Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") and pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10‑Q and in compliance with Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company is an investment company following the specialized accounting and reporting guidance specified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 946, Financial Services - Investment Companies ("ASC 946").

In management’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the interim financial statements have been included. These adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results of operations for the current interim period are not necessarily indicative of results that ultimately may be achieved for any other interim period or for the year ending December 31, 2025. The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, as modified by the Company's annual report on Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on March 20, 2025 and March 27, 2025, respectively.

Runway-Cadma I LLC

The Company entered into a joint venture agreement, effective as of March 6, 2024, with Cadma Capital Partners LLC ("Cadma") to create and co-manage Runway-Cadma I LLC (the "JV"). The JV may invest in secured loans to growth-stage companies that have been originated by the Company. The Company and Cadma have equal ownership of the JV and each committed to provide $35.0 million of the total $70.0 million in equity capital. All portfolio decisions and generally all other actions with respect to the JV must be approved by the board of managers of the JV, consisting of an equal number of representatives of the Company and Cadma. Capital contributions are called from the Company and Cadma on a pro-rata basis based on their total capital commitments. For more information, refer to "Note 3 – Related Parties."

Principles of Consolidation

Under ASC 946, the Company is precluded from consolidating portfolio company investments, including those in which it has a controlling interest, unless the portfolio company is another investment company that is substantially wholly owned by it. An exception to this general principle occurs if the Company holds a controlling interest in an operating company that provides all or substantially all of its services directly to the Company or to its portfolio companies. None of the portfolio investments made by the Company qualify for this exception. Therefore, the Company’s investment portfolio is carried on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities at fair value, as discussed further in "Note 4 - Investments," with any adjustments to fair value recognized as "Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company’s consolidated operations include the activities of its wholly owned subsidiary, P3 Holdco LLC ("P3 Holdco"). P3 Holdco serves to facilitate the Company’s investment in Pivot3, Inc. ("Pivot3"). As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of P3 Holdco in its consolidated financial statements in accordance with ASC 946 and treats its indirect investment in Pivot3 as a portfolio investment held at fair value. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The Company has determined that the JV is an investment company under ASC Topic 946. However, in accordance with such guidance, the Company will generally not consolidate its investment in a company other than a substantially wholly owned investment company subsidiary, which is an extension of the operations of the Company, or a controlled operating company whose business consists of providing services to the Company. The Company does not consolidate its interest in the JV as it is not a substantially wholly owned investment company subsidiary of the Company. In addition, the JV is not an operating company and the Company does not control the JV due to the allocation of voting rights among the JV members. As a result, the JV is accounted for as a portfolio investment of the Company held at fair value and not included as a consolidated subsidiary in the Company's financial statements. Refer to the Consolidated Schedule of Investments for the Company’s equity interest in Pivot3 and the JV as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company follows the guidance in ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"), when accounting for transferred financial assets such as debt and equity assignments. Such guidance requires an assignment to meet the definition of a "participating interest", as defined in the guidance, and the following conditions to be met in order for sale treatment to be allowed:

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assigned investments have been isolated from the Company and put presumptively beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership;

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each participant has the right to pledge or exchange the assigned investments it received, and no condition both constrains the participant from taking advantage of its right to pledge or exchange and provides more than a trivial benefit to the Company; and

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the Company, its consolidated affiliates or its agents do not maintain effective control over the assigned investments through either: (i) an agreement that entitles and/or obligates the Company to repurchase or redeem the assets before maturity, or (ii) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return the specific assets, other than through a cleanup call.

Assignments and other partial debt or equity sales that do not meet the definition of a participating interest or the above conditions, should remain on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities and the proceeds recorded as a secured borrowing until the definition is met.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reporting period. Changes in the economic and regulatory environment, financial markets, the credit worthiness of the Company's portfolio companies, and any other parameters used in determining these estimates and assumptions could cause actual results to differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consists solely of funds deposited with financial institutions, while cash equivalents consist of short-term liquid investments in money market funds. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $7.7 million and $4.0 million was invested in money market funds, respectively. Dividends earned from money market funds are recorded in "Other income" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company may hold foreign cash from time to time as a result of transactions related to investments denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign cash includes the value of foreign currencies held and translated to U.S. dollars using the prevailing foreign exchange rates as of September 30, 2025. Temporary fluctuations in any foreign currency held on the balance sheet date are recorded in "Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on forward contracts and foreign currency transactions" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any realized gains or losses recognized upon foreign currency translated into local currency are recorded in "Net realized gain (loss) on forward contracts and foreign currency transactions" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Investments Denominated in Foreign Currency

At each balance sheet date, portfolio company investments denominated in foreign currencies and any related receivables are translated into U.S. dollars using the spot exchange rate on the last business day of the period. Purchases and sales of foreign portfolio company investments, and any income from such investments, are translated into U.S. dollars using the rates of exchange prevailing on the respective dates of such transactions. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company held two investments denominated in British pound sterling, and one investment denominated in Euros. Refer to the Consolidated Schedule of Investments and respective footnotes to the Consolidated Schedule of Investments for more details on the portfolio company investments held in foreign currencies as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Although the fair values of foreign portfolio company investments and the fluctuation in such fair values are translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable foreign exchange rates described above, the Company does not distinguish the portion of the change in fair value resulting from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations from the change in fair value of the underlying investment. All fluctuations in fair value are included in "Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on non-control/non-affiliate investments" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Any realized gains or losses upon settlement of investments and related receivables denominated in foreign currency are recorded in "Net realized gain (loss) on forward contracts and foreign currency transactions" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company may also enter into foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations associated with certain investments denominated in foreign currencies. These contracts are recognized as derivative instruments and measured at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"), and are recorded as "Foreign currency forward contracts" on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities. Changes in fair value are recorded in "Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on forward contracts and foreign currency transactions" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The payments and proceeds from derivative contracts are included in "Payments for derivative contracts" and "Proceeds from derivative contracts", respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The net cash flows realized on settlement of derivatives are included in "Net realized (gain) loss on forward contracts and foreign currency transactions" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Refer to "Note 4 – Investments" for more information regarding the foreign currency forward contracts.

The Company’s investment portfolio generates interest, fee, and dividend income. The Company records interest income on an accrual basis, recognizing income as earned in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, to the extent that such amounts are expected to be collected. The cost of each debt investment is adjusted for any discounts, premiums, upfront fees, and carve-outs representing the value of detachable equity, warrants, or another asset obtained in conjunction with the acquisition of debt investments (collectively "OID"), as well as any contractual end-of-term payments ("ETP"). The OID and ETP are capitalized into the adjusted cost basis and recorded as interest income over the term of the loan as a yield enhancement following the effective interest method. Upon prepayment of a debt investment, any unamortized OID and ETP is recorded as interest income and any prepayment penalties are recorded as fee income. Upon amending terms of an existing investment, any amendment fees charged are recorded as fee income. Fee income may also include income from bridge loans.

The Company currently holds, and expects to hold in the future, some investments in its portfolio with payment-in-kind ("PIK") interest provisions. PIK interest is computed at the contractual rate specified in each loan agreement and is added to the principal balance of the loan, rather than being paid to the Company in cash, and is recorded as interest income. Thus, the actual collection of PIK interest may be deferred until the time of debt principal repayment. PIK interest, which is a non-cash source of income, is included in the Company’s taxable income and therefore affects the amount of income the Company is required to distribute to stockholders to maintain its qualification as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, 11.5% and 11.1%, respectively, of the Company’s total

investment income was attributable to non-cash PIK interest. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 7.5% and 8.4%, respectively, of the Company’s total investment income was attributable to non-cash PIK interest.

Dividend income is recorded on an accrual basis to the extent that such amounts are payable and expected to be collected. Dividend income is recorded on the record date for private portfolio companies and on the ex-dividend date for publicly traded portfolio companies. Interest income, if any, adjusted for amortization of market premium and accretion of OID and ETP, is recorded on an accrual basis to the extent that the Company expects to collect such amounts.

Security transactions, if any, are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains or losses from the repayment or sale of investments are measured using the specific identification method. The Company reports changes in fair value of investments from the prior period as a component of "Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Debt and Deferred Financing Costs

The debt of the Company is carried at amortized cost on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities, which is comprised of the principal amount borrowed, net of unamortized debt financing costs. Debt financing costs ("DFC") are fees and other direct incremental costs incurred by the Company in relation to debt financing and are amortized over the life of the related debt instrument or the life of such cost's respective service, if shorter, using the straight-line method, which closely approximates the effective yield method. Amortization of such debt financing costs and interest expense on the outstanding principal balance are recorded in "Interest and other debt financing expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Debt financing costs that have not yet been amortized are recorded as "Unamortized deferred financing costs" on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities. To the extent there are no outstanding borrowings, the deferred financing costs are presented as an asset on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities. Accrued but unpaid interest is included within "Interest payable" on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities. For more information, refer to "Note 7 – Borrowings."

Non-Accrual Investments

Debt investments are placed on non-accrual status when principal, interest, and other obligations become materially past due or when it is probable that principal, interest, or other obligations will not be collected in full. At the point of non-accrual, the Company will cease recognizing interest income on the debt investment until all principal and interest due have been paid or the Company believes the borrower has demonstrated the ability to repay its current and future contractual obligations. Additionally, any OID and ETP associated with the debt investment is no longer accreted to interest income as of the date the loan is placed on non-accrual status. Any payments received on non-accrual loans are first applied to principal prior to recovery of any foregone interest or ETP. Non-accrual loans are restored to accrual status when past due principal or interest are paid, and, in management’s judgment are likely to remain current. The Company may make exceptions to this policy if the investment has sufficient collateral value and is in the process of collection such that the Company will be made whole on the investment, inclusive of interest and ETP.

The following table summarizes the cost, fair value, and types of income not recorded in "Interest income" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations related to senior secured term loans on non-accrual status as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	Date of Non-Accrual	Forgone Interest Income		Forgone Accretion of OID and ETP		Total Forgone Income		Cost Basis		Fair Value		Fair Value as a % of Total Portfolio
As of September 30, 2025
Investment
Mingle Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	1/1/2024	$	1,162	$	-	$	1,162	$	4,757	$	2,363		0.25	%
Total		$	1,162	$	-	$	1,162	$	4,757	$	2,363		0.25	%

As of December 31, 2024
Investment
JobGet Holdings, Inc. (fka Snagajob.com, Inc.)	3/31/2024	$	4,243	$	283	$	4,526	$	3,774	$	3,431		0.32	%
Mingle Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	1/1/2024		687		-		687		4,952		2,148		0.20
Total		$	4,930	$	283	$	5,213	$	8,726	$	5,579		0.52	%

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures the value of its financial instruments at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure ("ASC 820"), issued by the FASB. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company's investment portfolio is reported at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities. All assets and liabilities approximate fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities, with the exception of the Company’s borrowings, which are reported at amortized cost. For more information on financial instruments reported at cost, refer to "Note 5 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments."

ASC 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. ASC 820 also provides guidance regarding a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes information used to measure fair value and the effect of fair value measurements on earnings and provides for enhanced disclosures determined by the level within the hierarchy of information used in the valuation. In accordance with ASC 820, these inputs are summarized in the three levels listed below:

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Level 1-Valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

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Level 2-Valuations are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable.

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Level 3-Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models incorporating significant unobservable inputs, such as discounted cash flow models and other similar valuations techniques. The valuation of Level 3 assets and liabilities generally requires significant management judgment due to the inability to observe inputs to valuation.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, a financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of observable or unobservable input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the instrument.

Under ASC 820, the fair value measurement also assumes that the transaction to sell an asset or liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset, which may be a hypothetical market, and excludes transaction costs. The principal market for any asset or liability is the market with the greatest volume and level of activity for such asset or liability in which the reporting entity would or could sell or transfer the asset or liability. In determining the principal market for an asset or liability under ASC 820, it is assumed that the reporting entity has access to such market as of the measurement date. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal or most advantageous market that are independent, knowledgeable and willing and able to transact.

Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act established additional requirements for determining the fair value of a BDC's investments in good faith for purposes of the 1940 Act. Rule 2a-5 permits boards, in compliance with certain conditions, to designate certain parties to perform fair value determinations, subject to board oversight. Rule 2a-5 also defines when market quotations are "readily available" for purposes of the 1940 Act and the threshold for determining whether a fund must determine the fair value of a security. Rule 31a-4 under the 1940 Act established additional recordkeeping requirements related to fair value determinations. Although the Company adopted certain revisions to its valuation policies and procedures to comply with Rule 2a-5 and Rule 31a-4, the Company's board of directors (the "Board of Directors") has not elected to designate a valuation designee.

Investment Valuation Techniques

With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Company undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:

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The quarterly valuation process begins with each portfolio company investment being initially valued by RGC’s investment professionals that are responsible for the portfolio investment;

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Preliminary valuation conclusions are then documented and discussed with RGC’s valuation committee;

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At least once annually, the valuation for each portfolio investment is reviewed by an independent valuation firm. Certain investments, however, may not be evaluated annually by an independent valuation firm if the net asset value and other aspects of such investments in the aggregate do not exceed certain thresholds;

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The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Audit Committee") then reviews these preliminary valuations from RGC and the independent valuation firm, if any, and makes a recommendation to the Board of Directors regarding such valuations; and

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The Board of Directors reviews the recommended preliminary valuations and determines the fair value of each investment in the Company’s portfolio, in good faith, based on the input of RGC, the independent valuation firm(s) and the Audit Committee.

The Company’s investments are primarily loans made to and equity and warrants of small companies with potential for fast growth focused in technology, healthcare, business services, and other high-growth industries. These investments are generally considered Level 3 assets under ASC 820 because there is typically no known or accessible market or market indices for these types of debt and equity instruments and, thus, the Board of Directors must determine the fair value of these investment securities based on models utilizing unobservable inputs.

The Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in reviewing the fair value of investments that are not publicly traded or for which current market values are not readily available. Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued using market quotations, which are generally obtained from independent pricing services, broker-dealers or market makers. With respect to portfolio investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Board of Directors, with the assistance of the Audit Committee, RGC and its valuation committee and independent valuation agents, is responsible for determining, in good faith, the fair value in accordance with the valuation policy approved by the Board of Directors. If more than one valuation method is used to measure fair value, the results are evaluated and weighted, as appropriate, considering the reasonableness of the range indicated by those results. The Company considers a range of fair values based upon the valuation techniques utilized and selects the value within that range that was most representative of fair value based on current market conditions as well as other factors RGC’s valuation committee considers relevant.

The Board of Directors makes this fair value determination on a quarterly basis and any other time when a decision regarding the fair value of the portfolio investments is required. There is no single standard for determining the fair value of investments that do not have an active public market. A determination of fair value of investments, particularly those of privately held companies, involves subjective judgments and estimates and depends on the facts and circumstances. In some cases, the fair value of such investments is best expressed as a range of values derived utilizing different methodologies from which a fair value may then be determined. Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of portfolio investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of the investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a readily available market value existed for such investments, and the differences could be material.

Debt Investments

To determine the fair value of the Company’s debt investments, the Company compares the cost basis of the debt investment, which includes OID and ETP, to the resulting fair value determined using a discounted cash flow model, unless another model is more appropriate based on the circumstances at the measurement date. The discounted cash flow approach entails analyzing the interest rate spreads for recently completed financing transactions that are similar in nature to the Company’s investments, in order to determine reasonable effective market interest rates for its investments. The range of interest rate spreads utilized is based on borrowers with similar credit profiles. All remaining expected cash flows of the investment are discounted using the calculated interest rate to determine a fair value for the debt investment.

This valuation process includes, among other things, evaluating the underlying investment performance, the portfolio company’s financial condition, enterprise value and existing capital structure, as well as the ability to raise additional capital, and macro-economic events that may impact valuations. These events include, but are not limited to, current market yields and interest rate spreads of similar securities as of the measurement date. Significant increases (decreases) in these unobservable inputs could result in significantly higher (lower) fair value measurements.

Under certain circumstances, the Company may use an alternative technique to value the debt investments that better reflects the fair value of the investment, such as the price paid or realized in a recently completed transaction or a binding offer received in an arms-length transaction, the use of multiple probability-weighted cash flow models when the expected future cash flows contain elements of variability, estimates of proceeds that would be received in a liquidation scenario, or active market quotes for institutionally traded debt.

Warrants

Fair value of warrants is primarily determined using a Black Scholes option-pricing model. Privately held warrants and equity-related securities are valued based on an analysis of various factors including, but not limited to, the following:

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Underlying enterprise value of the issuer is estimated based on information available, including any information regarding the most recent rounds of issuer funding. Valuation techniques to determine enterprise value include market multiple approaches, income approaches or approaches that utilize recent rounds of financing and the portfolio company’s capital structure to determine enterprise value. Valuation techniques are also utilized to allocate the enterprise fair value of a portfolio company to the specific class of common or preferred stock/units exercisable in the warrant. Such techniques take into account the rights and preferences of the portfolio company’s securities, expected exit scenarios, and volatility associated with such outcomes to allocate the fair value to the specific class of stock held in the portfolio. Such techniques include Option Pricing Models, or "OPM," including back-solve techniques, Probability Weighted Expected Return Models, or "PWERM," and other techniques as determined to be appropriate.

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Volatility, or the amount of uncertainty or risk about the size of the changes in the warrant price, is based on comparable publicly traded companies within indices similar in nature to the underlying company issuing the warrant. Significant increases (decreases) in this unobservable input could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value, but a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of any of the Company’s portfolio investments may occur regardless of whether there is a significant increase or decrease in this unobservable input.

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The risk-free interest rates are derived from the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The risk-free interest rates are calculated based on a weighted average of the risk-free interest rates that correspond closest to the expected remaining life of the warrant. Significant increases (decreases) in this unobservable input could result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value, but a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of any of the Company’s portfolio investments may occur regardless of whether there is a significant increase (decrease) in this unobservable input.

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Other adjustments, including a marketability discount on private company warrants, are estimated based on judgment about the general industry environment. Significant increases (decreases) in this unobservable input could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value, but a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of any of the Company’s portfolio investments may occur regardless of whether there is a significant increase (decrease) in this unobservable input.

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Historical portfolio experience on cancellations and exercises of warrants are utilized as the basis for determining the estimated life of the warrants in each financial reporting period. Warrants may be exercised in the event of acquisitions, mergers or initial public offerings, and cancelled due to events such as bankruptcies, restructuring activities or additional financings. These events cause the expected remaining life assumption to be shorter than the contractual term of the warrants. Significant increases (decreases) in this unobservable input could result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value, but a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of any of the Company’s portfolio investments may occur regardless of whether there is a significant increase (decrease) in this unobservable input.

Success fees are valued utilizing a scenario analysis. Fair value is determined based on the potential success fee proceeds under varied timing of liquidity events during the life of the success fee agreement. At each potential exit scenario, a probability is ascribed based on the current expectations of an exit event for the portfolio company. The probability weighted value at each respective exit date is discounted to a present value and summed together to arrive at the fair value.

Earnouts are considered contingent considerations. If a contingent consideration will result in cash proceeds, a scenario-based method is utilized. The value of the contingent consideration is determined based on the probability weighted value of the contingent consideration being achieved. If the contingent consideration is shares in a public company and based on the public stock price, the contingent consideration is valued using the barrier option pricing methodology, which utilizes the public company stock price and applicable discounts being considered in the valuation.

In certain cases, the Company may apply alternative valuation methods to more accurately estimate the fair value of warrants. These may include the Current Value Method or other approaches deemed appropriate under the circumstances. Such methods may be used when a warrant is expected to settle in the near term, includes a put feature, or when there is a recent arm’s-length transaction or binding offer that provides relevant pricing information. Other approaches, such as a waterfall analysis or a model based on a warrant’s redemption value, may also be considered. The Current Value Method determines the warrant’s value based on its current redemption or liquidation value, considering the enterprise value and the rights and preferences of all debt and equity securities in the company’s capital structure.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

In accordance with ASC 820, the Company measures these derivatives at fair value on a recurring basis using a market approach. The valuation technique relies on observable market inputs, including spot and forward exchange rates. The fair values are obtained through model-based pricing using inputs that are corroborated by market data and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Equity Investments

The fair value of an equity investment in a privately held company is initially the face value of the amount invested. The Company adjusts the fair value of equity investments in private companies upon the completion of a new third-party round of equity financing subsequent to the Company’s investment. The Company may make adjustments to fair value, absent a new equity financing event, based upon positive or negative changes in a portfolio company’s financial or operational performance. The Company may also reference comparable transactions and/or secondary market transactions in connection with its determination of fair value. The fair value of an equity investment in a publicly traded company is based upon the closing public share price on the date of measurement. These assets are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Money market funds are valued based on the published net asset value per share on the day of valuation and are included in "Cash and cash equivalents" on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.

Under certain circumstances, the Company may use an alternative technique to value equity investments that better reflect the security’s fair value, such as the Current Value Method and other techniques as determined to be appropriate. This may include an expected settlement of a security in the near term, a model that incorporates a put feature associated with the security, the price paid or realized in a recently completed transaction or binding offer received in an arms-length transaction, a waterfall approach, or a model based on the redemption value of a security. The Current Value Method concludes the value of the security based on the current redemption value or the current liquidation value, taking into account the concluded enterprise value and the rights and preferences of all the debt and equity securities that make up a company’s capitalization.

Investment Classification

The Company classifies its investments by level of affiliation and control. As defined in the 1940 Act, investee companies are deemed as affiliated investments when a company or individual possesses, or has the right to acquire within 60 days or less, beneficial ownership of 5.0% or more of the outstanding voting securities of an investee company. Control investments are those where the investor has the ability or power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of an investee company. Control is generally deemed to exist when a company or individual possesses, or has the right to acquire within 60 days or less, beneficial ownership of more than 25.0% of the outstanding voting securities of an investee company, or maintains greater than 50% representation on the investee company's board of directors.

Investments are recognized when the Company assumes an obligation to acquire a financial instrument and assumes the risks for gains or losses related to that instrument. Investments are derecognized when the Company assumes an obligation to sell a financial instrument and foregoes the risks for gains or losses related to that instrument. Specifically, the Company records all security transactions on a trade date basis. Investments in other, non-security financial instruments, such as limited partnerships or private companies, are recorded on the basis of subscription date or redemption date, as applicable. Amounts for investments recognized or derecognized but not yet settled will be reported as receivables for investments sold and payables for investments acquired, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities.

Income Taxes

The Company elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2016, currently qualifies as a RIC, and intends to qualify annually for the tax treatment applicable to RICs. A RIC generally is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on distributed income and gains so long as it meets certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements and it distributes at least 90% of its net ordinary income and net short-term capital gains in excess of its net long-term capital losses, if any, to its stockholders. So long as the Company maintains its status as a RIC, it generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes at least annually to its stockholders as dividends. Rather, any tax liability related to income earned by the Company represents obligations of the Company’s investors and will not be reflected in the consolidated financial statements of the Company. The Company intends to make sufficient distributions to maintain its RIC status each year and it does not anticipate paying any material U.S. federal income taxes in the future.

Depending on the level of taxable income earned in a tax year, the Company may choose to carry forward such taxable income in excess of current year dividend distributions from such current year taxable income into the next tax year and pay a 4% excise tax on such income, as required. If the Company determines that the estimated current year taxable income will exceed the estimated dividend distributions for the current year from such income, the Company accrues excise tax on estimated excess taxable income as such taxable income is earned. Differences between taxable income and net increase in net assets resulting from operations either can be temporary, meaning they will reverse in the future, or permanent. In accordance with ASC 946, permanent tax differences are reclassified from accumulated undistributed earnings to paid-in-capital at the end of each year and have no impact on total net assets. For more information, refer to "Note 10 – Income Taxes."

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period presented. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock were the same because there were no potentially dilutive securities outstanding. Per share data is based on the weighted-average shares outstanding.

Comprehensive Income

The Company reports all changes in comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company did not have any other comprehensive income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company’s comprehensive income is equal to its "Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Distributions

Distributions to common stockholders are recorded on the applicable record date. The amount, if any, to be distributed to common stockholders is determined by the Board of Directors each quarter and is generally based upon the Company's earnings estimated by management. Net realized capital gains, if any, are generally distributed at least annually. For more information, refer to "Note 9 – Net Assets."

Repurchases of Common Stock

Prior to December 31, 2024, the Company reported repurchases of common stock as a separate financial statement line item labeled as "Treasury stock" within "Total net assets" on the Consolidated Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets, and labeled any related activity as "Acquisition of treasury stock" on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, as required under Maryland law, any shares repurchased by the Company are to be returned to unissued common shares and amounts repurchased are presented as a deduction from "Common stock, par value" and "Additional paid-in capital". The prior period activity has been reclassified during the year ended December 31, 2024 as a "Reclassification of share repurchases" within the Statement of Changes in Net Assets.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

On November 26, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20)- Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments ("ASU 2024-04"), related to induced conversions of convertible debt instruments. The amendments in this update clarify the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as induced conversions rather than as debt extinguishments. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods within those fiscal years, though early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt the pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2026 and is currently evaluating the potential effect that the standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

Runway Growth Finance Corp. 10-Q