter that has been approved by our Board of Directors.

Our board of directors has an Audit Committee, composed of Messrs. Watson, Yomtov, and Stevens, each of whom are independent directors as defined in accordance with section Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Mr. Watson serves as chairman of the committee. The board of directors has determined that Mr. Watson is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Our Audit Committee oversees our corporate accounting, financial reporting practices and the audits of financial statements. For this purpose, the Audit Committee has a charter (which will be reviewed annually) and performs several functions. The Audit Committee:

•

evaluates the independence and performance of, and assesses the qualifications of, our independent auditor and engages such independent auditor;

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approves the plan and fees for the annual audit, quarterly reviews, tax and other audit-related services and approves in advance any non-audit service and fees therefor to be provided by the independent auditor;

•

monitors the independence of the independent auditor and the rotation of partners of the independent auditor on our engagement team as required by law;

•

reviews the financial statements to be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and reviews with management and the independent auditors the results of the annual audit and reviews of our quarterly financial statements;

•

oversees all aspects of our systems of internal accounting and financial reporting control and corporate governance functions on behalf of the board; and

•

provides oversight assistance in connection with legal, ethical and risk management compliance programs established by management and the board, including compliance with requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley and makes recommendations to the board of directors regarding corporate governance issues and policy decisions.

The Audit Committee has a charter, which will be reviewed annually.

Our board of directors has a Compensation Committee composed of Messrs. Watson and Stevens, each of whom are independent in accordance with rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Mr. Watson will serve as the chairman of the committee upon the consummation of this offering. Our Compensation Committee reviews or recommends the compensation arrangements for our management and employees and also assists the board of directors in reviewing and approving matters such as company benefit and insurance plans, including monitoring the performance thereof. The Compensation Committee has a charter, which will be reviewed annually.

Our board of directors has a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee composed of Messrs. Stevens and Yomtov, respectively, each of whom are independent in accordance with rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market. Mr. Yomtov serves as the chairman of the committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is charged with the responsibility of reviewing our corporate governance policies and with proposing potential director nominees to the board of directors for consideration. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has a charter which is reviewed annually. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider director nominees recommended by security holders.

In June 2016, our Board of Directors adopted a Code of Ethical Conduct and an Insider Trading Policy.

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The following table sets forth all compensation paid to our named executive officers at the end of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Individuals we refer to as our “named executive officers” include our Chief Executive Officer and our most highly compensated executive officers whose salary and bonus for services rendered in all capacities exceeded $100,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.


Name and principal position	Year		Salary ($)		Bonus ($)	Stock Awards ($)		Option Awards ($)	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)	Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($)	All Other Compensation ($)	Total ($)
Michael Fonstein, PhD. Chief Executive Officer		2016	$	213,330								$	213,330
Michael Fonstein, PhD. Chief Executive Officer		2015	$	251,000								$	251,000
Randy S. Saluck, JD, MBA Chief Financial, Chief Strategic Officer and Secretary		2016	$	199,167		$	266,845					$	466,062
		2015	$	98,000								$	98,000


Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya Chief Operating Officer		2016	$	147,593								$	147,593
Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya Chief Operating Officer		2015	$	125,800								$	125,800
Dmitry Prudnikov, MD Chief Medical Officer		2016	$	143,606								$	143,606
Dmitry Prudnikov, MD Chief Medical Officer		2015	$	165,000								$	165,000

Except as set forth below, we currently have no written employment agreements with any of our officers, directors, or key employees.

Michael Fonstein, PhD., Chief Executive Officer. In June 2016, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Fonstein which will be effective upon the consummation of the initial public offering (which was subsequently amended by a letter agreement to reduce the one-time cash bonus due to the officer upon consummation of this offering). Pursuant to the terms of this employment agreement, Dr. Fonstein will be paid an annual base salary of $365,000 and will be considered for an annual bonus of up to 50% of the annual base salary based on the achievement of certain milestones that were approved by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, including the consummation of this financing or a similar financing and the commencement of phase II clinical trials. In addition, upon the consummation of this offering, Dr. Fonstein will receive a one-time cash bonus of $21,526 and options to purchase shares of common stock equal to 0.82% of our outstanding common stock as of such date. Our agreement with Dr. Fonstein has a three year term and is subject to automatic one year renewals unless we terminate the agreement on no less than ninety (90) days written notice. Our agreement with Dr. Fonstein may be terminated by us with or without Cause (as defined in the agreement) or by Dr. Fonstein voluntarily or with Good Reason (as defined in the agreement). If we terminate Dr. Fonstein’s agreement without Cause, or if he terminates the agreement with Good Reason (which includes a change in control of our company), we will be required to pay Dr. Fonstein a severance package which includes, among other items, a lump sum payment equal to 12 months of his annual compensation (24 months of his annual compensation if there is a change in control) and an acceleration of all unvested equity awards. Dr. Fonstein’s employment agreement contains customary confidentiality and intellectual property covenants and one-year post-termination non-competition and non-solicitation covenants.

Randy S. Saluck, JD, MBA., Chief Financial Officer, Chief Strategic Officer and Secretary. In June 2016, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Saluck which will be effective upon the consummation of the initial public offering (which was subsequently amended by a letter agreement to reduce the one-time cash bonus due to the officer upon consummation of this offering). Pursuant to the terms of this employment agreement, Mr. Saluck will be paid an annual base salary of $325,000 and will be considered for an annual bonus of up to 50% of the annual base salary based on the achievement of certain milestones that were approved by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, including the consummation of this

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financing or a similar financing and the commencement of phase II clinical trials. In addition, upon the consummation of this offering, Mr. Saluck will receive a one-time cash bonus of $21,526 and options to purchase shares of common stock equal to 0.82% of our outstanding common stock as of such date. Our agreement with Mr. Saluck has a three year term and is subject to automatic one year renewals unless we terminate the agreement on no less than ninety (90) days written notice. Our agreement with Mr. Saluck may be terminated by us with or without Cause (as defined in the agreement) or by Mr. Saluck voluntarily or with Good Reason (as defined in the agreement). If we terminate Mr. Saluck’s agreement without Cause, or if he terminates the agreement with Good Reason (which includes a change in control of our company), we will be required to pay Mr. Saluck a severance package which includes, among other items, a lump sum payment equal to 12 months of his annual compensation (24 months of his annual compensation if there is a change in control) and an acceleration of all unvested equity awards. Mr. Saluck’s employment agreement contains customary confidentiality and intellectual property covenants and one-year post-termination non-competition and non-solicitation covenants.

Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya, Chief Operating Officer. In June 2016, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Nikolaevskaya which will be effective upon the consummation of the initial public offering (which was subsequently amended by a letter agreement to reduce the one-time cash bonus due to the officer upon consummation of this offering). Pursuant to the terms of this employment agreement, Dr. Nikolaevskaya will be paid an annual base salary of $275,000 and will be considered for an annual bonus of up to 50% of the annual base salary based on the achievement of certain milestones that were approved by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, including the consummation of this financing or a similar financing and the commencement of phase II clinical trials. In addition, upon the consummation of this offering, Dr. Nikolaevskaya will receive a one-time cash bonus of $14,374 and options to purchase shares of common stock equal to 0.546% of our outstanding common stock as of such date. Our agreement with Dr. Nikolaevskaya has a three year term and is subject to automatic one year renewals unless we terminate the agreement on no less than ninety (90) days written notice. Our agreement with Dr. Nikolaevskaya may be terminated by us with or without Cause (as defined in the agreement) or by Dr. Nikolaevskaya voluntarily or with Good Reason (as defined in the agreement). If we terminate Dr. Nikolaevskaya’s agreement without Cause, or if she terminates the agreement with Good Reason (which includes a change in control of our company), we will be required to pay Dr. Nikolaevskaya a severance package which includes, among other items, a lump sum payment equal to 12 months of his annual compensation (24 months of his annual compensation if there is a change in control) and an acceleration of all unvested equity awards. Dr. Nikolaevskaya’s employment agreement contains customary confidentiality and intellectual property covenants and one-year post-termination non-competition and non-solicitation covenants.

Dmitry Prudnikov, MD, Chief Medical Officer. In June 2016, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Prudnikov which will be effective upon the consummation of the initial public offering (which was subsequently amended by a letter agreement to reduce the one-time cash bonus due to the officer upon consummation of this offering). Pursuant to the terms of this employment agreement, Dr. Prudnikov will be paid an annual base salary of $275,000 and will be considered for an annual bonus of up to 50% of the annual base salary, based on the achievement of certain milestones that were approved by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors, including the consummation of this financing or a similar financing and the commencement of phase II clinical trials. In addition, upon the consummation of this offering, Dr. Prudnikov will receive a one-time cash bonus of $14,374 and options to purchase shares of common stock equal to 0.546% of our outstanding common stock as of such date. Our agreement with Dr. Prudnikov has a three year term and is subject to automatic one year renewals unless we terminate the agreement on no less than ninety (90) days written notice. Our agreement with Dr. Prudnikov may be terminated by us with or without Cause (as defined in the agreement) or by Dr. Prudnikov voluntarily or with Good Reason (as defined in the agreement). If we terminate Dr. Prudnikov’s agreement without Cause, or if he terminates the agreement with Good Reason (which includes a change in control of our company), we will be required to pay Dr. Prudnikov a severance package which includes, among other items, a lump sum payment equal to 12 months of his annual compensation (24 months of his annual compensation if there is a change in control) and an acceleration of all unvested equity awards. Dr. Prudnikov’s employment agreement contains customary confidentiality and intellectual property covenants and one-year post-termination non-competition and non-solicitation covenants.

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There were no option or stock awards granted by the company during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. As of February 1, 2016, we issued options to purchase 436,100 shares of our common stock to certain officers and directors of the Company. These options were issued prior to the adoption of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan with an exercise price of $0.41.

On June 10, 2016, our board of directors adopted a 2016 Equity Incentive Plan for our company. The holders of majority of our outstanding common stock approved such plan on June 10, 2016. An aggregate number of shares of our common stock equal to 20% of our issued and outstanding common stock following this offering (including any shares issued in this offering) are reserved for issuance under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. No options or other awards have been granted as of the date of this prospectus under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. In general, awards under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan shall vest ratably over a period of three years (on the first, second and third anniversaries of the agreement) subject to accelerated vesting upon a change of control of our company (although awards may be granted with different vesting terms).

Upon the consummation of this offering, certain officers and employees of the company will be awarded incentive stock options (subject to vesting ratably over a period of three years) under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan in an amount (in the aggregate) equal to three percent (3%) of our outstanding common stock following this offering. Our executive officers will receive a portion of the options granted as follows: Michael Fonstein, PhD. and Randy S. Saluck JD, MBA will each receive 27.3% of the options granted and Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya and Dmitry Prudnikov, MD will each receive 18.2% of the options granted. The remaining option grants will go to our employees. Additionally, upon consummation of this offering, each of our non-employee directors will be awarded fully vested non-qualified stock options under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan in amount (in the aggregate) equal to one percent (1%) of our outstanding common stock following this offering. Each non-employee director will receive an equal portion of the options granted to the non-employee directors.

The purpose of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan is to attract and retain directors, officers, consultants, advisors and employees whose services are considered valuable, to encourage a sense of proprietorship and to stimulate an active interest of such persons in our development and financial achievements. The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan will be administered by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors or by the full board, which may determine, among other things, the (a) terms and conditions of any option or stock purchase right granted, including the exercise price and the vesting schedule, (b) persons who are to receive options and stock purchase rights and (c) the number of shares to be subject to each option and stock purchase right. The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan will provide for the grant of (i) “incentive” options (qualified under section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) to employees of our company and (ii) non-qualified options to directors and consultants of our company.

In connection with the administration of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, our Compensation Committee will:

•

determine which employees and other persons will be granted awards under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan;

•

grant the awards to those selected to participate;

•

determine the exercise price for options; and

•

prescribe any limitations, restrictions and conditions upon any awards, including the vesting conditions of awards.

Any grant of awards to any of directors under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan must be approved by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. In addition, our Compensation Committee will: (i) interpret our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan; and (ii) make all other determinations and take all other action that may be necessary or advisable to implement and administer our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.

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The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan provides that in the event of a change of control event, the Compensation Committee or our board of directors shall have the discretion to determine whether and to what extent to accelerate the vesting, exercise or payment of an award.

In addition, our board of directors may amend our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan at any time. However, without stockholder approval, our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan may not be amended in a manner that would:

•

increase the number of shares that may be issued under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan;

•

materially modify the requirements for eligibility for participation in our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan;

•

materially increase the benefits to participants provided by our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan; or

•

otherwise disqualify our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan for coverage under Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act.

Awards previously granted under our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan may not be impaired or affected by any amendment of our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, without the consent of the affected grantees.

The following table summarizes the compensation of our directors for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.


Name⁽¹⁾	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)		Stock Awards ($)		Option Awards ($)		Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)	Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($)	All Other Compensation ($)	Total ($)
Daniel Perez, MD⁽¹⁾	$	0			$	136,413				$	136,413
Rick Stevens, PhD	$	18,750				17,793				$	36,543
Douglas Watson	$	4,125	$	516	$	17,793				$	22,434
Michael Yomtov	$	0								$	0

(1)

In February 2017, Mr. Perez resigned from the Board.

Each independent director will receive annual cash compensation equal to $30,000 per year for such directors’ services to the Board. The Chairman of the Board will receive an additional $10,000 per year. In addition to the annual cash compensation for serving on the Board, each independent director that also serves on a committee of the Board will receive compensation as follows: each member of the Audit Committee and Compensation Committee (not including the chairperson) will receive annual cash compensation of $5,000 per year and each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (not including the chairperson) will receive annual cash compensation of $2,000 per year. The chairperson of our Audit Committee and Compensation Committee will each receive annual compensation of $10,000 and the chairperson of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will receive annual compensation of $4,000.

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The following table sets forth certain information concerning the ownership of the our common stock as of the date of this prospectus with respect to: (i) each person known to us to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent of our common stock; (ii) all directors; (iii) all named executive officers; and (iv) all directors and executive officers as a group. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC that deem shares to be beneficially owned by any person who has voting or investment power with respect to such shares. Shares of common stock subject to options or warrants that are exercisable as of the date of this prospectus or are exercisable within 60 days of such date are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding such options for the purpose of calculating the percentage ownership of such person but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of calculating the percentage ownership of any other person.


Name of beneficial owner	Amount and nature of beneficial ownership of Common Stock		Percentage of outstanding Common Stock Before the Offering⁽¹⁾			Amount and nature of beneficial ownership of Common Stock Following the Offering⁽²⁾		Percentage of Outstanding Common Stock Following the Offering⁽²⁾
Michael Fonstein, PhD.⁽³⁾		1,421,000		24.1	%		883,000		9.4	%
Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya⁽⁴⁾		882,000		15.0	%		507,000		5.4	%
Dmitry Prudnikov, MD⁽⁵⁾		882,000		15.0	%		507,000		5.4	%
Randy S. Saluck, JD, MBA⁽⁶⁾		416,500		7.1	%		416,500		4.5	%
Teddy Scott Jr., JD⁽⁷⁾		220,500		3.7	%		220,500		2.4	%
Rick Stevens, PhD⁽⁸⁾		14,700			*		14,700			*
Michael Yomtov⁽⁹⁾		367,500		6.2	%		367,500		3.9	%
Douglas G. Watson⁽¹⁰⁾		17,150			*		17,150			*
Tallikut Pharmaceuticals, Inc.⁽¹¹⁾		882,000		15.0	%		882,000		9.4	%
Alpha Capital Anstalt⁽¹²⁾		588,000		9.99	%		961,091		9.9	%
Azzurra Holdings LLC⁽¹³⁾		588,000		9.99	%		961,091		9.9	%
All directors and executive officers as a group (8 persons)		4,221,350		67.9	%		2,921,350		31.2	%

Less than 1%

(1)

Applicable percentages based on 5,888,503 shares of common stock outstanding as of the date of this prospectus (which includes 75,000 shares of common stock to be issued to the holder of an outstanding promissory note in consideration for extending the maturity date of such note).

(2)

Applicable share amounts take into account the closing of the Exchange Transaction. Applicable percentages are based on 9,358,115, shares outstanding which assumes the issuance of 1,500,000 shares of common stock in this offering and the conversion of all shares of our outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and all of our outstanding convertible notes (including interest thereon through June 30, 2017) into shares of common stock at the closing of this offering. Percentages do not include any shares of common stock underlying the Series A warrants issued in this offering.

(3)

Michael Fonstein is our Chief Executive Officer. Consists of 1,421,000 shares of common stock prior to the closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction and 883,000 shares of common stock following the closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction. Excludes options issuable upon consummation of this offering pursuant to an employment agreement. Mr. Fonstein’s address is 36 Church Lane, Westport, CT 06880.

(4)

Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya is our Chief Operating Officer. Consists of 882,000 shares of common stock prior to the closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction and 507,000 shares of common stock following the closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction. Excludes options issuable upon consummation of this offering pursuant to an employment agreement. Dr. Nikolaevskaya’s address is 1-17 Zvonarsky Lane, 10731, Moscow, Russian.

(5)

Dmitry Prudnikov is our Chief Medical Officer. Consists of 882,000 shares of common stock prior to the closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction and 507,000 shares of common stock following the

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closing of the offering and Exchange Transaction. Excludes options issuable upon consummation of this offering pursuant to an employment agreement. Dr. Dmitry Prudnikov’s address is 122-309, Mozhaiskow Shosse, 143005, Odintsovo, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.

(6)

Randy Saluck is our Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Strategic Officer and Secretary. Consists of 220,500 shares of common stock and 196,000 fully vested options to purchase shares of common stock. Excludes options issuable upon consummation of this offering pursuant to an employment agreement. Mr. Saluck’s address is 10 Mortar Rock Road, Westport, CT 06880.

(7)

Teddy Scott is our Chief Intellectual Property Counsel. Consists of 220,500 shares of common stock. Mr. Scott’s address is 115 Wesley Avenue, Oak Park, IL 60302.

(8)

Rick Stevens is a member of our board of directors. Consists of 14,700 fully vested options to purchase shares of common stock. Mr. Stevens’ address is 1140 Lake Street, Suite 304, Oak Park, IL 60301.

(9)

Michael Yomtov is a member of our board of directors. Consists of 367,500 shares of common stock. Mr. Yomtov’s address is 10 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 909, New York, New York 10020.

(10)

Douglas G. Watson is a member of our board of directors. Consists of 2,450 shares of common stock and 14,700 fully vested options to purchase shares of common stock. Mr. Watson’s address is 52 Liberty Corner Road, Far Hills NJ, 07931.

(11)

Consists of 100,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock which are convertible into 490,000 shares of our common stock and a preferred stock purchase warrant to purchase 80,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock which are convertible into 392,000 shares of our common stock. All shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will convert into shares of our common stock at the closing of this offering.

(12)

Prior to the offering, consists of 530,000 shares of common stock, 431,687 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of currently outstanding Series B Preferred Stock (which contains a 9.99% beneficial ownership blocker) and 317,764 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of certain currently outstanding promissory notes (which contains a 4.99% beneficial ownership blocker). Following the offering, consists of 530,000 shares of common stock, 990,997 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of currently outstanding Series B Preferred Stock (which contains a 9.99% beneficial ownership blocker) and warrants to purchase 241,546 shares of common stock (which contains a 9.99% beneficial ownership blocker). Konrad Ackermann has voting and dispositive power over the securities owned by Alpha Capital, or Alpha. The address of Alpha is Lettstrasse 32, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein.

(13)

Prior to the offering, consists of 588,000 shares of common stock. Following the offering, consists of 588,000 shares of common stock, 321,256 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of currently outstanding Series B Preferred Stock (which contains a 9.99% beneficial ownership blocker) and warrants to purchase 321,256 shares of common stock (which contains a 9.99% beneficial ownership blocker). John O’Rourke has voting and dispositive power over the securities owned by Azzurra Holdings LLC. The address of Azzurra Holdings LLC is 808 Solar Isle Dr., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301.

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On occasion we may engage in certain related party transactions. All prior related party transactions were approved by a majority of the disinterested directors. Upon the consummation of offering, our policy is that all related party transactions will be reviewed and approved by the Audit Committee of our board of directors prior to our entering into any related party transactions.

In August 2015, we entered into an agreement with the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes (or FIG) pursuant to which FIG provides services related to our genomics efforts such as designing a database to hold the data needed to generate genomic classification requests and to establish the conceptual framework needed to support a growing body of metadata and gene expression profiles. FIG also is responsible for carrying out several analytic tasks, including recreating and cross-validating the genomic classifiers in the prior genomic studies using FOLFOX and FOLFIRI predictors for platinum drugs, testing the predictive power of the FOLFOX (oxaliplatin) base predictor on test data used with FOLFIRI (irinotecan) and vice versa to determine if the classifiers reflect tumor properties or properties of the drug along with the tumor, and comparing our genomic expression based predictors with the genomic predictors reported in prior studies to determine the uniqueness and performance of our predictors. Our agreement with FIG is for a term of 5 months and then continues on a month-to-month basis until cancelled by either party. We pay FIG $10,000 per month for its services. Veronica Vonstein, the President of FIG, is the wife of Michael Fonstein, our Chief Executive Officer.

In December 2014, we entered into a consulting agreement with FNP Clinical, a Russian Federation company, pursuant to which FNP Clinical provided consulting services to us regarding the regulatory, operational, administrative and ethics requirements for the conduct of clinical trials for the clinical development of Picoplatin in Russia. FNP Clinical is an affiliate of Ekaterina Nikolaevskaya, our Chief Operating Officer, and Dmitry Prudnikov, our Chief Medical Officer. Under this agreement, we paid FNP Clinical a total of $34,500. This agreement was terminated as of January 31, 2015, following which Drs. Nikolaevskaya and Prudnikov joined our company as officers.

On June 17, 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Tallikut pursuant to which we acquired from Tallikut the exclusive, global license of all rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. Under the Tallikut License, we received an exclusive sub-license and license, respectively, for the worldwide rights to the patents and patent applications of Genzyme and Poniard, respectively, for the development and commercialization of Picoplatin. Pursuant to the Tallikut License, we paid $150,000 as consideration plus 100,000 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and a warrant to purchase 80,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Tallikut and were obligated to pay certain royalties to Tallikut relating to sales of Picoplatin in the United States and abroad. This agreement was terminated and superseded based upon entry into the Assignment Agreement as described below.

On March 15, 2016, we entered into an assignment of license agreement and an assignment agreement with Tallikut pursuant to which we acquired certain assets of Poniard owned by Tallikut and all related intellectual property, providing us with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. We also became the direct assignee of the Genzyme License which enabled us to terminate our License Agreement with Tallikut. As a result of the Assignment Agreement, we are no longer obligated to pay royalty or milestone payments to Tallikut. Pursuant to the Genzyme License, following FDA approval we will pay royalties to Genzyme ranging from 5% to a maximum of 9% (based on designated product sales levels) for annual net product sales of Picoplatin. Additionally, we will be required to pay a total of up to $5,000,000 to Genzyme based upon the achievement of certain sales milestones in the United States following FDA approval.

On November 11, 2016, the Company issued a $30,000 unsecured non-interest bearing promissory note to FIG. The proceeds from the loan were used for working capital purposes. The principal balance of the note was due on February 11, 2017. On March 23, 2017, the Company and FIG entered into an agreement to extend the maturity date of the note to May 31, 2017. On May 6, 2017, the Company issued a $35,000 unsecured non-interest bearing promissory note to FIG, the proceeds on which were due on May 31, 2017. On June 12, 2017, the Company and FIG extended the maturity date on both notes to July 15, 2017.

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All future transactions between us and our officers, directors or five percent stockholders, and respective affiliates will be on terms no less favorable than could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties and will be approved by a majority of our independent directors who do not have an interest in the transactions and who had access, at our expense, to our legal counsel or independent legal counsel.

To the best of our knowledge, during the past three fiscal years, other than as set forth above, there were no material transactions, or series of similar transactions, or any currently proposed transactions, or series of similar transactions, to which we were or are to be a party, in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000, and in which any director or executive officer, or any security holder who is known by us to own of record or beneficially more than 5% of any class of our common stock, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, has an interest (other than compensation to our officers and directors in the ordinary course of business).

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Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 45,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share. As of the date of this prospectus, we have 5,888,503 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, 100,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding.

Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have cumulative voting rights. An election of directors by our stockholders is determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election. Subject to the supermajority votes for some matters, other matters are decided by the affirmative vote of our stockholders having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the stockholders present or represented and voting on such matter. Our bylaws also provide that our directors may be removed only for cause by the affirmative vote of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with any of the provisions of our bylaws; provided, however, that no such change to any bylaw may alter, modify, waive, abrogate or diminish the our obligation to provide the indemnity called for by Article 10 thereunder. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any dividends as may be declared by our board of directors, subject to any preferential dividend rights of outstanding preferred stock.

In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately all assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of 5,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock with such designation, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our board of directors. In February 2016, we designated 180,000 shares of preferred stock as Series A Preferred Stock. In June 2017, we designated 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock. Accordingly, as of the date of this prospectus there are 2,820,000 shares of blank check preferred stock available for future designation. Accordingly, our board of directors is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, redemption, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of common stock. We may issue some or all of the preferred stock to effect a business transaction. In addition, the preferred stock could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of us.

In connection with the license for our lead product candidate Picoplatin, we issued 100,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to Tallikut, our former licensor. The Series A Preferred Stock is convertible (upon the satisfaction of certain conditions) into shares of our common stock on a 4.9 for one basis. Shares of Series A Preferred Stock may be converted at any time and are mandatorily converted upon consummation of an initial public offering, and as such will convert into common stock on the closing of this offering. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have preference to the holders of common stock upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have voting rights on an as converted basis.

There are currently 431,687 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding. In connection with the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, we have agreed to issue an additional 921,629 shares of

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Series B Preferred Stock. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock. The Series B Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder at any time after issuance. In addition, we have the right to require the holders of Series B Preferred Stock to convert their shares into common stock if (i) the average closing sale price for any 20 trading days in any 20 consecutive trading day period is $6 per share or greater, (ii) the trading volume for each of the 20 trading days in such 20 consecutive trading day period is 300,000 shares per day, (iii) there is an effective registration statement covering the resale of all of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series B Preferred Stock, and (iv) we are not in default nor in breach of any of our obligations to the purchasers in the Series B Private Placement. The Series B Preferred Stock contains a 9.99% limitation on beneficial ownership blocker. The Series B Preferred Stock do not contain any voting rights other than as expressly provided by law. Except in certain instances, we may not make any change to our charter documents if such change would adversely affect the rights of the Series B Preferred Stock or take any action that would circumvent any right of the Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock, when issued, will rank senior to all of our then outstanding equity securities and will have liquidation preference over such securities. The Series B Preferred Stock holders will have the right to participate in any dividends or distributions made to the common stock holders on an as-converted basis. The Series B Preferred Stock are subject to customary adjustments in the event of stock splits, distributions and the like.

The Series A warrants issued with each unit in this offering will entitle the registered holder to one share of common stock at an exercise price per share of $ (equal to 110% of the public offering price of the units. The Series A warrants will be exercisable from their date of issuance and may be exercised for a period of five years from the date of issuance. We expect to list each Series A warrant on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ACCPW.”

The Series A warrants will be issued pursuant to a Series A Warrant Agreement between us and the warrant agent, VStock Transfer, LLC. Certain provisions of the Series A warrants are set forth herein but are only a summary and are qualified in their entirety by the relevant provisions of the Series A Warrant Agreement, the form of which will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The Series A warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of Series A warrants being exercised. Under the terms of the Series A Warrant Agreement, we have agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement and current prospectus relating to common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A warrants until the expiration of the Series A warrants. The Series A warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of common stock or any voting rights until they exercise their Series A warrants and receive shares of common stock. After the issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the Series A warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.

The Series A warrants may not be exercised by the holder to the extent that the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own, after such exercise more than 4.99% of the shares of common stock then outstanding (subject to the right of the holder to increase or decrease such beneficial ownership limitation upon notice to us, provided that such limitation cannot exceed 9.99%) and provided that any increase in the beneficial ownership limitation shall not be effective until 61 days after such notice is delivered.

The Series A warrants are exercisable for cash or, solely in the absence of an effective registration statement or prospectus, by cashless exercise.

The exercise price of the Series A warrants is subject to adjustment in the case of stock dividends or other distributions on shares of common stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of common stock, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our common stock, and also, subject to limitations, upon any distribution of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our stockholders, all as set forth in the Series A Warrant Agreement. Additionally, upon an

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extraordinary event as described in the Series A Warrant Agreement, the warrant holder will have the option to receive like consideration to the common stockholders or receive a cash payment equal to the Black Scholes value of their Series A warrants as described in the Series A Warrant Agreement.

Prior to the exercise of any Series A warrants, holders of the Series A warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of Common Stock purchasable upon exercise, including voting rights.

On December 29, 2014, we issued secured convertible notes (which, as amended, we refer to as the December 2014 Notes) for $750,000 in exchange for an aggregate net cash proceeds of $624,650, net of financing costs. The December 2014 Notes have a stated interest rate of 8% per annum payable monthly beginning February 1, 2015, were due on May 31, 2017 and are convertible into shares of our common stock at the option of the holder at a conversion price of $2.45 subject to certain anti-dilution provisions, and were mandatorily convertible upon closing of a financing (which can encompass one or more closings) where we receive not less than $5,000,000 in gross proceeds from the sale of common stock on or before May 31, 2017. The December 2014 Notes are secured by a general lien on all of the Company’s assets and contain customary negative covenants. In connection with the issuance of the December 2014 Notes, we issued the holders of such notes warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. Such warrants were subsequently exchanged for an aggregate of 114,843 shares of our common stock. We have agreed in principle with the noteholders to extend the notes to August 14, 2017 and to extend the date on which a financing may occur to cause a mandatory conversion of the notes to July 21, 2017.

On May 8, 2015, we issued secured convertible notes (which, as amended, we refer to as the May 2015 Notes) for $2,100,000 in exchange for an aggregate net cash proceeds of $1,797,058, net of financing costs. The May 2015 Notes have a stated interest rate of 7% per annum payable monthly beginning June 1, 2015, were due on May 31, 2017 and are convertible into shares of our common stock at the option of the holder at a conversion price of $2.81 subject to certain anti-dilution provisions and were mandatorily convertible upon closing of a financing (which can encompass one or more closings) where we receive not less than $5,000,000 in gross proceeds from the sale of common stock on or before May 31, 2017. The May 2015 Notes are secured by a general lien on all of the Company’s assets and contain customary negative covenants. In connection with the issuance of the May 2015 Notes, we issued the holders of such notes warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. Such warrants were subsequently exchanged for an aggregate of 467,175 shares of our common stock. We have agreed in principle with the noteholders to extend the notes to August 14, 2017 and to extend the date on which a financing may occur to cause a mandatory conversion of the notes to July 21, 2017.

On November 6, 2015, we issued secured convertible notes (which, as amended, we refer to as the November 2015 Notes) for $500,000 in exchange for an aggregate net cash proceeds of $440,000, net of financing costs. The November 2015 Notes have a stated interest rate of 7% per annum payable monthly, were due on May 31, 2017 and are convertible into shares of our common stock at the option of the holder at a conversion price of $2.81 subject to certain anti-dilution provisions and were mandatorily convertible upon closing of a financing (which can encompass one or more closings) where we receive not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock on or before May 31, 2017. The November 2015 Notes are secured by a general lien on all of the Company’s assets and contain customary negative covenants. In connection with the issuance of the November 2015 Notes, we issued the holders of such notes warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. Such warrants were subsequently exchanged for an aggregate of 111,235 shares of our common stock. We have agreed in principle with the noteholders to extend the notes to August 14, 2017 and to extend the date on which a financing may occur to cause a mandatory conversion of the notes to July 21, 2017.

From April 1 through October 2, 2016, we issued secured convertible notes (which, as amended, we refer to as the 2016 Notes) in the aggregate principal amount of $1,386,000. The 2016 Notes have a stated interest

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rate of 7% per annum payable monthly, are due at various times in 2019 and are convertible into shares of our common stock at the option of the holder at a conversion price equal to the lower of $3.96 and seventy-five percent (75%) of the initial public offering price, subject to certain anti-dilution provisions and were mandatorily convertible upon closing of a financing (which can encompass one or more closings) where we receive not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock on or before May 31, 2017. The 2016 Notes are secured by a general lien on all of the Company’s assets and contain customary negative covenants. In connection with the issuance of the 2016 Notes, we issued the holders of such notes warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. Such warrants were subsequently exchanged for an aggregate of 411,487 shares of our common stock. We have agreed in principle with the noteholders to extend the date on which a financing may occur to cause a mandatory conversion of the notes to July 21, 2017.

All of the convertible notes described above will be converted into shares of our common stock on the consummation of this offering as described above. All of the convertible notes described above were offered pursuant to an exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, afforded by Section 4(a)(2) thereunder and Rule 506(b) promulgated thereunder. Palladium Capital Advisors, LLC acted as our placement agent for the offerings of the December 2014 Notes, the May 2015 Notes, the November 2015 Notes and the 2016 Notes.

On January 30, 2017, we issued a $345,000 senior convertible promissory note (now in the principal amount of $395,000 as a result of an event of default) to FirstFire Global Opportunity Fund, LLC, bearing interest at 2% per annum, and due on April 30, 2017. In consideration for the issuance of the note, we received $290,000 in net proceeds after taking into consideration a 15% original issue discount and legal fees. In connection with the issuance of the note, we issued the investor 40,000 shares of common stock.

The holder has the right to convert any portion of the note at a price equal to the lower of $4.00 per share or 50% of the lowest sales price of our common stock during the 21 consecutive trading day period immediately preceding the trading day that we receive a notice of conversion.

On June 6, 2017 the Company extended the maturity of the note until July 15 and agreed to issue the holder 75,000 shares of our common stock in connection therewith.

Palladium Capital Advisors acted as our placement agent for our convertible note offerings, and in connection therewith we issued Palladium warrants to purchase an aggregate of 145,856 shares of our common stock with a weighted average exercise price of $3.49. The warrants issued to Palladium are identical to the warrants issued to the investors in our convertible note offerings and expire five years from issuance.

In connection with our licensing transaction with Tallikut, on February 1, 2016, we issued warrants to acquire shares of our Series A Preferred Stock to Tallikut. The warrant is exercisable at $2.94 per share and expires five years from the date of issuance.

In connection with our Series B Private Placement which is to close concurrently with this offering (provided that this offering closes on or prior to July 21, 2017), we will issue warrants to purchase 603,865 shares of common stock. The warrants will be exercisable at a price per share equal to the exercise price of the Series A warrants issued in this offering. The warrants may be exercised at any time for cash or via cashless exercise at any time that there is not an effective registration statement covering the resale of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants. The warrants are exercisable beginning on the date of issuance and terminate on the 60 month anniversary of issuance. If there is not an effective registration statement available on the termination date, the warrants will automatically be exercised via cashless exercise. The warrants contain a 9.99% limitation on beneficial ownership blocker. The warrants are subject to customary adjustments in the event of stock splits, distributions and the like.

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We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Section 203 generally prohibits a public Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless:

•

prior to the date of the transaction, the Board of Directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

•

upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding specified shares; or

•

at or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the Board of Directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Section 203 defines a “business combination” to include:

•

any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

•

any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation to or with the interested stockholder;

•

subject to exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

•

subject to exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or

•

the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as any person that is:

•

the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation;

•

an affiliate or associate of the corporation who was the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time within three years immediately prior to the relevant date; or

•

the affiliates and associates of the above.

Under specific circumstances, Section 203 makes it more difficult for an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with a corporation for a three-year period, although the stockholders may, by adopting an amendment to the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, elect not to be governed by this section, effective 12 months after adoption.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not exclude us from the restrictions of Section 203. We anticipate that the provisions of Section 203 might encourage companies interested in acquiring us to negotiate in advance with our Board of Directors since the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if a majority of the directors then in office approve either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of discouraging potential acquisition proposals or tender offers or delaying or preventing a change of control of our company. These provisions are as follows:

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•

they provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called only by the board of directors, our Chairman of the board of directors, one of our executive officers, or at the request in writing by stockholders of record owning at least sixty-six and two thirds (66 2/3%) percent of the issued and outstanding voting shares of common stock; and

•

they do not include a provision for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Under cumulative voting, a minority stockholder holding a sufficient number of shares may be able to ensure the election of one or more directors. The absence of cumulative voting may have the effect of limiting the ability of minority stockholders to effect changes in our board of directors.

Our certificate of incorporation incorporates certain provisions permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to the liability of directors. The provisions eliminate a director’s liability for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty, including gross negligence, except in circumstances involving certain wrongful acts, such as the breach of director’s duty of loyalty or acts or omissions, which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law. These provisions do not eliminate a director’s duty of care. Moreover, these provisions do not apply to claims against a director for certain violations of law, including knowing violations of federal securities law. Our certificate of incorporation also contains provisions to indemnify the directors, officers, employees or other agents to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law. We believe that these provisions will assist us in attracting and retaining qualified individual to serve as directors.

Our certificate of incorporation also contains provisions to indemnify the directors, officers, employees or other agents to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may have the practical effect in certain cases of eliminating the ability of shareholders to collect monetary damages from directors. We are also a party to indemnification agreements with each of our directors. We believe that these provisions will assist us in attracting or retaining qualified individuals to serve as our directors.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

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Immediately prior to this offering, there was no public market for our common stock or Series A warrants. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or Series A warrants in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices. Furthermore, since only a limited number of shares will be available for sale shortly after this offering because of contractual and legal restrictions on resale described below, sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the public market after the restrictions lapse could adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock as well as our ability to raise equity capital in the future.

After giving effect to the closing of this offering and the Series B Private Placement and Exchange Transaction, 9,358,115 shares of common stock will be outstanding assuming an initial public offering price of $5.00 per share. All of the shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable unless held by an affiliate of ours. Of the remaining 7,858,115 shares of common stock outstanding after this offering that were not sold in this offering (including 1,479,612 shares issued upon conversion of certain convertible notes and interest thereon, 75,000 shares of common stock to be issued to the holder of an outstanding promissory note in consideration for extending the maturity date of such note and 490,000 shares issued upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock), approximately 5.9 million shares of common stock will be restricted as a result of securities laws or lock-up agreements (see “Lock-up Agreements” below) and approximately 1.9 million shares of common stock will be freely tradable. The approximately 5.9 million remaining shares will generally become available for sale in the public market as follows: approximately 1.4 million shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding convertible notes (including interest thereon) which are being registered for resale by the holders pursuant to the resale prospectus included in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part will be available upon expiration of the lock-up agreements and approximately 1.7 million restricted shares held by non-affiliates will be eligible for sale under Rule 144 or Rule 701 upon expiration of lock-up agreements at least 180 days after the date of this offering.

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, any person who is not an affiliate of ours and has held their shares for at least six months, as measured by SEC rule, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, may sell shares without restriction, provided current public information about us is available. In addition, under Rule 144, any person who is not an affiliate of ours and has held their shares for at least one year, as measured by SEC rule, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, would be entitled to sell an unlimited number of shares immediately upon the closing of this offering without regard to whether current public information about us is available. Beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, a person who is an affiliate of ours and who has beneficially owned restricted securities for at least six months, as measured by SEC rule, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, is entitled to sell a number of restricted shares within any three-month period that does not exceed the greater of:

•

1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, which will equal approximately 951,480 shares immediately after this offering; and

•

the average weekly trading volume of our common stock on NASDAQ during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale.

Sales of restricted shares under Rule 144 held by our affiliates are also subject to requirements regarding the manner of sale, notice and the availability of current public information about us. Rule 144 also provides that affiliates relying on Rule 144 to sell shares of our common stock that are not restricted shares must nonetheless comply with the same restrictions applicable to restricted shares, other than the holding period requirement. Notwithstanding the availability of Rule 144, the holders of approximately 5.9 million of our restricted shares have entered into lock-up agreements as described below and their restricted shares will become eligible for sale at the expiration of the restrictions set forth in those agreements.

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Under Rule 701, shares of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of currently outstanding options or pursuant to other rights granted under our stock plans may be resold, by:

•

persons other than affiliates, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, subject only to the manner-of-sale provisions of Rule 144; and

•

our affiliates, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, subject to the manner-of-sale and volume limitations, current public information and filing requirements of Rule 144, in each case, without compliance with the six-month holding period requirement of Rule 144.

We, our executive officers, directors and other certain stockholders, holding an aggregate of approximately 5.9 million shares of our capital stock and securities convertible into or exchangeable for our capital stock, have agreed that, subject to certain exceptions, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, we and they will not, without the prior written consent of Rodman & Renshaw and Joseph Gunnar & Co., dispose of or hedge any shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our capital stock. Rodman & Renshaw and Joseph Gunnar & Co. may, in their mutual discretion, release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time.

We intend to file registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act after the closing of this offering to register the shares of our common stock that are issuable pursuant to our 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. The registration statements are expected to be filed and become effective as soon as practicable after the completion of this offering. Accordingly, shares registered under the registration statements will be available for sale in the open market following their effective dates, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations and the lock-up arrangement described above, if applicable.

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We have entered into an underwriting agreement with Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC and Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC, acting as the joint book-running managers and representatives for the underwriters named below. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, the underwriters named below have agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to them, the number of units at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and as indicated below:


Underwriter		Number of Units
Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC
Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC
Westpark Capital, Inc.
Total

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the units offered by this prospectus are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the units offered by this prospectus if any such units are taken, other than those units covered by the over-allotment option described below. Each unit consists of one share of our common stock and a Series A warrant to purchase one share of our common stock. The shares of common stock and the Series A warrants that are part of the units are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but will be purchased together in this offering. The units will not be issued, certificated or traded.

We have granted an option to the underwriters, exercisable for 45 days after the date of the underwriting agreement, to purchase up to 225,000 additional units at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. If the underwriters exercise this option, each underwriter will be obligated, subject to conditions contained in the underwriting agreement, to purchase a number of additional units proportionate to that underwriter’s initial amount reflected in the above table.

We have agreed to pay the underwriters a cash fee equal to eight percent (8%) of the aggregate gross proceeds sold in the offering and issue to the representatives warrants to purchase that number of shares of our common stock equal to an aggregate of two percent (2%) of the shares of common stock underlying the units sold in the offering (or 30,000 shares, assuming the over-allotment option is fully exercised). Such representatives’ warrants shall have an exercise price equal to 125% of the public offering price, terminate five years after the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, will provide for cashless exercise and will contain provisions for unlimited piggyback registration for the resale of the underlying shares of our common stock at our expense. Further, such representatives’ warrants shall provide for customary anti-dilution protection. Such representatives’ warrants will be subject to FINRA Rule 5110(g)(1) in that, except as otherwise permitted by FINRA rules, for a period of 180 days following the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the representatives’ warrants shall not be (A) sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or (B) the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person except as permitted by FINRA Rule 5110(g)(2).

Upon closing of this offering, we have granted the representatives a right to act as financial advisors for any disposition, acquisition, exchange, recapitalization or reorganization transaction by us, or as joint book runners, co-lead managers, co-lead placement agents or co-lead agents in any debt financing or any public or private offering of equity or debt securities for a period of fifteen (15) months following consummation of this offering.

The representatives have advised us that the underwriters propose to offer the units directly to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. In addition, the representatives may offer some of the units to other securities dealers at such price less a concession of up to $ per unit. After the

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offering to the public, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the representatives without changing our proceeds from the underwriters' purchase of the units.

The following table summarizes the public offering price, underwriting commissions and proceeds before expenses to us assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional units. The underwriting commissions are equal to the public offering price per unit less the amount per unit the underwriters pay us for the units.

Total

Per
Unit⁽¹⁾

Without
Over-
Allotment

With
Over-
Allotment

Public offering price

Underwriting discounts and commissions

Proceeds, before expenses, to us

(1)

The fees shown do not include the warrants to purchase shares of common stock issuable to the representative at closing.

We estimate that the total expenses of the offering, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $ , all of which are payable by us.

We, all of our directors and executive officers, and other certain stockholders, holding an aggregate of approximately 5.9 million shares of our outstanding securities (or securities convertible into shares of our common stock) in the aggregate, have agreed that, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain limited exceptions, we and they will not directly or indirectly, without the prior written consent of the underwriters, (1) offer, sell, agree to offer or sell, solicit offers to purchase, grant any call option or purchase any put option with respect to, pledge, encumber, assign, borrow or otherwise dispose of or transfer any shares of common stock (including, without limitation, shares of common stock that may be deemed to be beneficially owned by us or them in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and shares of common stock that may be issued upon exercise of any options or warrants) or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, (2) establish or increase any “put equivalent position” or liquidate or decrease any “call equivalent position” (in each case within the meaning of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations thereunder) with respect to any common stock or otherwise enter into any swap, derivative or other transaction or arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any economic consequence of ownership of common stock, whether or not such transaction is to be settled by the delivery of common stock, other securities, cash or other consideration, or otherwise publicly disclose the intention to do so, (3) file or participate in the filing with the SEC of any registration statement or circulate or participate in the circulation of any preliminary or final prospectus or other disclosure document, in each case with respect to any proposed offering or sale of common stock or (4) exercise any rights the undersigned may have to require registration with the SEC of any proposed offering or sale of common stock.

The representatives may, in their sole discretion and at any time without notice, release some or all of the shares subject to lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the lock-up period. When determining whether or not to release shares from the lock-up agreements, the representatives will consider, among other factors, the security holder's reasons for requesting the release, the number of shares for which the release is being requested and market conditions at the time.

Our common stock and Series A warrants are expected to be listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ACCP” and “ACCPW,” respectively, upon consummation of this offering.

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In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our common stock or Series A warrants. Specifically, the underwriters may over-allot in connection with this offering by selling more units than are set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. This creates a short position in our common stock or Series A warrants for its own account. The short position may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of units over-allotted by the underwriters is not greater than the number of units that they may purchase in the over-allotment option. In a naked short position, the number of units involved is greater than the number of units in the over-allotment option. To close out a short position, the underwriters may elect to exercise all or part of the over-allotment option. The underwriters may also elect to stabilize the price of our common stock or reduce any short position by bidding for, and purchasing, common stock or Series A warrants in the open market.

The underwriters may also impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter or dealer repays selling concessions allowed to it for distributing a security in this offering because the underwriter repurchases that security in stabilizing or short covering transactions.

Finally, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, shares of our common stock or Series A warrants in market making transactions, including “passive” market making transactions as described below.

These activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of our common stock or Series A warrants at a price that is higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the absence of these activities. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities, and may discontinue any of these activities at any time without notice. These transactions may be effected on the NASDAQ Capital Market, in the over-the-counter market, or otherwise.

In connection with this offering, the underwriters and selling group members, if any, or their affiliates may engage in passive market making transactions in our common stock or Series A warrants immediately prior to the commencement of sales in this offering, in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act. Rule 103 generally provides that:

•

a passive market maker may not effect transactions or display bids for our common stock or Series A warrants in excess of the highest independent bid price by persons who are not passive market makers;

•

net purchases by a passive market maker on each day are generally limited to 30% of the passive market maker's average daily trading volume in our common stock or Series A warrants during a specified two-month prior period or 200 shares, whichever is greater, and must be discontinued when that limit is reached; and

•

passive market making bids must be identified as such.

We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for non-accountable expenses up to $60,000 and an additional $100,000 for legal fees incurred by the underwriters in connection with the offering. Upon abandonment of the initial public offering or expiration or termination of the underwriting agreement, the legal counsel to the underwriters shall submit their legal fees to us for payment, such fees not to exceed $25,000.

We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities relating to the offering arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, liabilities arising from breaches of the representations and warranties contained in the underwriting agreement, and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make for these liabilities.

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the representatives of the underwriters and may also be made available on a website maintained by other underwriters. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number of units to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account

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holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives of the underwriters to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. In connection with the offering, the underwriters or syndicate members may distribute prospectuses electronically. No forms of electronic prospectus other than prospectuses that are printable as Adobe PDF will be used in connection with this offering.

The underwriters have informed us that they do not expect to confirm units of shares offered by this prospectus to accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.

Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on any underwriter's website and any information contained in any other website maintained by an underwriter is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement (of which this prospectus forms a part), has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or any underwriter in its capacity as underwriter and should not be relied upon by investors.

No action has been or will be taken in any jurisdiction (except in the United States) that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus, or the possession, circulation or distribution of this prospectus or any other material relating to us or the securities offered hereby in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. Accordingly, the securities offered hereby may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, and neither this prospectus nor any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the securities offered hereby may be distributed or published in or from any country or jurisdiction, except in compliance with any applicable rules and regulations of any such country or jurisdiction.

Each of the underwriters may arrange to sell securities offered by this prospectus in certain jurisdictions outside the United States, either directly or through affiliates, where they are permitted to do so.

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The December 31, 2016 and 2015 financial statements of our company appearing in this prospectus have been included herein in reliance upon the report (which report includes an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern) of Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of Marcum LLP as experts in accounting and auditing.

Certain legal matters with respect to the securities offered hereby will be passed upon by Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York. Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC is representing the underwriters in this offering.

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement, as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our common stock, we refer you to the registration statement, including the exhibits filed as a part of the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, please see the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a contract or document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. You may obtain copies of this information by mail from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates or view them online. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference rooms by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, as well as the exhibits thereto. These documents, along with future reports, proxy statements, and other information about us, are available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov.

As a result of this offering, we will become subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and, in accordance with this law, will file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the SEC’s public reference facilities and the website of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at www.apipharmaceuticals.com. Upon the completion of this offering, you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015			F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015			F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015			F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015			F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-7
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2017 (unaudited) and December 31, 2016			F-25
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 (unaudited)			F-26
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2017 (unaudited)			F-27
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2017 (unaudited)			F-28
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)			F-29

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To the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and Shareholders
of Accelerated Pharma, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Accelerated Pharma, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Accelerated Pharma, Inc., as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 in the financial statements, the Company has not generated any revenues and has incurred net losses. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP
New York, NY

March 28, 2017

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	As of
	December 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash	$	62,016		$	657,925
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,559			13,016
Total current assets		64,575			670,941
Property and equipment, net		7,699			10,346
Deferred offering costs		75,000			84,500
Total assets	$	147,274		$	765,787
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	878,923		$	597,253
Accrued interest payable		452,956			160,016
Accrued compensation		249,256			—
Accrued obligation to acquire licensing rights		—			1,211,385
Notes payable, related party		30,000			—
Note payable, short term		30,000			—
Convertible debt, net of debt discount of $-0- and $506,934 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively		3,350,000			2,843,066
Warrant liability		347,952			384,474
Total current liabilities		5,339,087			5,196,194
Long term debt
Convertible debt, net of debt discount of $174,655		1,211,345			—
Total liabilities		6,550,432			5,196,194
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ deficit
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.00001 par value, 180,000 shares authorized, 100,000 and -0- issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively		1			—
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 45,000,000 shares authorized, 5,000,450 and 4,900,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively		50			49
Additional paid in capital		3,947,777			1,984,959
Accumulated deficit		(10,265,160	)		(6,335,300	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(85,826	)		(80,115	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(6,403,158	)		(4,430,407	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	147,274		$	765,787

See the accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements

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	For the Years ended December 31,
	2016			2015
OPERATING EXPENSES
General and administrative	$	3,037,646		$	1,482,505
Research and development		164,722			2,269,520
Total operating expenses		3,202,368			3,752,025
Loss from operations		(3,202,368	)		(3,752,025	)
Other income (expenses)
Foreign currency exchange (loss) gain		(5,803	)		101,957
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability		112,391			112,911
Interest expense		(834,080	)		(639,396	)
Total other expense		(727,492	)		(424,528	)
Net loss	$	(3,929,860	)	$	(4,176,553	)
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted	$	(0.79	)	$	(0.85	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		4,988,320			4,900,000
Comprehensive loss
Net loss	$	(3,929,860	)	$	(4,176,553	)
Foreign currency translation loss		(5,711	)		(80,115	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(3,935,571	)	$	(4,256,668	)

See the accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements

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	Convertible Preferred stock				Common stock				Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Total
Balance, December 31, 2014		—	$	—		4,900,000	$	49	$	1,984,959	$	—		$	(2,158,747	)	$	(173,739	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—		—		—		(80,115	)		—			(80,115	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(4,176,553	)		(4,176,553	)
Balance, December 31, 2015		—	$	—		4,900,000	$	49	$	1,984,959	$	(80,115	)	$	(6,335,300	)	$	(4,430,407	)
Preferred shares and preferred warrants issued to acquire licensing rights		100,000		1		—		—		1,211,384		—			—			1,211,385
Common shares issued for consulting services		—		—		49,000		1		79,400		—			—			79,401
Common shares issued for officer compensation		—		—		49,000		—		79,400		—			—			79,400
Common shares issued for board fees		—		—		2,450		—		3,969		—			—			3,969
Stock based compensation		—		—		—		—		588,665		—			—			588,665
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—		—		—		(5,711	)		—			(5,711	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(3,929,860	)		(3,929,860	)
Balance, December 31, 2016		100,000	$	1		5,000,450	$	50	$	3,947,777	$	(85,826	)	$	(10,265,160	)	$	(6,403,158	)

See the accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements

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	For the Years ended December 31,
	2016			2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(3,929,860	)	$	(4,176,553	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Amortization and depreciation		4,494			3,022
Amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs		541,139			479,380
Write-off of deferred offering costs		9,500			—
Stock based compensation		751,435			—
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability		(112,391	)		(112,911	)
Accrued interest payable		292,940			160,016
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		11,915			(15,562	)
Accounts payable		276,844			596,502
Accrued compensation		235,083			—
Accrued obligation to purchase research and development		—			1,161,385
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,918,901	)		(1,904,721	)
CASH FLOWS USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of equipment		(1,592	)		(13,677	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Deferred offering costs		—			(84,500	)
Proceeds from short term notes payable		30,000			—
Proceeds from note payable, related party		30,000			—
Net proceeds from convertible notes payable, net of financing costs of $132,992 and $362,942		1,253,008			2,237,058
Net cash provided by financing activities:		1,313,008			2,152,558
Effect of currency rate change on cash		11,576			(77,260	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash		(595,909	)		156,900
Cash, beginning of year		657,925			501,025
Cash, end of year	$	62,016		$	657,925
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Fair value of preferred stock and preferred stock warrants issued in exchange for licensing rights	$	1,211,385		$	—
Fair value of warrants issued in connection with convertible debt	$	75,869		$	236,878
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest	$	—		$	—
Cash paid for income taxes	$	—		$	—

See the accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements

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Accelerated Pharma, Inc. (the “Company” or “we”), a Delaware corporation organized May 12, 2014, is a biopharmaceutical company focused on utilizing its genomic technology to enhance the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products. Our lead product candidate is Picoplatin, a new generation platinum-based cancer therapy that has the potential for use in different formulations, as a single agent or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, to treat multiple cancer indications.

On January 15, 2015, the Company formed a wholly owned subsidiary, Acceler Limited Liability Company (“Acceler”), in the Russian Federation for the purpose of conducting research and development. The Company’s primary activities since inception have been research and development, managing collaborations and raising capital.

On December 1, 2016, the Company affected a 4.9-for-1 stock split of its issued and outstanding shares. All share and per share amounts in the consolidated financial statements and related notes have been retroactively restated to reflect the split.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had cash of $62,016 and working capital deficit of $5,274,512. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company used net cash in operating activities of $1,928,401. The Company has not yet generated revenues, and has incurred net losses since inception. These conditions indicate that there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statement issuance date.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company raised net proceeds of $1,253,008 through the issuance of convertible notes and $60,000 through issuance of short term notes (See Notes 6 & 7). The Company does not believe that its current cash on hand will be sufficient to fund its projected operating requirements. The Company intends to file an initial public offering in March 2017 (Form S-1, as amended) to register the common shares issuable under the convertible notes and to raise additional capital, although there can be no assurance that such offering with be consummated.

The Company’s primary source of operating funds since inception has been cash proceeds from the private placements of convertible debt and short term debt. The Company intends to raise additional capital through private placements of debt and equity securities, but there can be no assurance that these funds will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or will be sufficient to enable the Company to fully complete its development activities or sustain operations. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional funds, it will have to develop and implement a plan to further extend payables, reduce overhead, or scale back its current business plan until sufficient additional capital is raised to support further operations. There can be no assurance that such a plan will be successful.

Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), which contemplate continuation of the Company as a going concern and the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The carrying amounts of assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated financial statements do not necessarily purport to represent realizable or settlement values. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the fiscal 2016 presentation. These reclassifications have no impact on the previously reported net loss.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Accelerated Pharma, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Acceler.

All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the fair value of accrued licensing rights, assumptions used in the fair value of equity instruments, the valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets and the estimates of fair value of warrant liabilities.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not have any cash equivalents.

Property and equipment consist of office equipment and recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which for office equipment is three to five years. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of the property and equipment are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Accordingly, internal research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Third-party research and developments costs are expensed when the contracted work has been performed or as milestone results have been achieved. Company-sponsored research and development costs related to both present and future products are expensed in the period incurred.

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s expenditures on research and product development were $164,722 and $2,269,520, respectively.

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to a concentration of credit risk is cash. Generally, the Company’s cash in non-interest-bearing accounts may exceed FDIC insurance limits. The financial stability of these institutions is periodically reviewed by senior management.

The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet concentrations of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, options contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Operations of Acceler are conducted in local currency which represents its functional currency. Balance sheet accounts of Acceler were translated from foreign currency into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect

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at the balance sheet date and income statement accounts were translated at the average rate of exchange prevailing during the period. Equity accounts are translated at historical rates, except for the change in accumulated deficit during the year which is the result of the income statement translation process. Translation adjustments resulting from this process, were included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheet.

Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and other gains and losses affecting equity that are excluded from net loss which consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.

The exchange rates used to translate amounts in Russian rubles (“RUB”) into U.S. Dollars (“USD”) for the purposes of preparing the consolidated financial statements were as follows:

Balance sheet:


	2016		2015
Period-end RUB: USD exchange rate	$	60.6569	$	72.8827

Statement of Operations:


	2016		2015
Average Period RUB: USD exchange rate	$	66.5833	$	60.9579

Fair value estimates discussed herein are based upon certain market assumptions and pertinent information available to management as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The respective carrying value of certain on-balance-sheet financial instruments approximated their fair values. These financial instruments include cash and accounts payable. Fair values were assumed to approximate carrying values for cash, accounts payables and short term notes because they are short term in nature.

The Company computes basic net loss per share by dividing net loss per share available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period and excludes the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share, if presented, would include the dilution that would occur upon the exercise or conversion of all potentially dilutive securities into common stock using the “treasury stock” and/or “if converted” methods as applicable. The computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 excludes potentially dilutive securities when their inclusion would be anti-dilutive, or if their exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common stock during the period.

Potentially dilutive securities excluded from the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:


	2016		2015
Common stock issuable upon conversion of convertible debt		1,581,418		1,231,390
Warrants to purchase common stock		930,367		764,010
Common stock issuable upon conversion of warrants to purchase Series A convertible preferred stock		392,000		—
Options to purchase common stock		436,100		—
Series A convertible preferred stock		490,000		—
Totals		3,829,885		1,995,400

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U.S. GAAP requires companies to bifurcate conversion options from their host instruments and account for them as free standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable generally accepted accounting principles with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument. An exception to this rule is when the host instrument is deemed to be conventional.

The Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, the Company records, when necessary, discounts to convertible notes for the intrinsic value of conversion options embedded in debt instruments based upon the differences between the fair value of the underlying common stock at the commitment date of the note transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the note. Debt discounts under these arrangements are amortized over the term of the related debt to their stated date of redemption.

The Company’s free-standing derivatives consisted of warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in connection with its issuance of convertible debt (see Note 9). The Company evaluated these derivatives to assess their proper classification in the balance sheet using the applicable classification criteria enumerated under U.S. GAAP. The Company determined that certain common stock purchase warrants do not contain fixed settlement provisions. The exercise price of such warrants is subject to adjustment in the event that the Company subsequently issues equity securities or equity linked securities with exercise prices lower than the exercise price in these warrants.

As such, the Company was required to record the warrants which do not have fixed settlement provisions as liabilities and mark to market all such derivatives to fair value at the end of each reporting period.

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usually the vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded by the Company in the same expense classifications in the statement of operations, as if such amounts were paid in cash.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of net operating loss and credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts measured at the current enacted tax rates. The Company records an estimated valuation allowance on its deferred income tax assets if it is not more likely than not that these deferred income tax assets will be realized.

The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has not recorded any unrecognized tax benefits.

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entities Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which is included in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205, Presentation of Financial Statements. This update provides an explicit requirement for management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosure in certain circumstances. The amendments are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early application is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from operating leases. A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2016-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years (i.e., January 1, 2019, for a calendar year entity). Early application is permitted for all public business entities and all nonpublic business entities upon issuance. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

The FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” The amendment is part of the FASB’s simplification initiative and is intended to simplify the accounting around share-based payment award transactions. The amendments include changing the recording of excess tax benefits from being recognized as a part of surplus capital to being charged directly to the income statement, changing the classification of excess tax benefits within the statement of cash flows, and allowing companies to account for forfeitures on an actual basis, as well as tax withholding changes. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendment requires different transition methods for various components of the standard. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

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In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU requires that the reconciliation of the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown in the statement of cash flows include cash and restricted cash equivalents. This ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03(ASU 2015-03), Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs . This standard amends the existing guidance to require that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of as a deferred charge. ASU 2015-03 is effective on a retrospective basis for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, but early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

There are other various updates recently issued, most of which represented technical corrections to the accounting literature or application to specific industries and are not expected to a have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company evaluated subsequent events to determine if events or transactions occurring through the date on which the consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, required adjustment or disclosure in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company also follows a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 — quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 — inputs that are unobservable based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. (For example, cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

Financial liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:


	December 31, 2016		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	347,952	$	—	$	—	$	347,952

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Financial liabilities as of December 31, 2015 measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:


	December 31, 2015		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Warrant liability	$	384,474	$	—	$	—	$	384,474

The Company determined that the warrants issued in connection with certain financing transactions did not have fixed settlement provisions and are deemed to be derivative financial instruments, since the exercise prices were subject to adjustment based on certain subsequent equity issuances and included a cashless exercise provision. Accordingly, the Company was required to record such warrants as liabilities and mark all such derivatives to fair value each reporting period. Such instruments were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

The fair value of the warrants was calculated using a Binomial Lattice pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:


	2016			2015
Fair Value of Common Stock	$	1.62		$	1.62
Contractual Term		2.53 years			3.02 years
Volatility		75.636	%		74.36	%
Risk-free Interest Rate		0.87	%		1.67	%
Dividend Yield		0.00	%		0.00	%

The risk-free interest rate is the United States Treasury rate on the measurement date having a term equal to the remaining contractual life of the instrument. The volatility is a measure of the amount by which the comparable companies’ share price has fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate. Since the Company’s common stock has not been publicly traded, an average of the historical volatility of comparative companies was used. The dividend yield is 0% as the Company has not made any dividend payment and has no plans to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

Level 3 liabilities are valued using unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the derivative liabilities. For fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer, determines valuation policies and procedures.

Level 3 financial liabilities consist of the derivative liabilities for which there is no current market for these securities such that the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. Changes in fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are analyzed each period based on changes in estimates or assumptions and recorded as appropriate.

Significant observable and unobservable inputs include stock price, exercise price, annual risk free rate, term, and expected volatility, and are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An increase or decrease in volatility or interest free rate, in isolation, can significantly increase or decrease the fair value of the derivative liabilities. Changes in the values of the derivative liabilities are recorded as a component of other income (expense) on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2016:


Balance- January 1, 2015	$	260,507
Aggregate allocated fair value of derivative instruments issued		236,878
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		(112,911	)
Balance – December 31, 2015		384,474
Aggregate allocated fair value of derivative instruments issued		75,869
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities		(112,391	)
Balance – December 31, 2016	$	347,952

On June 17, 2014, the Company acquired an exclusive, global license of all rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin (the “Tallikut License”). Under the Tallikut License, as amended on February 16, 2015, the Company paid as consideration $150,000 plus equity consideration and was to pay royalties to Tallikut of 10% for net sales of Picoplatin in the United States and royalties ranging from 6-10% of net sales on global sales outside of the United States. Additionally, the Company would be required to pay a total of up to $6,750,000 based upon the achievement of certain sales milestones in the United States and globally. The agreement was terminated based on assignment described below.

The equity consideration was a combination of preferred stock and warrants to purchase preferred stock. The equity consideration was valued based upon the underlying estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock and accrued on the balance sheet until the financial instruments were issued. At December 31, 2015, the estimated obligation for purchased research and development was $1,211,385. Approximately $800,000 of value was attributed to the preferred stock based on an expectation of the 100,000 shares of preferred stock that convert 4.9 for 1 into common stock.

On February 1, 2016, the Company issued 100,000 shares of its Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants to acquire 80,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock which are convertible into 392,000 shares of common stock in satisfaction of the terms of the license agreement and accrued obligation. Each warrant is exercisable at $2.94 per share and expires five years from the date of issuance. The Company determined that the Series A Preferred Stock and warrants to acquire Series A Preferred Stock did not require classification outside of equity.

On March 15, 2016, the Company entered into an assignment of license agreement and an assignment agreement (referred to, collectively, as the “Assignment Agreement”) with Tallikut pursuant to which the Company was assigned certain assets of Poniard owned by Tallikut, including the Genzyme License and all related intellectual property, providing the Company with all of Poniard’s rights to develop and commercialize Picoplatin. The Company also became the assignee of the Genzyme License. As a result of the Assignment Agreement, the license agreement with Tallikut was terminated. Pursuant to the Genzyme License, the Company will pay royalties to Genzyme ranging from 5% to a maximum of 9% (based on designated product sales levels) for annual net product sales of Picoplatin. Additionally, the Company will be required to pay a total of up to $5,000,000 based upon the achievement of certain sales milestones in the United States.

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On November 11, 2016, the Company issued a $30,000 unsecured promissory note to the Fellowship for the Interpretation of the Genome, a related party to the Company (See Note 10). The note is non-interest bearing and was due on February 11, 2017. On March 23, 2017, the maturity date of this note was extended to May 31, 2017.

On December 7, 2016, the Company issued a $30,000 unsecured promissory note due to an individual lender bearing fixed interest of $6,000 that was due at maturity along with principal on December 31, 2016. The note is in default as of the date of this filing. Under the default terms, the Company is obligated to pay additional interest (“penalty interest”) at a rate of 15% per month on all unpaid principal and interest, provided that such penalty interest shall be a minimum of $5,000.

Convertible notes payable as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are comprised of the following:


	2016			2015
Convertible notes payable, 7% to 8% interest, due from June 23, 2016 to October 6, 2019		4,736,000			3,350,000
Less unamortized debt discount		(174,655	)		(506,934	)
Total notes payable net of unamortized debt discount		4,561,345			2,843,066
Less current portion		(3,350,000	)		(2,843,066	)
Long term portion	$	1,211,345		$	—

On December 29, 2014, the Company issued senior secured convertible notes for $750,000 (the “Secured Convertible Notes”) in exchange for aggregate net cash proceeds of $624,650, net of financing costs. The Secured Convertible Notes have a stated interest rate of 8% per annum payable monthly beginning February 1, 2015, are due on June 23, 2016 and are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the holder at conversion price of $2.45 with certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions and are mandatorily convertible upon closing of a one or more transactions where the Company receives not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock..

In connection with the issuance of the Secured Convertible Notes, the Company issued an aggregate of 285,829 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $2.94 per share with a 5 year contractual term. These warrants contain a cashless exercise and certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions.

On May 8, 2015, the Company issued senior secured convertible notes for $2,100,000 (the “Secured Convertible Notes”) in exchange for aggregate net cash proceeds of $1,797,058, net of financing costs of $302,942. The Secured Convertible Notes have a stated interest rate of 7% per annum payable monthly beginning June 1, 2015, are due on March 31, 2017, as extended (See Subsequent Events Note 13) and are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the holder at conversion price of $2.81 with certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions and are mandatorily convertible upon closing of a one or more transactions where the Company receives not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock.

In connection with the issuance of the Secured Convertible Notes, the Company issued an aggregate of 386,228 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $3.37 per share with a three year contractual term. These warrants contain a cashless exercise and certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions.

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On November 6, 2015, the Company issued senior secured convertible notes for $500,000 (the “Secured Convertible Notes”) in exchange for aggregate net cash proceeds of $440,000, net of financing costs of $60,000. The Secured Convertible Notes have a stated interest rate of 7% per annum payable monthly and are due on March 31, 2017, as extended (See Subsequent Events Note 13) and are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the holder at conversion price of $2.81 with certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions and are mandatorily convertible upon closing of a one or more transactions where the Company receives not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock.

In connection with the issuance of the Secured Convertible Notes, the Company issued an aggregate of 89,738 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $3.37 per share with a three year contractual term. These warrants contain a cashless exercise and certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued senior secured convertible notes for an aggregate of $1,386,000 (the “Secured Convertible Notes”) in exchange for aggregate net cash proceeds of $1,253,008, net of financing costs of $132,992. The Secured Convertible Notes have a stated interest rate of 7% per annum payable at maturity and are due on various dates in 2019, the latest due October 6, 2019 and are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the holder at a conversion price of $3.96 with certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions and are mandatorily convertible upon closing of a one or more transactions where the Company receives not less than $5,000,000 gross proceeds from the sale of common stock at the qualified offering price. The 2016 Notes are secured by a general lien on all of the Company’s assets and contain customary negative covenants.

In connection with the issuance of the Secured Convertible Notes, the Company issued an aggregate of 168,572 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $4.75 per share, expiring December 23, 2019. These warrants contain a cashless exercise and certain anti-dilutive (reset) provisions.

As long as the convertible notes remain outstanding, the Company is restricted from incurring any indebtedness or liens, except as permitted (as defined), amending its charter in any matter that materially effects rights of noteholders, repaying or repurchasing more than de minimis number of shares of common stock other than conversion or warrant shares, repay or repurchase all or any portion of any indebtedness or pay cash dividends.

The Company determined that the anti-dilutive provisions embedded in the Secured Convertible Notes did not meet the defined criteria of a derivative in such that the net settlement requirement of delivery of common shares does not meet the “readily convertible to cash” as described in ASC 815 and therefore bifurcation of the conversion option was not required. There was no active trading market for the Company’s common stock as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. However, due to the cashless exercise provision of the related warrants, the Company did identify an embedded derivative. The accounting treatment of derivative financial instruments requires that the Company record the fair value of the derivative as of the issuance date of the warrants and to fair value the derivative as of each subsequent reporting date.

The Company recognized the value attributable to the warrants of $491,314 and together with financing costs of $705,292 (aggregate of $1,196,606) as a discount against the notes. Based upon the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, an embedded beneficial conversion feature was not present in the notes. The Company valued the warrants using the Binomial Lattice pricing model as described in Note 4. The debt discount attributed to the value of the warrants and financing costs are amortized over the note’s maturity period as interest expense.

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company amortized $541,139 and $479,380 of debt discount as interest expense, respectively.

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