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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-41279

5E ADVANCED MATERIALS, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)


Delaware	87-3426517
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

9329 Mariposa Road, Suite 210 Hesperia, CA	92344
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (442) 221-0225

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

     Title of each class
 
     Trading
Symbol(s)
 
     Name of each exchange
on which registered

     Common Stock, $0.01 par value

     FEAM

     The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $37.2 million as of

December 31, 2024 (based on the last reported sale price of such stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date).

As of September 28, 2025, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock was 22,444,587.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
Forward Looking Information		1
Risk Factor Summary		2
PART I
Items 1 and 2.	Business and Properties	7
	Business Overview	7
	Properties	14
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	29
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	59
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	59
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	61
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	61

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	62
Item 6.	[Reserved]	62
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	63
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	76
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	77
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	108
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	108
Item 9B.	Other information	108
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	109

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	110
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	111
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	111
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	113
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	114

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	115
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	118

Signatures		119

Selected Definitions

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“5E Boron Americas” refers to 5E Boron Americas, LLC (f/k/a Fort Cady (California) Corporation).

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“ABR” refers to American Pacific Borates Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of Australia.

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“ASX” refers to the Australian Securities Exchange.

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“Board” refers to the 5E Advanced Materials, Inc. Board of Directors.

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“Bylaws” refers to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of 5E Advanced Materials, Inc.

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“CDI” refers to a CHESS Depositary Interest.

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“CERLA” refers to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended.

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“Certificate of Incorporation” refers to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of 5E Advanced Materials, Inc., as amended.

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“Common Stock” refers to the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

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“Company” refers to 5E Advanced Materials, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

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“Corporations Act” refers to the Australian Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth).

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“EPA” refers to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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“EPC” refers to engineering, procurement and construction.

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“Exchange Act” refers to the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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“FEL” refers to front end loading, a stage gated project management system (with a number to the corresponding stage, e.g., FEL-1, FEL-2, FEL-3.)

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“LCE” refers to lithium carbonate equivalents.

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“MST” refers to million short tons.

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“Nasdaq” refers to the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

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“ppm” refers to parts per million.

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“Preliminary Feasibility Study” or “PFS” refers to the Preliminary Feasibility Study and Technical Report Study, dated August 7, 2025, included as Exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report.

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“Project” refers to the 5E Boron Americas (Fort Cady) Complex.

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“Scheme” refers to a statutory Scheme of Arrangement under Australian law under Part 5.1 of the Corporations Act.

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“SEC” refers to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

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“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

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“SSF” refers to the current Small-Scale Facility.

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“QPs” refers to Qualified Persons, as defined by SEC Regulation S-K 1300.

TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains, and incorporates by reference, references to trademarks, service marks and trade names belonging to us or other entities. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or the documents incorporated by reference herein, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2025, and documents incorporated by reference herein, may include statements that express our and our subsidiaries’ opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, goals objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future financial performance and results, financial condition, business strategy, including certain projections, milestones, targets, business trends and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Safe Harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “seeks,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “budgets,” “targets,” “aims,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result” and similar expressions, and in each case including their negative or other variations of comparable terminology. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Annual Report, including without limitation, statements regarding our results of operations and financial position, business strategy, plans and prospects, our ability to secure additional financing and continue as a going concern, our Preliminary Feasibility Study (as defined herein), our purchase order commitments, the impact of recent hiring decisions on our vision of becoming a leading global supplier of borates and advanced boron materials and our ability to operate the SSF and develop the Project (each as defined herein), production forecasts and capital expenditure estimates. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s expectations regarding our future growth, results of operations, operational and financial performance and business prospects and opportunities. Such forward-looking statements are based on available current market material and management’s expectations, beliefs and forecasts concerning future events impacting our business.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We cannot assure you that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference or incorporate by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance, and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. You are advised, however, to consult any additional disclosures we make in our reports to the SEC. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the us or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

The following is a summary of the material risks and uncertainties we have identified, which should be read in conjunction with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

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There is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

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We will need to obtain additional financing to continue as a going concern and advance our development and operations.

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We have incurred significant net operating losses since our inception and anticipate the same for the foreseeable future.

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Our future performance is difficult to evaluate because we have no or only a limited operating history.

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Our inability to continue operating the small-scale facility (“SSF”) or complete further technical and economic studies may impact the Project.

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We have invested and plan to continue to invest significant amounts of capital in the Project.

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We have a limited history of mineral production and we may not be able to successfully achieve our business strategies.

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We may be unable to develop or acquire certain intellectual property required to implement our business strategy.

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Third parties may claim that we infringe on their proprietary intellectual property rights.

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All of our business activities are now in the development stage, but may not result in commercial development.

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We are a development stage company and our mineral resource and reserve estimates are subject to significant change.

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Estimates relating to the development of the Project and mine plan are uncertain.

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We depend on a single mining project.

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Our long-term success will depend ultimately on our ability to achieve and maintain profitability.

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Our growth depends upon the continued growth in demand for end use for borates, lithium, and related minerals.

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Our long-term success will depend on our ability to enter into and deliver product under supply agreements.

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If the estimates and assumptions we use for planning are inaccurate, our future growth rate may be adversely affected.

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The cost and availability of electricity and natural gas are subject to volatile market conditions.

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Inadequate infrastructure may constrain our future mining operations.

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Uncertain global economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Our business could be affected by macroeconomic risks.

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Government efforts to combat inflation could lead to higher financing and Project completion costs.

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We are subject to strict laws governing business practices and non-compliance with such laws may be costly.

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Title to mineral properties and related water rights is complex and there is a risk our properties may have title deficiencies.

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We may suffer challenges to our mining claims.

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Restrictions on our ability to obtain, recycle and dispose of water may impact our ability to execute our operations.

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We are subject to various environmental, operational and land-use regulations that could affect our ability to grow.

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The mining industry is historically a cyclical industry and market fluctuations could adversely affect our business.

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Fluctuations in the value of the United States dollar relative to other currencies may adversely affect our business.

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We face risks relating to mining, exploration and development, and mine construction.

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Mineral exploration and development, such as our proposed operations, are subject to extraordinary risks.

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Our proposed facilities or operations could be adversely affected by natural or human causes outside of our control.

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A shortage of skilled technicians and engineers may further increase our operating costs.

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Changes in U.S. trade policies may increase our construction costs.

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A shortage of equipment or disruption in our supply chain could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

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Disruptions in production at our proposed facilities may have a material adverse impact on our business.

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Failure by our vendors or suppliers to use legal or ethical business practices may adversely affect our proposed business.

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Competition with and new production of borates and other minerals could adversely affect our business.

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Industry consolidation may result in increased competition.

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We are subject to significant environmental and government regulations and compliance costs are significant.

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We may face increased costs and be subject to liability resulting from the generation and disposal of certain wastes.

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Land reclamation requirements may be burdensome on our financial position.

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The physical consequences of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our properties and operations.

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New or evolving sustainability and climate-related disclosure obligations could result in additional costs of compliance, litigation or reputational risk.

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We are required to obtain, maintain, and renew governmental permits which is often costly and time-consuming.

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Litigation or arbitration proceedings may be commenced against us and adverse rulings may adversely affect our business.

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We are vulnerable to the risks associated with operating in a single geographic region.

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The operation or development of our facilities could be adversely affected by other parties.

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We plan to invest significant amounts of capital in exploration and development activities, which involves uncertainty.

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Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our management and key employees.

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We will need to increase the size of our organization and we may be unable to manage our growth effectively.

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Our directors and officers may in the future be in a position of a conflict of interest.

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We have experienced significant turnover in our senior management team.

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We may acquire additional businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies.

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We could be subject to information technology system failures, network disruptions, and breaches in data security.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and CDIs

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Our largest stockholders control a significant percentage of our voting power and may be able to exert significant control over the direction of our business.

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The exercise of our outstanding warrants will dilute ownership to existing stockholders or may depress our stock price.

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The market price and trading volume of our Common Stock and CDIs may be volatile.

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We incur significant costs as a result of being publicly traded in both the United States and Australia.

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We incur increased costs and effort as a result of operating as a U.S. listed public company.

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An active trading market for our Common Stock and CDIs may not be sustained.

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We do not anticipate paying dividends and capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

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Securities or industry analysts may or may not publish research about our business, which may impact our trading value.

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We are an “emerging growth company” and “smaller reporting company” and have reduced disclosure requirements.

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Internal controls may not be designed correctly or fail affecting investor confidence in us.

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Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

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Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may contain provisions unfavorable to our Common Stock and CDI holders.

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Raising additional capital could adversely affect the voting power or value of our Common Stock and CDIs.

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We have in the past and may again in the future receive a notice of the failure to satisfy a continued listing rule from Nasdaq.

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Sales by our existing shareholders can reduce the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs.

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We are a holding company and depend on our subsidiaries to generate cash to fund our operations and expenses.

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Our Bylaws restrict the forum in which shareholders may obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING RESERVES

Unless otherwise indicated, all mineral resource and reserve estimates included in this report have been prepared in accordance with, and are based on the relevant definitions set forth in, the SEC’s Mining Disclosure Rules and Regulation S-K 1300 (each as defined below). Mining disclosure in the United States was previously required to comply with SEC Industry Guide 7 (the “SEC Industry Guide 7”) under the Exchange Act. In accordance with the SEC’s Final Rule 13-10570, Modernization of Property Disclosure for Mining Registrant, the SEC has adopted final rules, effective February 25, 2019, to replace SEC Industry Guide 7 with new mining disclosure rules (the “Mining Disclosure Rules”) under sub-part 1300 (Title 17, Part 229, Items 601 and 1300 until 1305) of Regulation S-K (“Regulation S-K 1300”) of the Securities Act. Regulation S-K 1300 replaces the historical property disclosure requirements included in SEC Industry Guide 7. Regulation S-K 1300 uses the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (“CRIRSCO”)-based classification system for mineral resources and mineral reserves and accordingly, under Regulation S-K 1300, the SEC now recognizes estimates of “Measured Mineral Resources,” “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources,” and require SEC-registered mining companies to disclose in their SEC filings specified information concerning their mineral resources, in addition to mineral reserves. In addition, the SEC has amended its definitions of “Proven Mineral Reserves” and “Probable Mineral Reserves” to be substantially similar to international standards. The SEC Mining Disclosure Rules more closely align SEC disclosure requirements and policies for mining properties with current industry and global regulatory practices and standards, including the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, referred to as the “JORC Code.” While the SEC now recognizes “Measured Mineral Resources,” “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources” under the SEC Mining Disclosure Rules, investors should not assume that any part or all of the mineral deposits in these categories will be converted into a higher category of mineral resources or into mineral reserves. Investors are also cautioned not to assume that any measured mineral resources, indicated mineral resources, or inferred mineral resources are guarantees of actual resource amounts or that such amounts will be economically or legally mineable.

The following terms, as defined in Regulation S-K 1300, apply within this report:


Measured Mineral Resource (“Measured” or “Measured Mineral Resource”)	is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with a measured mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because a measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than the level of confidence of either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource, a measured mineral resource may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve.
Indicated Mineral Resource (“Indicated” or “Indicated Mineral Resource”)	is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with an indicated mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because an indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than the level of confidence of a measured mineral resource, an indicated mineral resource may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve.
Inferred Mineral Resource (“Inferred” or “Inferred Mineral Resource”)	is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability, an inferred mineral resource may not be considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project, and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.
Probable Mineral Reserve (“Probable” or “Probable Mineral Reserve”)	is the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource.
Proven Mineral Reserve (“Proven” or “Proven Mineral Reserve”)	is the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource and can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource.

Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 96.1 to this filing is a Preliminary Feasibility Study and Technical Report Study, dated August 7, 2025 (the “PFS”). The purpose of the PFS is to support the disclosure of mineral resource and reserve estimates for the Project, which are further described in the Business and Properties item of this report. The PFS was prepared in accordance with the SEC’s Mining Disclosure Rules and Regulation S-K Subpart 1300 and Item 601(b)(96) (technical report summary).

UNLESS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY STATED, NOTHING CONTAINED IN THIS FILING IS, NOR DOES IT PURPORT TO BE, A TECHNICAL REPORT SUMMARY PREPARED BY A QUALIFIED PERSON PURSUANT TO AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SUBPART 1300 OF SECURITIES EXCHANGE COMMISSION REGULATION S-K.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This filing includes information concerning our industry and the markets in which we will operate that is based on information from various sources including public filings, internal company sources, various third-party sources and management estimates. Our management estimates regarding our position, share and industry size are derived from publicly available information and its internal research and are based on a number of key assumptions made upon reviewing such data and our knowledge of such industry and markets, which we believe to be reasonable. While we believe the industry, market and competitive position data included in this report is reliable and is based on reasonable assumptions, such data is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk and is subject to change due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Summary Risk Factors,” “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this filing. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates included herein. We have not independently verified any data obtained from third-party sources and cannot assure you of the accuracy or completeness of such data.

PART I

Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties

Overview

We are a development stage company focused on becoming a vertically integrated global leader and supplier of refined borates and advanced boron derivative materials whose mission is to enable decarbonization, increase food security, and ensure domestic supply of critical materials. Our business strategy and objectives are to develop capabilities ranging from upstream extraction and product sales of borates, calcium-based co-products, and potentially other byproducts such as lithium carbonate, to downstream advanced boron material processing and development. Our vision is to safely process borates and other industrial materials through sustainable best practices and a continuous improvement mindset. We hold 100% of the rights through ownership and lode claims filed with the United States Bureau of Land Management in the 5E Boron Americas (Fort Cady) Complex located in southern California (the “Project”), through our wholly owned subsidiary 5E Boron Americas (formerly Fort Cady (California) Corporation (“5EBA”)). Our Project is underpinned by a mineral resource that includes boron and lithium, with the boron being contained in a conventional boron mineral known as colemanite. In 2022, our facility was designated as Critical Infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. We currently operate our small-scale facility (the “SSF”) at the Project, which provides data and information necessary for us to ultimately establish a commercial-scale facility at the Project.

Through a multi-phased approach, we plan to develop the Project into a large-scale boron and lithium complex. The Project is based on a conventional colemanite deposit, which is a hydrated calcium borate mineral found in evaporite deposits, and we believe it is one of the largest known new conventional boron deposits globally. The deposit hosts a mineral resource and reserve from which we intend to extract and process into borates, advanced boron materials, calcium-based co-products, and potentially other byproducts such as lithium carbonate on a commercial scale. These materials are scarce in resource, currently subject to supply risk as a large portion of their consumption in the United States is sourced from foreign producers and are essential for supporting critical industries. When the Project is successfully developed, we believe that we can become an important supplier helping to provide supply security for these materials in the United States. The importance of the Project and its mineral resources and reserves have been recognized by it being designated as Critical Infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. The Project is also expected to serve as an important supply source of borates that we intend to process and develop into refined borates and advanced boron materials over time.

Our Strengths

We believe the following key strengths will help us toward our goal of becoming an important supplier of refined borates and advanced boron materials, complemented by calcium-based co-products and potentially other byproducts such as lithium carbonate:

Strategically Positioned to Benefit from Expected Substantial Demand Growth as Boric Acid Demand Out Paces Supply, Fueled by Intensified Decarbonization Efforts and Future Facing Market Developments. We are a development-stage company aiming to develop a materials reserve of high-quality borates and other key industrial materials, currently positioned as inputs into key technologies and industries that address climate change, support decarbonization, energy independence, and support food, national security and defense sectors. We believe factors such as government regulation and incentives focused on domestic manufacturing and supply chains and capital investments across industries will drive demand for end-use applications like solar and wind energy infrastructure, neodymium-ferro-boron magnets, defense applications, lithium-ion batteries, and other critical material applications. We expect any such growth in demand to increase the need for borates and other advanced boron materials that we seek to produce. In addition, products with future facing applications, including in the semi-conductor, life sciences, aerospace, military and automotive markets, are also expected to drive demand growth. As a result of our broader focus on the refined borates and advanced boron materials rather than specific end use applications, we believe we can be well-positioned to be an important domestic supplier to a number of different sectors benefiting from their expected growth.

Attractive Geographic Location with a Potential to Address Global Supply Challenges and National Security Concerns. Over the past several years, the United States has taken action to reinforce existing supply chains and access to critical materials, while working to secure the domestic supply. In February 2022, the Project was designated as Critical Infrastructure by the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, which we believe is a testament to its potential importance as a U.S.-based source of boron, lithium and other materials. This designation supports our goal of playing an important role in providing critical materials domestically, while simultaneously addressing the currently challenged global supply chain. The global boron market is exposed to potential supply risks. There are currently only two major global suppliers (Eti Maden and Rio Tinto Borax) who together represent approximately 80-85% of total supply, with Eti Maden representing approximately 60% of global supply. Similarly, there are only a small number of domestic lithium carbonate suppliers today in the United States. The Project is located in Southern

California and, if successfully commercialized, we expect it will have the ability to supply U.S. markets and industries with these two key materials, become a driver of exported goods, and thereby help reduce reliance on foreign sources and potentially bolster the United States economic growth. Our plans to develop U.S.-based downstream capabilities are similarly expected to allow us to onshore additional components of the overall boron supply chain that have historically been concentrated in Asia and other foreign regions.

Our Project is Based on one of the Largest Known New Conventional Boron Deposits in the World and Includes a Complementary Lithium Resource that has the Potential to Enable Us to Become an Important Participant in the U.S. Lithium Market. The Project deposit is a rare colemanite borate deposit, and we believe it is one of the largest known new deposits of colemanite globally. The Preliminary Feasibility Study estimates a combined 5.3 million short tons (“MST”) of boric acid (H3BO3) proven and probable reserves for Phase 1 of the Project, and 169 thousand short tons of measured plus indicated mineral resource of lithium carbonate equivalent. The mineral resource estimate also identified 0.5 million short tons of inferred mineral resource of boric acid (H3BO3) and 5 thousand short tons of lithium carbonate equivalent. All reserve and mineral resource estimates were prepared using a 2.0% cut-off grade. We believe that the complementary lithium resource at the Project, if successfully developed, has the potential to enable us to become an important participant in the U.S. lithium market. We believe the size and quality of our Project’s boron reserves and lithium resource also positions us to become a long-term supplier, if and when the site becomes operational.

We Believe Our Approach for Developing and Commercializing the Project, along with our Orientation towards Decarbonization-Enabling Materials and Industries can Position us Well to Focus On Sustainability Initiatives. We believe that the boron and lithium materials we plan on producing will support industries and applications that enable decarbonization and emission reduction, such as electric vehicles and green energy. These industries are important contributors to and supporters of the United Nations Sustainability Development Goals (“SDG’s”), which include accelerating a net-zero future, promoting sustainable infrastructure, improving global nutrition and health as well as promoting innovation. Further, we believe that our extraction techniques will help us create a set of infrastructure that is aligned with the industries we plan on supporting. Our method of in-situ extraction is expected to source water from our hydrology wells while providing for closed loop water recycling which we expect will help reduce overall water consumption and provide for efficient energy management. In-situ extraction is also traditionally associated with less above ground land disturbance than traditional resource extraction methods, while using fewer fossil fuels. Given our early stage of development, we believe we have a unique opportunity to develop and grow our business and a potential sustainability advantage, including building a Board and leadership team as well as creating strong corporate governance policies, in each case focused on sustainability matters. Our focus will be to have a positive impact on the prosperity of local communities by supporting job creation, providing specialized training, targeting local procurement and investment, all of which are important given the local community near the Project is designated an economic development zone by the State of California.

Our Strategy

Our strategy is founded on leveraging our large mineral resources and reserves, related proposed infrastructure project, project development and advanced materials expertise to develop a vertically integrated business focused on refined borates and advanced boron materials, complemented by calcium-based co-products of calcium chloride and gypsum, and strategically extract and process economically accretive byproducts such as lithium carbonate. We intend to continue to thoughtfully develop our business over time in a systematic manner.

In November 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) provided authorization to begin in-situ mining operations pursuant to an Underground Injection Control permit and in January 2024, we began well-field injection with acid and began extracting valuable minerals from the Project in the form of a Pregnant Leach Solution (“PLS”). The initial high-quality run-of-mine head grade of boric acid provided validation of our initial operational assumptions.

In April 2024, we commenced operation of the SSF, an above ground chemical plant designed to refine borates, which has served as a foundation for the design, engineering, and cost optimization for our proposed commercial-scale facility, as well as serving as the source of product for our customer qualification and offtake agreement efforts. The SSF is an essential step in the overall Project development plan and serves as our current extraction and processing facility to demonstrate product development and design. Shortly after we began to process the PLS at the SSF we produced our first batch of boric acid. During July 2024, we sent out our first samples of boric acid produced at the SSF to potential customers, and during April 2025, we were notified by a leading global specialty glass manufacturer that they had successfully produced specialty glass utilizing our boric acid. As of September 2025, we were aware of approximately 14 customers in 8 diverse market segments who had successfully qualified our boric acid through a combination of laboratory evaluation, field trials and truckload-scale shipments. We believe that the progress observed in our customer qualification efforts will facilitate discussions with stakeholders about funding options for Phase 1 of the commercial facility and securing commercial contracts for our future products.

Concurrently with the commissioning of wellfield and start-up of the SSF, during January 2024 we selected Fluor Enterprises, Inc. (“Fluor”) as our Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management Firm (“EPC”) service provider to lead our FEL-2 engineering program. During August 2025, Fluor completed the FEL-2 engineering for our proposed commercial-scale facility, which culminated in the issuance of a S-K 1300 compliant Preliminary Feasibility Study (the “PFS”). The PFS included a capital estimate of approximately $435 million to construct the proposed commercial-scale facility, inclusive of $55 million for contingency and approximately $13 million of owner’s costs, and resulted in approximately 41% of the Project’s total resource being converted into approximately 5.3 million short tons of boric acid reserves, and a resultant 39.5 year life of mine.

We plan to continue to operate the SSF to produce additional boric acid for potential customers, advance the design of our commercial-scale wellfield design and operating methods, and refine the production process for our two proposed byproducts; calcium chloride and gypsum. Our expectation is that the SSF will cease operation and be decommissioned once we advance to the commercial construction stage for our proposed commercial-scale facility.

While our immediate focus is on our efforts to establish the proposed commercial-scale facility and our ability to commercially produce salable products, including boric acid, calcium chloride and gypsum, we remain dedicated to opportunistically developing downstream advanced boron materials processing capabilities and economically accretive byproducts such as lithium carbonate to extract greater value out of the Project.

Key elements of our strategy include:

Develop and Commercialize the Project to Produce an Economical and Secure Supply of Boron and Focusing on a more Environmentally Friendly In-Situ Extraction Process as Compared to Traditional Mining. Our initial objective is to develop our Project’s boron resource and achieve a commercial extraction volume of borates and other byproducts safely and profitably with an aim to rely on a more environmentally friendly in-situ extraction process as compared to traditional mining. The SSF, which commenced operations in April 2024, has proven the technical merits of our planned in-situ mining techniques, and has served as the foundation for our future design, engineering, and cost optimization of our planned commercial-scale complex while simultaneously providing product samples for customer qualification and offtake agreement efforts. If and when the commercial-scale complex is fully operational, we believe that we will have an opportunity to be a long-term supplier of borates, calcium chloride and gypsum, and the Project can serve as an important internal supply source for our development of downstream specialty and advanced materials.

Establish Competitive Market Positions in High Value, High Margin Markets for Refined Borates and Advanced Boron Materials that Address Decarbonization, Food Security, National Security and Defense, and Production of Domestic Supply. We are seeking to establish competitive market positions in high value in use, high margin, and high technology refined borates and advanced boron materials markets. We believe that as a result of efforts by several countries and businesses to address climate change and achieve decarbonization, as well as increasing challenges related to food security and geopolitical instability, key sectors such as electric vehicle manufacturing, clean energy infrastructure, food and fertilizers, and domestic security, will experience significant growth in the future. As a result, these sectors are expected to require secure and substantial new supplies of key inputs such as boron to support their growth. Assuming the successful commercial completion of our proposed commercial-scale facility and complex, we believe we will have the opportunity to become one of the largest suppliers of borates in the domestic U.S. and international markets. Over time, we plan on developing downstream advanced boron materials capabilities to convert borates into advanced boron materials. These advanced boron materials may support higher technology applications across the fields of semi-conductors, life sciences, aerospace, military, energy and automotive markets and would allow us to extract greater value from our processes and supply chain. Downstream advanced boron materials capabilities may be developed over time through a combination of internal research and development, commercial partnerships or joint ventures with other organizations or research institutions, or via the acquisition of intellectual property related to processing and manufacturing.

Sign Offtake Agreements and Develop Commercial Partnerships to Expand High-Performance Boron Capabilities and Embed Ourselves in Customer Supply Chains. As part of the commercialization plans for the Project, we plan on dedicating resources for marketing efforts to establish commercial offtake agreements for the sale of borates, calcium chloride and gypsum. We believe sales of these materials will support our strategy of achieving a durable revenue base, which can be used to fund subsequent incremental capacity plans and generate cash necessary for investments in downstream advanced boron materials capabilities and economically accretive byproducts such as lithium carbonate. As we develop our downstream materials business, we plan to collaborate with customers and partners to support their development of high-performance applications in the areas of clean energy infrastructure, electric transportation, and high-grade fertilizers among other end uses. These commercial partnerships are expected to be an important element of embedding us within global supply chains and positioning us as an essential supplier of borates and advanced boron materials. We intend to invest in research and development initiatives with an aim to support our customers’ product development and create intellectual property for us.

Corporate History and Reorganization

American Pacific Borates Limited, our former parent company, was incorporated in October 2016 under the laws of Western Australia for the purpose of acquiring the rights in the Project from Atlas Precious Metals, Inc. The acquisition of Fort Cady (California) Corporation was completed in May 2017 and ABR’s ordinary shares were subsequently admitted for official quotation on the Australian Stock Exchange (“ASX”) in July 2017.

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on September 23, 2021, as a wholly owned subsidiary of ABR for the purposes of effecting a corporate reorganization.

We received all the issued and outstanding shares of ABR pursuant to a statutory Scheme of Arrangement under Part 5.1 of the Australian Corporations Act (“Scheme”). The Scheme was approved by ABR’s shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders held on December 2, 2021. Following shareholder approval, the Scheme was approved by the Federal Court of Australia on February 24, 2022.

After completion of the Scheme, we listed our Common Stock on Nasdaq under the symbol “FEAM” on March 15, 2022 and de-listed ABR from the ASX on March 8, 2022.

Pursuant to the corporate reorganization, we issued to the shareholders of ABR either one share of our Common Stock for every ten ordinary shares of ABR or one CDI for every one ordinary share of ABR, in each case, as held on the Scheme record date. Eligible shareholders of ABR (those whose residence at the record date of the Scheme is in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, or the United States) received CDIs by default. In order to receive Common Stock, eligible shareholders were required to complete and submit an election form to ABR’s registry no later than 5:00 p.m. (AEDT) on March 2, 2022. Ineligible shareholders did not receive CDIs or shares of Common Stock but instead received the proceeds from the sale of the CDIs to which they would otherwise have been entitled by a broker appointed by ABR. The appointed broker sold the CDIs in accordance with the terms of a sale facility agreement and remitted the proceeds to ineligible shareholders. Additionally, we canceled each of the outstanding options to acquire ordinary shares of ABR and issued replacement options representing the right to acquire shares of our Common Stock on the basis of one replacement option for every ten existing ABR options held. We maintain an ASX listing for our CDIs, with each CDI representing 1/10th of a share of Common Stock. Holders of CDIs are able to trade their CDIs on the ASX and holders of shares of our Common Stock are able to trade their shares on Nasdaq.

Following completion of the corporate reorganization, ABR became a wholly owned subsidiary of 5E Advanced Materials, Inc.

Fort Cady Project

In August 2025, we issued our Preliminary Feasibility Study prepared in accordance with Regulation S-K 1300, which focused on Phase 1 development of our Fort Cady Project to develop a 130,000 short ton per annum boric acid plant. We believe the PFS demonstrates a world-class resource and reserve, management’s firm understanding and direction for the business, which can position the company to achieve profitability, generate cash flow, and reduce risk.

Due to the current favorable market backdrop and growing importance of critical materials, we continue to focus primarily on further developing our Project by working towards commercialization and building a commercial-scale facility for the extraction of boric acid, with the production of calcium chloride and gypsum as valuable co-products. A focus on boron extraction and related end markets is aligned with our mission to become a global leader in enabling industries addressing decarbonization, food security, national defense and production of domestic supply and our focus on high value in use materials and applications.

The PFS was based upon converting approximately 41% of our total resource and established approximately 5.3 million short tons of boric acid reserves with an average grade of 8.03% (B2O3) and an initial 39.5 year life of mine utilizing an in-situ leaching (“ISL”) mining method. The PFS allows for optionality for future expansion phases to develop the remaining portions of our total resource, optionality for economically accretive byproducts, and future endeavors into value added advanced boron derivatives.

We will continue to operate the SSF while we stage gate to FEL-3 engineering for Phase 1 of the commercial-scale complex. FEL-3 engineering is expected to provide the necessary estimates to publish a final feasibility study and, assuming the financing is secured, a final investment and construction decision for Phase 1 of the proposed commercial-scale complex. Based upon progress to date, we are now targeting to reach initial commercial production from Phase 1 in the second-half of calendar year 2028.

Competition

The mining industry is highly competitive. According to the preliminary market study prepared by Kline & Company, Inc., there were two major competitors in the borates industry, Rio Tinto Borates (“RTB”) and Eti Maden, the latter of which is owned by the Turkish government. If we are successful in bringing the Project into production, we will be competing with those two large competitors in the borates industry, one global mining conglomerate and one state-owned enterprise, each of which we believe are generally well-funded and established. We, therefore, may be at a significant disadvantage in the course of obtaining materials, supplies, labor and equipment from time to time. Additionally, we are, and expect to continue to be, an insignificant participant in the business of mining exploration and development for the foreseeable future. According to Global Market Insights, together they supplied approximately 85% of global boron demand which has led to a global duopoly, with Eti Maden alone having supplied approximately 60% of the world’s recent demand.

When the Project is successfully developed and commercialized, the primary factors that we will be competing upon include, without limitation, the amount and quality of our material resources and reserves, the pricing of our products, and the quality of our customer support and service. Furthermore, prospective customers may consider additional factors such as the geographic location of our operations and the reputation of our business when compared to our competitors.

Customers

Because we have not yet begun large-scale production of mineral products, we currently do not have any binding supply agreements with customers. During July 2024, we sent out our first samples of boric acid produced at the SSF to potential customers, and as of September 2025, we were aware of approximately 15 customers in 8 diverse market segments who had successfully qualified our boric acid through a combination of laboratory evaluation, field trials and truckload-scale shipments. We believe that the progress observed in our customer qualification efforts will facilitate discussions with stakeholders about securing commercial contracts for our future products.

Governmental Regulation

We are subject to numerous and extensive federal, state and local laws, regulations, permits and other legal requirements applicable to the mining and mineral processing industry, including those pertaining to employee health and safety, air emissions, water usage, wastewater and stormwater discharges, air quality standards, greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, plant and wildlife protection, handling and disposal of hazardous and radioactive substances, remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, land use, reclamation and restoration of properties, the discharge of materials into the environment and groundwater quality and availability. Our business may be affected by varying degrees of government regulation such as restrictions on production, price controls, tax increases, expropriation of property, environmental and pollution controls or changes in conditions under which minerals may be marketed. An excess supply of certain minerals may exist from time to time due to lack of markets, restrictions on exports, and numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include market fluctuations and government regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, allowable production and importing and exporting minerals. These laws, regulations, permits and legal requirements have had, and will continue to have, a significant effect on our results of operations, earnings and competitive position.

Federal legislation and implementing regulations adopted and administered by the EPA, the Bureau of Land Management (the “BLM”), the Fish and Wildlife Service, including legislation such as the federal Clean Water Act (“CWA”), the Safe Drinking Water Act (the “SDWA”), the Clean Air Act, as amended (the “CAA”), the National Environmental Policy Act (the “NEPA”), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (the “RCRA”), have a direct bearing on our proposed solution mining and processing operations. These federal initiatives are often administered and enforced through state agencies operating under parallel state statutes and regulations.

CERCLA, and comparable state statutes, impose strict, joint and several liability on current and former owners and operators of sites and on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at such sites. It is not uncommon for the government to file claims requiring clean-up actions, demands for reimbursement for government-incurred clean-up costs, or natural resource damages, or for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by hazardous substances released into the environment. The RCRA, and comparable state statutes, govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste and authorize the imposition of substantial fines and penalties for noncompliance, as well

as requirements for corrective actions. The CERCLA, RCRA, and comparable state statutes can impose liability for clean-up of sites and disposal of substances found on exploration, mining and processing sites long after activities on such sites have been completed.

The CAA restricts the emission of air pollutants from many sources, including processing activities. Any future processing operations by us may produce air emissions, including fugitive dust and other air pollutants from stationary equipment, storage facilities and the use of mobile sources such as trucks and heavy construction equipment, which are subject to review, monitoring and/or control requirements under the CAA and state air quality laws, as administered by the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District (“MDAQCD”). New equipment and facilities are required to obtain permits before work and operations can begin. Once constructed or obtained, we may need to incur additional capital costs to ensure such facilities and equipment remain in compliance with applicable rules and regulations. In addition, permitting rules do impose limitations on our estimated production levels or result in additional capital expenditures in order to comply with the rules. We have received Authorization to Construct (“ATC”) air permits for the SSF and will require ATC air permits for the equipment for the large-scale facility once FEL-3 engineering is complete.

The CWA, and comparable state statutes, imposes restrictions and controls on the discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. We received a Waste Discharge Requirements (“WDR”) order from the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (the “LRWQCB”) in 1988 and remain in compliance with the permit conditions. The LRWQCB regulates surface activities, such as ponds, that have the potential to allow process solutions to leak into the subsurface. A Final Permanent Closure Plan has been approved by the LRWQCB for closure of the existing impoundments. Closure of the ponds and 1988 WDR is expected to be finalized later in 2025 or 2026. The current commercial design includes approximately 37 acres of evaporation ponds for the purpose of removing sodium and calcium from the back end of the processing plant. We will apply for a new or amended WDR order from LRWQCB as part of the development activities.

The CWA regulates storm water from facilities and generally requires a storm water discharge permit. The Project is located within a closed basin; therefore, the stormwater regulations do not apply either during construction or operations. We have requested and received a Notice of Non-Applicability (“NONA”) from the LRWQCB. The CWA and comparable state statutes provide for civil, criminal and administrative penalties for unauthorized discharges of pollutants and impose liability on parties responsible for those discharges for the costs of cleaning up any environmental damage caused by the release and for natural resource damages resulting from the release.

The SDWA and the Underground Injection Control (“UIC”) program promulgated thereunder, regulate the drilling and operation of subsurface injection wells. The EPA directly administers the UIC program in California. The program requires that a Class III UIC Solution Mining Permit be obtained before drilling an injection-recovery well. We have obtained a Class III UIC Permit to construct and operate a borate solution mine, with approval and bonding for our injection-recovery and water monitoring wells. During November 2023, the EPA provided authorization to begin in-situ mining operations pursuant to our Class III UIC permit. We expect that the EPA will grant authorization for additional wells as requested subject to an increase of the reclamation bonding amount. Violation of the Class III UIC Permit conditions, the SDWA and related UIC regulations and/or contamination of groundwater by mining related activities may result in fines, penalties, and remediation costs, among other sanctions and liabilities under the SWDA and state analogs. In addition, third party claims may be filed by landowners and other parties claiming damages for alternative water supplies, property damages, and bodily injury.

The Federal Land Policy Management Act (the “FLPMA”) governs the way in which public lands administered by the BLM are managed. The General Mining Law of 1872 and the FLPMA authorize U.S. citizens to locate mining claims on federal lands open to mineral entry. Borates are a locatable mineral, and locatable mineral deposits within mining claims such as the Project may be developed, extracted and processed under a Plan of Operations approved by the BLM. The NEPA requires a review of all projects proposed to occur on public lands.

The NEPA and comparable state statute, California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) requires federal agencies to integrate environmental considerations into their decision-making processes by evaluating the environmental impacts of their proposed actions, including issuance of permits to mining facilities, and assessing alternatives to those actions. The Barstow Office of the BLM issued a Record of Decision (“ROD”) for the Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) in 1994. The existing ROD does not have an expiration date, and minor modifications may be required in the future, but are not required to begin operating.

Solution mining does not meet the definition of a mine under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended by the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006. Solution mining and processing activities are covered by the regulations adopted by the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“CalOSHA”). Therefore, our proposed operations will need to comply with the CalOSHA regulations and standards, including development of Safe Operating Procedures and training of personnel. At this time, it is not possible to predict the full effect that new or proposed statutes, regulations and policies

will have on our operating costs, but any expansion of existing regulations, or making such regulations more stringent may have a negative impact on the profitability of the operations.

When operational, the Project will be required to maintain a comprehensive safety program. Employees and contractors will be required to complete initial training, as well as attend annual refresher sessions, which cover potential hazards that may be present at the facility. Workers at the facility will be entitled to compensation for any work-related injuries. The State of California may consider changes in workers’ compensation laws from time-to-time. Our costs will vary based on the number of accidents that occur at the Project and the costs of addressing such claims. We are and will be required to maintain insurance under various state workers’ compensation programs under the statutory limits for the current and proposed operations at the Project and the offices in California.

We generally are required to mitigate long-term environmental impacts by stabilizing, contouring, re-sloping, and revegetating various portions of a site after well-field and processing operations are completed as well as plugging and abandoning injection recovery, water monitoring and exploration drilling holes. Comprehensive environmental protection and reclamation standards must be met during the course of, and upon completion of, mining activities, and any failure to meet such standards may subject us to fines, penalties or other sanctions. Reclamation efforts will be conducted in accordance with detailed plans, which are reviewed and approved by the EPA, BLM, LRWQCB, and San Bernardino County on a regular basis. We currently have reclamation obligations and we have arranged a surety bond and pledged certificates of deposits for reclamation with the State and Federal regulatory agencies. At this time, land disturbance certificate of deposits for approximately $319 thousand are in place with the County of San Bernardino, and a fully collateralized surety bond for approximately $1.2 million are in place for EPA reclamation.

We may be required to obtain new permits and permit modifications, including air, UIC permit, construction and occupancy permits issued by the San Bernardino County, California government, to complete our development plans. To obtain, maintain and renew these and other environmental permits and perform any required monitoring activities, we may be required to conduct environmental studies and collect and present to governmental authorities data pertaining to the potential impact that the current development plan or future operations may have upon the environment.

Environmental, safety and other laws and regulations continue to evolve which may cause us to meet stricter standards and give rise to greater enforcement, result in increased fines and penalties for noncompliance, and result in a heightened degree of responsibility for us and our officers, directors and employees. Future laws, regulations, permits or legal requirements, as well as the interpretation or enforcement of existing requirements, may require substantial increases in capital or operating costs to achieve and maintain compliance or otherwise delay, limit or prohibit our development plans and future operations, or other restrictions upon, our development plans or future operations or result in the imposition of fines and penalties for failure to comply.

Complying with these regulations is complicated and requires significant attention and resources. Our employees and retained consultants have a significant amount of experience working with various federal, state and local authorities to address compliance with such laws, regulations and permits. However, we cannot be sure that at all times we have been or will be in compliance with such requirements. We expect to continue to incur significant sums for ongoing regulatory expenditures, including salaries, and the costs for monitoring, compliance, remediation, reporting, pollution control equipment and permitting. In addition, we plan to invest significant capital to develop infrastructure to ensure it operates in a safe and environmentally sustainable manner.

We are not aware of any probable government regulations that would materially impact us at this time, however there can be no assurance that regulations may not arise in the future that may have a negative effect on our results of operations, earnings and competitive position.

Dependence on Key Vendors, Suppliers and Global Supply Chain

Construction of an in-situ leaching mining operation and processing plant at the Project will require local and regional resources of contractors, construction materials, energy resources, employees, and housing for employees. The Project has good access to Interstate-40 (“I-40”), which connects it to numerous sizable communities between Barstow and the greater Los Angeles area which we believe can offer access to transportation, construction materials, labor, and housing. The Project currently has limited electrical service sufficient for the mine office, storage facilities and operation of the SSF, but will require an upgrade for our proposed commercial-scale facility and complex and wellfield facilities, or the installation of a natural gas CHP COGEN facility, as currently contemplated in our PFS. An electrical transmission corridor operated by Southern Cal Edison (“SCE”) extends north-eastward through the eastern part of the Project. The boiler for the SSF operates on liquid natural gas. Currently no natural gas connects to the Project, but we have a proposal from a major U.S. interstate natural gas transmission system operator to connect to the Mojave Pipeline. Two other natural gas transmission lines run along I-40 near the Project. We currently have two water production wells in an aquifer within our permit boundary, but water is limited in the Mojave Desert.

Employees

As of June 30, 2025, we had 35 full-time employees and no part-time employees. We expect to significantly increase the number of employees with each phase of production at the Project.

We have entered into an Alternative Work Schedule agreement (the “AWS”) with certain non-exempt employees engaged with the operation of the SSF. The AWS is a contractual arrangement that provides for a work schedule that varies from the standard eight hours per day, five days per work week schedule in favor of a 12-hour alternating day and night shift plan that allow us to better operate the SSF. Under the AWS, employees are entitled to overtime pay if they work beyond the established alternative workweek schedule. The AWS is terminable at our discretion at any point in time but requires two-thirds of affected employees to affirmatively vote for its termination.

We use the services of independent contractors, consultants and firms to perform various professional services, including legal, environmental, commercial, investor relations, accounting and tax services, construction, geological, exploration and drilling operation services, among others.

Intellectual Property

We have no material patents, trademarks, licenses, franchises, concessions or royalty agreements.

Exploration

In July 2021, we purchased an additional three parcels of land and minerals, and our deposit is open to exploration on the southern side. The end of the deposit on the northwestern side has been clearly defined. We expect the southern side to become an exploration target to support proposed resource expansion drilling activities. An exploration target is a statement or estimate of the exploration potential of a mineral deposit in a defined geological setting where the statement or estimate, quoted as a range of tons and range of grade (or quality), relates to mineralization for which there has been insufficient exploration to estimate a mineral resource.

To the west of our real property are the patented and unpatented lands of a hectorite mining company as well as public lands managed by the BLM. Surface lands of both the hectorite mining company and the BLM land are included within our permitted boundaries. While the hectorite mining company has placer claims over our deposit, we have staked, filed, and recorded lode claims for the deposit. We have completed extensive diligence with third-party geologists, counsel, and mineral experts and we believe that since colemanite is a mudstone, the appropriate claim to establish mineral tenure is a lode claim. The mineral tenure established by these lode claims is not yet included in our PFS mineral resource statement and is expected to significantly increase the resource. We expect to include these resources in our next Technical Report Summary which is anticipated after the completion of FEL-3.

Seasonality

We have no properties that are subject to material restrictions on its operations due to seasonality. However, we note that given the Project’s location in the Mojave Desert, the site may be impacted by extreme heat in the summer season. In addition, the desert terrain of the Project does not adequately absorb water and is subject to flash flooding in the instance of significant rain.

Corporate Office

Our principal executive offices are located at 9329 Mariposa Road, Suite 210, Hesperia, California 92344. Our telephone number is +1 (442) 221-0225.

Properties

Fort Cady Project (AKA 5E Boron Americas Project)

The Project is located in the Mojave Desert region in the high desert in eastern San Bernardino County, California, approximately 36 miles east of Barstow, near the town of Newberry Springs and two miles south of I-40. The Project lies approximately 118 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, or approximately half-way between Los Angeles and Las Vegas, Nevada. Access to the Project is eastbound from Barstow on I-40 to the exit for Hector Road. From the Hector Road exit, travel

continues south to the National Trails Highway, then east approximately one mile to County Road 20796, then south for 2.2 miles on County Road 20796 to an unnamed dirt road bearing east for another 1.1 miles to the mine office and plant site at the Project.

The Project area operates with electricity and is well served by other infrastructure, including I-40 and the main Burlington Northern Santa Fe (“BNSF”) rail line that runs from Chicago, Illinois to Los Angeles, California running immediately north alongside I-40. There are three main natural gas transmission lines along the I-40. The two southern transmission lines are owned and operated by SCE, while the northern transmission line is owned and operated by Kinder Morgan. The port of Los Angeles, Long Beach and San Diego are all within a half-day drive from the Project on major highways. The Project will likely attract personnel from the Barstow-Victorville area.

The Project deposit is in a prospective area for borate and lithium mineralization and is fundamental to our strategy to become a globally integrated supplier of borates, lithium carbonate and advanced boron derivatives. The deposit mineralization is colemanite and the Project has a similar geological setting to RTB’s Boron open-pit mine and Nirma Limited’s Searles Lake operations, situated approximately 75 miles west-northwest and 90 miles northwest of the Project, respectively.

Mineral Title

We own fee simple (private) lands in Sections 25 and 36 of Township 8 North, Range 5 East of the San Bernardino Principal Meridian. An electrical transmission corridor, operated by SCE, tracts from the northeast to the southwest through the fee lands with SCE having surface and subsurface control to a depth of 500 feet, affecting approximately 91 acres of surface lands in the two sections. While this limits surface access to the land, mineralization remains accessible as the ore body occurs at depths greater than 1,000 feet.

We currently hold 30 unpatented lode claims, 117 unpatented placer claims, and two unpatented millsite claims with the BLM within the U.S. Department of the Interior. Two lode claims were originally filed by Duval Corporation (“Duval”) in 1978 with the other 28 lode claims filed by the Company in January and August 2025. Placer claims were filed between October 29, 2016, and February 24, 2017. A review of the BLM Mineral & Land Record System database shows claim status as filed with next assessment fees due annually on September 1.

Lastly, 272 acres of land located in Section 36 of Township 8 North, Range 5 East of the San Bernardino Principal Meridian, are split estate, with the surface estate owned by us and the mineral estate is owned by the State of California. These lands are available to us through a mineral lease from the California State Lands Commission. We own the remaining lands, with the minerals underlying the transmission line available subsurface.

Overview of Mining Locations

Fort Cady History

Discovery of the Project borate deposit occurred in 1964 when Congdon and Carey Minerals Exploration Company found several zones of colemanite, a calcium borate mineral, between the depths of 1,330 feet to 1,570 feet below ground surface in Section 26. In September 1977, Duval initiated land acquisition and exploration activities near Hector, California. By March 1981, Duval had completed 34 exploration holes, plus one potential water well. After evaluation of the exploration holes, Duval considered several mining methods. Subsequent studies and tests performed by Duval indicated that in-situ mining technology was feasible.

Duval commenced limited testing and pilot-scale solution mining operation in June 1981. Mountain States Mineral Enterprises, Inc. (“MSME”) purchased the Project from Duval in 1985. In July 1986, tests were initiated by MSME, where dilute hydrochloric acid solution was injected into the ore body. The acid dissolved the colemanite and was then withdrawn from the same well. Between 1981

and 2001, the various owners of the Project drilled an additional 17 wells, which were used for a series of injection testing and pilot-scale operations.

An additional phase of pilot plant operations was conducted between 1987 and 1988. The test results were positive; thus, the Project was viewed as commercially viable. MSME sold the Project to Fort Cady Mineral Corporation (“FCMC”) in 1989. In preparation for the permitting process, feasibility studies, detailed engineering and test work were completed by FCMC.

In 1990, a Plan of Operations (“PoO”) was submitted to the BLM and a Mining Conditional Use Permit and Reclamation Plan was submitted to San Bernardino County, which triggered environmental review under NEPA and CEQA. With the Project located on both public and private lands, the public lands are managed by the BLM in accordance with Surface Management Regulations of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act and federal environmental laws, and the private lands administered by San Bernardino County Land Use Services (“SBC-LUS”) in accordance with the California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act, the County Development Code and state environmental laws.

Based upon the activities described in the PoO, under the NEPA regulations, the BLM determined that an EIS was required while under CEQA, SBC-LUS determined that an Environmental Impact Report (“EIR”) was required. Under a Memorandum of Understanding, the two agencies completed a joint EIS and EIR to satisfy their environmental review requirements under NEPA and CEQA, respectively. The EIS and EIR process followed clearly defined requirements for public participation in studies, such as threatened and endangered species, cultural resources, light, noise, and impacts to local communities. The studies were completed, as was the public participation process, which resulted in a 1994 ROD from the BLM that approved the PoO and approval of the Mining Conditional Use Permit and Reclamation Plan from the SBC-LUS.

A second phase of pilot plant operations occurred between 1996 and 2001, during which approximately 2,200 tons of a synthetic colemanite product, marketed as CadyCal 100, were produced. Commercial-scale operations were not commissioned due to low product prices and other priorities of the controlling entity. For many years, boron was used in traditional applications such as cleaning supplies and ceramics, which did not formulate into a strong pull-side demand investment thesis where pricing justified further development of the Project.

In 2017, a group of Australian investors identified the Project and formed the investment thesis that the boron market had similar dynamics to the lithium market a decade earlier. Like the lithium market ten years prior, the market was dominated by a few companies with a compelling pull-side demand growth story fueled by future-facing applications targeting decarbonization and critical materials. Prior to lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicles, lithium was used in traditional everyday applications like boron’s use in recent years. As a result of the investment thesis that boron is expected to experience a supply deficit relative to demand, the group of Australian investors formed ABR and issued shares to Atlas Precious Metals in exchange for Fort Cady (California) Corporation, the entity holding the permits, mineral and property rights of the Project. In 2017, ABR underwent an initial public offering on the ASX and progressed exploration and development of the Project. In September 2021, ABR created a subsidiary, 5E Advanced Materials, Inc., and through the Scheme, reorganized the Company which placed the Company at the top of the corporate structure. Upon 5E Advanced Materials, Inc. becoming the parent company of the organization, in March 2022, we direct listed on the Nasdaq and became an issuer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

In total, we have spent in excess of $156 million on the Project thus far, including resource drilling, monitoring wells, metallurgical test works, well injection tests, permitting activities, construction and operation of the SSF, pilot-scale test works and engineering of the commercial-scale facility.

Access and Infrastructure

We continue to develop operating infrastructure for the Project in support of extraction and processing activities. A manned gate is located on the Project access road and provides required site-specific safety briefings and monitors personnel entry and exit to the site. Personnel are predominantly sourced from the surrounding area including Barstow, California and Victorville, California.

The BNSF rail line from Las Vegas, Nevada to Los Angeles, California runs parallel to I-40 and adjacent to the Project. A rail loadout is located approximately 1.2 miles north of the National Trails Highway on a road that bears north and located 0.4 miles west of San Bernardino County Road 20796. San Bernardino County operates six general aviation airports with the closest airport to the Project being the Barstow-Daggett Airport located approximately 23 miles west of the Project off the National Trails Highway. Commercial flight service is available through five airports in the greater Los Angeles area and in Las Vegas, Nevada. A dedicated cargo service airport is located approximately 65 miles southwest of the Project.

The construction of the SSF was performed by a construction contractor with additional local resources supporting construction contracting, construction materials, energy sources, employees, and housing. The Project has good access to I-40 which connects it to

numerous sizable communities between Barstow, California and the greater Los Angeles area offering excellent access to transportation, construction materials, labor, and housing. The Project was successful in removing natural gas generators from the facility and is currently supplied by approximately one mega watt of shore power that is sufficient for mine office, storage facilities on site, and the operation of the SSF. An electrical transmission corridor operated by SCE extends northeastward through the eastern part of the Project. The Project has two water wells located nearby to support in-situ leaching operations where unpatented millsite claims are filed. Currently there is no natural gas connects to the Project, but we have a proposal from a major U.S. interstate natural gas transmission system operator to connect to the Mojave Pipeline. Two other natural gas transmission lines run along I-40 near the Project.

The plant site currently has a 1,600 square foot mine office building, a control room, storage buildings, an analytical laboratory, an approximately 20-acre production facility (the SSF), four injection/recovery wells, and an intended gypsum storage area occupying 17 acres. Gypsum is a byproduct of past pilot plant production and is intended, along with calcium chloride, to be a future co-product that can be sold to the regional market.

Project Permits and Reclamation Requirements

We currently have the following Project permits in place:

The MDAQCD has issued operating permits for the SSF and the permits are renewed annually. After front-end engineering and design and during detail design of the proposed commercial-scale facility, and once we have determined each original equipment manufacturer for major pieces of equipment and based on the specification sheets for each piece of equipment, ATC permits for the proposed commercial-scale facility will be provided to MDAQMD for approval. It is expected that the issuance of the ATCs will require that the existing operating permits for the SSF be closed. The ATC permits for the proposed commercial-scale facility must meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards (“NAAQS”) and MDAQMD requirements (Air Resources Board, MDAQMD, and EPA).

There is no reclamation or closure requirement under MDAQMD.

The LRWQC issued the current WDR in 1988. The WDRs regulate activities in the existing surface impoundments, which were used in the 1990’s to produce CadyCal and are no longer being used. We remain compliant with the permit by complying with the monitoring requirements and submitting quarterly reports. A Final Permanent Closure Plan has been approved by the LRWQCB for closure of the existing impoundments. Closure of the ponds and 1988 WDRs is expected to be finalized later in 2025 or 2026. The current proposed commercial-scale facility design includes approximately 37 acres of evaporation ponds for the purpose of removing sodium and calcium from the back end of the processing plant. We will apply for a new or amended WDRs order from LRWQCB for the proposed commercial-scale facility.

There is an existing reclamation and closure requirement approved by LRWQCB. The bond amount to close the ponds is included in the SBC – LUS Financial Assurance Cost Estimate (“FACE”), discussed below. This is currently a certificate of deposit.

The LRWQCB also issued a NONA, verifying that the Project does not require a stormwater permit for approved construction and operations activities. The NONA was issued as the Project is located in a closed basin with no stormwater discharge.

There is no reclamation or bonding requirement associated with the NONA.

SBC-LUS issued the Mining Conditional Use Permit and Reclamation Plan in 1994, based upon the 1990 application and ensuing EIR. The Reclamation Plan was amended, and the permit was modified in 2019 to address changes such as relocation of the processing plant and additional water related infrastructure. Ground use is regulated in accordance with applicable state law. The Mining Conditional Use Permit and Reclamation Plan includes Conditions of Approval for engineering and planning related activities, as well as requirements to avoid impacts to desert tortoises. The permitted production throughput under the Mining Conditional Use Permit is 90,000 short tons of boron oxide or boron oxide equivalent.

We maintain a certificate of deposit with the California State Mining and Reclamation Agency, as administered by SBC-LUS. The FACE is updated annually. The FACE includes demolition of all existing structures, regrading, and revegetation of all disturbance on private lands. This bond also includes plugging and abandonment of all wells located outside the EPA UIC purview.

The BLM issued a ROD in 1994, establishing the EIS boundary. The ROD authorizes mining of borates. The ROD also has requirements for our activities to eliminate adverse impacts to desert tortoises and cultural resources.

Reclamation and land disturbance for BLM is currently included with the FACE on file with the County and bonded in certificate of deposit with the California Division of Mine Reclamation.

The EPA retains primacy for Class 3 solution mining UIC permits in the State of California. The EPA issued the UIC permit for the Project in August 2020. The permit defines the Area of Review (“AOR”) boundary. All subsurface solution mining activities, including monitoring wells and injection wells, are located within the AOR boundary. The EPA approved mining operations in November 2023.

In accordance with the permit conditions, we have installed five upgradient and four downgradient monitor wells for the initial mining block. As a condition to receive final approval in November 2023, the EPA required modification to the permit and the installation of three additional water monitoring wells. The permit was modified in June 2024, and the three additional wells were installed in fall 2024.

We installed four Injection/Recovery Wells (“IR Wells”) and subsequently modified the permit to include horizontal wells. In July 2025, two of the IR Wells were converted from vertical wells to horizontal-side tracks where each well extends approximately 1,500 ft laterally. We expect to submit a final mine plan to the EPA for review based on the performance of the horizontal-side track IR Wells.

We have submitted and maintains a fully collateralized surety bond with the EPA for plugging and abandonment of all wells within the EPA AOR boundary.

Additional environmental permitting that will likely be required for the proposed commercial-scale facility includes:

The California Unified Control Act/Agency has primacy over EPA’s Tier II reporting requirements. The Hazardous Material Business Plan has been submitted for construction related activities and will be updated with processing related chemicals that are expected to be utilized to operate the proposed commercial-scale facility. Such updates will require additional approvals.

SSF Update

In April 2024, we commenced operation of the SSF, an above ground chemical plant designed to refine borates, which has served as a foundation for the design, engineering, and cost optimization for our proposed commercial-scale facility and complex, as well as serving as the source of product for our customer qualification and offtake agreement efforts. The SSF is an essential step in the overall Project development plan and serves as our current extraction and processing facility to demonstrate product development and design. Shortly after we began to process the PLS at the SSF we produced our first batch of boric acid. During July 2024, we sent out our first samples of boric acid produced at the SSF to potential customers, and during April 2025, we were notified by a leading global specialty glass manufacturer that they had successfully produced specialty glass utilizing our boric acid. As of September 2025, we were aware of approximately 14 customers in 8 diverse market segments who had successfully qualified our boric acid through a combination of laboratory evaluation, field trials and truckload-scale shipments. As part of ongoing customer qualification program, we plan to deliver larger volumes of boric acid from the SSF to customer production facilities for product validation. We believe that the progress observed in our customer qualification efforts will facilitate discussions with stakeholders about funding options for Phase 1 of the commercial facility and securing commercial contracts for our future products. The SSF currently produces approximately one short ton per day of boric acid. We plan to continue to run the SSF to refine our operations, more effectively optimize detail engineering of our proposed commercial-scale facility, and to produce boric acid for customer qualification.

Preliminary Feasibility Study

In August 2025, we issued our PFS that was prepared in accordance with Regulation S-K 1300, which focused on Phase 1 development of our Fort Cady Project to develop a 130,000 short ton per annum boric acid plant. We believe the PFS demonstrates a world-class resource and reserve, management’s firm understanding and direction for the business, which can position the company to achieve profitability, generate cash flow, and reduce risk. The PFS includes a revised mineral resource estimate and mineral reserve statement for boric acid, estimates for capital costs and operating expenses, and a bottoms-up economic analysis of the first commercial phase of the Project. The financial model for the economic analysis includes third-party preliminary market studies and independent pricing forecasts for boric acid, calcium chloride and gypsum. The report was prepared by qualified persons (“QP” as defined in S-K 1300) including Company management and third-party independent companies Miocene, Fluor, Geomega, Inc., and

Escalante Geological Services, LLC (“Escalante”). All QPs have the necessary experience per Regulation S-K 1300 and material assumptions and information pertaining to the disclosure of our mineral resources, including material assumptions relating to all modifying factors, price estimates, and scientific and technical information, as described in the PFS, and remain current as of the date of this report.

The PFS converted approximately 41% of our total resource and established approximately 5.3 million short tons of boric acid reserves with an average grade of 8.03% (B2O3) and an initial 39.5 year life of mine utilizing an ISL mining method. The PFS allows for optionality for future expansion phases to develop and convert the remaining portions of our total resource into reserves and future endeavors into value added advanced boron derivatives and economically accretive byproducts.

We will continue to operate the SSF while we stage gate to FEL-3 engineering for Phase 1 of the commercial-scale complex

•

FEL-3 engineering is expected to provide the necessary estimates to publish a final feasibility study and a final investment and construction decision for Phase 1 of the proposed commercial-scale complex. Based upon progress to date, we are now targeting to reach initial commercial production from Phase 1 in the second half of calendar year 2028.

Plan of Operations

Upon successful development of the Project, we expect to mine and process colemanite to produce borates, calcium chloride and gypsum. The borates produced are planned to be further produced into second, third and fourth boron derivatives. Initially, we expect to derive revenue principally from the sale of boric acid, calcium chloride, and gypsum. As our advanced boron materials strategy develops, we intend to produce revenue from advanced boron materials further enabling decarbonization, energy, food security, and defense applications.

The Project deposit is planned to be mined via ISL mining to recover leached solution from the mineralized horizons, which is a technique that has been utilized for several decades in the production of uranium, salt, bromine, potash and soda ash. The use of in-situ technology for boron extraction was developed at the Project property in the 1980s. In-situ solution mining depends on void spaces, porosity, permeability, ore zone thickness, transmissivity, storage coefficient, piezometric surface, and hydraulic gradient as well as reaction and extraction method efficiencies. There are various ways of developing the wellfield for in-situ leaching, including a “push-pull” mechanism where wells function as both injection and recovery wells; line drive; and multiple spot patterns. We plan to develop the Project utilizing a horizontal well development strategy, and this strategy was incorporated into the assumptions for the PFS. During July 2025, we converted two of our existing vertical IR Wells into horizontal wells by drilling 1,500-foot laterals from each well, placing the wellbores in high-grade colemanite zones of the deposit. We plan to operate these horizontal wells for the next several months to optimize the wellfield design and operational methods for the proposed commercial-scale facility.

The recovery of boron from colemanite is currently occurring through ISL mining and boric acid is being produced at the SSF. The in-situ mining method includes injecting a weak hydrochloric acid (“HCl”) solution (containing <5% HCl in substantially recycled water solution with regenerated HCl) through wells drilled into the colemanite ore body. The injected acid remains in the formation for a limited period of time to allow reaction with the alkaline ore body and leach the colemanite ore.

The extracted solution is pumped to the processing facility where leach solution is crystallized to produce boric acid. The crystallized boric acid is dried, sized, and bagged as final product. Other boron products are expected to be prepared for market, as required, by end-use customers. Calcium is expected to be recovered from the remaining solution after boric acid processing to produce either gypsum or calcium chloride with the final solution being substantially recycled back into the resource deposit. Within the processing facility, some HCl is regenerated from the gypsum precipitation process as a result of the sulfuric acid acidification of the process recycle stream. The weak HCl solution is combined with recycled water to produce the make-up solution for reinjection into the formation. The process operates a zero liquid discharge evaporator and produces no liquid waste.

Mineral Resource Estimate

In March 2025, Mr. Steven Kerr of Escalante completed and updated resource estimate for the Project. The March 2025 resource estimate updated the prior estimate from 2021, and incorporated data from three additional bore holes and the acquisition of additional mineral tenure for the Project which occurred during the intervening period. That report identified a measured plus

indicated mineral resource estimate of 109.13 million short tons under mineral control by the Company, containing an average grade of 7.89% B2O3 and 303 parts per million (“ppm”) of lithium, using a 2.0% cut-off grade for B2O3. The mineral resource estimate also identified 3.35 million short tons of inferred resources under mineral control by the Company. Uncontrolled land (State of California Surface) contained approximately 22.36 million short tons of measured plus indicated resources and an inferred resource of 0.93 million short tons. The electrical transmission corridor operated by SCE contained 27.78 million short tons, or 25%, of the total mineral resources. While SCE maintains control of the surface and resources to a depth of 500 ft, it does not impinge on our mineral rights for colemanite which occur at depths greater than 1,000 ft. The mineral resource estimate was incorporated into our PFS, which is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Mineral Resources

Regulation S-K 1300 defines a “mineral resource” as a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, considering relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location, or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled.

A “measured mineral resource” is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with a measured mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors, as defined in this section, in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because a measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than the level of confidence of either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource, a measured mineral resource may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve.

An “indicated mineral resource” is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with an indicated mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because an indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than the level of confidence of a measured mineral resource, an indicated mineral resource may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve.

An “inferred mineral resource” is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability, an inferred mineral resource considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project must be presented along with economic viability excluding inferred resources and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.

Resource Assumptions

Key assumptions used in the resource estimate include: mineralized horizons exhibit lateral continuity that will support mining using in-situ leaching mining methods, mineralized horizons are not disrupted by structural or stratigraphic features that could limit mining, there is reasonable continuity of colemanite mineralization throughout the deposit, and there is adequate exploration data to support estimation of resources.

Resource Methodology

The database used for resource estimation includes 52 core holes and three rotary holes for a total of 55 bore holes. Thirty of the core holes were completed by Duval between 1979 and 1981. We completed 14 core holes in 2017 and another core hole in 2022. In 2024, we completed three additional rotary holes as observation wells from which chip samples were collected through the mineral horizons for B2O3 and lithium analyses. The cumulative sampled length for the database is approximately 17,848 feet. The Project’s exploration dataset is current as of February 12, 2025. Drilling coordinates in the database are in UTM NAD 83-11, and depths and elevations are reported in meters. Borate is listed as weight percent (%) B2O3 and lithium as ppm. The drilling database contains 5,767 analytical values for B2O3 and 5,402 analytical values for lithium.

Core recovery for the 2017 drilling program ranged from 93% to 100% with an overall average of 97.60%. Physical core recovery records for earlier drilling conducted by Duval and FCMC are not available, but based on missing intervals in the drilling

database, core recovery likely exceeded 90% in the core drilling and correlates to the 2017 drilling program. The QP has completed a thorough review and verification of the drilling database and found the database to be sufficient for resource modeling.

The QP developed a gridded geologic model of the Project using Carlson Mining™ software. The mineralization does not correlate to lithological markers as the entire sequence is predominantly lacustrine mudstone. However, detailed examination of the analytical results reveals distinct mineralized horizons. The deposit was delineated based on these patterns of mineralization into four mineralized horizons, two non-mineralized or weakly mineralized interbeds and two non-mineralized horizons bounding the deposit. The grid model was constructed across the deposit area, with a grid cell size of 50 meters by 50 meters. Grids represent the bounding elevation surfaces of key horizons, horizon thicknesses, and analytical grades. Grids representing the bounding surface elevations of the mineral horizon were interpolated through triangulation. Mineral horizon grids for thickness and analytical grades were interpolated using Ordinary Kriging (“OK”) and Inverse Distance Squared (“ID2”) algorithms. Mineralization is spatially defined by a resource boundary using a distance of 200 meters from the last intersection of mineralization in a drill hole and by property boundaries. Grids are masked to the outside of the resource boundary.

Using composites for each mineralized horizon, variography was successful for B2O3 grades for the Major Mineralized Horizon (“MMH”), Intermediate Mineralized Horizon (“IMH”), and the Lower Mineralized Horizon (“LMH”). Variogram modeling was unsuccessful for the Upper Mineralized Horizon (“UMH”) and with lithium in all horizons. Grids representing B2O3 grades for the MMH, IMH, and LMH were constructed using OK based on the constructed variograms. ID2 interpolation was used with all remaining grade grids using the same spatial limits established with the horizon grids.

Cut-off Grade

Cut-off grade is an economic analysis to measure cash costs (i.e., the variable cost to produce boric acid compared to the price that can be achieved in the market for the sale of boric acid). We commenced mining operations in January 2024 and began operating the SSF in April 2024. The SSF achieved a steady state of operation in the summer of 2024 and optimized mining operations by September 2024. As such, mining data from September and October 2024 have been utilized as the basis of design and further leveraged for the cut-off grade analysis. Using this data set, an in-depth assessment was performed that included an analysis of the cash costs (i.e., the variable cost to produce boric acid) and excluded book costs (i.e., depreciation) as the capital is assumed to have already been invested to build the project such that it can operate. The definition of cut-off grade for the in-situ mining operation is the point at which the Company would cease operating a particular well or in the case of a combination of wells, the wellfield. As such, cash costs are established as the basis for the analysis.

A 5.0% B2O3 cut-off grade was previously established by Duval and was carried forth by previous QPs in previous technical report summaries. An in-depth assessment of cut-off grade was undertaken in 2022 and 2023 as mass and energy balances were developed to fundamentally begin to assess economic viability of the Project. Data informing the mass and energy balances included incorporating the results of leaching tests, historical results, mining, and processing costs, as well as commodity pricing, and resulted in a 2.0% cut-off calculation.

The in-depth analysis discussed above incorporated mineralization and at what point economic extraction or boron in solution is no longer viable. The driver of this analysis focuses on three specific ratios derived from the basis of design using mining data from the periods of September and October 2024: calcium to boron, sodium to boron, and magnesium to boron. These three ratios are drivers of various costs, chemical utilizations, and byproduct production rates. For example, calcium to boron impacts sulfuric acid utilization and gypsum production compared to boric acid production. Additionally, magnesium to boron impacts lime utilization and metal salt waste production compared to boric acid production. Lastly, sodium to boron impacts HCl utilization and sodium chloride production compared to boric acid production.

The PFS incorporated the above methodology and other key assumptions that are in the financial model detailed in Section 19 of the PFS (refer to Exhibit 96.1 hereto). The sales price for boric acid has increased over the past several years and was tracking around $1,100 to $1,300 per short ton free on board (“FOB”) in the spot market during June and July of 2025, and the PFS includes an assumption of $1,248 per short ton FOB when production first commences based on a preliminary market study prepared by an independent third-party. Sales prices for calcium chloride and gypsum in the PFS were similarly based upon a preliminary market study and forecasts prepared by the same independent third-party. The result of this exercise is a 2.0% financially viable driven grade cut-off, where the costs are near the forecasted price for boric acid.

Fort Cady Mineral Resource Estimate as of March 10, 2025

Results of the mineral resource estimation are shown in the table below, based on resource classification of the Project. The resource estimate contains a combined 109.13 million short tons of measured plus indicated resources with an average grade of 7.89%

B2O3 and 303 ppm lithium, using a 2.0% cut-off grade for B2O3 and no cut-off grade for lithium. The sales price for boric acid has increased over the past several years and was tracking around $1,100 to $1,300 per short ton FOB in the spot market during June and July of 2025. Our PFS estimates the FOB prices for boric acid, calcium chloride and gypsum to be $1,248, $174 and $33 per short ton, respectively, in the first year of production, based upon a preliminary market study prepared by an independent third-party, as discussed in further detail of Section 16 and 19.3.1 of our PFS filed as Exhibit 96.1 hereto. The mineral resource estimate also identifies 4.29 million short tons of total inferred resources with an average grade of 7.45% B2O3 and 310 ppm lithium. The reference point for the resource in the PFS is in-situ prior to mining losses and processing losses. The resource estimate detailed below, including all assumptions and inputs utilized to arrive at such estimate, remain reasonable and accurate as of June 30, 2025.


		Thick		B203		H3BO3		Li		LCE						Resource Classification Tons						Product Tons - Measured						Product Tons - Indicated						Product Tons - Inferred
Property	Bed(1)	(m)		(%)		(%)		(ppm)		(%)		Tonnes		Tons		Measured		Indicated		Inferred		B2O3		H3BO3		LCE		B2O3		H3BO3		LCE		B2O3		H3BO3		LCE
	UMH		1.29		6.95		12.34		305.2		0.16		1,019,259		1,123,540		134,825		988,715		—		9,370		16,642	219			68,716		122,039		1,606		—		—		—
Unpatented	MMH		5.81		8.53		15.15		382.3		0.20		4,604,120		5,075,172		609,021		4,466,151		—		51,949		92,262		1,239		380,963		676,590		9,089		—		—		—
Lode Claims	IMH		10.02		6.66		11.82		334.1		0.18		7,930,744		8,742,146		1,049,058		7,693,089		—		69,824		124,008		1,866		512,046		909,393		13,681		—		—		—
	LMH		5.18		9.42		16.73		252.7		0.13		4,097,952		4,517,217		542,066		3,975,151		—		51,069		90,698	729			374,505		665,121		5,348		—		—		—
Sub-Total													17,652,074		19,458,075		2,334,969		17,123,106		—		182,213		323,610		4,053		1,336,229		2,373,143		29,724		—		—		—
Fee Land	UMH		2.96		6.60		11.72		250.6		0.13		5,239,482		5,775,538		1,443,885		4,216,143		115,511		95,296		169,246		1,926		278,265		494,199		5,624		7,624		13,540	154
	MMH		15.25		8.23		14.62		323.0		0.17		26,950,960		29,708,340		7,427,085		21,687,088		594,167		611,249		1,085,578		12,770		1,784,847		3,169,889		37,289		48,900		86,846		1,022
	IMH		6.09		7.24		12.85		349.4		0.19		10,770,455		11,872,391		2,968,098		8,666,845		237,448		214,781		381,451		5,520		627,160		1,113,837		16,119		17,182		30,516	442
	LMH		8.11		8.63		15.33		222.9		0.12		14,330,824		15,797,025		3,949,256		11,531,828		315,941		340,831		605,316		4,686		995,227		1,767,523		13,682		27,266		48,425	375
Sub-Total													57,291,720		63,153,293		15,788,323		46,101,904		1,263,066		1,262,157		2,241,592		24,902		3,685,500		6,545,448		72,714		100,973		179,327		1,992
Power Corridor	UMH		2.57		5.91		10.50		2.7		0.00		2,094,642		2,308,947		415,611		1,731,711		161,626		24,563		43,623	6			102,344		181,763	25			9,552		16,965	2
	MMH		22.06		7.83		13.91		277.0		0.15		17,965,945		19,804,059		3,564,731		14,853,044		1,386,284		279,118		495,714		5,256		1,162,993		2,065,476		21,900		108,546		192,778		2,044
	IMH		4.40		5.09		9.04		279.0		0.15		3,580,525		3,946,852		710,433		2,960,139		276,280		36,168		64,234		1,055		150,699		267,642		4,396		14,065		24,980	410
	LMH		4.25		7.83		13.90		250.0		0.13		3,461,337		3,815,470		686,785		2,861,603		267,083		53,754		95,466	914			223,973		397,776		3,808		20,904		37,126	355
Sub-Total													27,102,450		29,875,328		5,377,559		22,406,496		2,091,273		393,602		699,038		7,231		1,640,010		2,912,658		30,129		153,068		271,848		2,812
Total													102,046,244		112,486,697		23,500,851		85,631,507		3,354,339		1,837,973		3,264,240		36,186		6,661,739		11,831,248		132,567		254,040		451,175		4,804
CA Surface	UMH		4.78		6.99		12.41		313.2		0.17		3,788,533		4,176,141		167,046		3,842,050		167,046		11,676		20,737	279			268,559		476,961		6,406		11,676		20,737	279
Section 36	MMH		14.02		6.76		12.01		376.0		0.20		11,109,308		12,245,912		489,836		11,266,239		489,836		33,113		58,809	980			761,598		1,352,598		22,549		33,113		58,809	980
(Uncontrolled)	IMH		4.88		3.66		6.50		340.3		0.18		3,869,439		4,265,325		170,613		3,924,099		170,613		6,243		11,088	309			143,590		255,016		7,109		6,243		11,088	309
	LMH		2.98		6.18		10.98		465.9		0.25		2,358,930		2,600,274		104,011		2,392,252		104,011		6,431		11,422	258			147,921		262,708		5,933		6,431		11,422	258
Uncontrolled Total													21,126,210		23,287,653		931,506		21,424,641		931,506		57,464		102,056		1,826		1,321,669		2,347,283		41,996		57,464		102,056		1,826

Table prepared using a 2.0% B2O3 cut-off grade and no lithium cut-off grade.

(1)

“UMH” is Upper Mineralized Horizon, “MMH” is Major Mineralized Horizon, “IMH” is Intermediate Mineralized Horizon, and, and “LMH” is Lower Mineralized Horizon.

Commodity Pricing Assumptions

Our PFS includes an economic analysis, and we obtained an independent preliminary market study for boric acid, calcium chloride and gypsum. The preliminary market studies were based on 15 years of historical data and include an assessment of future supply and demand analysis as well as forecasted future price assumptions, as further detailed in Sections 16 and 19.3.1 of our PFS, which is incorporated by reference as Exhibit 96.1. Our PFS estimates the price for boric acid to be $1,248 per short ton in the initial year of commercial production, escalating to $1,364 per short ton in 2033 due to demand outpacing supply of boric acid, and then held flat when supply and demand for boric acid are expected to normalize. Our PFS estimates the price for calcium chloride and gypsum to be $174 and $33 per short ton, respectively, in the initial year of commercial production, with such prices held flat throughout the model. The price utilized in the financial model for gypsum and calcium chloride is the real price as of June 2025 as provided by the independent preliminary market study. Per the independent preliminary market study, the sales price for boric acid has increased over the past several years and was tracking around $1,100 to $1,300 per short ton FOB in the spot market during June and July of 2025 with variations driven by differing jurisdictions in the spot market. Refer to the tables below for a summary of the prices utilized in our economic analysis included in our PFS.


Year	2028		2033			2067
Boric acid price per short ton	$	1,248	$	1,364		$	1,364
CAGR(1)				1.8	%		0.2	%
Calcium chloride per short ton	$	174	$	174		$	174
CAGR(1)				0.0	%		0.0	%
Gypsum per short ton	$	33	$	33		$	33
CAGR(1)				0.0	%		0.0	%
(1) Compounded annual growth rate is calculated based upon the initial price in 2028 for the respective product to the end of the indicated year.


	Life of Mine Price Assumptions(1)
	Measured and Indicated
	Average		Range
Boric acid price per short ton	$	1,354	$1,201 - $1,374
Calcium chloride per short ton	$	174	$174 - $174
Gypsum per short ton	$	33	$33 - $33
(1) The economic analysis in Section 19 of the Preliminary Feasibility Study includes only measured and indicated resources.

The PFS was prepared based primarily on information available at the time of preparation, is subject to assumptions, conditions and is qualified by various limitations. The foregoing summary description of the PFS is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full PFS, which is included as Exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Internal Controls Disclosure

Between September 2017 and October 2017, 14 holes for a total of 23,111 feet were completed as part of a confirmatory resource drilling program. Assay results from all 14 drill holes were used in the mineral resource estimate. There are 2,113 samples from the 2017 drilling program representing 1,713 feet of core. In conjunction with the 2017 drilling program, 29 historical drill holes completed by Duval and four holes completed by FCMC were in the mineral resource estimate. There are 3,672 samples from the historic drilling representing a cumulative total of 10,831 feet of core.

The PFS indicates that the quality assurance and quality control (“QA/QC”) procedures for the Duval and FCMC drill holes are unknown, though the work products compiled during these historic drilling campaigns, suggests they were carried out by competent geologists following procedures considered standard practice at those times. Discussions held with the exploration geologist for Duval at the time of drilling and sampling indicate that Duval had internal QA/QC procedures in place to ensure that assay results were accurate. Geochemical analyses were carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (“XRF”). XRF results were reportedly checked against logging and assay data.

For the database of drill holes, entire core hole sequences were sampled and dispatched by commercial carrier to the Saskatchewan Research Council (“SRC”) for geochemical analysis. As part of the QA/QC procedures, internationally recognized standards, blanks and duplicates were inserted into the sample batches prior to submitting to SRC. SRC has been accredited by the Standards Council of Canada and conforms with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.2005. Upon receipt of samples, SRC completed an inventory of samples received, completing the chain of custody documentation, and providing a ledger system tracking samples

received and steps in process for sample preparation and analysis. Core samples and chip samples were dried in their original sample bags, then jaw crushed. A subsample was split out using a sample riffler. The subsample was then pulverized with a jaw and ring grinding mill. The grinding mill was cleaned between each sample using steel wool and compressed air or by silica sand. The resulting pulp sample was then transferred to a barcode labeled plastic vial for analysis. All samples underwent a multi-element Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (“ICP-OES”), using a multi-acid digestion for a range of elements. Boron was also analyzed by ICP-OES but underwent a separate digestion where an aliquot of the sample was fused in a mixture of NaO2/NaCO3 in a muffle oven, then dissolved in deionized water, prior to analysis. Major oxides were reported in weight percent. Minor, trace, and rare earth elements were reported in ppm. The detection limit for boron was 2 ppm and 1 ppm for lithium.

For the database of drill holes, a total of 2,253 core samples and 441 control samples were submitted for multi-element analysis to SRC. We submitted control samples, in the form of certified standards, blanks and coarse duplicates (bags with sample identification supplied for SRC to make duplicate samples). In addition to these control samples, SRC also submitted their own internal control samples in the form of standards and pulp duplicates. Certified standards, prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, were submitted as part of our QA/QC procedures. No two standards in any single batch submission were more than two standard deviations from the analyzed mean, implying an acceptable level of precision of SRC instrumentation. SRC assayed two different standards, for its own QA/QC protocol and the QP found that the analytical precision for analysis of both standards was reasonable, with no two standards in any single batch submission being more than two standard deviations from the analyzed mean.

Blank samples inserted consisting of non-mineralized marble. One hundred and thirty-five blank samples were submitted, all of which had assay results of less than 73 ppm boron. The level of boron detected in the blanks was likely sourced from pharmaceutical (borosilicate) glass used during sample digestion. These boron concentrations are considered immaterial in relation to the boron levels detected in the colemanite mineralization and do not appear to represent carryover contamination from sample preparation. Lithium levels in the blank samples were also at acceptable levels with the majority of assays less than 15 ppm lithium. The four highest lithium levels in the blanks immediately followed samples that contained relatively high lithium concentrations. Overall, the concentration of the primary elements of interest (boron and lithium) in the blank samples were at levels considered to be acceptable, implying a reasonable performance for sample preparation.

A total of 136 duplicate samples were submitted to the SRC. SRC composed coarse duplicate samples using a Boyd rotary splitter. There was a good correlation between original and duplicate samples with a reasonable level of precision maintained in the results.

Comparison of Mineral Resource Estimates to Prior Year

The technical report summary included as an exhibit to our prior year Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was estimated as of April 1, 2023 and remained valid as of June 30, 2024, reported measured, indicated and inferred mineral resources of 2.65, 3.15 and 8.17 million short tons of boric acid, respectively. The mineral resource estimate included as exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report and summarized above, was estimated as of March 10, 2025 and remained valid as of June 30, 2025, reported measured, indicated and inferred mineral resources of 3.37, 14.18 and 0.55 million short tons of boric acid, respectively. This represents a 203% increase in combined measured and indicated resource, which is comprised of a 27% increase in measured resource, and a 350% increase in indicated resource. Inferred resource decreased 93% compared to the prior year. These year-over-year changes are ascribed to increases in mineral tenure between periods.

Mineral Reserve Estimate

In August 2025, Miocene completed a mineral reserve estimate for the Project. The mineral reserve estimate was developed based upon the detailed mine plan included in Section 13 of our PFS and the mineral resource estimate. Prior to August 2025, we had not yet established mineral reserves and therefore have not disclosed reserve estimates as of June 30, 2025 or 2024. Reserves point of reference is in-situ with a 2% cutoff grade established based on the analysis performed with the mineral resources cut-off grade. Our EPA UIC permit subdivides the mineralized deposit into three blocks for development. Block 1 comprises the northwestern third of the orebody, Block 2 occupies the central portion of the orebody, and Block 3 comprises the southeastern third of the orebody. The SSF currently operates in Block 2 and Block 2 is permitted for mining with sufficient resources on fee-based lands and within the power corridor operated by SCE to convert resources to reserves on an economic basis, which provides for a 39.5 years life of mine. To convert additional resources to reserves, Block 1 and Block 3 would need to be authorized by the EPA and a mine plan devised that includes this mineral tenure.

For economic modeling, a mine plan was designed where recovery and flow rates are sufficient to feed the chemical plant where PLS is converted to a finished refined borate product available for sale. Production output is within permitted parameters with forecasted revenue from borate sales based on a pricing forecast based on the aforementioned third-party preliminary market study.

The mine plan and wellfield optimization were based on third-party engineering work that incorporated 18 months of actual wellfield data from the SSF into the design and included a bottoms-up capital estimate. The capital estimate was derived by Fluor for the inside and outside battery limits above ground and a total capital estimate was derived and incorporated into the economic analysis. The operating costs were derived from material and energy balances provided by Fluor as well as a bottoms-up labor build for human capital requirements. The revenue and cost inputs for the economic model were on a real basis.

The August 2025 reserve estimate identified 1.35 million short tons of proven boric acid reserves, and 3.98 million short tons of probable boric reserves, containing an average grade of 8.03% B2O3 using a 2.0% cut-off grade for B2O3, consistent with the cut-off grade for the mineral resource estimate. The mineral reserve estimate was incorporated into our PFS, which is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Mineral Reserves

Regulation S-K 1300 defines a “proven mineral reserve” as is the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource and can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource.

A “probable mineral reserve” is the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource.

Reserve Assumptions

Assumptions utilized for the reserve estimate were consistent with the assumptions utilized for the resource estimate, except that only measured and indicated resource included in the mine plan from fee-based lands and the power corridor operated by SCE were included in the resource base (representing approximately 80% of our fee-based lands and 5% of the power corridor). The economic assessment that supports the recognition of reserves was based on a 130,000 short ton per year boric acid production plant, a capital cost estimate for Phase 1 of the Project of approximately $435 million, in-situ leading mining operation delivering 10.2% boric acid in solution (head grade), by weight, to an above ground processing plant; the aforementioned commodity price assumptions; cash operating costs of approximately $563 per ton of boric acid produced and a 7% discount rate. Additional assumptions included performing a tradeoff analysis based on actual vertical well performance relative to expected horizontal well performance whereby horizontal well performance is expected to outperform vertical wells, the chemical plant is designed to yield 95.1% boric acid yield, leaching efficiency is assumed to be 81.9% based on leach testing, and mining efficiency was 95% based on the Company’s July 2025 horizontal drilling program.

The reserve estimate is subject to potential change based on changes to the forward-looking cost and revenue assumptions. It is assumed that we will produce and sell borates to customers once the proposed commercial-scale facility is constructed, commissioned, and in operation. Full extraction of this reserve is dependent upon the modification of the Company’s UIC permit to include the final mine plan based on the learnings obtained from the Company’s horizontal wells that were drilled in July 2025. We obtained a minor modification and authorization to drill the horizontal and sidetrack program in July 2025, and it is our expectation that we will be successful in modifying the UIC permit. The evaporation ponds incorporated into the design of the proposed commercial-scale facility and placed on our fee-based land require a WDR with the LRWQCB. We have an existing WDR for evaporation ponds and we expect to obtain the WDR for the evaporation ponds to remove calcium and sodium.

We do not believe that there are other existing environmental, permitting, legal, socio-economic, marketing, political, or other factors that might materially affect the in-situ mineral reserve estimate.

Fort Cady Mineral Reserve Estimate as of August 4, 2025


Probable Mineral Reserves
Bed	Mean Mineralized Bed Thickness (ft)		Avg. B2O3 Grade (wt. %)		Insoluble Material Grade (wt. %)		Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		Recoverable Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		B2O3 Reserve (tons)		H3BO3 Reserve (tons)
UMH		9.08		6.58		52.5		5,656,611		4,401,126		168,503		299,261
MMH		61.18		8.21		56.9		36,911,677		28,719,130		1,099,550		1,952,800
IMH		17.20		7.20		55.9		12,649,669		9,842,075		376,817		669,227
LMH		20.27		8.62		54.2		20,054,643		15,603,515		597,401		1,060,984


Proven Mineral Reserves
Bed	Mean Mineralized Bed Thickness (ft)		Avg. B2O3 Grade (wt. %)		Insoluble Material Grade (wt. %)		Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		Recoverable Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		B2O3 Reserve (tons)		H3BO3 Reserve (tons)
UMH		9.08		6.59		52.5		1,924,171		1,497,102		57,319		101,798
MMH		61.18		8.22		56.9		12,492,985		9,720,167		372,149		660,937
IMH		17.20		7.21		55.9		4,312,901		3,355,652		128,476		228,173
LMH		20.27		8.62		54.2		6,839,526		5,321,493		203,740		361,843


Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves
Reserve	Avg. B2O3 Grade (wt. %)		Insoluble Material Grade (wt. %)		Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		Recoverable Mineralized Bed Volume (ft3)		B2O3 Reserve (tons)		H3BO3 Reserve (tons)
Proven		8.03		55.7		25,569,583		19,894,414		761,684		1,352,751
Probable		8.03		55.7		75,272,600		58,565,846		2,242,271		3,982,272

Salt Wells Projects

In addition to the Project, we had an Earn-in Agreement with Great Basin Resources Inc. (“Great Basin”) which allowed us to acquire a 100% interest in a salt wells projects (the “Salt Wells Projects”) in the State of Nevada if we incurred certain project related expenditures. The Earn-in Agreement with Great Basin provided for a 3% revenue royalty if concentrates or ores of minerals were sold in the future. During February 2025, we chose not to renew certain mining claims related to the Salt Wells Projects, which effectively terminated the Earn-in Agreement with Great Basin, and we have no further interests in the project.

Available Information

We make available free of charge on our website, www.5eadvancedmaterials.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. These documents are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any of our other filings with the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Each of the risks described below should be carefully considered, together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making an investment decision with respect to our securities. In the event of the occurrence, reoccurrence, continuation or increased severity of any of the risks described below, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks included here are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Annual Report may include additional factors which could adversely affect our business and financial performance. New risks emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risks, nor can it assess the impact of all such risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ materially.

Risks Relating to Our Business

There is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. We will need to raise substantial additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, to be able to continue as a going concern and advance our Project.

There is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our existence in our current form is dependent upon our ability to obtain additional capital. Our cash and cash equivalents as of the date of this report will not be sufficient for us to continue as a going concern or to fund our long-term operations. Raising funds in the current economic environment is challenging and financing may not be available in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. The issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, or the possibility of such issuance, or the securing of financing that investors consider to be unfavorable to us, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or debt securities may dilute the ownership of existing shareholders.

We will need to obtain additional financing to continue as a going concern and to continue our ongoing development and proposed operations.

We have limited assets upon which to develop and commence our business operations and to rely otherwise. We will need to seek significant additional funds in the future through equity or debt financings, government funding or grants, private capital, royalty agreements or customer prepayments, or other strategic alliances with third parties, either alone or in combination to fund our business plan and to complete our mining exploration initiative. Our business plan, which includes the development of the Project, has required and will continue to require substantial capital expenditures. We will require financing to fund our engineering phases, development, construction, and initial commercial production activities and are required to raise additional capital in respect of continuing our proposed mining exploration program, pre-production activities, legal, operational set-up, general and administrative, marketing, employee salaries and other related expenses. For example, as previously disclosed, in September 2024, we received a non-binding letter of intent from the Export-Import Bank of the United States (“EXIM”) for a loan-backed guarantee on project debt financing of up to $285 million for our proposed commercial-scale facility. We have had continued engagement with representatives from EXIM on the loan package, but we cannot make any assurances that the loan package will be finalized on a timely basis, on the currently proposed terms, or at all.

If we are unable to raise adequate funds, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our business plan expenditures, and the failure to procure such required financing could have a material and adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations as well as our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we might have to liquidate our assets and the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements. The inclusion of the going concern explanatory paragraph by our auditors, our lack of cash resources and our potential inability to continue as a going concern may materially adversely affect our business, share price, and our ability to raise new capital or to enter into critical contractual relations with third parties due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

Obtaining additional funding will be subject to various additional factors, including investor acceptance of our business plan, the status of our development program and ongoing results from our exploration and development efforts. If we are not able to secure adequate additional funding when needed, we will need to re-evaluate our operating plan and may be forced to make significant reductions in spending, extend payment terms with suppliers, liquidate assets where possible, limit, suspend or curtail planned development programs and cease operations entirely. Having insufficient funds may also require us to relinquish rights to assets and technology that we would otherwise prefer to develop ourselves, or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. The foregoing actions and circumstances could materially adversely impact our business, liquidity, results of operations and future prospects.

Any such required financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us or at all, and the failure to procure such required financing could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, or threaten our ability to continue as a going concern. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in raising the required funds, we may need to modify our operational plans to continue as a going concern, and we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our planned development activities or proposed exploration and development programs at the Project. In the event additional capital resources are unavailable, we may also be forced to sell some or all of our properties in an untimely fashion or on less than favorable terms. Any of these factors could harm our operating results.

Until successful commercial production is achieved from the Project, allowing for the generation of sufficient revenue to fund our continuing operations, we will continue to incur operating and investing net cash outflows associated with, among other things, developing the Project, maintaining our properties and undertaking ongoing exploration and optimization activities. As a result, we rely on access to capital markets as a source of funding for our capital and operating requirements. We require additional capital to fund our ongoing operations, including the operation of our Small-scale Facility (the “SSF”), progress engineering for our proposed commercial-scale facility, testing and analysis to further de-risk our wellfield design and bring the Project into production, which will require funds for construction and working capital. We cannot assure you that such additional funding will be available to us on satisfactory terms, or at all, or that we will be successful in commencing and maintaining commercial borates or byproduct extraction, production of advanced boron materials, or that our sales projections for these and other products will be realized.

Depending on the type and the terms of any financing we pursue, shareholders’ rights and the value of their investment in our common stock, par value $0.01, (“Common Stock”) and CHESS Depositary Interests (“CDIs”) could be reduced. Any additional equity financing will dilute stockholdings, and new or additional debt financing, if available, may involve restrictions on financing and operating activities. In addition, if we issue secured debt securities, the holders of the debt would have a claim to our assets that would be prior to the rights of shareholders until the debt is paid. Interest on such debt securities would increase costs and negatively impact operating results. If the issuance of new securities results in diminished rights to holders of our Common Stock and CDIs, the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs could be negatively impacted. Any sale of securities will also need to comply with the applicable rules of the stock exchanges on which our securities are listed or quoted for trading. Further, strategic collaboration or royalty agreements may provide us with non-dilutive or minimally dilutive financing but adversely impact our future results of operations or capital resources. There is no guarantee that we will be able to secure any additional funding or be able to secure funding which will provide us with sufficient funds to meet our objectives, which may adversely affect our business and financial position.

We have incurred significant net operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

We had an accumulated deficit of $231.6 million as of June 30, 2025, and we expect to incur significant discovery and development expenses in the foreseeable future related to the completion of development and commercialization of the Project. As a result, we expect we will continue to sustain substantial operating and net losses, and it is possible that we will never be able to sustain or develop the revenue levels necessary to attain profitability. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital when needed, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, and we may need to modify our operational plans. In addition, if we were unable to raise sufficient capital in the future, it may be determined that we would be unable to continue as a going concern, which could have a further material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

Our future performance is difficult to evaluate because we have no or only a limited operating history in the minerals industry and no revenue from our proposed extraction operations at our properties, which may negatively impact our ability to achieve our business objectives.

Although the Project deposit was identified over 60 years ago and significant work has been undertaken to refine the resource estimate and development plan since that time, including by our immediate predecessor, ABR, which undertook significant development activities to develop the resource estimate and mine plan for the Project, we have not realized any material revenues to date from the sale of mineral products. To date, our operating cash flow needs have been financed primarily through equity and equity-linked financing and not through cash flows derived from our operations.

We currently produce an insignificant amount of material from our SSF and we have not sold any material amounts of product derived from our properties. As a result, our revenues are expected to be determined, to a large degree, by the development and future success of our proposed commercial-scale facility at the Project, subsequent operating activities as well as ongoing commercial and marketing efforts to establish offtake agreements for material products. Our revenues will also be substantially impacted by the prevailing prices for borates and its derivatives, calcium chloride, gypsum and other byproducts, to the extent that these products can be successfully extracted. At the present time, the recovery process for lithium has not been field tested and determined, and the cost and efficiency of such process will likely not be addressed until a later point in our development cycle. For the products that we aim to

successfully produce in the future, market prices are dictated by supply and demand, and we cannot predict or control the price we will receive for boric acid and its derivatives, calcium chloride, gypsum, lithium carbonate and other byproducts. Although management has identified currently favorable market conditions concerning the supply and demand of boric acid and advanced boron materials, future market conditions may be significantly less favorable as a result of numerous factors, including many that are beyond the scope of our control.

We were incorporated in September 2021, and we have only recently begun to implement our current business strategy. As a result, we have little or no historical financial and operating information available to help you evaluate our future financial and operating performance. Therefore, it is possible that actual costs may increase significantly, and we may not be able to achieve our expected results. The Project may ultimately be less profitable than currently anticipated or may not be profitable at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

If we do not obtain additional financing and maintain sufficient funds to continue our ongoing development and proposed operations, our proposed business may be at risk or the execution of our business plan may be delayed.

We have limited assets upon which to develop and commence our business operations and to rely otherwise. As of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.8 million and $4.9 million, respectively. We have had recurring net losses from operations and an accumulated deficit of $231.6 million as of June 30, 2025 and $200.0 million as of June 30, 2024. Given our net losses and with only these funds, we will need to seek significant additional funds in the future through equity or debt financings, or strategic alliances with third parties, either alone or in combination with debt or equity financings to fund our business plan and to complete our mining exploration initiative. Our business plan, which includes the development of the Project, has required and will continue to require substantial capital expenditures. We will require financing to fund our planned pre-production activities and are required to raise additional capital in respect of continuing our proposed mining exploration program, pre-production activities, legal, operational set-up, general and administrative, marketing, employee salaries and other related expenses.

The scope of our current business plan for the next 12 months includes, among other things: operation of the SSF to provide the necessary data for our commercial-scale facility, progress our customer qualification program and validate our wellfield design and operational plans; progress FEL-3 and the related detailed engineering and vendor testing; optimize well-field design and operating plan in an effort to reduce future mining capital and operational expenditures through various drilling techniques such as directional, horizontal, and radial drilling; pursue and optimize infrastructure capital expenditures for our larger-scale facility which could include expansion of non-potable water resources, upgrading shore power, connection to a natural gas network, preparing certain lands for the construction of the proposed commercial-scale facility, and constructing new access roads into and out of the location for our proposed commercial-scale facility; and further define our advanced boron materials strategy with consideration to engineering and repurposing our SSF once sufficient data has been obtained for flow sheet optimization and the production of product for customer qualification. It will be necessary for us to obtain additional financing during the next 12 months for us to fund and achieve the full scope of our current business plan. Further, we have incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows in each quarter since our inception and expect to incur significant losses in future periods as we continue to increase our expenses to pursue the development of our business.

Additional development work will be required beyond the scope of our current 12-month business plan in order to optimize, design and engineer operational processes at our proposed commercial-scale facility at the Project, which we expect will assist in our technical and economic analysis of the Project. Such additional development work may include additional drilling and detailed engineering work, continued operation of the SSF to provide the necessary data for our commercial-scale facility, tests of our wellfield design and operational plans, and progression of our customer qualification program, among others. We expect to source the capital needed for such additional development work from additional capital raises or other financing activities.

Our ability to raise additional funds may also be adversely impacted by an economic slowdown, higher inflation, increased interest rates, supply chain issues, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, uncertainty about economic stability and uncertainty about economic policy, including tariffs. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive.

Certain market disruptions may increase our cost of borrowing or affect our ability to access one or more financial markets. Such market disruptions could result from:

•

adverse economic conditions;

•

adverse general capital market conditions;

•

poor performance or cyclical decline of the borates, or mining industries in general;

•

bankruptcy or financial distress of unrelated companies or marketers engaged in the borates industry;

•

significant decrease in demand for borates; or

•

adverse regulatory actions that affect our development and construction plans or the use of borates generally.

Our previous development plans were focused on boron and SOP extraction and developing a commercial-scale complex without first developing a smaller scale pilot facility, such as the SSF. During 2023, we updated our business plan with three phases of scaled production which represented a change in project scope compared to previous business plans. Our business plan now includes:

•

a focus on boron (as opposed to boron and SOP under our previous plans) and calcium-based co-products.

•

Phase 1 targets production of 130,000 short tons per annum of boric acid with calcium byproducts of calcium chloride and gypsum, with targeted initial commercial production in the second half of calendar year 2028.

•

Expansion phases of additional tonnage of borates and calcium based co-products, advanced boron materials, and economically accretive byproducts.

In addition, the capital expenditures related to our proposed commercial-scale facility continue to be subject to change as our technical and economic analysis progresses. Such changes could also be material, including without limitation as a result of potential future price increases for major equipment or labor, and future operating data from our SSF which may result in changes in the design and engineering of our proposed commercial-scale facility. The foregoing factors may lead to materially higher costs, delays or the inability to complete our proposed commercial-scale facility as planned or on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Furthermore, future operating data from the SSF during FEL-3 engineering may provide reason for a change or changes to the engineering for our proposed commercial-scale facility, resulting in a difference in the expected total capital expenditures and ongoing required operating expenditures related thereto. As a result, depending on the timing, nature, quality and specificity of the data we receive from the ongoing operation of the SSF, we may require significant additional capital before we can progress the development of our proposed commercial-scale facility. Such additional capital may be needed to fund further detailed engineering work, including engineering work to define, with a reasonable degree of certainty, the capital expenditures required for our proposed commercial-scale facility and in particular related to equipment and drilling. We may also need additional capital for continued operation of the SSF to prepare boric acid for our customer qualification program, continued testing and analysis of our wellfield to finalize its commercial-scale design, and to evaluate data and design to complete detailed engineering work for the proposed commercial-scale facility. As a result, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to meet our expected timelines, capital expenditure and costs estimates with respect to either the ongoing operation of our SSF or proposed commercial-scale facility and we may need significant additional capital to pursue our operating plans, which capital may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our inability to obtain any such required additional capital on commercially reasonable terms would have a material adverse impact on our business, operations, liquidity and financial position.

Our inability to continue to operate the SSF, and our inability to complete further technical and economic studies with respect to the Project, may have a material adverse impact on the Project.

The SSF is our smaller scale boron facility which serves as a foundation for future design, engineering, and cost optimization for our proposed commercial-scale facility at the Project. We believe that the continued successful operation of the SSF is an important path to obtaining critical information that will help enable us to optimize the efficiency, output and economic profile of our proposed commercial-scale facility. While the SSF has been operational for more than a year, it continues to provide valuable data and information to enhance the detailed engineering of the proposed commercial-scale facility, operational processes and operating expenditures.

The ongoing operation of the SSF, learnings, and data collection are being undertaken in parallel with the engineering process of the proposed commercial-scale facility. This approach has a higher risk of re-work of certain portions of the Project, as information and data we receive may cause us to revise or redesign portions of the proposed commercial-scale complex, causing potential delays and increased design costs. Further, additional technical and economic studies may be required to assist in determining the economic recoverability of mineral resources for the Project. An abbreviated process development approach may also lead to technical risk, and higher capital and operating expenditures. We cannot assure you that the proposed commercial-scale facility at the Project will be completed on schedule, within budget or at all, or achieve an adequate return on investment. We are also a newly formed company which makes it more difficult for you to evaluate our track record of meeting various milestones or target completion deadlines.

Further, the ongoing operation of the SSF is maintenance intensive, requires us to incur operating costs including labor and raw materials, among others, and may require additional capital expenditures to replace existing equipment, to test proposed designs or processes or evaluate modifications to our processes. We cannot assure you that we will have access to sufficient capital to continue the operation of the SSF, or that such costs and expenditure will result in a positive economic outcome for the Project.

Our inability to continue to operate the SSF may delay or prevent the completion of further technical and economic studies. Our ability to complete further technical and economic studies could materially and adversely impact the ability to secure additional funding and thereby delay or otherwise have a material adverse impact on the Project. If additional technical and economic studies are undertaken, the outcomes may not be favorable, and we may be unable to maintain commercial viability. Any further technical studies may also indicate that substantial additional financing will be required to complete the Project. We cannot give any assurance that we will be successful in completing any such financing or that such financing will be available to us if and when required or on satisfactory terms, or at all.

We have invested and, subject to availability of adequate capital, plan to continue to invest significant amounts of capital in the Project on exploration and development activities, which involve many uncertainties and future operating risks that could prevent us from realizing profits on expected timeframes or at all.

Our business is capital intensive. Specifically, the extraction and recovery of borates and other potential byproducts, the mining costs, the maintenance of machinery and equipment, and the compliance with applicable laws and regulations, each require substantial operating and capital expenditures. Subject to the availability of adequate capital, we plan to continue to invest significant capital over the next several years on the development of the Project to bring it into production and will have to continue to invest capital to maintain or increase the amount of mineral reserves we hold and our rates of production once commercialization of the Project has occurred. Mining exploration is highly speculative in nature, involves many risks and is frequently unsuccessful. Development and production activities may involve many uncertainties and operating risks that could prevent us from realizing profits, putting pressure on our consolidated balance sheet and credit rating. Unforeseen issues, including increasing the required amount of capital expenditure necessary to bring the Project into production, the impact of volatility in the borates market and its derivatives, calcium chloride, gypsum and other prices, our ability to enter into supply contracts with buyers, and obstacles or complexities that could arise in the environmental or permitting process may cause us not to proceed with any one or a combination of these activities. Moreover, once mineralization is discovered, it may take a number of years from the initial phases of drilling before production is possible, during which time the economic feasibility of production may change. We previously targeted reaching initial commercial production in fiscal year 2026. Given the permitting hurdles and time to obtain final EPA approval and resource constraints in fiscal year 2024, we are now targeting to reach initial commercial production in the second half of calendar year 2028. This target continues to be dependent on a number of factors and assumptions, including obtaining the requisite funding for, and the successful construction of, our proposed commercial-scale facility, in addition to obtaining and maintaining applicable permits, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to meet any such target on time, on budget, or at all due to many factors including our limited experience in successful construction of similar projects, the complexity of the project, supply chain issues, higher costs, construction delays, cost overruns, planned and unplanned shutdowns, turnarounds, outages and other delays and interruptions. If and when production begins, no assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain our production levels or generate sufficient cash flow, capitalize a sufficient amount of our net profit or have access to sufficient equity investments, bank loan or other debt financing alternatives to fund our capital expenditure at a level necessary to continue our exploration and exploitation activities. In addition, we cannot assure you that existing or future projects, if approved and executed, will be completed on schedule, within budget or achieve an adequate return on investment.

The amounts and timing of expenditures will depend on the progress of ongoing development, the results of consultants’ analyses and recommendations, the rate at which operating losses are incurred, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Whether the mineral deposits we have discovered will be successfully extracted depends on a number of factors, which include, without limitation, the particular attributes of the deposit, prices for the minerals and the volatility of their respective markets, and governmental regulations. If we cannot complete development activities and commence and maintain mining operations, we may never generate revenues and will never become profitable.

The Project may be delayed, more costly than anticipated or unsuccessful for many reasons, including declines in borate prices and its derivatives, calcium chloride, gypsum, and lithium carbonate, cost overruns, project implementation schedule slippage, shortages of or delays in the delivery of equipment or purpose-built components from suppliers, escalation in capital costs estimates, mechanical or technical difficulties, increases in operating costs structures, possible shortages of construction or other personnel, other labor shortages or industrial action, pandemic or localized epidemic, environmental occurrences during construction that result in a failure to comply with environmental regulations or conditions on development, or delays and higher-than expected costs, unanticipated natural disasters, accidents, miscalculations, unanticipated financial events, political or other opposition, litigation, acts of terrorism, operational difficulties or other events associated with such construction that may result in the delay, suspension or

termination of the Project, resulting in further costs, the total or partial loss of our investment and a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial performance and prospects.

We have a limited history of mineral production and we may not be able to successfully achieve our business strategies, including our downstream processing ambitions.

We are a development stage company and we have a limited history of mining or refining mineral products from our properties. As such, any future revenues and profits are uncertain. There can be no assurance that the Project will successfully reach commercial-scale production of minerals or otherwise generate operating earnings. Advancing projects from the development stage into commercial production requires significant capital and time and will be subject to further technical and economic studies, permitting requirements and construction of mines, processing plants, roads and related works and infrastructure. We will continue to incur losses until mining-related operations successfully reach commercial production levels and generate sufficient revenue to fund continuing operations. There is no certainty that we will generate revenue from any source, operate profitably or provide a return on investment in the future.

In addition, substantial additional capital will be required to develop and support potential downstream processing capabilities at the Project. The economic viability of the production of advanced boron materials at the Project will be dependent on a number of factors beyond the scope of our control, including the market demand for and competitive landscape of the advanced boron materials that we hope to produce. We cannot assure you that our downstream processing ambitions will operate profitably or provide a return on investment in the future.

We may be unable to develop or acquire certain intellectual property required to implement our business strategy successfully.

A key element of our long-term business strategy is to develop high-performance, borates and advanced boron materials that support downstream applications in the areas of clean energy infrastructure, electric transportation, and high-grade fertilizers among other end uses. To implement this strategy successfully, we may need to license certain intellectual property related to these downstream processes and/or develop the ability, or collaborate with, purchase or form a joint venture with commercial partners. In addition, other licenses that may be necessary for some of these downstream processing steps have not yet been obtained. Any failure to establish or maintain collaborative, joint venture or licensing arrangements for the production of borates, calcium chloride, gypsum, lithium or other specialty products on favorable terms could adversely affect our business and prospects. No assurances can be given that we will be able to successfully license any such intellectual property, or that we will be able to do so on favorable terms. If we materially breach the obligations in any future licensing agreements, the licensor typically has the right to terminate the license and we may not be able to market products that are covered by the license, which could adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects. In addition, any claims brought against us by any future licensors could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

Other licenses that may be necessary for some of our proposed downstream processing steps have not yet been obtained. Any failure to establish or maintain collaborative, joint venture or licensing arrangements for the production of boron or other specialty products on favorable terms could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Third parties may claim that we infringe on their proprietary intellectual property rights, and resulting litigation may be costly, result in diversion of management’s time and efforts, require us to pay damages or prevent us from marketing our future products.

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing, misappropriating or violating the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims, including claims of alleged infringement of trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights held by third parties. In the future, third parties may sue us for alleged infringement of their proprietary or intellectual property rights. We may not be aware of whether our products do or will infringe existing or future patents or the intellectual property rights of others. Any litigation in this regard, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical resources as well as harm to our brand, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the party claiming infringement were to prevail, we could be forced to discontinue the use of the related technology or design and/or pay significant damages unless we enter into royalty or licensing arrangements with the prevailing party or are able to redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our products or processes in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, any payments we are required to make and any injunction we are required to comply with as a result of such infringement could harm our reputation and financial results.

All of our business activities are now in the development stage, but there can be no assurance that our development efforts will result in commercial development.

All of our operations are at the development stage and there is no guarantee that any such activity will result in commercial production. Although a certain amount of drilling has been conducted at the Project to date, the evaluation of the final mine plan is not yet complete, relies upon the ongoing operation of the SSF, horizontal wells, and we can provide no assurance that the evaluation of horizontal drilling will result in favorable outcomes that support that our proposed mine plans are feasible to develop the Project. Significant additional drilling and mine design activities could be required to develop the Project.

The exploration and development of boron and other byproducts involves significant risks which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge cannot eliminate. While the discovery of these minerals may result in substantial rewards, few properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to establish and develop proven and probable mineral reserves, to develop processes and to construct mining and processing facilities at a particular site, including at the Project. It is impossible to ensure that the exploration and development programs planned by us or any future development programs will result in a profitable commercial mining operation. There is no assurance that our mineral exploration and development activities will result in any discoveries of commercial quantities of boron, lithium, or any other materials or byproducts. There is also no assurance that any mineral property will be brought into commercial production. Whether a mineral deposit will be commercially viable depends on a number of factors, some of which are: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure, the run of mine solution produced, engineering of the plant and process to produce a commercial product, prices of minerals and the volatility of their respective markets; raw material input prices and the related volatility thereof, and government regulations, including regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. These factors and others are beyond our control, and the effects of these factors cannot be accurately predicted. Our long-term profitability will be in part related to the cost and success of our proposed exploration and development programs and any subsequent development programs at the Project and elsewhere.

We are a development stage company and our estimates of mineral resources and reserves remain inherently uncertain and subject to significant change, and the actual volume and grade of material actually recovered may differ materially from current estimates.

During August 2025, we advanced our Project from the exploration stage by filing a Preliminary Feasibility Study, resulting in the conversion of certain measured and indicated resources into proven and probable reserves. Despite this advancement, there remains considerable uncertainty in our resource and reserve estimates due to the inherent risks and subjective judgments involved in such assessments. Investors should not assume that the mineral reserve and resource estimates described under “Properties–Mineral Resource Estimate” and “Properties–Mineral Reserve Estimate” will be fully or economically extracted. Although certain mining and processing activities have been completed at the Project to date, additional drilling activities may be necessary to validate our wellfield design and operational plan for the commercial-scale facility, which serve as the basis for our estimates of mineral resources and reserves in our Preliminary Feasibility Study, and additional drilling will be necessary to construct the wellfield that will supply the commercial-scale facility. Each of these activities may result in changes to our estimates of mineral resources and reserves.

The Project deposit has had a significant amount of prior drilling and is the subject of at least four separate historic mineral resource estimates, including a 2018 initial feasibility study prepared for ABR prepared according to the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (the “JORC Code”), a second feasibility study originally released in April 2020 and updated further in February 2021 also prepared for ABR in accordance with the JORC Code, an amended initial assessment report released by us in May 2023 and further revised in February 2024, and a Preliminary Feasibility Study released by us in August 2025. None of the prior ABR mineral resource estimates were Regulation S-K 1300 compliant, and each report resulted in a different amount of mineral resource estimates. The Preliminary Feasibility Study released in August 2025, contains a combined 5.3 million short tons of proven and probable reserves of H3BO3, using a 2.0% cut-off grade for B2O3. Additional time and expenditures are required to commercially mine and to construct, complete and install mining and processing facilities in those properties that are actually mined and developed. Any expenditure that we may make in the development of any refined borates and advanced boron materials may not result in the discovery of any commercially exploitable mineral deposits or such advanced boron materials.

The mineral reserve estimates stated in this filing and extracted from the Preliminary Feasibility Study represent the amount of boric acid that the QP in that report estimated could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the mineral reserve determination. There can be no assurance that our disclosed mineral reserve estimates can be recovered and any material reductions in the quantity of mineral reserves or the related grades or increase in cost of production could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or prospects. Estimates of resources and reserves are subject to considerable uncertainty, and the estimation of mineral resources and reserves are a subjective process. Such estimates are expressions of judgment based on knowledge, experience and industry practice at the time of the estimation and will be, to a large extent, based on the interpretations, which may be imprecise or which may later prove to be inaccurate, of geologic data obtained from drill holes and other exploration techniques and which may not necessarily be indicative of future results. Estimates made at a given time may change significantly in

the future when new information becomes available. We expect that the estimates of resources and reserves will change to reflect such updated information. Resource and reserve estimates may be revised upward or downward based on the results of current and future drilling, testing or production levels, significantly lower borate prices as a result of a decrease in commodity prices, increases in operating costs, reductions in metallurgical recovery or other modifying factors, and this could result in material write-downs of our investment in mining properties and increased amortization, reclamation and closure charges. Such revisions may also render previously disclosed estimates of mineral resources and reserves uneconomical. We cannot assure you that any particular level of recovery of borates or other minerals from discovered mineralization will in fact be commercially realized. Actual operating and capital cost and economic returns on projects may differ significantly from original estimates. Further, it may take many years to commence production, during which time, the economic feasibility of production may change. The exploration and development of mineral deposits involve a high degree of financial risk over a significant period of time which a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge of management may not eliminate.

We are engaged in the business of exploring and developing mineral properties with the intention of locating economic deposits of minerals. Our property interests are at the pre-commercial-production stage. Accordingly, it is unlikely that we will realize profits in the short term, and we cannot assure you that we will realize profits in the medium to long term. Any profitability from our business in the future will be dependent upon development of an economic deposit of minerals and further exploration and development of other economic deposits of minerals, each of which is subject to numerous risks that are outside of our control.

In addition, pre-production projects like the Project have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future operating costs and capital requirements. Project projections, such as any future estimates of reserves, mineral recoveries or cash operating costs will to a large extent be based upon the interpretation of geologic data, obtained from a limited number of mining data and other sampling techniques, and interpretation of market studies and estimates, which are subject to change. Actual operating costs and economic returns may materially differ from the costs and returns estimated, and accordingly, our financial condition, future results of operations, and cash flows may be negatively affected.

Estimates relating to the development of the Project and mine plan are uncertain and we may incur higher costs and lower economic returns than estimated.

Mine development projects such as the Project typically require a number of years and significant expenditures during the development phase before production is possible. These projects could experience unexpected problems and delays during development, construction and mine start-up. Our decisions concerning the development of the Project deposit have been based on the results of multiple studies performed under the JORC Code and S-K 1300, which have estimated the anticipated economic returns of the Project. The actual profitability or economic feasibility of the Project may differ from our estimates as a result of any of the following risks normally encountered in the mining industry, such as:

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changes in tonnage, grades and metallurgical characteristics of ore to be mined and processed;

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changes in input commodity and labor costs;

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the quality of the data on which engineering assumptions are made;

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adverse geotechnical conditions;

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availability of adequate and skilled labor force, adequate machinery and equipment;

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availability, supply and cost of water and power;

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fluctuations in inflation;

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availability and terms of financing;

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delays in obtaining environmental or other government permits or approvals or changes in the laws and regulations related to project development or operations;

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changes in tax laws, the laws and/or regulations around royalties and other taxes due to the local, state and federal governments and any royalty agreements;

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weather or severe climate impacts, including, without limitation, prolonged or unexpected precipitation, drought, wildfires and/or sub-zero and extreme temperatures;

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accidental fires, floods, earthquakes or other natural disasters;

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controlling water and other similar mining hazards;

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liability for pollution, other environmental damage, or harm to plants or animals, including endangered or protected species;

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potential delays and restrictions in connection with health and safety issues, including pandemics and infectious diseases;

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potential delays relating to social and community issues, including, without limitation, issues resulting in labor disputes, protests, road blockages or work stoppages;

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uncertainties regarding our ability to successfully implement downstream processing and reach full revenue potential;

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potential challenges to mining activities or to permits or other approvals or delays in development and construction based on claims of disturbance of cultural resources or the inability to secure consent for such disturbance; and

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other known and unknown risks involved in the conduct of exploration, development and the operation of mines.

Any of the aforementioned risks may cause substantial delays to the Project and require significant capital outlays, adversely affecting our future earnings and competitive position and, potentially, our financial viability. In addition, the nature of some of these risks is such that liabilities could exceed any applicable insurance policy limits or could be excluded from coverage. As many of the risks described above are also risks against which we cannot insure or against which we may elect not to obtain insurance, we are not fully insured against all potential risks incident to our business. The potential costs which could be associated with any liabilities not covered by insurance, or in excess of insurance coverage, or compliance with applicable laws and regulations could be substantial. As a result of market conditions, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant loss for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We depend on a single mining project.

The Project accounts for all of our mineral resources and reserves and the current potential for the future generation of revenue. Any adverse development affecting the Project will have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, profitability, financial performance and results of operations. These developments include, but are not limited to, the inability to obtain necessary permits or financing to develop the Project, changes in technical parameters of project development, changes in costs or anticipated costs which may make it uneconomic to develop and/or operate the Project, unusual and unexpected geologic formations, seismic activity, rock bursts, flooding, drought, and other conditions involved in the drilling and removal of material, any of which could result in damage to, or destruction of, property, and which could hinder the development and future operation of the Project. If the Project is completed to management’s contemplated target production capacity of up to 450,000 tons per year of boric acid, it will exceed the limits of our existing permits, which would require us to seek modifications to the permits. There can be no assurance that we could obtain any required permit modifications. Based on the Preliminary Feasibility Report, and assuming we reach economically viable production, the Project, by its nature, will have a defined production life (the period during which extraction will remain viable). Ultimately, we will be required to replace and expand our resources and any established reserves if we are to maintain operating revenues. In the absence of additional mineral projects, we will be solely dependent on the Project for our revenue and profits, if any. Our ability to maintain or increase our annual production will be dependent, in significant part, on our ability to expand the Project, bring new projects into production and to complete acquisitions.

Our long-term success will depend ultimately on our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and to develop positive cash flow from our proposed operating activities.

Our long-term success, including the recoverability of the carrying values of our assets, our ability to acquire and develop additional projects, and continuing with the exploration, development and commissioning and operating activities of the Project will depend ultimately on our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and to develop positive cash flow from our operations by establishing ore bodies that contain commercially recoverable borates, lithium, and other minerals and to develop these into profitable operating activities. The economic viability of our future operating activities has many risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to:

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a significant, prolonged decrease in the market price of borates, lithium, gypsum, calcium chloride and other minerals;

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difficulty in marketing and/or selling borates, lithium, gypsum, calcium chloride and other minerals;

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significantly higher than expected capital costs to construct the Project;

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significantly higher than expected extraction costs;

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significantly lower than expected borates, lithium, and other minerals extraction;

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significant delays, reductions or stoppages of borates, lithium, and other minerals extraction activities;

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the introduction of significantly more stringent regulation affecting our activities; and

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global political, economic and market conditions, including political disturbances, war, terrorist attacks and changes in global trade policies and tariffs.

Our future operating activities may change as a result of any one or more of these risks and uncertainties, and we cannot assure you that any ore body that we extract mineralized materials from will result in achieving and maintaining profitability and developing positive cash flow.

Our growth depends upon the continued growth in demand for end use and future facing applications that require borates, lithium, and related minerals and compounds we expect to produce.

Our growth is dependent upon the continued adoption and demand by consumers of end use applications, such as solar and wind energy infrastructure, neodymium-ferro-boron magnets, lithium-ion batteries, and future facing applications, including the semi-conductor, aerospace, military, and automotive markets, which currently require borates, lithium, and related minerals and compounds we expect to produce. If the market for such applications does not develop as we expect, develops more slowly than we expect, and/or current boron producers fulfill all or a portion of the market’s anticipated boron needs, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be affected. The market for such end use applications is relatively new, rapidly evolving, and could be affected by numerous external factors such as:

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government regulations;

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tax and economic incentives;

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rates of consumer adoption; and

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competition.

Our long-term success will depend on our ability to enter into and deliver product under supply agreements.

Because we have not yet begun production of mineral products, we currently do not have any binding supply agreements with any customers. We may encounter difficulty entering into or maintaining supply agreements for our products, may fail to deliver required minimum amounts required by such agreements or may experience production costs in excess of the fixed price to be paid to us under such agreements.

In September 2021, we announced entry into a non-binding letter of intent with Borman Specialty Materials. Under the terms of the letter of intent, we agreed to work together towards a binding agreement for the supply of boric acid and other borates and advanced boron materials, which will be used to manufacture products with critical applications for future global markets, including the semi-conductor, life sciences, aerospace, military and automotive markets.

In May 2022, we also announced entry into a non-binding letter of intent with Rose Mill. Under the terms of the letter of intent, we agreed to work together on supplying advanced boron materials that focus on industrial and military applications.

In June 2022, we signed a non-binding letter of intent with Corning Incorporated for the supply of boron and lithium materials, technical collaboration to develop advanced boron materials and potential financial accommodation in support of a commercial agreement.

In December 2022, we signed a non-binding letter of intent with Estes Energetics to collaborate in producing boron-based materials for solid rocket motors used in U.S. space and military applications.

In May 2023, we signed a non-binding letter of intent with Orbital Composites to provide boron feedstock for 3D printing of wind turbines, permanent magnets, and boron carbide for defense applications.

We cannot assure you that the conditions for the closing of any of these non-binding agreements, which have not yet been completed, will be satisfied or, as applicable, waived or that the non-binding agreements will be finalized at all. Likewise, non-binding agreements that have not yet been completed may be completed on terms that differ, perhaps substantially, from those described herein. If the closing conditions are not satisfied or waived on a timely basis, or if another event occurs delaying, preventing or terminating these non-binding agreements, or if we are otherwise unable to enter into binding product and supply agreements, such delay, failure or termination of the non-binding agreements, or inability to enter into binding product and supply agreements, could

cause uncertainty or other negative consequences that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial performance and operating results.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to enter into similar agreements with other parties, we are unable to mutually agree to matters required by the non-binding agreements with Borman Specialty Materials, Rose Mill, Corning, Estes Energetics, and Orbital Composites and are unable to deliver the product required by such agreements, we are otherwise unable to enter into binding product and supply agreements, or we experience costs in excess of the price set forth in such agreements.

If the estimates and assumptions we use to determine the size of our total addressable market are inaccurate, including its current size, growth trajectory, and the underlying factors that may drive future growth in overall market size, particularly for boron where there is limited third party published research and market forecasting, our future growth rate may be adversely affected, and the potential growth of our business may be limited.

Our estimate of the annual total addressable market for our proposed products is based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, which are based on a number of factors, including, without limitation, historical and current global demand and pricing, the number and geographic location of global and regional suppliers and their current capacity capabilities, and the growing number of end-use applications and demand for such applications. Market estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our market opportunity is also based on the assumption that our existing and future offerings will be more attractive to our customers and potential customers than competing products and services. If these assumptions prove inaccurate, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The cost and availability of electricity and natural gas are subject to volatile market conditions.

Mining development projects and operations consume large amounts of raw materials and energy. We may rely on third parties for the supply of energy we consume and will consume in our development and mining activities. The prices for and availability of electricity, natural gas, oil and other energy resources are all also subject to worldwide supply and demand, volatile market conditions, often affected by weather conditions, as well as political and economic factors beyond our control. Variations in the cost of raw materials, and of energy, which primarily reflects market prices for oil and natural gas, may significantly affect our operating results from period to period. Even if we choose to supply the Project with electricity from a cogeneration facility that we own and/or operate, we will be dependent on a supply of natural gas from a third party for the operation of the facility. We must have dependable delivery of energy in order to develop and ultimately operate our facilities. Accordingly, we are at risk in the event of an energy disruption. Prolonged black-outs or brown-outs or disruptions caused by natural disasters, or other means, would substantially disrupt our production. Moreover, we expect much of our finished borate products to be delivered by truck. Unforeseen fluctuations in the price of fuel attributable to fluctuations in crude oil prices would also have a negative impact on our costs or on the costs of many of our future customers. In addition, changes in certain environmental regulations in the U.S., including those that may impose output limitations or higher costs associated with climate change or greenhouse gas emissions legislation or regulation, could substantially increase the cost of inputs to our operations, such as energy, to us and other borate producers.

Inadequate infrastructure may constrain our future mining operations, including at the Project.

Any potential commercial production at the Project will depend on adequate infrastructure. In particular, reliable power sources, water supply, transportation and surface facilities are all necessary to develop and operate mines. Failure to adequately meet these infrastructure requirements or changes in the cost of such inputs could affect our ability to develop or commence production at the Project and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects.

Uncertain global economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects, including the pricing of our products.

Our financial results are tied to global economic conditions and their impact on levels of consumer confidence and consumer spending. Global consumer markets can be impacted by significant U.S. and international economic downturns and inflation, such as the economic contraction caused by the coronavirus pandemic of 2020 and the global credit crunch experienced in 2008. High levels of inflation, recession or a weak recovery, due to factors that include, but are not limited to, disruptions in financial markets, federal budget, tax, tariff or trade policy issues in the United States, political upheavals, war or unrest, economic sanctions against trading nations, and demonetization, could cause us to experience significant cost increases and revenue declines due to deteriorated consumer

confidence and spending, and a decrease in the availability of credit or on commercially acceptable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects or financial condition.

Our business is also dependent upon certain industries, such as energy, automotive, agriculture, transportation, petrochemical and original equipment manufacturing, and these are also cyclical in nature. Therefore, these industries may experience their own significant fluctuations in demand for our products based on such things as economic conditions, energy prices, consumer demand and infrastructure funding decisions by governments. Many of these factors are beyond our control. As a result of the volatility in the industries we plan to serve, we may ultimately have difficulty increasing or maintaining our level of sales or profitability. If the industries we serve were to suffer a downturn, then our business may be adversely affected.

Prices and availability of commodities consumed or used in connection with exploration and development and mining, such as natural gas, diesel, oil and electricity, also fluctuate, and these fluctuations have and could in the future affect the costs of operations. These fluctuations can be unpredictable, can occur over short periods of time and may have a material adverse impact on our operating costs or the timing and costs of various projects.

Our business could be affected by macroeconomic risks.

Our operations and performance depend significantly on global and regional economic conditions. Macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, slower growth or recession, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment and currency fluctuations can materially adversely affect demand for our products and services. In addition, confidence and spending can be materially and adversely affected in response to financial market volatility, negative financial news, declines in income or asset values, energy shortages and cost increases, labor and healthcare costs and other economic factors. An adverse impact on demand for our products, uncertainty about, or a decline in, global or regional economic conditions can have a significant impact on our suppliers and other partners. Potential effects include financial instability; inability to obtain credit to finance operations and purchases of our products; and insolvency. We cannot predict the timing or scale of these various macroeconomic conditions, but they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Government efforts to combat inflation, along with other interest rate pressures arising from a recently inflationary economic environment, could lead to higher financing and Project completion costs.

Over the past several years, global and U.S. levels of monetary inflation have been higher than recent historical averages. Government entities have taken various actions to combat inflation, such as raising interest rate benchmarks. Government entities may continue their efforts, or implement additional efforts, to combat inflation, which could include among other things continuing to raise interest rate benchmarks or maintaining interest rate benchmarks at elevated levels. Such government efforts, along with other interest rate pressures arising from an inflationary economic environment, could lead to higher financing costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as well as export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations. If we fail to comply with these laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, other remedial measures and legal expenses, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The U.S. Departments of Justice, Commerce, State and Treasury and other federal agencies and authorities have a broad range of civil and criminal penalties they may seek to impose against corporations and individuals for violations of economic sanctions laws, export control laws, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), and other federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). Under these laws and regulations, as well as other anti-corruption laws, anti-money laundering laws, export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations, various government agencies may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned persons or entities and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of these laws or regulations would negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are continuing to implement policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance by us and our directors, officers, employees, representatives, consultants and agents with the FCPA, OFAC restrictions and other export control, anti-corruption, anti-money-laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations. We cannot assure you, however, that our policies and procedures are or will be sufficient or that directors, officers, employees, representatives, consultants and agents have not engaged and will not engage in conduct for which we may be held responsible, nor can we assure you that our business partners have not engaged and will not engage in conduct that could materially affect their ability to perform their contractual obligations to us or even result in our being

held liable for such conduct. Violations of the FCPA, OFAC restrictions or other export control, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws or regulations may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Title to mineral properties and related water rights is a complex process and we may suffer a material adverse effect in the event the Project property or other properties that we may acquire are determined to have title deficiencies.

Acquisition of title to mineral properties and related water rights is a very detailed and time-consuming process. Title to, and the area of, mineral properties may be disputed. We cannot give any assurance that title to such property will not be challenged or impugned. Mineral properties sometimes contain claims or transfer histories that examiners cannot verify. A successful claim that we do not have title to the Project property or lack appropriate water rights could cause us to lose any rights to explore, develop and mine any minerals on that property, without compensation for our prior expenditures relating to such property.

Challenges to our mining claims could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

Certain of our mining activities depend upon the validity and enforceability of mining claims, including unpatented mining claims, which are subject to potential challenges from third parties, regulatory bodies, or governmental agencies. Such challenges may include assertions that:

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A mining claim is invalid due to improper staking, inaccurate or incomplete documentation, or non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

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A mining claim lacks proper tenure, ownership, or rights due to disputed title or conflicting ownership claims.

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The type of mining claim (e.g., lode versus placer) has been incorrectly characterized, which may impact our rights to extract minerals.

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The boundaries or location of a mining claim have been incorrectly established or recorded.

If any of our mining claims are challenged successfully, we may lose rights to some or all of the mineral deposits within those claims. The resolution of any such challenges, whether through litigation or administrative procedures, can be costly, time-consuming, and uncertain. An adverse determination could require us to modify or terminate our mining activities on the affected properties, incur substantial costs to rectify deficiencies, or significantly delay our mining plans. Such outcomes could materially and adversely affect our operations, financial condition, and results of operations.

Restrictions on our ability to obtain, recycle and dispose of water may impact our ability to execute our development plans in a timely or cost-effective manner.

Water is an essential component of our planned mining processes. We currently have two water production wells in an aquifer within our permit boundary, but water is limited in the Mojave Desert. If our demand for water were to outpace supply, our ability to perform mining operations could be restricted or made more costly. Along with the risks of other extreme weather events, drought risk, in particular, is likely increased by climate change. If we are unable to obtain sufficient water to use in our operations, we may be unable to economically produce our target minerals, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The development, construction and proposed operation of our properties and projects is subject to various environmental and operational regulations, and risks relating to land use restrictions and potential opposition from landowners, environmental groups and other third parties, all of which could adversely affect or prevent our ability to grow.

Our properties and Project are subject to numerous environmental laws, regulations, guidelines, policies and other requirements relating to, among other things, local land use, zoning, building and operational laws and regulations. We may also operate in jurisdictions with little or no land use regulations or programs. Requirements that are in place for mining projects may require conformance with specified generation capacities, sound levels, radar setbacks, as well as restrictions on communications interference, hazards to aviation or navigation, or other potential nuisances.

Mining projects may experience local opposition in certain markets due to claims based on these alleged nuisances, concerns about conversion of land use from agriculture or undeveloped land to mining, or other claims of potential adverse health or environmental impacts, such as misuse of water resources, landscape degradation, land use, food scarcity or price increase. We could experience significant opposition from third parties, including environmental non-governmental organizations, local landowners,

neighborhood groups, municipalities and other entities either during the permit application process, including during any public hearings, comment periods or appeal proceedings, or after environmental permits are issued. We could also experience renewed opposition if any permit requires amendment.

Any such opposition may be taken into account by government officials responsible for granting the relevant permits, which could result in the permits being delayed, not being granted or being granted solely on the condition that we carry out certain corrective measures to our proposed projects (including at the Project), which could materially increase our operational costs. In addition, we may become subject to legal proceedings or claims contesting the construction or operation of our projects or permits required thereunder. Any such delays, permit restrictions, legal proceedings or disputes (even if ultimately decided in our favor) could materially delay our ability to complete construction of a project (including at the Project) in a timely manner, or at all, materially increase the costs associated with commencing or continuing such project’s commercial operations or harm our reputation. Any settlement of claims or unfavorable outcomes or developments relating to these proceedings or disputes, such as judgments for monetary damages, injunctions or denial or revocation of permits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and reputation.

The mining industry is historically a cyclical industry and market fluctuations in the prices of borates and other minerals could adversely affect our business.

We may derive revenues from the extraction and sale of borates, calcium-based co-products and other minerals. The marketability of minerals is affected by numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include government regulations relating to pricing, taxes, royalties, allowable production, imports, exports, prevailing price, price volatility, supply, changes in buyer preferences and demand for borates and other minerals. The prices of such commodities have historically fluctuated, and may in the future fluctuate widely and may be affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including international, economic and political trends, domestic and foreign tax policy, the price of imports of commodities, the cost of exploration, development, production and processing mineral ore, available transportation capacity, expectations of inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, interest rates, global or regional consumptive patterns, speculative activities, increased production due to new or improved extraction and production developments and methods, technological changes in the markets for the end products and the overall supply and demand for minerals. The effect of these factors on the price of borates and other minerals, and therefore the economic viability of any of our exploration properties, cannot accurately be predicted. Additionally, new production of borates from current or new competitors in the borates market could adversely affect prices. Any additional supply (including as a result of new investments) could have an adverse effect on the price of such materials. Only limited information is available with respect to the status of expansion and new borate production capacity expansion projects being developed by current and potential competitors, and, as such, we cannot make accurate projections regarding the future capacities of current and possible new entrants into the market and the dates on which such capacities could become available on the market. If these potential projects are completed in the short term, they could adversely affect market lithium prices, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting any minerals we discover.

Changes in commodity prices would affect our revenues and may reduce the amount of funds available to reinvest in development activities. Reductions in mineral prices not only reduce our revenues and profits but could also reduce the quantities of any reserves that are commercially recoverable. Declining mineral prices may also adversely impact our operations by requiring a review of the commercial feasibility of any of our proposed exploration and development programs. Any such review may indicate a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of our proposed business.

Fluctuations in the value of the United States dollar relative to other currencies may adversely affect our business.

Fluctuations in the value of the dollar can be expected to affect our business. A strong U.S. dollar would likely result in imported borate products becoming comparatively less expensive, potentially leading to increased competition from foreign producers importing into the U.S. Additionally, a strong dollar could negatively impact our export competitiveness, making our products more expensive for foreign buyers, thereby potentially reducing international sales volumes and revenues. Conversely, a weak U.S. dollar may make imported products comparatively more expensive, reducing competition from foreign imports, and may enhance our export competitiveness by making our products relatively less expensive in foreign markets, potentially increasing our international sales opportunities. These currency fluctuations, whether strengthening or weakening the U.S. dollar, introduce volatility and uncertainty in our pricing, sales, profitability, and overall competitive position in both domestic and international markets.

We face risks relating to mining, exploration, and mine construction, if warranted, on our properties.

Our level of profitability, if any, in future years will depend to a great degree on borate prices and whether our properties can be brought into production. Exploration and development of borate resources are highly speculative in nature, and it is impossible to ensure that the currently proposed and future exploration programs and/or feasibility studies on our existing properties will fully

monetize the reserves. Whether it will be economically feasible to extract boron depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure; boron prices and volatility of the market; mining, processing and transportation costs; the willingness of lenders and investors to provide project financing on commercially reasonable or favorable terms; labor costs and possible labor strikes; and governmental regulations, including, without limitation, regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting materials, foreign exchange, environmental protection, employment, worker safety, transportation, and reclamation and closure obligations. The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but any one or a combination of these factors may result in us receiving an inadequate return on invested capital. In addition, we are subject to the risks normally encountered in the mining industry, such as:

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the discovery of unusual or unexpected geological formations;

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accidental fires, floods, earthquakes, severe weather or other natural disasters;

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unplanned power outages and water shortages;

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construction delays and higher than expected capital costs due to, among other things, supply chain disruptions, higher transportation costs and inflation;

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controlling water and other similar mining hazards;

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explosions and mechanical failure of equipment;

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operating labor disruptions and labor disputes;

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the ability to obtain suitable or adequate machinery, equipment or labor;

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our liability for pollution or other hazards; and

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other unknown risks involved in the conduct of exploration and operation of mines.

The nature of these risks is such that liabilities could exceed any applicable insurance policy limits or could be excluded from coverage. There are also risks against which we cannot insure or against which we may elect not to insure. The potential costs, which could be associated with any liabilities not covered by insurance or in excess of insurance coverage, or compliance with applicable laws and regulations may cause substantial delays and require significant capital outlays, adversely affecting our future earnings and competitive position and potentially our financial viability.

Mineral exploration and development, such as our proposed operations, are subject to extraordinary risks.

Mineral exploration, development and production involves many risks which even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. The industrial activities conducted at our facilities present significant risk of serious injury or death to our employees, customers or other visitors to our operations, notwithstanding our safety precautions, including our material compliance with federal, state and local employee health and safety regulations. While we have in place policies and procedures to minimize such risks, we may nevertheless be unable to avoid material liabilities for an injury or death. Our operations will be subject to geological, technical and operating hazards and risks inherent in the exploration for mineral resources and, if we discover a mineral resource in commercially exploitable quantity, our operations could be subject to all of the hazards and risks inherent in the development and production of resources, including liability for pollution or similar hazards against which we cannot insure or against which we may elect not to insure. Any such event could result in work stoppages and damage to property, including damage to the environment. Even though we maintain workers’ compensation insurance and a general liability policy to address the risk of incurring material liabilities for injury or death, there can be no assurance that the insurance coverage will be adequate or will continue to be available on the terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could result in material liabilities for an injury or death. The payment of any liabilities that arise may have a material adverse impact on us.

Our proposed facilities or operations could be adversely affected by natural or human causes outside of our control, such as natural disasters, wars or health epidemics or pandemics.

We may be impacted by natural disasters, wars, health epidemics or pandemics, terrorist attacks, civil unrest, cyber threats or attacks, or other events outside of our control. For example, the Project is located in San Bernardino County, California near active faults, which may make our operations more susceptible to nearby earthquakes. If major disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, health epidemics or pandemics, floods, drought, or other events occur, or our information system or communications network breaks down or operates improperly, our ability to achieve or continue operations at the Project may be seriously damaged, or we may have to stop or delay our proposed exploration and development, and eventually production and shipment of our products. We may incur

expenses or delays relating to such events outside of our control, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

A shortage of skilled technicians and engineers may further increase our operating costs, which may materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Efficient production of borates products using modern techniques and equipment requires skilled technicians and engineers. In addition, our efforts will significantly increase the number of skilled operators, maintenance technicians, engineers and other personnel required to successfully operate our business. In the event that we are unable to hire, train and retain the necessary number of skilled technicians, engineers and other personnel there could be an adverse impact on our labor costs and our ability to reach anticipated production levels in a timely manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs, could materially increase the cost of constructing our proposed commercial-scale facility and materially adversely impact the economic viability of our project.

Our planned commercial-scale facility for in-situ mining of boron will require significant capital investment, currently estimated to be approximately $435 million, inclusive of contingency. The construction of this facility will involve sourcing equipment from within the United States, but also from various European countries and other international sources. Recent and potential future changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs implemented or proposed by the U.S. government and any retaliatory actions taken in response by foreign governments, could significantly increase the cost of imported equipment and materials required for the construction of our facility.

The economic feasibility study included in our Preliminary Feasibility Study, and the related cost analyses, have not accounted for the impact of existing or future tariffs. The ultimate impact of currently announced tariffs and any future tariffs or trade policies will depend on various factors, including the timing of implementation and the amount, scope and nature of such tariffs or policies. Given the uncertainty and volatility surrounding trade and tariff policies, particularly in light of historical shifts in tariff approaches, including those imposed under the current Trump administration, we may experience materially increased costs that are difficult to predict accurately at this time. Such cost increases could negatively affect the projected economics of our facility and our ability to access financing, potentially causing the economic feasibility of the project to deteriorate substantially or render the project economically unviable, thereby causing us to delay, significantly modify, or cancel the project entirely, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

A shortage of equipment or disruption in our supply chain could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

We are dependent on various supplies and equipment to carry out our mineral exploration and development activities. Any shortage of such supplies, equipment and parts could have a material adverse effect on our ability to carry out our operations and therefore limit or increase the cost of potential future production.

Further, we are subject to risk from fluctuating market prices of certain raw materials, including steel, fiberglass reinforced plastic, and bulk chemicals, which are necessary to the construction, maintenance and operation of our assets. The price of these raw materials may be affected by supply restrictions or other market factors (including inflation) from time to time. Some of the components and materials related to our current and planned assets will be sourced from outside the United States through arrangements with various vendors, and we may experience delays in obtaining these components and materials as a result of shipping and transportation constraints, and other supply chain disruptions. Political, social or economic instability in regions where these components and materials are made could cause future disruptions in trade.

Actions in various countries have created uncertainty with respect to tariff impacts on the costs of some of these components and materials. The degree of our exposure is dependent on (among other things) the type of some of these components and materials. Significant price increases for these raw materials could reduce our operating margins, and could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In particular, bulk chemicals are critical to the operation of our business. These raw materials are in high demand, subject to price fluctuations and of limited availability. If manufacturers are not able to procure enough of these components or procure them in a timely manner, this would have a material adverse effect on the development of our products and in turn, our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Significant price increases for bulk chemicals in particular may have an adverse impact on the economic viability of our proposed development and operating activities.

Disruptions in production at our proposed facilities may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.

Manufacturing facilities in our industry are subject to planned and unplanned production shutdowns, turnarounds, outages and other disruptions. Any serious disruption at our proposed commercial-scale facility could impair our ability to use our facilities and have a material adverse impact on any future revenues and increase our costs and expenses. Long-term production disruptions may allow competitors to be sought for alternative supply which could further adversely affect our profitability or delay or keep us from reaching commercial development at all.

Unplanned production disruptions may occur for external reasons including natural disasters, weather, disease, strikes, transportation interruption, government regulation, political unrest or terrorism, or internal reasons, such as fire, unplanned maintenance or other manufacturing problems. We may experience delays in construction, equipment procurement, or in completing our proposed commercial-scale facility on time. Any such production disruption could have a material impact on our proposed operations, operating results and financial condition.

Failure by our vendors or our component or raw material suppliers to use legal or ethical business practices and comply with applicable laws and regulations may adversely affect our proposed business.

We do not control our vendors or suppliers or their business partners. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that they follow legal or ethical business practices, such as fair wage practices and compliance with environmental safety and other local laws. A lack of demonstrated compliance could lead us to seek alternative manufacturers or suppliers, which could increase our costs and result in delayed delivery of components and raw materials, or other disruptions of our operations. Violation of labor or other laws by our manufacturers or suppliers or the divergence of a supplier’s labor or other practices from those generally accepted as ethical in the U.S. or other markets in which we do and expect to do business could also attract negative publicity for us and harm our proposed business.

Competition with and new production of borates and other minerals from current or new competitors in the market could adversely affect prices and our proposed business.

The mining industry is highly competitive. According to Global Market Insights, as of 2025, there are two major competitors in the borates industry, Rio Tinto Borates and Eti Maden. If we are successful in bringing the Project into production, we would be competing with two large competitors in the borates industry, one global mining conglomerate and one state-owned enterprise, both of which we believe are generally well-funded and established. Competition principally involves sales, supply and labor prices, contractual terms and conditions, attracting and retaining qualified personnel and securing the services and supplies we need for our operations. We cannot guarantee that competition with these two major competitors for boron, as well as with others, will not adversely affect us in the future. For example, lower cost producers of the minerals we mine could be better positioned to manage future volatility through commodity price cycles. Any significant production increases from either of the aforementioned two main borate competitors, and others, or the discovery of any additional significant borate resources could negatively impact prices received for borates. Furthermore, it is possible that competitors may engage in pricing activities that could result in market price reductions that may materially and adversely impact the economic feasibility of our plans. In addition, mines have limited lives and, as a result, we must periodically seek to replace and expand our mineral resources by acquiring new properties. Significant competition exists to acquire mining concessions, land and related assets.

We expect that our competitors may have well-established relationships with our current and potential suppliers, lenders and customers and have extensive knowledge of our target markets. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changing customer requirements than we may be able to. The adoption of more advanced technology could reduce our competitors’ production costs or may result in other efficiencies and, if we do not adopt such technologies, our competitors may have a lower cost structure or greater production efficiency, which may adversely affect our ability to compete.

There is limited information on the status of new production capacity expansion projects being developed by the current and potential competitors and, as such, we cannot make accurate projections regarding the capacities of possible new entrants into the market and the dates on which any new projects could become operational but any significant increase in supply could adversely affect market prices for borates, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the economic feasibility of extracting our resources.

Industry consolidation may result in increased competition, which could have a material adverse effect on our proposed business.

Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to achieve competitive advantages. In addition, new entrants not currently considered competitors may enter our market through

acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. We expect industry consolidation to continue and/or increase as demand for critical materials increases. Industry consolidation may result in competitors with more compelling product offerings or greater pricing flexibility than we may have, or business practices that make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales, technology or supply. These competitive pressures could have a material adverse effect on our proposed business.

We are subject to significant environmental and government regulations and compliance with such regulations requires significant expenditures.

Mining activities in the United States are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing environmental protection, natural resources, prospecting, development, production, post-closure reclamation, taxes, labor standards and occupational health and safety laws and regulations, including mine safety, toxic substances and other matters. The costs associated with compliance with such laws and regulations are substantial. In addition, changes in such laws and regulations, or more restrictive interpretations of current laws and regulations by governmental authorities, could result in unanticipated capital expenditures, expenses or restrictions on or suspensions of our operations and delays in the development of our properties.

As a current holder of interests in U.S. mineral properties, we may be subject to CERCLA. CERCLA, along with analogous statutes in certain states, imposes strict, joint and several liability on owners and operators of facilities which release hazardous substances into the environment. CERCLA imposes similar liability upon generators and transporters of hazardous substances disposed of at an off-site facility from which a release has occurred or is threatened. Under CERCLA’s strict joint and several liability provisions, we could potentially be liable for all remedial costs associated with property that we currently or previously owned or operated regardless of whether our activities are the actual cause of the release of hazardous substances. Such liability could include the cost of removal or remediation of the release and damages for injury to the natural resources. Releases from such facilities or from any of our current U.S. properties due to past or current activities could form the basis for liability under CERCLA and its analogs. In addition, off-site disposal of hazardous substances, including hazardous mining wastes, may subject us to CERCLA liability. Our current and prior U.S. properties are not, to our knowledge, currently listed or proposed for listing on the National Priority List and we are not aware of pending or threatened CERCLA litigation which names us as a defendant or concerns any of our current or prior U.S. properties or operations. However, we have not conducted a Phase 1 or similar environmental site assessment on our properties and cannot be certain that we are aware of all current or historical operations at or affecting our properties that could involve contamination. We cannot predict the potential for future CERCLA liability with respect to our U.S. properties, nor can we predict the potential impact or future direction of CERCLA litigation in the area surrounding our current and prior properties.

Environmental regulations, including climate change related legislation or regulations, mandate, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards, land development and land reclamation, and set forth limitations on the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Enhanced public and private focus on climate change, greenhouse effects and proposed or contemplated laws and regulations relating to carbon emissions may impact aspects of our development plans or our future production. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that may require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for mining companies and their officers, directors and employees. In connection with our current activities or in connection with our prior operating activities, we may incur environmental costs that could have a material adverse effect on financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to remedy an environmental problem could require us to suspend operations or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remedy.

We may also incur substantial costs, including fines, damages, criminal or civil sanctions and remediation costs, or experience interruptions in our operations, for violations arising under these laws and regulations or permit requirements. If we violate environmental, health and safety laws or regulations, in addition to being required to correct such violations, we can be held liable in administrative, civil or criminal proceedings for substantial fines and other sanctions could be imposed that could disrupt or limit our operations. Liabilities associated with the investigation and clean-up of hazardous substances, as well as personal injury, property damages or natural resource damages arising from the release of, or exposure to, such hazardous substances, may be imposed without regard to violations of laws or regulations or other fault, and may also be imposed jointly and severally.

We may in the future be subject to claims by third parties or employees relating to exposure to hazardous materials and the associated liabilities may be material.

Any failure to ensure on-going compliance with current and future laws and government regulations, including environment, workplace health and safety, tax and accounting laws, rules and regulations as well as stock exchange listing rules could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition and prospects.

We may face increased costs and be subject to liability resulting from the generation and disposal of certain wastes, including hazardous wastes, in the course of the Project’s development and/or other future operations.

Our business is subject to stringent and complex laws and regulations relating to the generation, use, handling, storage, recycling, disposal and exposure to solid and hazardous wastes. These laws are frequently subject to change. In the course of our operations, we may generate solid or certain hazardous wastes through the disposal of other materials utilized in our development activities or our future operations. In addition, environmental laws can result in the imposition of liability in connection with end-of-life system disposal.

We own and lease real property and may be subject to requirements regarding the storage, use and disposal of hazardous substances, including spill prevention, control and counter-measure requirements. If our owned or leased properties are contaminated, whether during or prior to our ownership or operation, we could be responsible for the costs of investigation and cleanup and for any related liabilities, including claims for damage to property, persons or natural resources. That responsibility may arise even if we were not at fault and did not cause or were not aware of the contamination. The costs of compliance with laws relating to the management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes or the remediation of any contamination to which we are or may be responsible, and any changes to our operations mandated by new or amended laws, may be significant. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in significant expenses, delays or fines, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.

Land reclamation requirements may be burdensome on our financial position.

Land reclamation requirements are generally imposed on companies with mining operations or mineral exploration companies in order to minimize long term effects of land disturbance. We are required to mitigate long-term environmental impacts at the Project by stabilizing, contouring, re-sloping, and revegetating various portions of the site after well-field and processing operations are completed. In addition, we are responsible for plugging and abandoning all injection recovery, water monitoring, and exploration drilling holes. In undertaking these reclamation activities, we must meet comprehensive environmental protection and reclamation standards. Any failure to meet such standards may subject us to fines, penalties, or other sanctions. In addition, in order to carry out reclamation obligations imposed on us in connection with exploration, potential development and production activities, we must allocate financial resources that might otherwise be spent on exploration and development programs. We currently have reclamation obligations and have arranged and pledged certificates of deposits for reclamation. If we are required to carry out unanticipated reclamation work, our financial position could be adversely affected.

The physical consequences of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our properties and proposed business activities.

Climate change may increase the frequency or intensity of adverse weather conditions, such as tropical storms, wildfires, droughts, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, extreme temperatures or ice storms and may have the long-term effect of changing weather patterns in ways that are difficult to anticipate, which may result in damage or destruction to our assets or to third party assets on which we rely, affect the availability of water for our facilities, or otherwise require us to incur costs, or elicit changes in applicable regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, which may result in, among other impacts, increased compliance costs, reduced revenues, restrictions on our proposed operations, and difficulties in obtaining or maintaining permits, licenses or authorizations required for our proposed business. Any such disruption may prevent us from continuing to develop the Project and any other of our properties, or, if and when completed, operating in the normal course.

Certain of our operations are dependent on particular meteorological conditions. Climate change may have a long-term and permanent effect on meteorological patterns, including the frequency or intensity of wind, precipitation, or change in temperatures at the Project and any other of our properties. Furthermore, components of our systems could be damaged by severe weather, such as wildfires, hailstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding, drought, high or low temperatures or other weather conditions. Replacement and spare parts for key components may be difficult or costly to acquire or may be unavailable. Unfavorable weather and atmospheric conditions could impair the effectiveness of our assets or reduce their output beneath their estimated or engineered capacity or require shutdown of key equipment, impeding future operation of our assets.

Increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are contributing to climate changes that are having significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, fires, floods and other climatic events. If any such effects were to occur in the regions in which we explore, develop and operate, they could adversely affect or delay such activities and may otherwise cause us to incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to those effects.

New or evolving sustainability and climate-related disclosure obligations, as well as increased expectations regarding management of sustainability matters from various stakeholders, could result in additional costs for compliance, restrictions on our access to capital, and increased litigation and reputational risk.

In March 2024, the SEC adopted final rules providing a framework for reporting climate-related risks and creating new disclosure obligations for registrants, including requirements related to climate-related governance, risk management processes, greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, and certain climate-related financial statement metrics. However, implementation of the rules was voluntarily stayed in April 2024 due to multiple legal challenges, and in March 2025 the SEC announced it would cease defending the rules in court. Litigation remains ongoing in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, with certain state governments intervening in support of the rules. As of the date of this report, the SEC’s climate disclosure rules are not in effect, and their future status remains uncertain.

In October 2023, California enacted the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (“CCDAA”), or SB 253, and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (“CRFRA”), or SB 261. The CCDAA requires both public and private U.S. companies that are “doing business in California” and that have total annual revenue of $1 billion to publicly disclose and verify, on an annual basis, Scope 1, 2 and 3 GHG emissions. The CRFRA requires the disclosure of a biennial climate-related financial risk report, aligned with TCFD or ISSB standards, for public and private companies that are “doing business in California” and have total annual revenue of $500 million. Reporting under both laws is scheduled to begin in 2026, although the California Air and Resource Board (“CARB”) is still undergoing its rulemaking process, and both laws are being challenged in federal court.

In September 2024, Australia introduced sustainability and climate-related reporting requirements into the Corporations Act. As a registered foreign company, the Company is not required to prepare a sustainability report under these requirements.

We are still assessing the potential impacts of these laws and other evolving sustainability and climate-related disclosure regimes that we may be subject to. Implementation could result in additional compliance costs, increased costs of and restrictions on access to capital, and reputational or other harm if our disclosures are perceived as insufficient or fail to meet verification or third-party standards. We may also face increased litigation risks relating to alleged damages from GHG emissions, statements made by us or others in our industry about climate-related risks, or any disclosures we make in connection with emissions reporting, particularly given the complexity of overlapping or diverging regulatory requirements and evolving stakeholder expectations.

Further, investors, employees, customers and other stakeholders are increasingly judging companies’ performance on a variety of sustainability matters. Numerous organizations publish sustainability ratings or assessments, which influence investment decisions and are often publicized. Topics evaluated include climate impacts, human rights, land use, human capital management, ethics and compliance, and board oversight of sustainability issues. There can be no assurance that we will successfully manage such issues or meet evolving stakeholder expectations. Failure to do so could result in adverse impacts on our reputation, relationships, business, or operating results.

We are required to obtain, maintain, and renew governmental permits in order to conduct development and mining operations, a process which is often costly and time-consuming.

We are required to obtain, maintain and renew governmental permits for our development activities and, prior to mining any mineralization, we will be required to modify or obtain new governmental permits for our proposed operations. Certain of our land titles could be subject to lease and royalty payments that are either currently payable or may be payable in the future (subject to negotiation with the State of California). Obtaining, maintaining, and renewing governmental permits is a complex and time-consuming process. The timeliness and success of permitting efforts are contingent upon many variables, not all of which are within our control, including the interpretation of permit approval requirements administered by the applicable permitting authority. We may not be able to obtain, maintain, or renew permits that are necessary to our planned operations or the cost and time required to obtain, maintain, or renew such permits may exceed our expectations. Any unexpected delays or costs associated with the permitting process could delay the development or operation of our properties, which in turn could materially adversely affect our future revenues and profitability. In addition, key permits and approvals may be revoked or suspended or may be changed in a manner that adversely affects our activities.

Private parties, such as environmental activists, frequently attempt to intervene in the permitting process and to persuade regulators to deny necessary permits or seek to overturn permits that have been issued. Obtaining the necessary governmental permits involves numerous jurisdictions, public hearings and possibly costly undertakings. These third-party actions can materially increase the costs and cause delays in the permitting process and could potentially cause us to not proceed with the development or operation of our properties. In addition, our ability to successfully obtain key permits and approvals to explore for, develop, operate and expand operations will likely depend on our ability to undertake such activities in a manner consistent with the creation of social and economic benefits in the surrounding communities, which may or may not be required by law. Our ability to obtain permits and

approvals and to successfully operate in particular communities may be adversely affected by real or perceived detrimental events associated with our activities.

Lawsuits may be filed against us or arbitration proceedings may be commenced and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit or arbitration may adversely affect our business, or financial condition.

In the ordinary course of our business, we may become involved in, named as a party to, or be the subject of, various legal proceedings, including regulatory proceedings, tax proceedings and legal actions, including arbitration proceedings, relating to personal injuries, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, property damage, property taxes, land rights, the environment, damages related to breaches of privacy or data security, and contract disputes. Such proceedings and actions may involve liquidated damages, consequential damages, punitive damages and civil penalties or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. In addition, we may also be subject to class action lawsuits, including those alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act and state and municipal wage and hour laws.

Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and other dispute resolution proceedings, the outcome of outstanding, pending or future actions or proceedings may be difficult to assess or quantify, cannot be predicted with certainty and may be determined adversely to us and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our assets, liabilities, business, financial condition or results of operations. Even if we prevail in any such action or proceeding, they could be costly and time-consuming and may divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations, which could adversely affect our financial condition. The ultimate resolution of any litigation or proceeding through settlement, mediation, or a judgment could have a material impact on our reputation and adversely affect our financial performance and financial position.

Moreover, governmental authorities and private parties may bring lawsuits based upon damage to property and injury to persons resulting from the environmental, health and safety impacts of prior and current operations, including operations conducted by other mining companies many years ago at sites located on properties that we currently own or own in the future. These lawsuits could lead to the imposition of substantial fines, remediation costs, penalties and other civil and criminal sanctions. We cannot assure you that any such law, regulation, enforcement or private claim would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We are vulnerable to the risks associated with operating in a single geographic region and concentrating our capital investment in the State of California increases our exposure to that risk.

We expect to focus our operational activities and capital investments at the Project in California. Should we be able to bring the Project into production, we would then be solely dependent upon a single mining operation for our revenue and profits and all of our operations would be conducted in a single geographic region in the western United States in California. The geographic concentration of our operations may disproportionately expose us to disruptions in our operations if the region experiences severe weather, transportation capacity constraints, constraints on the availability of required equipment, facilities, personnel or services, significant governmental regulation or natural disasters. If any of these factors were to impact the region in which we operate more than other borate producing regions, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected relative to other mining companies that have a more geographically diversified asset portfolio.

In addition, scientists have warned that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts and floods and other climatic events. For example, the State of California has experienced several years of increasingly more extreme drought and forest fires throughout the state. If these warnings are correct, and if any such climate-related weather and environmental effects were to detrimentally impact the areas where we or our customers operate, they could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

The operation or development of our facilities could be adversely affected by local communities and/or other stakeholders.

Relationships with local communities and other stakeholders may impact the development or operations of the Project as well as other future projects. We may become impacted by the interests of local communities and other stakeholders, including in some cases, Indigenous peoples. Certain of these communities or other stakeholders may have or may develop interests or objectives which are different from, or even in conflict with, our objectives, including the use of our project lands and waterways near our facilities. Our relationships with the communities near the Project and other stakeholders are critical to the future success of the Project, as well as at any future development. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Publicity adverse to the Project, or the mining industry generally, could

have an adverse effect on our development plans or future operations and may impact relationships with the communities in which we ultimately operate and other associated stakeholders.

We may in the future, be subject to disputes with local communities, including Indigenous peoples, regarding the use of certain aspects of our assets, facilities and land and may in the future, be required to enter into settlement agreements providing for such use, on terms that include, among others, lump sum payments, royalty payments or restrictions on our business.

In addition, disputes surrounding Indigenous land claims regarding lands on or near our properties could interfere with future operations and/or result in additional operating costs or restrictions, as well as adversely impact the use and enjoyment of our real property rights with respect to our assets.

While we are committed to operating in a socially responsible manner, there can be no assurance that our efforts in this respect will mitigate this potential risk. All the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including, but not limited to, as a result of increased costs, reduced revenues, diversion of management attention, reputational harm, disruptions to our operations and other reasons.

We currently plan to continue to invest significant amounts of capital in a variety of exploration activities, which involve many uncertainties and risks that could prevent us from realizing profits or may result in the total or partial loss of our investment.

Our exploration and development activities may be delayed, more costly than anticipated or unsuccessful for many reasons, including declines in boric acid and its derivatives, lithium carbonate, HCl and gypsum, cost overruns, unanticipated financial, operational or political events, mechanical and technical difficulties, increases in operating cost structures, equipment and labor shortages, industrial actions or other circumstances which may result in the delay, suspension or termination of our exploration and development projects, the total or partial loss of our investment in such projects and activities and a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our management and key employees and our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled personnel and senior management.

The responsibility of overseeing the day-to-day operations and the strategic management of our business depends substantially on our senior officers and our key personnel. Loss of such personnel may have an adverse effect on our performance. The success of our operations will depend upon numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including our ability to attract and retain additional key personnel in sales, marketing, commercial, engineering and technical support and finance. We currently depend upon a relatively small number of key persons to seek out and form strategic alliances and find and retain additional employees. Certain areas in which we operate are highly competitive regions and competition for qualified personnel is intense. We may be unable to hire suitable field personnel for our technical team or there may be periods of time where a particular position remains vacant while a suitable replacement is identified and appointed.

Our inability to hire and maintain suitable personnel could have a material adverse effect on us and could prevent us from effectively pursuing our business plan, including developing, growing, and operating our business profitably.

We also depend upon third parties, including consultants, engineers, suppliers and others, for their development, construction and operating expertise and expect to remain so for the foreseeable future. Our ability to continue conducting our activities is in large part dependent upon the efforts of third parties. Highly qualified consultants and engineers are expensive and difficult to attract and retain. We may need to engage additional third parties for new development projects, to establish mineral reserves through drilling, to carry out environmental and social impact assessments, to develop processes to extract boron and lithium and other materials, and to continue to develop the Project. If such parties’ work is deficient or negligent or is not completed in a timely manner, it could have a material adverse effect on us. As a result, our use of services of consultants could have a material adverse effect on us and could prevent us from effectively pursuing our business plan.

We will need to increase the size of our organization and we may be unable to manage our growth effectively.

Our past growth has provided, and our future growth may create, challenges to our organization. Members of our management team possess significant experience and have previously carried out or been exposed to exploration, development and production activities. However, we have limited operating history and our ability to achieve our objectives depends on the ability of our directors, officers and management to implement current plans and respond to any unforeseen circumstances that require changes to those plans. The execution of our business plan will place demands on us and our management. In the future, we expect to hire and train new

personnel as we continue to grow and expand our operations. Our ability to recruit, assimilate, and maintain new personnel will be critical to our performance and we will be required to recruit additional personnel to achieve our business objectives. As a public company, we will need to support managerial, operational, financial and other resources. This growth may place significant strain on us. Successful growth is also dependent upon our ability to implement appropriate financial and management controls and systems and procedures. If we are unable to recruit additional personnel and effectively train, motivate, retain, and manage employees, or if we fail to manage these challenges effectively, our financial condition, business, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our directors and officers may in the future be in a position of a conflict of interest.

Some of our directors and officers currently also serve as directors and officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration, development and production, and any of our directors may in the future serve in such positions. As at the date of this report, none of our directors or officers serves as an officer or director of a minerals exploration, development or producing company nor possesses a conflict of interests with our business. However, there exists the possibility that they may in the future be in a position of a conflict of interest.

We have experienced significant turnover in our senior management team and across our organization, and our failure to attract and retain qualified personnel, skilled workers and key officers could have an adverse effect on us.

Our business may be adversely affected by recent turnover in our senior management team and board of directors which may create instability within the Company, which could disrupt and impede our day-to-day operations, internal controls and our ability to fully implement our business plan and growth strategy. In addition, management transition inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge, which can negatively affect strategy and execution, and our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted as a result. Competition for key management personnel is intense. If we fail to successfully attract and appoint permanent replacements with the appropriate expertise, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. The search for permanent replacements could also result in significant recruiting and relocation costs, as well as increased salary and benefit costs. Like most businesses, our employees are important to our success and we are dependent in part on our ability to retain the services of our key management, operational, compliance, finance and administrative personnel. In order to compete and implement our growth strategy, we must attract, retain, and motivate employees, and turnover of senior management may make it difficult to retain qualified and skilled employees.

We may acquire additional businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies in the future that may be unsuccessful and may harm our operating results and prospects.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue additional acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets. While we currently expect that any such acquisition would be funded with equity, the type of financing for any such acquisition will depend on circumstances existing at that time, including market conditions and our share price. If we are successful at identifying and making such acquisitions, integration of any acquired businesses or assets nevertheless involves many challenges, including a potential strain on our administrative and operational resources, unanticipated issues, expenses or liabilities, and difficulties in the assimilation of different corporate cultures and business practices. We may also seek to enter into joint ventures, pursue strategic alliances in an effort to leverage our existing operations and industry experience, increase our product offerings, expand our distribution and make investments in other companies. We do not have specific timetables for these potential activities and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to identify and complete suitable acquisitions or investments at reasonable prices, or that we will be successful in realizing any anticipated benefits from any future acquisitions or investments.

The success of any acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances or investments will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and, in the case of acquisitions, integrate those transactions and, if necessary, obtain satisfactory debt or equity financing to fund those transactions. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, joint venture, strategic alliance or investments. We may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully into our existing business, maintain the key business relationships of businesses we acquire, or retain key personnel of an acquired business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or incur unanticipated expenses.

Integration of acquired companies or businesses also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. Any acquisitions or investments made by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. In addition, if we choose to issue equity as consideration for any acquisition, our shareholders may experience dilution.

We could be subject to information technology system failures, network disruptions, and breaches in data security which could negatively affect our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The efficiency and efficacy of our business and its operations depend heavily on the performance and availability of our computer and information systems, which we use to communicate, control and manage our operations and prepare our financial management and reporting information. As dependence on digital technologies is expanding, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks and accidental cybersecurity events have been increasing worldwide. We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our information systems and confidential information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, company insiders, suppliers or providers, and as a result of human or technological error, including misconfigurations, bugs, or other vulnerabilities in software and hardware. Computers, telecommunication and information systems are used to conduct our exploration and development activities, will be used to conduct our production activities and have become an integral part of our business. We use these systems to analyze and store financial and operating data, as well as to support our internal communications and interactions with business partners. Cyber-attacks could compromise our computer, telecommunications and information systems and result in additional costs as well as disruptions to our business operations or the loss of our data. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools – including artificial intelligence – that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. As a result, we may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate or recover from future attacks or incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our information systems, confidential information or business. A cyber-attack involving our information systems and related infrastructure, or those of our business partners, could disrupt our business and negatively impact our operations in a variety of ways. Our information systems and confidential information are vulnerable to a range of cybersecurity risks and threats, including malicious code embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, “bugs” or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT systems, products or services. Although we maintain insurance policies, we cannot be certain that any or all of the costs and liabilities incurred in relation any cybersecurity attack or incident will be covered or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

Given the size of our organization, we rely heavily on the use of, and services provided by third parties, including for a significant portion of our key cybersecurity risk management. Because we make extensive use of third-party suppliers and service providers, such as cloud services that support our internal and customer-facing operations, successful cyberattacks that disrupt or result in unauthorized access to third party information systems can materially impact our operations and financial results.

Such material risks and threats include, but are not limited to, the following:

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impacts to availability of systems or data, e.g., operational disruption such as ransomware, even if no direct impact to information data is involved. For instance:

an attack on the computers or information systems which control our mining operations could cause a temporary interruption of our production;

a cyber-attack on our accounting , accounts payable or related information systems could expose us to liability to employees and third parties, or reputational risk, if their sensitive personal information is obtained;

possible loss of material information, which in turn could delay productive processes and selling efforts, causing economic losses; and

a cyber-attack on a service provider or their information systems which we rely could result in supply chain disruptions, which could delay or halt our major development projects.

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Non-malicious (e.g., unintentional) incidents that have an adverse impact on confidentiality, integrity or availability of information or systems resulting from human or system error or malfunction.

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A third party or supply chain incident, e.g., incidents that impact our company due to an impact on a vendor, service provider, supply chain player, partner, or any other third party.

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Further material risks connected to aforementioned cybersecurity incidents include but are not limited to:

theft, loss, or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information,

financial loss,

legal and regulatory penalties or enforcement, and

damage to our reputation.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and CDIs

Our largest stockholders control a significant percentage of our voting power and may be able to exert significant control over the direction of our business.

Our largest stockholders, Bluescape Special Situations IV (“Bluescape”), Meridian Investments Corporation (“Meridian”) and Ascend Global Investment Fund SPC for and on behalf of Strategic SP (together with Meridian, “Ascend”), hold a majority of our outstanding shares of common stock, approximately 68.7% of our outstanding shares as of August 31, 2025. If Meridian, Ascend and Bluescape were to choose to act together, they would be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these parties, if they choose to act together, could control the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership control may delay, defer or prevent a change in control, entrench our management or the board of directors, or impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us that other stockholders may desire. These parties may have interests that are different than those of other stockholders. Meridian, Ascend and Bluescape also hold warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,632,692 shares of Common Stock which, if exercised prior to their expiration date in March 2026, would increase their voting power and ability to exert control over our business.

Exercise of our outstanding warrants will dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders or may otherwise depress the price of our Common Stock.

On March 13, 2025, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,632,692 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $3.5507 per share to Bluescape and Ascend, which were immediately exercisable, (the “Restructuring Warrants”). The Restructuring Warrants expire on the first anniversary of their issuance. Additionally, in August 2024, we issued and sold warrants to purchase an aggregate of 463,770 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $18.3563 per share, including warrants to purchase 231,885 shares of our Common Stock (the “Series A Warrants”) and warrants to purchase 231,885 shares of our Common Stock (the “Series B Warrants”), which became initially exercisable on February 27, 2025. The Series A Warrants will expire on February 27, 2030 and the Series B Warrants will expire on February 27, 2027.

The exercise of some or all of such warrants will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders and increase the number of shares of Common Stock eligible for resale in the public market. Any sales in the public market of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon such exercise of such warrants, or the anticipation of such exercises and sales, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices of our Common Stock. Additionally, the existence of such warrants may encourage short selling by market participants because the exercise of such warrants could be used to satisfy short positions, or because the anticipated exercise of such warrants for shares of Common Stock could depress the price of our Common Stock.

The market price and trading volume of our Common Stock and CDIs may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control.

Our Common Stock is listed and publicly traded on Nasdaq, while our CDIs are listed and publicly traded on the Australian Securities Exchange (“ASX”). The market price of our Common Stock and CDIs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume of our Common Stock and CDIs may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs declines, you may be unable to resell your CDIs or Common Stock at a competitive price. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs will not fluctuate or significantly decline in the future. We cannot assure you that a trading market for our Common Stock or CDIs will be maintained.

Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our Common Stock and CDIs or result in fluctuations in their price and trading volume include:

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actual or expected fluctuations in our prospects or operating results;

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changes in the demand for, or market prices for, borates, lithium, calcium chloride, gypsum, and other minerals;

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additions or departures of our key personnel;

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changes or proposed changes in laws, regulations or tax policy;

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sales or perceived potential sales of our Common Stock by us or our directors, senior management or shareholders in the future;

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announcements or expectations concerning additional financing efforts;

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conditions in the U.S. and global financial markets, or in our industry in particular, or changes in general economic conditions; and

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the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We incur significant costs as a result of being publicly traded in both the United States and Australia.

As our Common Stock is publicly traded in both the United States and Australia, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses related to compliance with applicable regulations. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives, and we may need to continue to add additional personnel and develop our internal compliance infrastructure. Moreover, these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company in the United States, we could be subject to delisting of our Common Stock, fines, sanctions, and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

Our Common Stock is publicly traded on the ASX in the form of CDIs. As a result, we must comply with the listing rules of the ASX (the “ASX Listing Rules”). We have policies and procedures that we believe are designed to provide reasonable assurance of our compliance with the ASX Listing Rules. If, however, we do not follow those procedures and policies, or they are not sufficient to prevent non-compliance, we could be subject to liability, fines and lawsuits. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue generating activities to compliance activities. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.

We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a U.S. listed public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a U.S. listed public company we incur, and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” we expect to incur, significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. We expect that we will need to hire additional accounting, finance, legal, and other personnel in connection with our efforts to comply with the requirements of being a public company, and our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time towards maintaining compliance with these requirements. These requirements increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, we expect that the rules and regulations applicable to us as a public company may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors or executive officers.

We are subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules of the SEC, which generally require our management and independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Section 404 required an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for so long as we remain an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404. Once we are no longer an emerging growth company or, if prior to such date, we opt to no longer take advantage of the applicable exemption, we will be required to include an opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

An active trading market for our Common Stock and CDIs may not be sustained and the trading price for our Common Stock and CDIs may fluctuate significantly.

Shares of our Common Stock are able to be traded by the public on Nasdaq, and our CDIs are able to be traded by the public on the ASX. However, a liquid public market for our Common Stock or CDIs may not be sustained, which means you may experience a decrease in the value or trading price of the shares of our Common Stock and our CDIs (which is based upon the value of our Common Stock), regardless of our operating performance. If a liquid public market for our Common Stock does not sustain, then the value of our CDIs, which is based upon the value of our Common Stock, is also likely to decrease in value. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert the attention of directors or senior management and, if adversely determined, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Because we do not anticipate paying dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain on our Common Stock and CDIs.

Our former parent company, ABR, did not declare any dividends during fiscal years 2019, 2020 or 2021, and we have not declared dividends since, and we do not anticipate that we will do so in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the development of our proposed business. Dividends, if any, on our outstanding Common Stock and CDIs will be declared by and subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors on the basis of our earnings, financial requirements and other relevant factors, and subject to Delaware and federal law. We cannot assure you that our Common Stock and CDIs will appreciate in value. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Common Stock and CDIs and you may even lose your entire investment in our Common Stock and CDIs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, the market price and trading volume of our Common Stock and CDIs could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock and CDIs will be influenced by the research and reports that U.S. securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts may discontinue research on us, to the extent such coverage currently exists, or in other cases, may never publish research on us. If no or few U.S. securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our Common Stock and CDIs would be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Common Stock and CDIs Stock or publish adverse or misleading research about our business, the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, demand for our Common Stock and CDIs could decrease, which might cause our price and trading volume to decline. In addition, research and reports that Australian securities or industry analysts may, initiate or may continue to, publish about us, our business or our Common Stock may impact the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs.

We are an “emerging growth company” and “smaller reporting company” and are able to avail ourselves to reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and small reporting companies, which may make our Common Stock and CDIs less attractive to investors and, as a result, adversely affect the price of our Common Stock and CDIs and result in a less active trading market for our Common Stock and CDIs.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. For example, we have elected to rely on an exemption from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to internal control over financial reporting, and we will not provide such an attestation from our auditors.

We may avail ourselves of these disclosure exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We cannot predict whether investors will find our Common Stock and CDIs less attractive because of our reliance on some or all of these exemptions. If investors find our Common Stock and CDIs less attractive, it may adversely affect the price of our Common Stock and CDIs and there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and CDIs.

We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of:

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the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of US$1,235,000,000 (as such amount is indexed for inflation every five years by the SEC) or more;

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the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act;

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the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1,000,000,000 in non-convertible debt; or

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the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Common Stock that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700,000,000 as of the last day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we must adopt the new or revised standard at the time other non-emerging growth public companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with an emerging growth company which has opted to use the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used. Additionally, the cost to implement new or revised financial accounting standards may be more costly and difficult as we will be required to implement such standards during periods when a significant number of companies are doing so, making third-party resources scarce and/or costly, and when interpretations of the new standards may still be emerging.

We are also a smaller reporting company, and we will remain a smaller reporting company until, as of fiscal year end, we determine that either (1) our annual revenues are at least $100 million and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is at least $250 million measured on the last business day of our most recent second fiscal quarter or (2) our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is at least $700 million measured on the last business day of our most recent second fiscal quarter. Similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosure, are exempt from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, and have certain other reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements and not being required to provide selected financial data, supplemental financial information or risk factors.

If we experience any material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to develop or maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our Common Stock and CDIs.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, prevent fraud and operate successfully as a public company. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results would be harmed. As a result of being a public company, we are required, under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which began with our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting during the evaluation and testing process, we may be unable to conclude that our internal controls are effective. We have not been, and will not be, audited or subject to an assessment of internal control over financial reporting until we are no longer an emerging growth company. There can be no assurance that no material weakness or significant deficiency will be identified once such an audit or assessment of internal control over financial reporting is completed.

Additionally, when we cease to be an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls. If we are unable to confirm that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our Common Stock and CDIs to decline.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

As a public company, we are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how

well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts that shareholders may consider favorable and may prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a merger, acquisition, or other change in control of our company that shareholders may find favorable, including transactions in which shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Common Stock, thereby depressing the market prices for our Common Stock. In addition, these provisions could also make it difficult for shareholders to elect directors who are not nominated by the current members of our Board of Directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions include, among other things, that:

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the ability of our Board to issue shares of Preferred Stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without shareholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

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allowing only our Board to fill director vacancies, which prevents shareholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board;

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a prohibition on shareholders action by written consent, which forces shareholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our shareholders;

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a requirement that special meetings of our shareholders may be called only by (i) our Board or (ii) our secretary, following receipt of one or more written demands to call a special meeting from shareholders of record who own, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the voting power of our outstanding shares then entitled to vote on the matter or matters to be brought before the proposed special meeting that complies with the procedures for calling a special meeting set forth in our Bylaws, which may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to require the convening of a special meeting of our shareholders;

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a requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend the certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws, which may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;

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the ability of our Board to amend our Bylaws, which may allow our Board to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the Bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;

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advance notice procedures with which shareholders must comply to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and

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a prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of our Board, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of shareholders to elect director candidates.

We are also subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which prevents us from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with an interested shareholder (i.e., a person or group that acquires at least 15% of our voting stock) for a period of three years from the date such person became an interested shareholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder is approved in a prescribed manner.

Raising additional capital could adversely affect the voting power or value of our Common Stock and CDIs.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue, we may finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings or the issuance of debt instruments or other securities convertible into Common Shares. We do not currently have any committed external source of funds. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategy considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

We cannot predict the size or price of future issuances of Common Shares or the size or terms of future issuances of debt instruments or other securities convertible into Common Shares, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of the Common Shares. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, investors’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common shareholder including voting rights.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of Preferred Stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our Common Stock and CDIs respecting dividends and distributions, as our Board of Directors may determine. For example, we might grant holders of Preferred Stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. The terms of one or more classes or series of Preferred Stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our Common Stock and CDIs. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might grant to holders of Preferred Stock could affect the residual value of our Common Stock.

Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends.

We have in the past and may again in the future receive a notice of the failure to satisfy a continued listing rule from Nasdaq.

Our Common Stock is listed on Nasdaq. Nasdaq maintains several requirements for continued listing of our Common Stock, one of which is the maintenance of a minimum closing bid price of $1.00. In September 2024, we received written notice from Nasdaq notifying us that the bid price for our common stock had closed below the $1.00 Bid Price Requirement for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. Although we regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement in a timely manner, there is no guarantee we will in the future be able to maintain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement or any other Nasdaq listing standard, which would subject our Common Stock to delisting from Nasdaq.

If our Common Stock is delisted from Nasdaq in the future based on any continued listing requirement, it is unlikely that we will be able to re-list our common stock on another national securities exchange and, as a result, we expect our securities would be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this occurs, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our Common Stock;

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a determination that our Common Stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules, which could result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Common Stock;

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more limited news and analyst coverage for us; and

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Delisting also could result in, among other things, a loss of investor confidence or interest in strategic transactions or opportunities, us being subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities, and difficulty in recruiting and retaining personnel through equity incentive awards.

Sales by our existing shareholders can reduce the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs.

Sales of a substantial number of our Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. Such sales, or any market perception that substantial holders of our Common Stock intend to sell our Common Stock, could reduce the market price of our Common Stock and CDIs. If this occurs, it could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities.

We are a holding company and, as such, we depend on our subsidiaries to generate cash to fund our operations and expenses.

We are a holding company and essentially all of our assets are the capital stock of our subsidiaries. As a result, our investors are subject to the risks attributable to our subsidiaries. As a holding company, we conduct all of our business through our subsidiaries. Therefore, our ability to fund and conduct our business, service our debt and pay dividends, if any, in the future will principally depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to generate sufficient cash flow to make upstream cash distributions to us. Our subsidiaries are separate legal entities, and although they are wholly-owned and controlled by us, they have no obligation to make any funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends or otherwise. The ability of these entities to pay dividends and other distributions will depend on their operating results and will be subject to applicable laws and regulations which require that solvency

and capital standards be maintained by such companies and contractual restrictions contained in the instruments governing any debt obligations. In the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of any of our material subsidiaries, holders of indebtedness and trade creditors may be entitled to payment of their claims from the assets of those subsidiaries before us.

Our Bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.

Our Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to such Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Our Bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolutions of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. We note that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce the choice of forum provision with respect to claims under the Securities Act, and that investors cannot waive compliance with the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of our Bylaws described in the preceding sentence. This forum selection provision is not intended to apply to any actions brought under the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

These choice-of-forum provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our Bylaws inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Description of Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Cybersecurity Risks

Cybersecurity is integrated within the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management process, which is the Company’s systematic approach to identifying, managing and assessing major risk and safeguards, including cybersecurity. We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas. Despite our efforts we put into maintaining a high level of cybersecurity, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.

Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include but are not limited to the following:

Risk Assessment

We periodically conduct assessments of cybersecurity risks to identify potential vulnerabilities and threats to our systems and data. These risk assessments are designed to help identify material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical systems and information.

Security Team

We have established a security team which is principally responsible for managing (i) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (ii) our security controls, and (iii) our response to cybersecurity incidents.

Protection Measures

We implement and maintain cybersecurity controls, including firewalls, access controls, and intrusion detection systems, to safeguard our systems and data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. Furthermore, we use external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes.

Incident Detection and Response

We have established a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to relevant cybersecurity incidents. These protocols include incident response plans and escalation procedures to minimize the impact of potential breaches.

Cybersecurity Training and Awareness

All new hires receive cybersecurity awareness training. All employees, including incident response personnel and senior management, receive periodic training and are periodically subject to evaluations to confirm their cybersecurity knowledge and awareness.

Third-Party Risk Management

We have implemented a third-party risk management process for key service providers based on our assessment of their criticality to our operations and respective risk profile.

Material Cybersecurity Incidents

We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Risk Factors” within this report when evaluating our business and related risk.

Cybersecurity Governance

The Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing cybersecurity, information security, and information technology risks, as well as management’s actions to identify, assess, mitigate, and remediate those risks. As part of its program of regular risk oversight, the Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in exercising oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity, information security, and information technology risks. Periodically, the Audit Committee reviews and discusses with the Chief Financial Officer, who leads our cybersecurity program, the Company’s policies, procedures, and practices with respect to cybersecurity, information security and information and operational technology, including related risks.

Recognizing the importance of cybersecurity to the success and resilience of our business, the Board of Directors considers cybersecurity to be an important aspect of corporate governance. To facilitate effective oversight, our Chief Financial Officer holds discussions on cybersecurity risks and the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures as necessitated by emerging material cyber risks.

Our management team, including the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants.

Given the size of the Company, we do not employ individuals with significant experience and relevant backgrounds in information security, cyber risk management, and cyber incident response. However, we contract with third-party vendors who have these backgrounds. These backgrounds include relevant degrees, certifications, and relevant work experience, including in roles responsible for cybersecurity oversight in entities similar to us, and our Chief Financial Officer relies on the expertise provided by these third-parties in carrying out his cybersecurity responsibilities.

Our management team takes steps to stay informed about and monitor efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in our information technology environment.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Except as disclosed in Note 14–Commitments and Contingencies in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, as of the date of this filing, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any material civil proceeding or government authority contemplating any legal proceeding, and to our knowledge, no such proceedings by or against us have been threatened. We anticipate that we and our subsidiaries may from time to time become subject to various claims, legal proceedings, governmental inspections, audits, or investigations arising in the ordinary course of business. It is not feasible to predict the outcome of any such proceedings, and we cannot assure you that their ultimate disposition will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable as we do not currently operate any mines subject to the U.S. Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977.

PART II

Market for Common Stock

Our Common Stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “FEAM.”

The closing price of our Common Stock on September 28, 2025 was [$3.72] per share. As of that date, there were [17] holders of record of our Common Stock according to Computershare Trust Company, N.A. The actual number of stockholders is greater than these numbers and includes holders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. These numbers of active holders of record also do not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors.

Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities

Except as previously disclosed on Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 28, 2024, September 26, 2024, January 14, 2025, March 5, 2025 and March 13, 2025, and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025, there was a single unregistered sale of equity securities for the year ended June 30, 2025, as further described below.

On July 15, 2025, the Company issued a total of 20,000 shares of Common Stock with a fair value on the issuance date of $3.55 per share to an investor in exchange for a market awareness campaign and various public and investor relations services. The shares were sold in a private offering to an investor that was acquiring the shares for its own account. The offering, therefore, was exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) summarizes the significant factors affecting the operating results, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, and cash flows of our Company for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the consolidated financial statements, the accompanying notes thereto and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”). Except for historical information, this MD&A contains various forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and other important factors and are based upon judgments concerning various factors beyond our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Item 1A-Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report, any of which could cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they are made. Additionally, you should refer to the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” References within this MD&A to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us,” refer to 5E Advanced Materials, Inc., and its subsidiaries.

Overview

5E Advanced Materials, Inc. is a development stage company focused on becoming a vertically integrated global leader and supplier of refined borates and advanced boron derivative materials whose mission is to enable decarbonization, increase food security, and ensure domestic supply of critical materials. Our business strategy and objectives are to develop capabilities ranging from upstream extraction and product sales of borates, calcium-based co-products, and potentially other byproducts such as lithium carbonate, to downstream advanced boron material processing and development. Our vision is to safely process borates and other industrial minerals through sustainable best practices and a continuous improvement mindset. We hold 100% of the rights through ownership and lode claims filed with the United States Bureau of Land Management in the 5E Boron Americas (Fort Cady) Complex (the “Project”) located in southern California through our wholly owned subsidiary 5E Boron Americas LLC (formerly Fort Cady (California) Corporation (“5EBA”)). Our Project is underpinned by boron reserves and lithium resource, with the boron being contained in a conventional boron mineral known as colemanite. In 2022, our facility was designated as Critical Infrastructure by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. We currently operate our small-scale facility (the “SSF”) at the Project, which provides data and information necessary for us to ultimately establish a commercial-scale facility (the “Commercial Scale Facility”) at the Project.

We believe the Project represents one of the most compelling domestic critical material projects in the United States as a strategically located operation that targets stable long-term demand, with a defined pathway to production and a low-cost, high margin and profitable financial profile.

Recent Developments

Preliminary Feasibility Study, Technical Report Summary, Capital Estimate and Timeline to Final Investment Decision

In August 2025, we issued our Preliminary Feasibility Study (“PFS”) prepared in accordance with Regulation S-K 1300, which focuses on Phase 1 development of our Fort Cady Project to develop a 130,000 short ton per annum boric acid plant. We believe the PFS demonstrates a world-class resource, management’s firm understanding and direction for the business, which can position the Company to achieve profitability, generate cash flow, and reduce risk.

Due to the current favorable market backdrop and growing importance of critical materials, we continue to focus primarily on further defining our boron reserves, and to work towards developing a commercial-scale commercial facility for the production of borates, calcium chloride and gypsum. A focus on boron extraction and related end markets is aligned with our mission to become a global leader in enabling industries addressing decarbonization, food security, national defense and production of domestic supply and our focus on high value in use materials and applications.

The PFS was based upon converting approximately 41% of our total mineral resource and established approximately 5.3 million short tons of boric acid reserves with an average grade of 8.03% (B2O3) and an initial 39.5 year life of mine utilizing an in-situ leaching mining method. The PFS allows for optionality for future expansion phases to develop the remaining portions of our total resource and future endeavors into value added advanced boron derivatives.

The financial model for the economic analysis included in the PFS was based upon a third-party preliminary market study which evaluated future supply and demand thematics for the boric acid market, as well as capital estimates developed by our EPC firm, Fluor Enterprises, Inc. (“Fluor”) and Miocene, Inc. (“Miocene”). The PFS included a capital estimate of approximately $367 million, a 15% contingency of approximately $55 million, and owner’s costs of approximately $13 million, for an aggregate capital estimate of approximately $435 million. The capital estimate includes the anticipated costs for a natural gas Combined Heat & Power (“CHP”) COGEN facility that will power Phase 1 of the Project. The estimated accuracy range for the capital estimate is ±25%, which is consistent with industry standards for an Association for Advancement of Cost Engineering Class 4 estimate for projects at the PFS stage. However, our capital estimate is supported by a comprehensive suite of engineering deliverables, including process flow diagrams, simulation and material balance data, equipment lists, preliminary design documentation, and advanced vendor testing, all of which contribute to a well-substantiated capital cost basis.

We will continue to operate the SSF while we stage gate to FEL-3 engineering for Phase 1 of the commercial-scale complex. FEL-3 engineering is expected to provide the necessary estimates to publish a final feasibility study and reach a final investment and construction decision for Phase 1 of the proposed commercial-scale complex during the middle of calendar year-2026. Based upon progress to date, we are now targeting to reach initial commercial production from Phase 1 in the second-half of calendar year 2028.

Although our PFS focused on Phase 1 of commercial production, we have retained optionality for Phase 2 and Phase 3, at which point full operation would include 450,000 short tons of boric acid.

Wellfield

During July 2025, we converted two of our existing vertical injection recovery wells to horizontal-side tracks where each well now extends approximately 1,500 feet into high grade colemanite zones of the Project. The mine plan incorporated into the PFS contemplates the installation of 27 horizontal wells and the use of jet pumps for artificial lift. Over the next several months, we plan to operate these newly drilled horizontal injection recovery wells to refine our operational strategy for the proposed commercial-scale wellfield and to confirm expectations related to head grade. We expect to submit a final mine plan to the EPA for review based on the performance of the horizontal-side track wells.

Fiscal Year 2025 Highlights and Future Considerations

Operational Highlights

Operational Update

During the first fiscal quarter of the year, we optimized and steadied production rates of boric acid at one short ton per day at the SSF and successfully programmed crystallization to operate in an automated mode such that distillation occurred based on feed concentration, improving both boric acid consistency, yield and quality. During this time, the SSF’s belt filter spray nozzle systems were optimized to maintain sulfur content below 100 ppm, which is lower than levels specified by customers in our qualification program. Also during this time, we began to remove metal salts as calcium levels and metal salts had lagged boric acid leach rates to this point. Calcium content increased to greater than 20,000 ppm, necessitating the production of a calcium-based byproduct.

During the second fiscal quarter, we continued to optimize plant-level production rates and streamlined overall operations and our production process. Such efforts resulted in operating cost reductions and an improvement in the quality and consistency of our boric acid production.

During the third fiscal quarter, we focused our efforts on obtaining plant data to inform our byproduct selection, which included the considerations of solution feed profiles that inform raw material utilizations that drive operating expenses, which enabled us to have a more refined view of our future capital needs and operating expense profile. We have tested and produced samples of a 38% calcium chloride solution and a calcium-based product that we believe are representative of what could be produced on a commercial scale, and samples of these products have been provided to potential future customers. We continue to evaluate our byproduct selection, including consideration for the potential to modulate production of both a calcium-based byproduct and calcium chloride to maximize the future economics of the Project.

During the final fiscal quarter of the year, we focused our efforts on customer qualification by shipping product samples to a diverse group of potential customers, while simultaneously carrying out tests and activities aimed at optimizing our future wellfield design, improving wellfield head-grade, and optimizing our process for crystallization of boric acid. For the foreseeable future, we anticipate maintaining boric acid production rates of one short ton per day while the SSF continues to provide the necessary data to

inform and refine the design of the Commercial-Scale Facility, explore ways to optimize our wellfield design and related capital costs, and progress our customer qualification program, while striving to minimize liquidity impacts of the continued operation of the SSF. We believe that the information, data and operating results that have come, and will come, from the operation of the SSF will enable us to design the most efficient commercial-scale facility with optimized project economics.

Commercial Team Strategic Hires

In October 2024, Mark Zamek became our Vice President of Commercial Products, and Kenneth Hoo became our Vice President of Commercial Products - APAC. Mr. Zamek has over 20 years of direct industry experience, having held various senior roles across sales and marketing functions at the largest global borate producers. Most recently, Mr. Zamek served as a consultant for Eti Maden, where he advised the U.S.-focused boron operations on commercial strategy and market expansion initiatives. Prior to that, Mr. Zamek served in numerous strategic sales and marketing roles for over twenty years with Rio Tinto’s U.S. Borax, most recently as Key Global Accounts Manager where he was responsible for managing the company’s largest global borates contract.

Mr. Hoo has over 17 years of borates industry experience, having held several sales roles at the largest global borate producers, as well as consumers. Most recently, Mr. Hoo served as a Sales Manager at Rio Tinto Group, where he specialized in a variety of products, notably borates. Prior to that, Mr. Hoo served in numerous strategic sales roles at borate producers where he accumulated APAC supply chain and logistics expertise while focusing on developing commercial relationships in the Asian market.

We believe that the additions of Mr. Zamek and Mr. Hoo to our team will progress our vision of becoming a leading global supplier of borates and other industrial materials.

Commercial Strategy

During the second fiscal quarter of the year, we met a key milestone through the delivery of our first truckload of boric acid super sacks to a U.S. customer. During the second half of fiscal year 2025, approximately 14 customers successfully qualified our boric-acid product, and additional customers have requested product or are in advanced phases of the testing process. Customers that qualified our product represent a diverse group of industries and market segments such as specialty glass, textile fiberglass, ceramics, insulation, agriculture, defense and chemicals. Testing programs to date have included laboratory evaluation, field trials, and truckload-scale shipments. During April 2025, samples of boric acid that we supplied to a global specialty glass manufacturer successfully produced glass during qualification trials against other suppliers, with results showing that our boric acid performed as well as or better than the product of other suppliers across a variety of attributes of comparison. During August 2025, we packaged boric acid at our Project location and shipped it in an ocean freight container where it completed a 20-day international transit to Taiwan to a major global specialty glass manufacturing facility. Upon receipt, our product passed a handling trial and met all required specifications. The successful trials advance our customer onboarding and qualification process, and we believe demonstrates that our boron production is of the necessary quality to meet the rigorous standards of the specialty glass market. As part of the next phase of the broader qualification process, we plan to ship larger quantities of boric acid for production scale evaluation. We are currently in the process of negotiating contracts for a portion of our initial boric acid production in commercial Phase 1.

This progress supports the Company’s strategy to build a multi-market customer base across multiple high value sectors. We believe this progress highlights its continued momentum toward building commercial relationships and advancing our operational and strategic objectives.

Reduction in Workforce

During November 2024, we undertook a strategic reduction in workforce (the “Reduction in Force”), which reduced our company-wide headcount by approximately 40% with the goal of optimizing our team, reducing fixed and variable operating costs and increasing our efficiency. We estimate that this initiative allowed us to save approximately $1.1 million in operating expenditure during the second half of fiscal year 2025.

Financing Highlights

August 2024 Equity Offering

On August 27, 2024, we completed an offering (the “August 2024 Equity Offering”) of (i) 231,884 shares (the “Shares”) of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”), (ii) Series A warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of up to 231,885

shares of Common Stock (the “Series A Warrants”) and (iii) Series B warrants to purchase an aggregate of 231,885 shares of Common Stock (the “Series B Warrants”, and collectively with the Series A Warrants, the “2024 Warrants”). The Shares and 2024 Warrants were offered and sold on a combined basis for consideration equating to $17.25 for one Share and two 2024 Warrants. The exercise price for each of the 2024 Warrants is $18.3563 per share.

The Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants became exercisable on February 27, 2025. The Series A Warrants will expire on February 27, 2030 and the Series B Warrants will expire on February 27, 2027. The 2024 Warrants contain standard adjustments to the exercise price including for stock splits, stock dividends, rights offerings and pro rata distributions. The 2024 Warrants also include certain rights upon the occurrence of a “fundamental transaction” (as described in the warrants), including the right of the holder thereof to receive from the Company or a successor entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion) that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock in such fundamental transaction in the amount of the Black Scholes value (as described in the respective warrant agreement) of the unexercised portion of the 2024 Warrants on the date of the consummation of such fundamental transaction. The 2024 Warrants include cashless exercise rights to the extent the resale of the shares of Common Stock underlying the 2024 Warrants is not registered under the Securities Act.

The net proceeds to us for the August 2024 Equity Offering were approximately $3.0 million after deducting the placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses payable by us.

September 2024 Notes Offering

On September 16, 2024, we entered into a third amendment (“Amendment No. 3”) to a January 2024 amended and restated note purchase agreement (as described in Note 7–Debt, of Item 8 of this Annual Report, the “January 2024 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement”) and agreed, among other things, to (i) issue and sell new senior secured convertible notes in substantially the same form and under the same terms as convertible notes issued in June of 2024 (as described in Note 7–Debt of Item 8 of this Annual Report, the “June 2024 Notes”), in an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million (the “September 2024 Notes”) to Bluescape Special Situations IV (“Bluescape”), Meridian Investments Corporation (“Meridian”) and Ascend Global Investment Fund SPC for and on behalf of Strategic SP (together with Meridian, “Ascend”), and (ii) amend and restate the January 2024 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement in the form attached as Annex A to Amendment No. 3 (the “September 2024 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement”). The net proceeds to us for the September 2024 Notes were approximately $5.5 million after deducting issuance costs and fees payable by us.

January 2025 Notes Offering

On January 14, 2025, we entered into a fourth amendment (“Amendment No. 4”) to the January 2024 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement and agreed, among other things, to (i) issue and sell new senior secured convertible notes in substantially the same form and under the same terms as the September 2024 Notes, in an aggregate principal amount of $5.0 million (the “January 2025 Notes” and, together with the August 2022 Notes, the June 2024 Notes and the September 2024 Notes, the “Convertible Notes”) to Bluescape and Ascend, and (ii) amend and restate the January 2024 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement in the form attached as Annex A to Amendment No. 4 (as amended, the “Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement”). The Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement also extended the date to which we were required to comply with a financial covenant to maintain a cash balance of at least $7.5 million from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025 (the “Minimum Cash Covenant”). Concurrently with the execution of Amendment No. 4, we entered into a restructuring support agreement (the “2025 Restructuring Support Agreement”), and other related agreements, as defined and discussed below.

The net proceeds to us for the January 2025 Notes were approximately $4.7 million after deducting issuance costs and fees payable by us.

Debt Exchange and Related Agreements

On January 14, 2025, we entered into the 2025 Restructuring Support Agreement with Bluescape and Ascend in connection with certain restructuring and recapitalization transactions with respect to our capital structure (collectively the “Exchange Transaction”), including our Convertible Notes issued pursuant to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement.

Pursuant to the 2025 Restructuring Support Agreement, the parties agreed to implement the Exchange Transaction as either an:

•

Out-of-Court Restructuring: Subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including approval by our stockholders, a recapitalization through, among other things:

(i)

pursuant to an Exchange Agreement dated January 14, 2025 among Ascend, Bluescape and us (the “Exchange Agreement”), the issuance of an aggregate of 13,586,524 shares of our Common Stock to Ascend and Bluescape upon exchange of all of the outstanding Convertible Notes (the “Exchange”);

(ii)

pursuant to a Securities Subscription Agreement dated January 14, 2025 among Ascend, Bluescape and us (the “January 2025 Subscription Agreement”), the issuance and sale by us of an aggregate of $5.0 million of Common Stock to Ascend and Bluescape at a price per share equal to the lesser of (a) $6.716 per share and (b) the volume weighted average price for the Common Stock on the five consecutive trading days immediately following the date of the Exchange (the “Subscription Price”);

(iii)

pursuant to the January 2025 Subscription Agreement, the issuance by us to Ascend and Bluescape of warrants with a one-year term (the “Restructuring Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate number of shares of Common Stock represented by up to $20.0 million divided by the Subscription Price, at a price per share equal to the Subscription Price; and

(iv)

pursuant to a Fourth Amended and Restated Investor and Registration Rights Agreement dated January 14, 2025 among Ascend, Bluescape and us (the “IRRA”), the right of each of Ascend and Bluescape to designate two directors to serve on our Board of Directors (“Board”) following the consummation of the Exchange Transaction for so long as such party beneficially owns 25% of our Common Stock and one director to serve on our Board for so long as such party beneficially owns 10% of our Common Stock (clauses (i) through (iv), together, the “2025 Out-of-Court Restructuring”); or

•

In-Court Restructuring: To the extent that the terms of or the conditions precedent to the 2025 Out-of-Court Restructuring could not be timely satisfied or waived, we would file voluntary pre-packaged cases under chapter 11 of title 11 of the United States Code in a United States Bankruptcy Court (the “Bankruptcy Court”) pursuant to a pre-packaged plan of reorganization (the “Pre-Packaged Chapter 11 Plan”) pursuant to which, among other things, all of our existing equity interests would be extinguished, with Ascend and Bluescape each owning their respective pro rata share of 100% of the new equity interests in the Company upon the effective date of the Pre-Packaged Chapter 11 Plan (the “In-Court Restructuring”). The 2025 Restructuring Support Agreement further provided that Ascend and Bluescape would provide a $10.0 million debtor-in-possession financing facility pursuant to a debtor-in-possession credit agreement to be agreed upon by the parties and, as necessary, approved by the Bankruptcy Court.

On March 4, 2025, at a special meeting of stockholders, our stockholders voted in favor of the 2025 Out-of-Court Restructuring, and on March 5, 2025 the Exchange was completed and resulted in 13,586,524 shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued to Bluescape and Ascend, the termination of the Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement and the extinguishment of all indebtedness owed by the Company under the Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement.

On March 13, 2025, pursuant to the January 2025 Subscription Agreement, we issued and sold an aggregate of 1,408,173 shares of Common Stock to Bluescape and Ascend, at a Subscription Price of $3.5507 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $4.9 million (the “March 2025 Subscription”). Also pursuant to the January 2025 Subscription Agreement, we issued Restructuring Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,632,692 shares of Common Stock to Bluescape and Ascend. The Restructuring Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire on March 13, 2026, and have an exercise price per share equal to the Subscription Price.

May 2025 Equity Offering

On May 12, 2025 and May 13, 2025, we entered into subscription agreements to issue and sell an aggregate of 1,984,709 shares of our Common Stock at a price of $3.55 per share (collectively, the “May 2025 Subscription”). In connection with the May 2025 Subscription, we also issued 37,042 shares of our Common Stock as an advisory fee. The May 2025 Subscription closed on May 15, 2025 and resulted in aggregate net proceeds to us of approximately $6.4 million after deducting fees and other offering expenses payable by us (inclusive of costs that remained payable by the Company as of June 30, 2025).

August 2025 Equity Offering

On August 21, 2025, we entered into an underwriting agreement to issue and sell an aggregate of 2,374,481 shares of our Common Stock at a price of $3.50 per share (the “August 2025 Equity Offering”). The August 2025 Offering closed on August 25, 2025, and resulted in aggregate proceeds of approximately $8.31 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, and other offering expenses payable by us.

Financing Transactions — Liquidity Considerations and Going Concern

Although the financing transactions described above provided an aggregate of approximately $35.3 million of proceeds to us, prior to recognition of issuance costs and transaction fees, and we continue to operate under a business plan that includes reductions in certain spending, we will need additional financing in order to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year after the date this Annual Report is issued. The receipt of potential funding cannot be considered probable at this time because these plans are not entirely within management’s control as of the date of this Annual Report. Therefore, there exists substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Even if additional financing is successfully consummated, available liquidity may still not be sufficient to eliminate the aforementioned substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to the “Going Concern” discussion within Note 1-Description of Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of Item 8 of this Annual Report and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for more information.

Export-Import Bank of the United States (“EXIM”) Letter of Interest and Meeting

In September 2024, we received a non-binding Letter of Interest (“LOI”) from EXIM. The LOI outlines the potential for the creation of a debt facility of up to $285 million, which would be utilized for commercial-scale development and construction of 5E’s Boron Americas Complex. The potential debt funding package would carry a repayment tenor of up to 15 years under EXIM’s Make More in America Initiative, a part of a whole-of-government effort to strengthen America’s supply chains, support American jobs and boost America’s ability to compete with countries like China, especially in sectors critical to national security. We believe the LOI demonstrates a growing awareness and commitment by the U.S. government to securing an integrated boron supply chain.

In late January 2025, our executive management held meetings with representatives of EXIM in Washington, D.C., through which we gained deeper insights into the funding process requirements and expected timetables for EXIM’s loan programs, and provided EXIM with additional education on our Project.

We target submitting a formal application to EXIM during the second half of calendar year 2025, at which point we expect EXIM would begin the necessary due diligence to determine if a final commitment may be issued. A final commitment, if any, must comply with EXIM’s policies and eligibility requirements, and will depend on meeting EXIM's underwriting criteria, authorization process, finalization and satisfaction of terms and conditions. The LOI does not represent a funding commitment nor an indication of financing or project viability and there is no guarantee that we will secure the EXIM funding commitment.

Reverse Stock Split

On February 14, 2025, following approval by our stockholders at our 2024 annual meeting of our stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”), we effected a 1-for-23 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of our Common Stock.

The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the number of authorized shares of Common Stock or the par value of each share of Common Stock. The number of CHESS Depositary Interests (“CDIs”) in respect of the Company’s shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the effectiveness of the Reverse Stock Split was proportionately reduced by the final split ratio, subject to rounding. The 1:10 share-to-CDI ratio was not affected by the Reverse Stock Split. Our Common Stock began trading on a post-split adjusted basis on February 18, 2025. On March 4, 2025, we were notified by the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications staff that the closing bid price of our Common Stock had been at $1.00 per share or greater for 10 consecutive business days, from February 18, 2025 to March 3, 2025, and accordingly, that we had regained compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) and this matter is now closed. If our Common Stock again closes below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price required by Nasdaq for 30 consecutive business days, we would again receive another notice of non-compliance with Nasdaq's listing standards and face the risk of delisting.

All references to the number of shares and per share amounts of our Common Stock included in this Annual Report have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Director Changes

Effective December 31, 2024, David J. Salisbury, Chairman and Director, and Keith Jennings, Director, resigned from the Board, and the Board’s size was reduced from six to four. On January 21, 2025, Paul Weibel, our Chief Executive Officer, was elected to the Board at the Annual Meeting, and succeeded Jimmy Lim, who was not re-nominated for election at the Annual Meeting. On March 5, 2025, upon the effectiveness of the Exchange, Mr. Weibel resigned from the Board and was succeeded by Curtis L. Hebert, Jr.

Results of Operations

Effective April 1, 2024, we placed our SSF into operation, and accordingly all direct operating costs associated with the SSF, including raw materials, labor and maintenance, have been separately classified as Small-scale operating costs within our statements of operations after such date. Prior to April 1, 2024, these direct costs have not been reclassified and remain either as Project expenses or General and administrative costs, as appropriate. As a result of this updated presentation, certain reclassifications have been made to prior years’ reported amounts in order to conform to the current year presentation, but these reclassifications did not impact our previously reported net income (loss).

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented.


	Year Ended June 30,						Variance
	2025			2024			$			%
	(in thousands)
COSTS AND EXPENSES
Project expenses	$	4,999		$	6,333		$	(1,334	)		-21	%
Small-scale facility operating costs		4,330			1,437			2,893			201	%
General and administrative		14,443			22,875			(8,432	)		-37	%
Research and development		—			45			(45	)		-100	%
Depreciation and amortization expense		19,947			5,170			14,777			286	%
Total costs and expenses		43,719			35,860			7,859			22	%
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(43,719	)		(35,860	)		(7,859	)		22	%
NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSE)
Interest income		103			252			(149	)		-59	%
Other income

Selected Definitions

TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and CDIs

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties

Overview

Our Strengths

Our Strategy

Corporate History and Reorganization

Fort Cady Project

Competition

Customers

Governmental Regulation

Dependence on Key Vendors, Suppliers and Global Supply Chain

Employees

Intellectual Property

Exploration

Seasonality

Corporate Office

Properties

Available Information

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business

We have incurred significant net operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and CDIs

We are a holding company and, as such, we depend on our subsidiaries to generate cash to fund our operations and expenses.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Description of Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Cybersecurity Risks

Material Cybersecurity Incidents

Cybersecurity Governance

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Stock

Dividend Policy

Unregistered Sale of Equity Securities

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Item 6. [Reserved]

Overview

Recent Developments

Fiscal Year 2025 Highlights and Future Considerations

Results of Operations

5E Advanced Materials, Inc. 10-K