UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-41224

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		87-1013956
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

100 Summit Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803

(339) 227-5961

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code, and telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

ABPO

Delisted from Nasdaq; trading on OTC Pink Ltd. tier as of February 23, 2026

Warrants to purchase Common Stock

ABPWW

Delisted from Nasdaq; trading on OTC Pink Ltd. tier as of February 23, 2026

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2025, the aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $9.3 million based on the last reported sale price of Common Stock on Nasdaq.

As of March 30, 2026, there were 5,896,048 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, if filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2025, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K, or such Part III information will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A within 120 days after December 31, 2025.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

On November 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Atlantic Coastal Acquisition Corp. II (“ACAB”) consummated a merger (the “Merger”) pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among Abpro Corporation (“Legacy Abpro”), ACAB, and Abpro Merger Sub Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”) and wholly owned subsidiary of ACAB prior to the Closing. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, (i) ACAB changed its name to “Abpro Holdings, Inc.” (“New Abpro”), and (ii) Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Abpro, with Legacy Abpro as the surviving company in the Merger (such transactions, the “Merger,” and, collectively with the other transactions described in the Merger Agreement, the “Reverse Recapitalization”). After giving effect to the Merger, Legacy Abpro became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Shares of the New Abpro common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on November 14, 2024.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report to “Abpro Holdings,” “New Abpro,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and other similar terms refer to Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Merger.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under this method of accounting, ACAB was treated as the acquired company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Abpro was treated as the acquirer. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements of the Company reflect the historical financial statements of Legacy Abpro as the accounting predecessor entity, combined with the net assets of ACAB at the Closing Date.

Unless otherwise noted, all share and price per share information in this Annual Report has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the 1-for-30 reverse stock split effected on October 31, 2025.

Summary Risk Factors

You should consider all the information contained in this prospectus before making a decision to invest in our Securities. In particular, you should consider the risk factors described under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 7. Such risks include, but are not limited to, the following risks with respect to the Company subsequent to the Merger:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

	●	Our product candidates are in early stages of development and have never been tested in a human subject;

	●	Our management has concluded that uncertainties around our ability to raise additional capital raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, including drug development;

●

Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk;

●

The market may not be receptive to our product candidates based on our novel therapeutic modality, and we may not generate any revenue from the sale or licensing of product candidates;

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We will need substantial additional funds to advance development of our product candidates, and we cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient funds available in the future to develop and commercialize our current or future product candidates;

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Through our AbMed subsidiary, we have in-licensed certain intellectual property rights relating to ABP-201 from MedImmune Limited, or MedImmune (now AstraZeneca), and are in breach of the terms of our license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca. This program is currently paused at IND enabling study stage.

●

We have entered into, and may in the future seek to enter into, collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. If such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our product candidates;

●

If our partners cease development efforts under our existing or future collaboration agreements, or if any of those agreements are terminated, these collaborations may fail to lead to commercial products, and we may never receive milestone payments or future royalties under these agreements;

●

If third parties on which we may rely on to conduct certain pre-clinical studies, or any future clinical trials, do not perform as contractually required, fail to satisfy regulatory or legal requirements or miss expected deadlines, our development program could be delayed with material and adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects;

●

Because we may rely on third-party manufacturing and supply partners for pre-clinical and clinical development materials, our supply may become limited or interrupted or may not be of satisfactory quantity or quality;

●

We face intense competition from multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with significantly greater financial, clinical, and marketing resources. These competitors may develop superior or more cost-effective products and leverage their scale to dominate regulatory timelines, payer networks, and distribution channels, which could render our products obsolete or non-competitive;

●

Any inability to attract and retain qualified key management, technical personnel and employees would impair our ability to implement our business plan; and

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Litigation and legal proceedings may substantially increase our costs and harm our business.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

●

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our technology and current or future product candidates, or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate, we may not be able to compete effectively;

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If we fail to comply with our obligations under any license, collaboration or other intellectual property related agreements, we may be required to pay damages and could lose intellectual property rights that are necessary for developing, commercializing and protecting our current or future technologies or product candidates or we could lose certain rights to grant sublicenses;

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Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position in our current or future technologies or product candidates for an adequate amount of time;

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We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could negatively impact our business; and

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

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Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results;

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We may be unable to obtain U.S. or foreign regulatory approval and, as a result, we may be unable to commercialize our product candidates, resulting in substantial harm to our business;

●

We may in the future conduct clinical trials for current or future product candidates outside the United States, and the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials;

●

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, our product candidates, if approved, could be subject to labeling and other restrictions and market withdrawal, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products;

●

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations;

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If we or existing or future partners, manufacturers or service providers fail to comply with healthcare laws and regulations, we or they could be subject to enforcement actions, which could affect our ability to develop, market and sell our products and may harm our reputation; and

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We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.

●

On July 4, 2025, the President signed into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”). Under the OBBBA, coverage availability itself may shrink, not merely coverage decisions for a given product and government program retrenchment (especially Medicaid) may reduce the addressable reimbursed patient population, even for FDA-approved products.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

●

Our Charter and Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or with our directors, officers, or employees;

iii

●

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limiting attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and depressing the market price of our Common Stock;

●

New Abpro’s management team has had difficulty in successfully or efficiently managing our transition to being a public company;

●

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, which could affect our ability to ensure timely and reliable financial reports and weaken investor confidence in our financial reporting;

●

Our 2023 restatement of prior period financial statements may affect investor confidence and raise reputational issues; and

●

New Abpro is an “emerging growth company,” and its reduced SEC reporting requirements may make its shares less attractive to investors.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

	●	We may choose to raise capital using best-efforts offerings. Due to the nature of best-efforts offerings, we may not raise the required amount of capital in such offerings.

	●	In the event that we issue new shares of our Common Stock, purchasers of our Common Stock will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of their shares and may experience additional dilution as a result of subsequent securities offerings.

●

Our Common Stock is currently traded on the OTC Pink Limited Market (the “Pink Market”), having been delisted from NASDAQ. Trading on the Pink Market is characterized by high volatility, low liquidity, and limited regulatory oversight, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the value of your investment.;

●

The market price for our Common Stock may decline;

●

Our Common Stock price may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result;

	●	There is no guarantee that the Public Warrants will ever be in the money; they may expire without ever being in the money;

	●	Certain terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without their holders’ consent; and

●

There may be sales of a substantial amount of our Common Stock by current stockholders, and these sales could cause the price of our Common Stock to fall.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “could,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.

These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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our ability to continue as a going concern;

●

our plans to manage our existing cash balance and operating expenses, and to raise additional capital to fund our operations and development programs;

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the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates, including ABP-102 and ABP-201;

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our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates;

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our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved;

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the expected benefits of our DiversImmune® and MultiMab™ antibody platforms;

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our ability to develop, acquire, and advance product candidates into clinical development;

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our competitive position and the development of and projections relating to our competitors or our industry;

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our expectations regarding anticipated operating losses and the need for additional capital;

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our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel;

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our intellectual property position; and

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our ability to regain and maintain the listing of our securities in compliance with the Nasdaq Stock Market or other national stock exchange, as well as a successful outcome of our appeal to the Nasdaq Stock Market relating to the Panel’s delisting determination in February 2026;.

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and involve numerous risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied. Many of these risks and uncertainties are discussed in greater detail in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties in evaluating our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on these statements.

We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to:

●

“ABP-102” refers to our tetravalent bispecific antibody targeting HER2 and CD3 for immuno-oncology applications.

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“ABP-201” refers to our tetravalent bispecific antibody co-targeting VEGF and ANG-2 for vascular disease of the eye.

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“ACAB” refers to Atlantic Coastal Acquisition Corp. II, the SPAC entity prior to the Merger.

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“ABI” refers to Abpro Bio International, Inc., a significant shareholder as of December 31, 2025

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“Celltrion” refers to Celltrion, Inc., a South Korean pharmaceutical company and licensee.

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“Closing Date” refers to November 13, 2024, the date on which the Merger was consummated.

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“Common Stock” refers to the common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of Abpro Holdings, Inc.

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“DiversImmune®” refers to our proprietary antibody discovery platform.

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“Exchange Act” refers to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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“FDA” refers to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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“JOBS Act” refers to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.

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“Legacy Abpro” refers to Abpro Corporation prior to the consummation of the Merger.

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“Merger” refers to the reverse recapitalization transaction consummated on November 13, 2024.

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“MultiMab™” refers to our proprietary antibody engineering platform.

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“Nasdaq” refers to the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

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“New Abpro,” “Abpro Holdings,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Merger.

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“OTC Pink” refers to the OTC Pink Limited tier of the OTC Markets Group Inc.

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“PCAOB” refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

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“PIPE Financing” refers to the private placement of 112,247 shares of Common Stock that closed concurrently with the Merger on November 13, 2024.

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“Reverse Stock Split” refers to the 1-for-30 reverse stock split effected on October 31, 2025.

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“SEC” refers to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

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“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

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“SEPA” refers to the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, Ltd. (“YA”), a fund managed by Yorkville Advisors Global LP.

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“TetraBi antibody format” refers to our next-generation tetravalent antibody format binding two different targets with two distinct binding sites per target.

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“U.S GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, as applied on a consistent basis.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

On November 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Atlantic Coastal Acquisition Corp. II (“ACAB”) consummated a merger (the “Merger”) pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among Abpro Corporation (“Legacy Abpro”), ACAB, and Abpro Merger Sub Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”) and wholly owned subsidiary of ACAB prior to the Closing Date. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, (i) ACAB changed its name to “Abpro Holdings, Inc.” (“New Abpro”), and (ii) Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Abpro, with Legacy Abpro as the surviving company in the Merger (such transactions, the “Merger,” and, collectively with the other transactions described in the Merger Agreement, the “Reverse Recapitalization”). Shares of the New Abpro Common Stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market on November 14, 2024; however, as a result of numerous Nasdaq continued listing non-compliance matters, we received notice of delisting effective February 23, 2026 and our securities currently trade on the OTC Pink Limited Market, with our common shares trading under the ticker symbol ABPO. On March 18, 2026, we appealed the Nasdaq delisting determination.

After giving effect to the Merger, Legacy Abpro became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and under this method of accounting, ACAB was treated as the acquired company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Abpro was treated as the acquirer. Operations prior to the Merger are those of Legacy Abpro. Unless otherwise noted, the Company has retroactively adjusted all common and preferred share and related price information to give effect to the Exchange Ratio as set forth in the Merger Agreement (see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements). The “Company” refers to Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Legacy Abpro. Legacy Abpro was the accounting acquirer in the Merger and, as such, the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes operations of Legacy Abpro prior to the Merger Date.

Reverse Stock Split

On October 16 , 2025, the Company filed with the Delaware Secretary of State a Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (the “Certificate of Amendment”), which became effective on October 31, 2025 (the “Effective Time”), to effect a one-for-thirty (1:30) reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”), of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share. The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the 2025 annual meeting of the stockholders held on October 10, 2025. The Company’s Common Stock began trading on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis upon market opening on November 3, 2025.

As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 30 shares of issued and outstanding Common Stock were combined into one (1) issued and outstanding share of Common Stock, without any change in the par value per share or total Common Stock authorized under the Certificate of Amendment. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, stockholders who otherwise would have been entitled to receive fractional shares because they held a number of shares not evenly divisible by the Reverse Stock Split ratio were entitled to receive an additional fraction of a share of Common Stock to round up to the next whole share.

All of the Company’s historical share and per share information related to issued and outstanding Common Stock, restricted stock units, and options and warrants exercisable for Common Stock in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in its consolidated financial statements have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect this 1:30 Reverse Stock Split.

Lead Product Candidates

Our two lead product candidates, ABP-102 and ABP-201, feature our next generation tetravalent antibody format, or TetraBi antibody format, which binds to two different targets with two distinct binding sites per target.

ABP-102

ABP-102 is designed to redirect a patient’s immune system to fight cancer by engaging T cells through co-targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, or HER2, and cluster of differentiation 3, or CD3, T-cell co-receptor. We plan initially to develop ABP-102 for difficult to treat HER2+ solid tumors, focusing on orphan indications. ABP-201 is designed to block blood vessel formation and normalize damaged vessels through co-targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, and angiopoietin-2, or ANG-2. We plan to develop ABP-201 to treat vascular disease of the eye, focusing on wet age-related macular degeneration (Wet AMD). We intend to follow these two lead product candidates with a broad pipeline of CD3-targeting T-cell engagers based on the differentiated format of ABP-102. We expect to initiate clinical trials for ABP-102 in the first half of 2026.

ABP-102 is being developed and commercialized through a worldwide strategic partnership with Celltrion Inc. (“Celltrion”) (KRX:068270), a leading Korean biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Incheon, South Korea, under a Collaboration Agreement entered into in September 2022 and amended in October 2024. We received an initial milestone payment of $2.0 million from Celltrion in 2022 in connection with this agreement. In addition, we are eligible for net sales milestone payments of up to $1.75 billion and development milestone payments of up to $4.0 million under that agreement.

On January 6, 2026, the Company, together with its co-development partner Celltrion, Inc., was notified that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the Investigational New Drug (IND) application for ABP-102 / CT-P72, The Company’s lead multispecific antibody oncology program. The IND clearance enables the initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of ABP-102 / CT-P72 in patients with HER2-positive solid tumors. The Phase 1 clinical study will be led by Celltrion as part of the ongoing joint strategic collaboration to ensure the robust progression of the ABP-102 / CT-P72 program.

ABP-201

ABP 201 is being developed and commercialized through a territorial partnership with Abpro Bio, a subsidiary of Abpro Bio Co. Ltd (KOSDAQ:195990), a company formerly named Ugint Co Ltd with diversified holdings in precision machine tools, equipment and biotechnology headquartered in Daegu, South Korea, under a collaboration and license agreement entered into in January 2020 that granted Abpro Bio exclusive development and commercialization rights in the People’s Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia (which for the purposes hereof means Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, Pakistan, India, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and West Malaysia), the Middle East (which for the purposes hereof means Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Northern Cyprus, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (which for the purposes hereof means Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). We are potentially eligible for net sales milestones of up to $485 million and development milestones of up to $56.5 million.

In connection with the Merger, all previously issued and outstanding Convertible Preferred Stock (Series A-F) was converted into the aggregate number of shares of New Abpro’s Common Stock that would be issued upon conversion of the shares of Legacy Abpro preferred stock based on the applicable conversion ratio immediately prior to the effective time, multiplied by approximately 0.068 (the “Exchange Ratio”), and the remaining amount was reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

Our Platforms

We have developed two proprietary antibody platforms that we believe provide competitive advantages:

DiversImmune® is our antibody discovery platform that rapidly generates a diverse collection of proprietary antibodies against both clinically validated and novel targets that have been traditionally difficult to access. This provides us with high affinity and high specificity antibody building blocks with drug-like properties that we then use to engineer novel therapeutics.

MultiMab™ is our engineering platform that provides us with the flexibility to combine these antibody building blocks in different combinations and orientations to rapidly create “fit for purpose” novel full-length multi-specific antibody constructs. Our antibody constructs, including our TetraBi antibody format, can potentially benefit patients with the goal of improved efficacy, better safety profiles, and more convenient dosing regimens relative to current standard-of-care therapies. Furthermore, in contrast to single-format bispecific antibody platforms that are only able to provide a single solution to different biological problems, our platform enables us to design a diverse suite of full-length multi-specific antibody formats to address new problems in medicine. Our approach is designed to result in therapeutic candidates with differentiated characteristics, including potentially stronger binding affinity, improved safety, more convenient dosing regimens and streamlined manufacturing processes.

ABP-102: Next generation T-cell engager targeting HER2 and CD3 for HER2+ solid tumors

ABP-102

Key Characteristics of ABP-102

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Dual-arm affinity-tuned construct for selective killing and cytokine release on HER2-high target cells, with reduced killing and cytokine release on HER2-low target cells to reduce “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity

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Bivalent HER2 binding to promote more selective HER2-high target cell engagement

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TetraBiTM IgG-[L]-scFv format with functionally monovalent CD3 binding at the hinge region to prevent T cell activation in the absence of tumor cells

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Cross-reactivity to human and cynomolgus CD3 for toxicity assessment

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Engineered for reduced Fc receptor engagement

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Symmetrical structure with natural antibody features for efficient manufacturing and a potentially improved dosing profile

Our lead product candidate, ABP-102, is a next generation immuno-oncology TetraBi antibody targeting HER2 and CD3 being developed for the treatment of HER2+ solid tumors, including breast and gastric cancers. ABP-102 features bivalent HER2 binding sites and is engineered through affinity tuning to selectively target tumor cells expressing high and intermediate levels of HER2, with reduced activity on cells expressing low-to-negative levels of HER2. ABP-102 also features an affinity-tuned CD3 binding domain to provide enhanced potential for safety. ABP-102 harnesses the power of the immune system by redirecting and activating cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor tissue. ABP-102 may provide an improved therapeutic window to attack tumor cells while reducing systemic toxicity by promoting “on-target, on-tumor” effects, with reduced potential for “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity toward endogenous tissues.

In pre-clinical in vitro studies, ABP-102 has demonstrated selectivity in both cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity with HER2-high and intermediate breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer cell lines, including those that are resistant to Herceptin (trastuzumab), with reduced activity on HER2-low and negligible activity on HER2-negative cell lines. We plan to initiate a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of ABP-102 with our partner Celltrion in the first half of 2026, focusing on HER2+ breast and gastric cancers.

On January 6, 2026, the Company, together with its co-development partner Celltrion, Inc., was notified that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the Investigational New Drug (IND) application for ABP-102 / CT-P72, Abpro’s lead multispecific antibody oncology program. The IND clearance enables the initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of ABP-102 / CT-P72 in patients with HER2-positive solid tumors. The Phase 1 clinical study will be led by Celltrion as part of the ongoing joint strategic collaboration to ensure the robust progression of the ABP-102 / CT-P72 program.

We believe ABP-102 is an improvement over currently approved HER2-targeting agents such as Herceptin, Perjeta (pertuzumab), and Kadcyla (T-DM1), as well as other HER2-targeting agents currently in development, because it relies on the redirection of cytotoxic T cells to selectively target and eliminate tumor cells, while sparing endogenous HER2-expressing cells. Current HER2-directed therapies, which are designed either to block HER2 function or deliver toxic payloads to the tumor, are only effective in a subset of HER2+ patients, cause undesirable side effects, and are limited by the onset of drug resistance.

It is management’s belief that ABP-102 has the potential to provide longer lasting or even curative results in a broader set of patients than are currently addressed by HER2-directed therapies. The global HER2+ market is forecast to grow to $12.1 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 1.5%, according to Research and Markets.

We believe the TetraBi antibody format of ABP-102 provides a potentially transformative approach to immuno-oncology. The TetraBi antibody format features two affinity-tuned binding sites, and thus bivalent binding for the tumor antigen, creating a stronger connection to the tumor cell compared to monovalent binding. In addition, the placement of the CD3 binding domain in the middle, or hinge region, of the TetraBi antibody format results in a therapeutic candidate that, in pre-clinical studies, selectively activates T cells only in the presence of tumor cells. We have designed ABP-102 with the goal of a favorable safety profile and potential for an enhanced therapeutic window.

We are leveraging the TetraBi antibody format of ABP-102 to pursue a broad pipeline of immuno-oncology agents that target highly expressed antigens on a diverse range of tumor types, as depicted in the following chart. Our platform of T cell engagers has the potential to translate into an industry-leading pipeline of therapeutic agents with the goal of improving the treatment of patients.

TetraBi series of CD3-targeting T-cell engagers

ABP-201: Ligand trap targeting VEGF and ANG-2 for vascular diseases of the eye

ABP-201

Key characteristics of ABP-201

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Dual inhibition of VEGF and ANG-2 to block angiogenesis

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Four high-affinity binding sites for increased potential potency

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Dual targeting in single molecule

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Natural antibody structure for potentially improved dosing

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Symmetrical structure for efficient manufacturing

ABP-201 is a different TetraBi antibody format, designed to simultaneously inhibit VEGF and ANG-2 for the potential treatment of vascular diseases of the eye, including diabetic macular edema, or DME, and wet age-related macular degeneration, or Wet AMD. In both DME and Wet AMD, blood vessels form abnormally and leak fluid, resulting in vision loss. Whereas VEGF drives new blood vessel formation, ANG-2 acts to destabilize blood vessels and contributes to vessel leakage. The current standard of care for DME and Wet AMD includes intravitreal injections of VEGF-targeted agents, including Eylea (aflibercept), Lucentis (ranibizumab), and Avastin (bevacizumab, used off-label). However, these drugs require eye injections every one to two months and are only effective in a subset of patients, many of whom eventually develop resistance. Because ABP-201 has a high binding capacity, with a total of four binding sites per molecule, we believe ABP-201 could be administered less frequently than current agents. Recently, the VEGF and ANG-2 co-targeting agent Vabysmo (faricimab), was approved by the FDA, and clinical trial results showed a dose-dependent improvement in best-corrected visual acuity relative to Lucentis, providing strong support for this approach. In 2022, the combined worldwide sales of Eylea and Lucentis exceeded $10.5 billion according to company filings. Through our AbMed subsidiary, we have in-licensed certain intellectual property rights relating to ABP-201 from MedImmune (now AstraZeneca) and are in breach of the terms of our license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Abpro’s Business and Industry”.

Clinical Development Plan

We plan to conduct a Phase 1, multiple-ascending dose evaluation of the safety and initial efficacy of ABP-201 in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (Wet AMD). Following the identification of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or the safety and tolerability of the maximum administered dose (MAD), a larger randomized phase 2 study is planned.

We have an experienced leadership team with significant industry know-how and deep experience in antibody discovery and development, biomarker discovery and validation, clinical development and regulatory approval, partnerships, operations, and corporate finance. Our leadership team has broad industry experience from working at pharmaceutical and biotech companies. We also have a group of scientific advisors comprised of leaders in our industry across various disciplines.

Our Pipeline

Our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms and licensing strategy have generated a pipeline of next-generation antibody product candidates, as reflected in the following table:

ABP-201 is held through our majority-owned subsidiary AbMed Corporation, or AbMed. AstraZeneca (formerly MedImmune) owns a minority stake in AbMed and, with respect to Asia, the Middle East and certain other countries, ABP-201 is being developed and commercialized through a territorial partnership with Abpro Bio, with our company retaining rights in the rest of the world. ABP-102 is being developed and commercialized through our world-wide strategic partnership with Celltrion. We hold world-wide exclusive rights to ABP-110 under a patent license granted by the National Cancer Institute, or NCI, a division of the NIH. ABP-150 is being developed under a collaboration agreement with Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (“NJCTTQ”), pursuant to which NJCTTQ has exclusive commercialization rights in China and Thailand and we retain commercialization rights in the rest of the world.

Our Strategy

Our mission is to develop next-generation antibody therapeutics with the goal of improving the lives of patients with severe and life-threatening diseases. Traditionally, creating antibodies against targets and validating them as potential therapies has been time consuming and labor-intensive. We believe that our proprietary antibody platforms and approach overcome these limitations, however, we have yet to (i) produce antibodies on a scale needed for clinical trials or commercialization or (ii) evaluate any of our product candidates in a patient. By leveraging the speed, quality, and target-access of our DiversImmune^® platform, we have generated a proprietary collection of antibody building blocks that enable us to establish our own pipeline of next-generation antibody product candidates. We believe our ability to leverage our MultiMab^TM platform to design novel bi-and multi-specific antibody constructs with natural, antibody-like structures presents a significant opportunity to unleash the immune system’s natural ability to fight disease and to elicit responses from broader patient populations.

Our key strategies to achieve this mission are:

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Aggressively advance our lead product candidates, ABP-102 and ABP-201, into the clinic. We plan to initiate a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of ABP-102 in the first half of 2026, focusing on HER2+ breast and gastric cancers. Additionally, we are planning to advance ABP-201 into Phase 1 clinical trials in the second half of 2026 for the treatment of Wet AMD. We believe that the development of our lead antibody product candidates, if successful, will generate substantial value and provide us with differentiated products to pursue in large markets with significant unmet medical needs. IND-enabling studies are underway for both lead product candidates in preparation for final GLP toxicity studies and GMP manufacturing for filing the IND and we will request Pre-IND meetings beforehand with the FDA when appropriate.

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Rapidly follow ABP-102 with a broad pipeline of CD3-targeting T-cell engagers and leverage this approach to other immune cell targets in multiple indications and disease areas. We are building on the optimized format of ABP-102 to aggressively develop a suite of immuno-oncology agents that redirect T cells to a diverse range of liquid and solid tumors. ABP-110, targeting GPC3 on hepatocellular carcinoma, and ABP-150, targeting Claudin 18.2 on gastric cancer, are currently in pre-clinical development. We may also use this “pipeline in a format” strategy with other immune cell targets, including CD137 and CD47.

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Leverage our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms to grow our pipeline of antibody product candidates. We plan to continue investing in our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms to maintain our competitive advantage. We will continue to expand our collection of high affinity and high specificity antibody building blocks against both clinically validated and novel therapeutic targets and apply our “fit for purpose” antibody engineering approach to construct novel multi-valent, multi-specific therapeutic product candidates. We will continue to build on the success of existing immuno-oncology or cell therapies that use the power of T cells to fight cancer, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, or CAR T, therapy, but will focus on simpler, more accessible, and less expensive approaches that provide a universal solution for large populations of cancer patients.

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Continue to explore and execute strategic collaborations. In addition to the development and commercialization collaborations we have entered into with Celltrion and Abpro Bio, we entered into a collaboration agreement in January 2019 with NJCTTQ, a pharmaceutical company specializing in research and development, production and commercialization of drugs for cardiovascular diseases, tumors, perioperative care, gastrointestinal disorders and urologic diseases headquartered in Nanjing, China, for the development of novel bispecific antibody therapies for immuno-oncology, including potentially best in class T-cell engagers. Under that agreement, we are jointly developing ABP-150, a T-cell engager designed to fight cancer through co-targeting CD3 and Claudin 18.2. NJCTTQ has exclusive commercialization rights in China and Thailand, and we retain commercialization rights in the rest of the world. We will continue to explore strategic and geographic-oriented partnerships that provide us with near-term economic benefits where we retain product rights to key strategic markets.

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Build a leading fully integrated discovery-to-commercial antibody therapeutics company. We have assembled an experienced scientific and business team and have built robust discovery and antibody engineering platforms that allow us to create a broad pipeline of novel product candidates. As we advance our product candidates into clinical development, we intend to complement our discovery and development strengths with clinical expertise and commercial capabilities to build a fully integrated company.

Introduction to Monoclonal and Dual-Targeting Antibodies

Antibodies are large and diversified proteins produced by B cell immune responses to counter threats including infectious entities such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Antibodies can be raised against antigens seen by the immune system as “non-self,” and therefore antibodies against human proteins are often raised using a variety of immunization strategies in mice or other animals. The resulting antibodies can then be used as building blocks to develop therapeutics for molecular targets, including proteins overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. Because they recognize their target antigens with high affinity and high specificity, and because they are natural elements of the immune system, antibodies have been used effectively as drugs for over 30 years. Monoclonal antibodies are the largest and most rapidly growing class of therapeutic proteins and have become a mainstay of therapeutic options for patients with cancer, autoimmune disorders, and other diseases.

An immunoglobulin G, or IgG, is the most common type of antibody and comprises two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, which assemble to form a Y-shaped molecule, as depicted in the following graphic. The bottom tail of the “Y” is called the fragment crystallizable, or Fc, region, and is structurally constant across entire classes of antibodies. The Fc region of an antibody interacts with a variety of receptors on immune cells and is also responsible for the long circulating half-life of an antibody. The tips of the “Y” are called the fragment variable, or Fv, regions, and contain the antigen-binding sites. A natural antibody recognizes a single target antigen and is therefore “monospecific.” Because it features two identical binding sites, however, it is “bivalent” for that target. Bivalency is a critical feature of natural antibodies. Just as it is much easier to hang from a bar with two arms rather than one, bivalent binding has been shown in pre-clinical studies to provide a much stronger connection to the target antigen than would be possible with monovalent binding.

Although natural antibodies recognize a single target, they can be engineered in different ways to bind two or more targets, resulting in a bispecific or multispecific antibody. While there are many different types of dual-targeting antibodies, several mechanisms of action can be implemented for a bispecific construct, including dual binding, cross-linking, and cell-cell bridging, as depicted in the following graphics.

Two antibodies in one

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Replaces a combination of two monospecific antibodies

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Simplifies the regulatory process, decreases manufacturing costs, and provides more favorable reimbursement conditions

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Ensures both targets are engaged in the same place at the same time

Cross-linking

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Cross-links two targets on the same cell

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Physically connects two proteins and can be used to activate pathways that are otherwise inactive or more potently inhibit pathways that are already active

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Can produce a synergistic effect, where the dual-targeting antibody out-performs the corresponding combination of two single-targeting antibodies

Cell-bridging

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Bridges two cells, physically bringing them into close proximity

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Promote immune cell activation to kill the tumor cells to which they are attached

Our Platforms

Our approach consists of two technology platforms: our DiversImmune^® platform, which we use to generate therapeutic “building blocks,” which are high affinity and high specificity antibodies with functional activity against therapeutic targets; and our MultiMab^TM platform, which we use to construct therapeutic product candidates by assembling the building blocks into different combinations of bi- and multi-specific antibodies. Together, these platforms support our strategy of building a broad pipeline of next generation antibody therapeutics that are designed to address a wide range of human diseases.

DiversImmune^®: Our antibody discovery platform

Our DiversImmune^® platform was built to address a key bottleneck in the antibody therapeutics industry: the ability to rapidly generate high affinity and high specificity antibodies against virtually any target of interest. Although in vitro methods, such as phage and yeast display, have been developed to mimic the immune system, these methods typically rely on collections of antibodies from unimmunized donors and as a result generally yield relatively low affinity antibodies. Improving these antibodies through affinity maturation (i.e., mutation and selection) is often a lengthy process and is not always successful. In contrast, the adaptive immune system of a mouse has a built-in mechanism called somatic hypermutation that improves the affinity of antibodies up to one thousand times, yielding high affinity and high specificity antibodies suitable for therapeutic development.

The Company does not hold issued patents or pending patent applications covering the Diversimmune or MultiMab platform technologies as platforms. These platforms are protected through a combination of trade secret protection, proprietary know-how, customary confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with employees and contractors, internal access controls, and registered and unregistered trademarks for the Diversimmune and MultiMab names.

The greatest challenge with mouse-based methods, however, lies in generating a strong and diverse immune response to the target of interest. The mammalian immune system has a mechanism called tolerance that prevents it from making antibodies against proteins that are perceived as “self.” Thus, to generate a strong immune response against a target that is difficult to access, either because the target is not particularly immunogenic, or capable of producing an immune response, or because the target, a human protein, is very similar to the corresponding mouse protein, it is necessary to “break tolerance.” A key component of our DiversImmune^® platform is our genetically engineered hyperimmune mouse which seeks to solve this problem in two ways. First, the mouse has been genetically engineered so that more of its antibody-generating B cells survive and proliferate than in a non-engineered mouse. This results in a larger and more diverse collection of high affinity antibodies. Second, the mouse has a hyperactive immune system in which its tolerance to self-antigens has been “broken.” This enables us to generate a diverse array of antibodies against a wide range of targets, including targets that are very similar between mouse and human.

The DiversImmune^® platform comprises three key steps, all focused on generating a diverse collection of high-quality antibodies:

Immunization. We have developed an integrated collection of immunization methods, termed Raptor, which includes purified proteins, engineered cells, viral-like particles, and DNA. These methods all work in concert with the goal of eliciting a strong and diverse immune response.

Diversification. We have developed a hyperimmune mouse, combined with a variety of co-stimulation methods, to optimize the immune response to each target and yield a diverse collection of antibodies that recognize different epitopes, or binding regions, on the same target protein. This is a critical component of our discovery process as we believe it greatly increases the probability of identifying antibodies with the desired functional properties necessary for therapeutic development.

Optimization. We have streamlined the processes of humanization and optimization so that we can rapidly advance antibodies with the desired functional properties to fully developed building blocks. These building blocks can then be assembled into novel therapeutic product candidates using our MultiMab^TM platform.

To date, our DiversImmune^® platform has been used to generate antibodies for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. We are now using this platform internally to create what management believes to be an industry-leading collection of building blocks to support a growing pipeline of therapeutic product candidates.

MultiMab^TM: Our antibody engineering platform

Our MultiMab^TM platform enables us to build a diverse array of bi-and multi-specific antibody formats, allowing us to optimize the format of our product candidates. Because biology is diverse and complex, there is no “one size fits all” solution to engineering multi-specific antibodies. Instead, different problems call for different solutions. We draw from a suite of different antibody formats to choose the one that we believe best suits the disease and mechanism we are targeting. Despite having multiple formats from which to choose, our formats typically contain two key features:

Bivalent binding. Bivalent binding, or binding with two points of contact, takes advantage of the concept of avidity, specifically that multipoint connections are much stronger than single point connections. In order to maximize efficacy, we build bivalent binding into our therapeutic product candidates where increased strength of binding is desirable. For example, ABP-102 features two identical binding sites for HER2, rather than one. This enables the molecule to bind tightly to HER2+ tumor cells, forming a strong immunological synapse, or cell-to-cell interaction, between the tumor cell and the cytotoxic T cell. We believe this is critical to generating a strong and sustained immune response and differentiates ABP-102 from other T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies that only feature a single binding site for the tumor-specific antigen.

Fc region. The Fc region of an antibody interacts with various receptors on immune cells to control both the immune response to antibody binding and the circulating half-life of an antibody. To take advantage of these natural functions, we build Fc regions into all our therapeutic product candidates. For example, ABP-102 features a human IgG1 Fc region that promotes a long circulating half-life and has been further engineered to reduce or eliminate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to reduce potentially harmful side-effects associated with inflammation and cytokine release. Similarly, ABP-201 features an Fc region that results in greater stability and, due to its size, a longer ocular half-life, potentially enabling more convenient dosing for patients.

Both of our lead product candidates, ABP-102 and ABP-201, are TetraBi antibodies that feature two high affinity binding sites for each of their targets and Fc regions for longer half-lives. In addition, both product candidates are symmetrical, with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Many bispecific antibody formats are asymmetrical, featuring two different heavy chains. This creates the possibility of chain mispairing, which complicates the manufacturing process as it is necessary to rigorously characterize each batch and minimize the presence of mispaired species. With our TetraBi antibody format, this allows for straightforward manufacturing, as there is no possibility of chain mispairing.

MultiMab^TM antibody engineering platform

Other programs

Additional TetraBi antibody T-cell engagers

Building on the CD3-directed TetraBi antibody format of ABP-102, we are using our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms to develop a broad pipeline of immuno-oncology agents that target highly expressed antigens on a diverse range of tumor types.

ABP-110

ABP-110 is a TetraBi antibody targeting GPC3 and CD3 for the potential treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC, the major form of liver cancer. ABP-110 is designed to bind bivalently to GPC3 on HCC cells and CD3 on cytotoxic T cells, bringing these two cell types into close proximity and triggering sustained T-cell activation and tumor cell killing. GPC3 is an onco-fetal antigen that is only expressed during fetal development and on HCC cells, making it an ideal tumor antigen target. GPC3 expression is also prognostic of poor overall survival in HCC, suggesting that ABP-110 may be most effective in the patients at highest risk and most in need of novel therapeutic interventions. Targeting this patient population may provide for a relatively rapid path to approval given the unmet medical need in HCC.

Source: Abpro internal data.

We have generated three lead candidates that have displayed potent T cell-mediated killing of GPC3-positive tumor cells. The next steps are to assess the pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy in pre-clinical GPC3-positive tumor models. We expect to initiate clinical trials for ABP-110 in the first half of 2027. According to SNS Insider, the global liver cancer therapeutics market is projected to reach $12.9 billion by 2030.

ABP-150

ABP-150 is a TetraBi antibody targeting claudin 18.2 and CD3 for the potential treatment of gastric cancers. Like our other T cell engagers, ABP-150 is designed to bind bivalently to claudin 18.2 on gastric cancer cells and to CD3 on cytotoxic T cells, leading to T cell-mediated killing of gastric tumor cells. Claudin 18.2 is exclusively expressed on gastric tissue, a tissue with a high physiological turnover rate, making it tolerant of even moderate acute toxicity without unacceptable or chronic toxic effects.

Source: Abpro internal data.

Pre-clinically, ABP-150 shows potent killing in in vitro T cell-mediated killing assays. In both mouse syngeneic tumor models using human CD3-transgenic mice and human tumor xenograft models using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a source of T cells, ABP-150 shows potent efficacy. As ABP-150 cross-reacts with mouse claudin 18.2, but not mouse CD3, we demonstrated in a human CD3-transgenic mouse toxicity model that ABP-150 is well tolerated, with little impact on body weight, appetite (food consumption) or body temperature. IL-6, a key cytokine for the initiation of cytokine release syndrome, saw little increase over vehicle (placebo) control. The next steps are to evaluate toxicity in a non-human primate model. We expect to initiate clinical trials for ABP-150 in the first half of 2027. According to Data Bridge Market Research, the global gastric cancer market is projected to reach $13.1 billion by 2029.

SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody program

As of October 2023, according to data published by the World Health Organization, the COVID pandemic had resulted in over 771 million confirmed cases and over 6 million deaths had been reported globally. While vaccination efforts have made tremendous strides in bringing the pandemic under control, vaccination is contraindicated in some individuals, such as the immunocompromised. For these patients, there are no currently available prophylactic therapies. The only therapies available are Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, molnupiravir, and remdesivir. While these are effective therapies, their toxicities preclude them from being used as prophylactics. Monoclonal antibodies are ideal molecules to serve as prophylactic therapies as they can effectively neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus and have a proven safety profile and can be engineered to extend their half-lives. However, all antibody therapies and prophylactics to date have become ineffective due to SARS-CoV-2 viral mutation. In response to the global pandemic, Abpro sought to develop COVID antibodies targeting highly conserved (resistant to mutation) areas of the virus with highly potent neutralizing antibodies engineered to have extended half-lives to allow for dosing intervals of greater than six months, through collaborations with third parties in the form of in-license agreements. Several candidate molecules were evaluated through different stages of development. The most advanced molecule was developed through GMP manufacturing and evaluated in a clinical trial. Although the clinical trial was not successful, Abpro has developed significant capabilities in the infectious disease area and may leverage such capabilities into novel therapeutics.

Recent Developments

The following is a summary of significant recent developments:

SEPA and Convertible Notes

On November 13, 2024, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd. (“YA”), a fund managed by Yorkville Advisors Global LP. Under the SEPA, the Company has the right to sell to YA up to $50 million of shares of its Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions. The Company has utilized its Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, Ltd. (“YA”) as a primary source of financing. During 2025, the First Convertible Note (principal balance of $3.0 million) and Second Convertible Note (principal balance of $2.0 million) were both fully converted into shares of Common Stock resulting in the aggregate of 881,472 shares of Common Stock being issued thereunder. Between July and December 2025, the Company issued seven advance notices to YA, raising aggregate net proceeds of approximately $1.0 million. In January and February 2026, the Company issued twenty advance notices for an aggregate of 3,162,785 shares of Common Stock for net proceeds of approximately $6.7 million (gross proceeds of approximately $7.3 million, net of fees of approximately $0.6 million) under the SEPA, increasing total shares outstanding to approximately 5,896,048 from 2,733,263 shares outstanding at December 31, 2025.

On February 23, 2026, the Common Stock was delisted from NASDAQ. The delisting of the Common Stock from NASDAQ is a Material Outside Event under the SEPA, which results in the Company being unable to use the SEPA to issue shares of Common Stock to YA.

Personnel

On September 30, 2025, the Company furloughed Robert J. Markelewicz, Jr., M.D., M.M.Sc., its Chief Medical Officer, effective September 30, 2025 until November 30, 2025. During the furlough period, Dr. Markelewicz did not perform any duties or responsibilities associated with his role. Dr. Markelewicz’s employment was terminated effective November 30, 2025. The Company will hire additional research and development personnel as funding becomes available.

CEO Transition

Effective March 3, 2025, Miles Suk was appointed as Chief Executive Officer. On July 20, 2025, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Suk (retroactive to March 3, 2025) pursuant to which Mr. Suk serves as the full-time CEO on a consulting basis.

Our Collaborations

We are developing next generation antibodies both independently and in collaboration with leading global biopharmaceutical companies and non-profit and government research institutions. We in-license some of the technology that we use in the ABP-110 and ABP-201 molecules.

In-licensing agreements

We in-license rights to intellectual property relevant or potentially relevant to our development and commercialization plans in the ordinary course of business. We have in-licensed rights to certain intellectual property from the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, and from AstraZeneca (formerly Medimmune).

National Institutes of Health-ABP-110

In September 2017 we entered into a patent license agreement effective as of August 1, 2017 with the National Cancer Institute, or NCI, a division of the NIH, pursuant to which we received an exclusive, worldwide license, with the right to sublicense (subject to certain conditions), under certain patent rights to make, have made, use, have used, sell, have sold, offer to sell and import products covered by the licensed patents in the field of using certain monoclonal antibodies as monospecific or bispecific antibodies for the treatment of liver cancer. The license was amended in May 2020 and October 2023 and the field of use was narrowed to the development and commercialization of a bispecific antibody for the treatment of GPC-3 expressing liver cancer using a particular moiety for targeting GPC3 and the timeline for development and commercialization was extended. We agreed to pay NCI a $25,000 issuance fee in connection with the October 2023 amendment to the patent license agreement. Under the amended patent license agreement, we are obligated to pay a $25,000 minimum annual royalty, creditable against any earned royalties, and to pay royalties of a single digit percentage based on net sales of licensed products. We also agreed to pay up to an aggregate of approximately $16.0 million of benchmark royalties, which are payable upon achieving certain clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones. We also agreed to pay sublicense royalties ranging from a mid-single digit percentage to a low-double digit percentage based on the fair value of the consideration we receive from any sublicensees. The royalty term expires on a licensed patent-to-licensed patent and country-by-country basis upon the earliest of (i) the date an application in the licensed patents has been abandoned, (ii) the date a licensed patent expires or (iii) the date a licensed patent has been held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction or administrative agency. Unless earlier terminated, our agreement with NCI will expire upon expiration of all licensed patent rights. NCI may terminate our agreement upon the occurrence of specified bankruptcy events for us or if we are in material default or breach of the agreement and do not cure within a specified notice and cure period. NCI may terminate the agreement if necessary to meet the public use requirement specified by federal regulations and we are not reasonably satisfying such requirements. We may also terminate the agreement as to any licenses in any country or territory upon 60 days written notice. Upon expiration or termination of the agreement, we are required to return to NCI or destroy all licensed products and other materials in the licensed patents.

Our license is subject to the reserved rights of NCI and the U.S. government. Additionally, all licensed products used or sold in the United States are required to be manufactured substantially within the United States.

AstraZeneca

In August 2016, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement through our majority-owned subsidiary, AbMed Corporation, or AbMed, and MedImmune (now AstraZeneca), pursuant to which MedImmune granted AbMed an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable (subject to certain conditions) license under specified patent rights and know-how to make, use, sell certain of its proprietary ANG-2/VEGF-H1RK bispecific antibodies. We hold 82% of the capital stock of AbMed, and MedImmune (now AstraZeneca) holds the remainder. We are responsible for the operational activities of AbMed and bear all costs necessary to operate AbMed.

Under the agreement, AbMed agreed to pay milestone and royalty payments, including up to $244.0 million in milestone payments, which are comprised of $14.0 million upon meeting certain clinical development milestones, $80.0 million upon achieving certain regulatory events and $150.0 million upon meeting certain worldwide commercial sales thresholds; and tiered high-single digit to low double-digit percentage royalties based on annualized net sales of each product commercialized from our collaboration on a country-by-country basis.

Unless earlier terminated in accordance with its terms, the agreement with AbMed and AstraZeneca remains in effect on a country-by-country basis until the latest of (i) the expiration of patent claims that cover the licensed product in a country, (ii) 10 years after the first commercial sale of a licensed product in a country, and (iii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for a licensed product in a country. AbMed could be required to redeem AstraZeneca’s equity stake in certain circumstances. We are in breach of the terms of our license agreement with AstraZeneca. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Abpro’s Business and Industry”. Through our AbMed subsidiary, we have in-licensed certain intellectual property rights relating to ABP-201 from MedImmune Limited, or MedImmune (now AstraZeneca), and are in breach of the terms of our license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca.” AstraZeneca may terminate our agreement on the basis of this breach, or upon the occurrence of specified bankruptcy events for us or if we are in material default or breach of the agreement and do not cure within a specified notice and cure period. We may also terminate the agreement upon 90 days written notice.

In November 2016, we entered into an amendment to this agreement pursuant to which Medimmune granted us a non-exclusive sublicense to certain additional intellectual property rights held by Medimmune under an agreement with EMD Millipore Corporation and the know-how included under the agreement was amended. In August 2017, we entered into a side letter with MedImmune to clarify our agreement regarding the timing of our required contribution to AbMed and the issuance of MedImmune’s equity stake. The agreement was further amended in November 2017, March 2018 and December 2019 to modify the dates for the achievement of certain development and commercialization milestones and AbMed agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to reach these development and commercialization milestones within specified timeframes. The development may resume upon receipt of sufficient funding however the exact timing is uncertain.

Partnerships

Celltrion

ABP-102 is being developed and commercialized through a worldwide strategic partnership with Celltrion, a leading Korean and global biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Incheon, South Korea, under a Collaboration Agreement entered into in September 2022 and amended in October 2024. We received an initial milestone payment of $2.0 million from Celltrion in connection with this agreement in 2022. We also received an equity investment in our Series F preferred stock of $2.0 million from Celltrion.

We agreed to form a joint steering committee to oversee the collaboration that includes representatives from both our company and Celltrion. Celltrion agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize a licensed product, including the achievement of certain milestones by certain dates.

Under the Collaboration Agreement, our company is responsible for certain in vitro pre-clinical work, and Celltrion is responsible for in vivo pre-clinical work, CMC, clinical development and commercialization on a worldwide basis. All costs and expenses for future development and commercialization of the molecule are required to be paid initially by Celltrion. The proceeds from commercialization are subject to a 50/50 profit split. Amounts that may be paid by third party collaborators, for example upfronts, milestones and/or royalty payments from territorial commercialization partners, are also subject to a 50/50 split. Following commercial approval of ABP-102, we have agreed to reimburse Celltrion 250% of its direct and certain indirect costs and expenses incurred through first commercial sale. Celltrion is entitled to offset amounts otherwise due to us under the agreement until our share of these costs has been paid back; provided that we are entitled to a minimum 50% of profit from commercial sales and from third party collaborators regardless of the amount of unreimbursed development costs outstanding (and then 50% once the reimbursement has been made in full). In addition, we are entitled to up to over $1.75 billion in development and sales milestones. We are responsible for world-wide patent prosecution, with Celltrion reimbursing 50% of our out-of-pocket costs.

Unless earlier terminated, our agreement with Celltrion will remain in effect so long as ABP-102 is being developed or commercialized anywhere in the world. Either party may terminate our agreement upon the occurrence of specified bankruptcy events relating to the other party. We may terminate the agreement if Celltrion is in material default or breach of the agreement and does not cure within a specified notice and cure period. Celltrion may also terminate the agreement upon 180 days written notice.

On January 6, 2026, the Company, together with its co-development partner Celltrion, Inc., was notified that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the Investigational New Drug (IND) application for ABP-102 / CT-P72, Abpro’s lead multispecific antibody oncology program. The IND clearance enables the initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of ABP-102 / CT-P72 in patients with HER2-positive solid tumors. The Phase 1 clinical study will be led by Celltrion as part of the ongoing joint strategic collaboration to ensure the robust progression of the ABP-102 / CT-P72 program.

Abpro Bio

ABP-201 is being developed and commercialized through a territorial partnership with Abpro Bio, a subsidiary of Abpro Bio Co. Ltd (KOSDAQ:195990), a company formerly named Ugint Co Ltd. with diversified holdings in precision machine tools, equipment and biotechnology headquartered in Daegu, South Korea granting Abpro Bio exclusive development and commercialization rights under a Collaboration and License agreement entered into in January 2020, in the People’s Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia (which for the purposes hereof means Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, Pakistan, India, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and West Malaysia), the Middle East (which for the purposes hereof means Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Northern Cyprus, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (which for the purposes hereof means Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan), if we have proper local partners in the territories and market opportunity justifies the local clinical study costs.

Abpro Corporation, through its majority owned subsidiary, AbMed Corporation, received an initial equity investment in our Series E preferred stock of $30 million from Abpro Bio in connection with this agreement. Under the Collaboration and License Agreement, we granted Abpro Bio an exclusive, royalty-bearing sublicenseable (subject to certain restrictions) license under specified patent rights and know-how to make, use, sell certain proprietary ANG-2/VEGF-H1RK bispecific antibodies in China, Japan, South Korea and certain other countries in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

We agreed to form a joint steering committee to oversee the collaboration that includes representatives from both AbMed Corporation and Abpro Bio. Abpro Bio agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize a licensed product, including the achievement of certain milestones by certain dates. Under the agreement, Abpro Bio agreed to pay us a double-digit percentage royalty in the low teens, tiered based on cumulative net sales by Abpro Bio, its affiliates or sublicensees beginning with the first commercial sale of a licensed product in its territory. We are also entitled to payments totaling approximately $540 million subject to the satisfaction of certain development and sales milestones. We are responsible for patent prosecution and Abpro Bio has agreed to reimburse us for patent costs in its licensed territory. Unless earlier terminated in accordance with its terms, the agreement with Abpro Bio remains in effect on a country-by-country basis until the latest of (i) the expiration of patent claims that cover the licensed product in a country, (ii) 10 years after the first commercial sale of a licensed product in a country, and (iii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for a licensed product in a country. We may terminate the agreement upon the occurrence of specified bankruptcy events relating to Abpro Bio or if Abpro Bio is in material default or breach of the agreement and does not cure within a specified notice and cure period. Abpro Bio may also terminate the agreement upon 90 days written notice.

NJCTTQ

We entered into a collaboration agreement in January 2019 with NJCTTQ, a pharmaceutical company specializing in research and development, production and commercialization of drugs for cardiovascular diseases, tumors, perioperative care, gastrointestinal disorders and urologic diseases headquartered in Nanjing, China.

We agreed to form a joint steering committee to oversee the collaboration that includes representatives from both our company and NJCTTQ. NJCTTQ paid a technology access fee to us and agreed to reimburse our pre-clinical research and development costs for the selected program up to CMC stage. Under the agreement, CMC development costs and GLP toxicology costs are shared equally, with each party thereafter being responsible for its own development and commercialization costs in its territory, with the NJCTTQ territory being China and Thailand and our company retaining rights to the rest of the world. The parties agreed to pay reciprocal royalties, with each of them paying the other party low single-digit royalties, tiered based on net sales per calendar year in its territory. In addition, NJCTTQ agreed to pay us milestones based on commercial approval and sales in its territory of up to $405 million and we agreed to pay NJCTTQ a milestone based on commercial approval in our territory of $5 million. ABP-150 is being developed under this agreement.

Unless earlier terminated in accordance with its terms, the initial term of this agreement is five years from its effective date, with automatic renewals for an additional five years unless objected to in writing by a party at least six months prior to expiration of the initial term. If no joint development program gets to clinical stage within the first five years of the collaboration, then the agreement by its terms will not be renewed after expiration. Either party has the right to terminate in the case of material default or breach of the agreement by the other party not cured within a specified period, in which case the parties’ rights and obligations under the agreement are terminated, except for rights accrued prior to termination and customary survival clauses. If the agreement is terminated other than for cause, the territorial rights and payment obligations of each party relating to the development and commercialization of a licensed product in its territory survive such termination.

The agreement remains unrenewed at this time after the expiration of its initial term. However, notwithstanding the agreement’s expiration, the low single-digit royalties and the $5 million milestone payable to NJCTTQ based on commercial approval in our territory, as described above, will continue to apply.

Manufacturing

We do not have, and we do not currently plan to acquire or develop, the infrastructure, facilities or capabilities to manufacture current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, bulk drug substance or filled drug product for use in human clinical trials. We intend to utilize third-party manufacturers such as contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to produce, test and release cGMP bulk drug substance and drug product for our planned clinical trials. We expect to continue to rely on such third parties to manufacture clinical trial material for the foreseeable future.

Competition

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, and the immuno-oncology and ophthalmology subsectors, are characterized by rapid evolution of technologies, fierce competition and strong defense of intellectual property. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will have to compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. While we believe that our proprietary DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms, along with our scientific expertise in the field of biologics and immuno-oncology, provide us with competitive advantages, a wide variety of institutions, including large biopharmaceutical companies, specialty biotechnology companies, academic research departments and public and private research institutions, are actively developing potentially competitive products and technologies. Our competitors generally fall within the following categories:

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Immune-based treatments for cancer, such as T-cell engager, CAR T and TCR therapies. Such as Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Janux, J&J, Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group, or Genentech/Roche), Vir Bio and Xencor.

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Treatments for Ophthalmology related indications. Such as Allergan plc, Genentech/Roche, Novartis International AG, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Many of our competitors, either alone or with strategic partners, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than us in obtaining approval for treatments and achieving widespread market acceptance, rendering our treatments obsolete or non-competitive.

Accelerated merger and acquisition activity in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. These companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies and acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

Our commercial opportunity could be substantially limited in the event that our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, safer, less toxic, more convenient or less expensive than our comparable products. Competitors may also obtain regulatory approvals before us, resulting in our competitors building a strong market position in advance of our products’ entry, if any. We believe the factors determining the success of our product pipeline will be the efficacy, safety and convenience of our product candidates.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success will depend significantly on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for our product candidates and the other technology, inventions and improvements we consider important to our business, defend any patents we obtain or in-license, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary and intellectual property position by, among other methods, filing and in-licensing U.S., international (under Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT) and foreign patent applications related to our product candidates and other proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that we consider are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary and intellectual property position.

ABP-102

As of April 13, 2026, we own two patent families that cover compositions of matter, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for our ABP-102 product candidate, a bispecific HER2 and CD3 binding antibody. The first and second families each consist of pending patent applications in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Any patents resulting from these applications would be expected to expire in 2042, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

ABP-110

As of April 13, 2026, we have licensed one patent family from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that covers compositions of matter, methods of use, and methods of manufacture related to our ABP-110 product candidate, a tetravalent bispecific glypican-3 (GPC3) and CD3 binding antibody. This family includes one issued patent in the United States and issued patents in China, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. The patents in this family are expected to expire in 2033, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

ABP-150

As of April 13, 2026, we own one patent family that covers compositions of matter, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for our ABP-150 product candidate, a bispecific Claudin18.2 and CD3 binding antibody. This family includes one issued patent in Japan and applications that are currently pending in the United States, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. The patents in this family are expected to expire in 2041, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

ABP-201

As of April 13, 2026, we own one patent family that covers compositions of matter, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for our ABP-201 product candidate, which binds to both angiopoietin-2, or ANG-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF. This family includes pending applications in the United States, China, Europe, and Hong Kong. Any patents resulting from that application would be expected to expire in 2042, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

Through our majority-owned subsidiary AbMed Corporation, we have also exclusively licensed from MedImmune/AstraZeneca certain intellectual property originally entered in connection with ABP-200, which we are no longer developing. As of April 13, 2026, we have licensed three patent families from MedImmune/AstraZeneca comprised of pending and/or issued U.S. and foreign patents and applications. The patents in these families are not expected to cover ABP-201, have expired, and/or are expected to expire before commercialization of ABP-201, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions. We believe that we do not need the intellectual property licensed under this agreement for the development and eventual commercialization of ABP-201.

As of April 13, 2026, one of these licensed patent families includes three issued U.S. patents, and issued patents in Australia, Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, as well as pending applications in Europe and India. The patents and applications in this family expired in 2025, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

As of April 13, 2026, the second family of these licensed patent families includes two issued patents in the United States and issued patents in Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, and South Korea, as well as pending applications in Europe and Hong Kong. Any patents resulting from that application would be expected to expire in 2037, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

As of April 13, 2026, the third family of these licensed patents includes two issued patents in the United States, and issued patents in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, and South Korea, as well as a pending application in Hong Kong. Any patents resulting from that application would be expected to expire in 2037, excluding any patent term adjustments and/or extensions.

Regulatory framework

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term for patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest filing date of a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier filed co-owned patent. The term of a patent that covers a drug or biological product may also be eligible for patent term extension when FDA approval is granted, provided statutory and regulatory requirements are met. However, as to the FDA component, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following the FDA approval. Additionally, only one patent may be extended, and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law but typically is also 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. In the future, if and when our product candidates receive approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on issued patents covering those products, depending upon the length of the clinical studies for each product and other factors. There can be no assurance that any of our pending patent applications will issue or that we will benefit from any patent term extension or favorable adjustments to the terms of any of our patents. The FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. An extension may also not be granted because of, for example, a failure to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to the expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country-to-country, and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory-related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country, and the validity and enforceability of the patent. In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by executing confidentiality agreements with our collaborators and scientific advisors, and non-competition, non-solicitation, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. We also have or intend to implement executed agreements requiring assignment of inventions with selected scientific advisors and collaborators. These confidentiality agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. However, these agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach, with a third party. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for use, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our proprietary technology and processes by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. Although we have confidence in these individuals, organizations, and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. To the extent that our employees, contractors, consultants, collaborators, and advisors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, proprietary technology, inventions, improvements, platforms and product candidates, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”

Government regulation and product approval

Governmental authorities in the United States, at the federal, state, and local level, and other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, packaging, promotion, storage, advertising, distribution, marketing, and export and import of products such as those we are developing. Our therapeutic product candidates must be approved by the FDA through the Biologics License Application, or BLA, process before they may be legally marketed in the United States and will be subject to similar requirements in other countries prior to marketing in those countries. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

U.S. Government regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and, in the case of therapeutic biologics, the Public Health Service Act, or PHSA, and implementing regulations of each. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development or approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. These sanctions could include:

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refusal to approve pending applications;

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withdrawal of an approval;

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imposition of a clinical hold;

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warning or untitled letters;

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seizures or administrative detention of product;

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total or partial suspension of production or distribution; or

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injunctions, fines, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties.

BLA approval process

The process required by the FDA before a therapeutic biologic may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

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completion of nonclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies conducted according to Good Laboratory Practices, or GLPs, and other applicable regulations;

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submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin, and applicable institutional review boards (IRBs)/ ethics committee approvals;

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performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to Good Clinical Practices, or GCPs, to establish the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for its intended use;

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submission to the FDA of a BLA;

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satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product candidate is produced to assess readiness for commercial manufacturing and conformance to the manufacturing-related elements of the application, to conduct a data integrity audit, and to assess compliance with cGMPs to assure that the facilities, methods, and controls are adequate to preserve the product candidate’s identity, strength, quality, and purity;

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satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection at selected clinical research sites, the contract research organization if the monitoring of the study was outsourced, and/or inspection of the Sponsor organization to assess GCP compliance may also be required; and

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FDA review and approval of the BLA.

Once a biopharmaceutical candidate is identified for development, it enters the pre-clinical or nonclinical testing stage. Nonclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity, and formulation, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the nonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, to the FDA as part of the IND. Some nonclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. In addition to including the results of the nonclinical studies, the IND will also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated if the first phase lends itself to an efficacy determination. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, places the IND on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials can begin. A clinical hold may occur at any time during the life of an IND and may affect one or more specific studies or all studies conducted under the IND.

All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCPs. They must be conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, dosing procedures, research subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the safety and effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol, and any subsequent material amendment to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND, and progress reports detailing the status of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA annually. Sponsors also must report to the FDA serious and unexpected suspected adverse reactions in a timely manner, any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigation brochure or any findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk in humans exposed to the product candidate. An IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the protocol before a clinical trial commences at that institution and must also approve the information regarding the trial and the informed consent form that must be provided to each research subject or the subject’s legal representative, monitor the study until completed and otherwise comply with IRB regulations. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined.

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Phase 1-The product candidate is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination. In the case of some therapeutic candidates for severe or life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, especially when the product candidate may be inherently too toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients.

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Phase 2-Clinical trials are performed on a limited patient population intended to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.

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Phase 3-Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy, and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. These studies are intended to establish the overall risk-benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

A pivotal study is a clinical study that adequately meets regulatory agency requirements for the evaluation of a product candidate’s efficacy and safety such that it can be used to justify the approval of the product. Generally, pivotal studies are also Phase 3 studies but may be Phase 2 studies if the trial design provides a reliable assessment of clinical benefit, particularly in situations where there is an unmet medical need. Human clinical trials are inherently uncertain, and Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 testing may not be successfully completed. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time for a variety of reasons, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the product candidate has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

During the development of a new product candidate, sponsors are given opportunities to meet with the FDA at certain points; specifically, prior to the submission of an IND, at the end of Phase 2 and before a BLA or New Drug Application, or NDA, is submitted. Meetings at other times may be requested. These meetings can provide an opportunity for the sponsor to share information about the data gathered to date and for the FDA to provide advice on the next phase of development.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as “Phase 4” clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, FDA may mandate the performance of such “Phase 4” clinical trials.

Concurrently with clinical trials, sponsors usually complete additional animal safety studies, develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product candidate, and finalize a process for manufacturing commercial quantities of the product candidate in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the quality, purity, and potency of the product candidate. To help reduce the risk of the introduction of adventitious agents with use of biological products, the PHSA emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other criteria, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency, and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the biological product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its proposed shelf life.

The results of product development, nonclinical studies, and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests and other control mechanisms, proposed labeling, and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each BLA must be accompanied by a significant user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual product fee for products and an annual establishment fee on facilities used to manufacture prescription biological or drug products. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, such as where a waiver is necessary to protect the public health, where the fee would present a significant barrier to innovation, or where the applicant is a small business submitting its first human therapeutic application for review.

Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA reviews a BLA submitted to determine if it is substantially complete before the agency accepts it for filing. The FDA may refuse to accept for filing any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review of the BLA. The FDA reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, potent, and/or effective for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP. The FDA may refer applications for novel products or products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

During the product approval process, the FDA also will determine whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, plan is necessary to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS plan is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS plan. The FDA will not approve a BLA without a REMS plan, if required. The FDA has authority to require a REMS plan to ensure that the benefits of a drug or therapeutic biologic outweigh the risks. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials were conducted in compliance with IND trial requirements and GCP requirements. To assure cGMP and GCP compliance, an applicant must incur significant expenditure of time, money, and effort in the areas of training, record keeping, production, and quality control. Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and deny approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. If the agency decides not to approve the BLA in its present form, the FDA will issue a complete response letter that describes all of the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific indications and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings, or precautions be included in the product labeling. The FDA may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan or otherwise limit the scope of any approval.

Post-approval requirements

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems occur after the product candidate reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product candidate may result in restrictions on the product candidate or even complete withdrawal of the product candidate from the market. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product candidate, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes, and additional labeling claims, are subject to further FDA review and approval. In addition, the FDA may under some circumstances require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved therapeutic candidates that have been commercialized, and the FDA under some circumstances has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product candidate based on the results of these post-marketing programs.

Any therapeutic candidates manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things:

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record-keeping requirements;

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reporting of adverse experiences with the product candidate;

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providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information;

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product sampling and distribution requirements;

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notifying the FDA and gaining its approval of specified manufacturing or labeling changes; and

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complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among other things, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved labeling, limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet.

Therapeutic manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved therapeutic products are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and some state agencies for compliance with cGMPs and other laws. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record-keeping requirements. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the significance of the change, may require FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations would also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use if our product candidates are approved. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.

The Orphan Drug Act

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant Orphan Drug Designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition - generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan Drug Designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants Orphan Drug Designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan Drug Designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first BLA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA Orphan Drug Designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of Orphan Drug Designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the BLA application user fee.

New legislation and regulations

From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced, and passed in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the testing, approval, manufacturing, and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. In addition to new legislation, FDA regulations, guidance documents, and policies are often revised or interpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. It is impossible to predict whether further new legislation will be enacted, or whether FDA regulations, guidance documents, policies, or interpretations will be changed or what the effect of such changes, if any, may be.

Review and approval of drug products outside the United States

In order to market any drug product outside of the United States, a company must also comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales, and distribution of drug products. Whether or not it obtains FDA approval for a product, the company would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before it can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries or jurisdictions. The approval process ultimately varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

Pharmaceutical coverage, pricing and reimbursement

In the United States and markets in other countries, patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of products approved by the FDA and other government authorities. Thus, even if a product candidate is approved, sales of the product will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors, including government health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations, provide coverage, and establish adequate reimbursement levels for, the product. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services and imposing controls to manage costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. Moreover, on July 4, 2025, the President signed into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”). Under the OBBBA, coverage availability itself may shrink, not merely coverage decisions for a given product and government program retrenchment (especially Medicaid) may reduce the addressable reimbursed patient population, even for FDA-approved products. OBBBA represents a shift from previous measures in that cost-containment is no longer only a policy priority but a legislated fiscal requirement. Because of OBBBA, reimbursement reductions may result indirectly from Medicare sequestration, Medicaid enrollment caps, or State-level payment reductions. Favorable coverage decisions may be short-lived or reversed. OBBBA-mandated coverage changes could have a material adverse effect on reimbursement for use of the Company’s product candidates even if they become commercially viable.

In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, a company may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable marketing approvals. Nonetheless, product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover a product candidate could reduce physician utilization once the product is approved and have a material adverse effect on sales, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for the product, and the level of coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor. For example, as a result of the OBBBA’s cost-saving mandates, payors may apply more stringent cost-effectiveness thresholds, coverage decisions may be revisited more frequently or revoked, and administrative barriers may reduce utilization even when nominal coverage exists.

The containment of healthcare costs also has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments and other third-party payors, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit a company’s revenue generated from the sale of any approved products. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which a company or its collaborators receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Moreover, as a result of OBBBA’s mandates, even significant investment in pharmacoeconomic data may not be sufficient. Utilization may decline due to eligibility barriers and cost-sharing, without regard to clinical merit, and coverage determinations may vary sharply by state post-OBBBA.

Outside the United States, ensuring adequate coverage and payment for a product also involves challenges. Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control in many countries. Pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can extend well beyond the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product and may require a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of a product to other available therapies. The conduct of such a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in commercialization.

Healthcare law and regulation

Healthcare providers and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of drug products that are granted marketing approval. Arrangements with providers, consultants, third-party payors, and customers are subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse, anti-kickback, false claims laws, reporting of payments to physicians and teaching physicians, patient privacy laws and regulations, and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain business and/or financial arrangements. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, a person or entity from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, paying, receiving, or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order, arrange for or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by a federal healthcare program such as Medicare or Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statue carries criminal penalties and fines as well as administrative sanctions under the Civil Money Penalties Law. In addition, a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute can form the basis for a violation of the federal False Claims Act;

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federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit an individual or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false, fictitious, or fraudulent or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;

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the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their respective implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published in January 2013, which impose obligations on certain covered entity healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their business associates that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information, and require notification to affected individuals and regulatory authorities of certain breaches of security of individually identifiable health information;

	●	the federal false statements statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact, or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services;

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the federal transparency requirements known as the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care Education Reconciliation Act, or the ACA, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments and other transfers of value made to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

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analogous local, state, and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to healthcare items or services that are reimbursed by third-party payors, including private insurers; local, state, and foreign transparency laws that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and transfers of value to other health care providers and health care entities, or marketing expenditures; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to register certain employees engaged in marketing activities in the locale and comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines or relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; and state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be subject to sanctions, including criminal fines, significant civil monetary penalties, individual imprisonment, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, integrity obligations, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, private qui tam actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government, refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Although effective compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, these risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for an alleged or suspected violation could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and could divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, even if our defense is successful. In addition, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations may be costly to us in terms of money, time and resources.

Healthcare reform

In both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the ACA was enacted, which, among other things, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs and biologics; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (increased to 70% as of January 1, 2019 and further revised, effective January 1, 2025 under the IRA), point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research. Effective January 1, 2025, certain provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 will reduce Medicare Part D beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket maximum from $7,050 to $2,000, thereby effectively eliminating the coverage gap. In addition, on July 4, 2025, the President signed into law the OBBBA, which includes significant changes to federal health care programs, particularly Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act marketplaces, that are expected to reduce coverage availability and increase reimbursement pressure. The OBBBA’s cost-containment mandates, including restrictions on eligibility, enrollment, and state financing mechanisms, may further limit the addressable reimbursed patient population and adversely affect pricing, coverage, and utilization of pharmaceutical products.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through August 15, 2021, for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how other healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration or other efforts, if any, to challenge, repeal or replace the ACA will impact our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted:

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In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 and subsequent legislation, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress, including a reduction of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments, this will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action is taken.

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The U.S. American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law in 2013, which among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers.

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On May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

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The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, signed into law in 2019, repealed the Cadillac tax, the health insurance provider tax, and the medical device excise tax. It is impossible to determine whether similar taxes could be instituted in the future.

There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to product pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of therapies under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. The HHS has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. It is unclear what effect such legislative and enforcement interest may have on our product candidates.

Further, on December 13, 2016, President Obama signed the 21st Century Cures Act, or Cures Act, into law. Among other provisions, the Cures Act reauthorized the existing priority review voucher program for certain drugs intended to treat rare pediatric diseases until 2020; created a new priority review voucher program for drug applications determined to be material national security threat medical countermeasure applications; revised the FDCA to streamline review of combination product applications; required the FDA to evaluate the potential use of “real world evidence” to help support approval of new indications for approved drugs; provided a new “limited population” approval pathway for antibiotic and antifungal drugs intended to treat serious or life-threatening infections; and authorized the FDA to designate a drug as a “regenerative advanced therapy,” thereby making it eligible for certain expedited review and approval designations.

We expect that these and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, which could have an adverse effect on customers for our product candidates. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels in the U.S. directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop products. If we, or any third parties we may engage, are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our current or any future product candidates we may develop may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Employees

As of March 30, 2026, we had one full-time employee and two part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Facilities

We occupy shared office space in Burlington, Massachusetts, under a lease that expires in August 2026, which we use for our corporate headquarters.

Available Information

We are required to file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider all the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, including the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes and matters addressed in the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” in evaluating an investment in our Common Stock. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our management has concluded that uncertainties around our ability to raise additional capital, combined with our cash on hand, raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We will require additional financing to fund our future operations. Any failure to obtain additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our operations.

We have concluded that we do not have sufficient cash to fund our operations and drug development and to meet our obligations as they become due for a period of one year from the date that our consolidated financial statements were issued and as a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern is a result of our ongoing operating losses and our lack of financing commitments to meet both current obligations and future operating cash requirements. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends upon our ability to generate a profit or obtain appropriate financing from outside sources, including obtaining additional funding from the sale of our securities or obtaining loans from third parties on commercially reasonable terms. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and drug development. We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise, and no assurance can be given that sufficient funding will be available when needed to allow us to continue as a going concern. This perception may also make it more difficult to operate our business due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations. If we cannot continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our consolidated financial statements, and it is likely that our stockholders may lose some or all of their investment in us. All of these factors could materially and adversely affect the market value of our Common Stock.

Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a pre-clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with a history of losses. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and we may never achieve or maintain profitability, which could result in a decline in the market value of our Common Stock.

Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a pre-clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a history of losses. Since our inception, we have devoted our resources to the development of antibody product candidates, our technologies and our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms. We are not profitable and have had significant operating losses since our inception. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $119.0 million. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our net loss was $2.9 million and $7.2 million, respectively. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We continue to incur significant research and development (“R&D”) and other expenses related to ongoing operations and expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future.

Pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are long, expensive and unpredictable processes that can be subject to extensive delays. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. It may take several years and require significant expenditures to complete the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials necessary to commercialize a product candidate, and delays or failure are inherently unpredictable and can occur at any stage. We may also be required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond the trials and testing that we contemplate, which may lead to us incurring additional unplanned costs or result in delays in clinical development. In addition, we may be required to redesign or otherwise modify our plans with respect to an ongoing or planned clinical trial, and changing the design of a clinical trial can be expensive and time consuming. An unfavorable outcome in one or more trials would be a major setback for our product candidates and for us. An unfavorable outcome in one or more trials may require us to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more product development programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and future growth prospects.

Our product candidates are in early stages of development, and we are subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of product candidates based on novel technologies. We believe that we are at a sufficiently mature development stage with both lead candidates that given adequate funding and, in the case of ABP-102, continued successful collaboration with Celltrion, the ABP-102 program would be able to enter clinical trials in 2026. ABP-102 is in the pre-clinical to Phase 1 transition stage, having received U.S. FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) clearance in January 2026. We have never generated any revenue from product sales and have not obtained regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. Accordingly, you should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays, and difficulties frequently encountered by pre-clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies such as ours. We currently do not expect to generate any near-term revenue other than from certain milestone payments under the collaboration agreements relating to our two lead antibodies. We do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future, and we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future due to the costs of research and development and pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, and due to the regulatory approval process for our product candidates. We expect our net losses to increase substantially as we enter into clinical development of our lead programs. However, the amount of our future losses is uncertain. Our ability to achieve profitability, if ever, will depend on, among other things, our, and our existing or future partners, successfully developing product candidates, obtaining regulatory approvals to market and commercialize product candidates, achieving contractual milestones under our collaboration agreements, manufacturing any approved products on commercially reasonable terms, realizing royalties on any approved products under our collaboration agreements, establishing a sales and marketing organization or suitable third-party alternatives for any approved product and raising sufficient funds to finance business activities. If we, and our existing or future partners, are unable to develop our technologies and commercialize one or more of our product candidates or if sales revenue from any product candidate that receives approval is insufficient, we will not achieve profitability, which will have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products.

Our product candidates are in early stages of development and have never been tested in a human subject. Our product candidates may fail in development or suffer delays that materially and adversely affect their commercial viability.

We have no products on the market and all of our product candidates, including ABP-102, for the treatment of breast and gastric cancers, and ABP-201, for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (Wet AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME), have not yet entered clinical trials. In particular, none of our product candidates has ever been tested in a human subject. Our ability to achieve and sustain profitability depends on obtaining regulatory approvals for and successfully commercializing our product candidates, either alone or with third parties. Before obtaining regulatory approval for the commercial distribution of our product candidates, we or an existing or future partner must conduct extensive pre-clinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy in humans of our product candidates.

We may not have the financial resources to continue development of, or to modify existing or enter into new collaborations for, a product candidate if we experience any issues that delay or prevent regulatory approval of, or our ability to commercialize, product candidates, including:

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negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials or the clinical trials of others for product candidates similar to ours, leading to a decision or requirement to conduct additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials or abandon a program;

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product-related side effects experienced by participants in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs or therapeutic antibodies similar to our product candidates;

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delays in submitting investigational new drug applications (each an “IND”) or comparable foreign applications or delays or failure in obtaining the necessary approvals from regulators to commence a clinical trial, or a suspension or termination of a clinical trial once commenced;

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conditions imposed by the FDA, or comparable foreign authorities regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

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delays in enrolling research subjects in clinical trials;

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high drop-out rates of research subjects in clinical trials;

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inadequate supply or quality of product candidate components or materials or other supplies necessary for the conduct of our clinical trials;

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greater than anticipated clinical trial costs;

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poor effectiveness of our product candidates during clinical trials;

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unfavorable FDA or other regulatory agency inspection and review of a clinical trial site;

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failure of our third-party contractors or investigators to comply with regulatory requirements or otherwise meet their contractual obligations in a timely manner, or at all;

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delays and changes in regulatory requirements, policy and guidelines, including the imposition of additional regulatory oversight around clinical testing generally or with respect to our technology in particular; and

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varying interpretations of data by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory agencies.

Our approach to the discovery and development of our antibodies using our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM may not result in a marketable therapeutic antibody product.

The scientific research that forms the basis of our efforts to discover product candidates based on our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms is ongoing. Further, the scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing therapeutic antibodies based on our platforms is both preliminary and limited. We may not be correct in our assumptions about the superiority of our platforms to competing technologies. If our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms are not able to develop next-generation approved antibody constructs that are effective against clinically validated targets at the necessary speed or scale, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our next-generation bispecific antibodies may not demonstrate the therapeutic effects of, or benefits at least comparable to, monospecific antibodies that we anticipate once tested in humans.

None of our product candidates have been tested in humans. We may ultimately discover that our product candidates do not possess certain properties that we believe are helpful for therapeutic effectiveness, including strong binding for increased efficacy and increased binding sites for increased potency, and safety, including reduced immunogenicity and optimized binding domain position, or dosing, including a longer circulating half-life resulting in reduced dosing required. For example, when administered in a human, we may find that our product candidates perform differently than in pre-clinical studies. We currently have only limited pre-clinical data, and no conclusive evidence, to suggest that we can introduce these favorable properties into any of our product candidates. We may spend substantial funds attempting to introduce these properties and may never succeed in doing so. In addition, certain of our product candidates may demonstrate different chemical and pharmacological properties in patients than they do in laboratory studies. Although certain of our product candidates have successful results in animal studies, they may not demonstrate the same chemical and pharmacological properties in humans and may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen, ineffective or harmful ways. As a result, we may never succeed in developing a marketable product, we may not become profitable, and in that case the value of our Common Stock will decline.

Further, we are aware of up to fifteen bispecific antibodies that have been approved by the FDA, nine of which involve bispecific T cell engagers. As such, we believe the FDA has limited early experience with bispecific antibody-based therapeutics, which may increase the complexity, uncertainty and length of the regulatory approval process for our product candidates. For example, the FDA may require us to provide additional data to support our regulatory applications. We and our existing or future partners may never receive approval to market and commercialize any product candidate. Even if we or an existing or future partner obtains regulatory approval, the approval may be for targets, disease indications or patient populations that are not as broad as we intended or desired or may require labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings. We or an existing or future partner may be subject to post-marketing testing requirements to maintain regulatory approval. If any of our product candidates proves to be ineffective, unsafe or commercially unviable, our entire pipeline could have little, if any, value, which could require us to change our focus and approach to antibody development and reengineer the antibody. Any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The market may not be receptive to our product candidates based on our novel therapeutic modality, and we may not generate any revenue from the sale or licensing of product candidates.

Even if regulatory approval is obtained for a product candidate, we may not generate or sustain revenue from sales of the product due to factors such as whether the product can be sold at a competitive cost and otherwise be accepted in the market. The antibodies we are developing use relatively new technologies. Market participants with significant influence over acceptance of new treatments, such as physicians and third-party payors, may not adopt a product or treatment based on our platforms and technologies, and we may not be able to convince the medical community and third-party payors to accept and use, or to provide favorable reimbursement for, any product candidates developed by us or our existing or future partners. Market acceptance of our product candidates will depend on, among other factors:

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the timing of our receipt of any marketing and commercialization approvals;

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the terms of any approvals and the countries in which approvals are obtained;

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the safety and efficacy of our product candidates;

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the prevalence and severity of any adverse side effects associated with our product candidates;

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the limitations or warnings contained in any labeling approved by the FDA or other regulatory authority;

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the relative convenience and ease of administration of our product candidates;

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the willingness of patients to accept any new methods of administration;

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the success of our physician education programs;

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the availability of adequate government and third-party payor reimbursement;

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the pricing of our products, particularly as compared to alternative treatments; and

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the availability of alternative effective treatments for the disease indications our product candidates are intended to treat and the relative risks, benefits and costs of those treatments.

If any product candidate we commercialize fails to achieve market acceptance, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The development of biopharmaceutical product candidates is capital-intensive. If our product candidates enter and advance through pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, we will need substantial additional funds to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities. We have used substantial funds to develop our technology and product candidates and will require significant additional funds to conduct further research and development and pre-clinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, to seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates and to manufacture and market products, if any, that are approved for commercial sale. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, which will require additional funding to operate in parallel with and in addition to our clinical and development costs of our assets.

Because the length of time and activities associated with successful research and development of our product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any approved marketing and commercialization activities. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:

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the timing and progress of pre-clinical and clinical development activities;

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the number and scope of pre-clinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

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the progress of the development efforts of parties with whom we have entered into or may in the future enter into, collaboration and research and development agreements;

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the timing and amount of milestone or royalty payments we may receive under collaboration agreements;

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our ability to maintain our current licenses and research and development programs and to establish new collaborations;

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the costs involved in obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and defending patents and other intellectual property rights;

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the cost and timing of regulatory approvals; and

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our efforts to hire additional personnel, including personnel to support development, marketing and, if successful, commercialization of our product candidates.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we may have to delay, reduce or terminate our research and development programs and pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, if any, limit strategic opportunities or undergo reductions in our workforce or other corporate restructuring activities. We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise pursue on our own. We do not expect to realize revenue from sales of products or royalties from licensed products in the foreseeable future, if at all, and unless and until our product candidates are clinically tested, approved for commercialization and successfully marketed. To date, we have primarily financed our operations through the sale of debt and equity securities and payments received under our collaboration agreements. We will be required to seek additional funding in the future and currently intend to do so through additional collaborations, public or private equity offerings or debt financings, credit or loan facilities or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend on financial, economic and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will suffer dilution, and the terms of any financing may adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, is likely to involve restrictive covenants limiting our flexibility in conducting future business activities, and, in the event of insolvency, debt holders would be repaid before holders of our equity securities received any distribution of our corporate assets.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate and fail to capitalize on product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable product candidates. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through partnership, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

The license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca provides for a research plan with target dates for an IND application (July 2021) and Phase II commencement (December 2022), These target dates were not met, which gives MedImmune/AstraZeneca a termination right. We communicated with Medimmune/AstraZeneca in September 2021 regarding the development timeline, but no further discussion has been held.

We do not expect a material impact on our business if MedImmune/AstraZeneca terminates this agreement. This license was originally entered into in connection with the development of ABP-200, which we are no longer developing. We believe that we do not need the intellectual property licensed under that agreement for the development and eventual commercialization of ABP-201 or any of our other programs. The risks described elsewhere pertaining to our patents and other intellectual property rights also apply to the intellectual property rights that we license from third parties, and any failure by us or our licensors to obtain, maintain, defend and enforce these rights could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have entered, and may in the future seek to enter, into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. If such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our product candidates.

ABP-102 is being developed and commercialized through a worldwide strategic partnership with Celltrion Inc. (“Celltrion”) (KRX:068270), a leading Korean biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Incheon, South Korea. ABP-201 is being developed and commercialized through a territorial partnership with Abpro Bio International, Inc. (“Abpro Bio” or “ABI”), a subsidiary of Abpro Bio Co. Ltd (KOSDAQ:195990), a company headquartered in Daegu, South Korea. ABP-150 is being developed under a collaboration agreement with Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (“NJCTTQ”), headquartered in Nanjing, China.

We will continue to explore strategic and geographic-oriented partnerships that provide us with near-term economic benefits where we retain product rights to key strategic markets. More generally, we may also seek out third-party partners, such as biotech companies, pharmaceutical companies and distributors, for marketing, distribution, development, licensing or broader arrangements to complement our own capabilities.

Our ability to generate revenues from our existing collaborations for licensing and co-development of our product candidates and any future similar arrangements will depend on our ability to successfully develop the product candidates and receive necessary product approvals for commercialization in the agreed territories. We have limited ability to control the actions of our joint development and any other third-party partners, and successful product development will depend to some extent on such third parties performing the functions assigned to them in our contracts.

Collaborations involving our product candidates currently pose, and will continue to pose, the following risks to us:

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third parties have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;

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third parties may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on pre-clinical study or clinical trial results, changes in strategic focus or available funding, or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

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third parties may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

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third parties could independently develop, or develop with other third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidate if the partners believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

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third parties with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;

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third parties may not properly maintain, enforce or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation or other legal proceedings that could jeopardize, invalidate or render unenforceable our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to litigation, other legal proceedings or potential liability;

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third parties may infringe, misappropriate or violate the intellectual property rights of others, which may expose us to litigation, other legal proceedings and potential liability;

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third parties may engage in misconduct, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements, that may result in governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits against us or the third party;

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disputes may arise between our third-party collaborators and our company that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidate or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; and

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collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.

Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of our product candidates in the most efficient manner, or at all. If a partner of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated. Any failure of our existing and any future collaborations would negatively affect our business plans and strategy for our product candidate pipeline, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our partners cease development efforts under our existing or future collaborations, or if any of those agreements is terminated, these collaborations may fail to lead to commercial products, and we may never receive milestone payments or future royalties under these agreements.

A portion of our future revenue and cash resources is expected to be derived from our license and collaboration agreements. Revenue from these collaborations depends upon continuation of the collaborations, reimbursement of development costs, the achievement of milestones and royalties, if any, derived from future products developed from our research. If we are unable to successfully advance the development of our product candidates or achieve milestones, revenue and cash resources from milestone payments under our collaboration agreements will be substantially less than expected.

In addition, to the extent that any of our existing or future partners were to terminate a collaboration agreement, we may be forced to independently develop these product candidates, including funding pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, assuming marketing and distribution costs and maintaining, enforcing and defending intellectual property rights, or, in certain instances, abandon product candidates altogether, any of which could result in a change to our business plan and a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not successfully engage in strategic transactions, including any additional collaborations we seek, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates, impact our cash position, increase our expenses, and present significant distractions to our management.

From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, such as additional collaborations, acquisitions of companies, asset purchases, joint ventures and out- or in-licensing of product candidates or technologies. In particular, we will evaluate and, if strategically attractive, seek to enter into additional collaborations, including with major biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies or hospitals. The competition for partners is intense, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Any new collaboration may be on terms that are not optimal for us, and we may not be able to maintain any new collaboration if, for example, development or approval of a product candidate is delayed, sales of an approved product candidate do not meet expectations, or the partner terminates the collaboration. Any such collaboration, or other strategic transaction, may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures and pose significant integration or implementation challenges or disrupt our management or business. These transactions would entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

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exposure to unknown liabilities;

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disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention in order to manage a collaboration or develop acquired products, product candidates or technologies;

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incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay transaction consideration or costs;

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higher than expected collaboration, acquisition or integration costs, write-downs of assets or goodwill or impairment charges, increased amortization expenses;

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difficulty and cost in facilitating the collaboration or combining the operations and personnel of any acquired business;

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impairment of relationships with key suppliers, manufacturers or customers of any acquired business due to changes in management and ownership; and

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the inability to retain key employees of any acquired business.

Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any transactions of the nature described above, and any such transactions that we do complete may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Conversely, any failure to enter any additional collaboration or other strategic transaction that would be beneficial to us could delay the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates and have a negative impact on the competitiveness of any product candidate that reaches market.

We may acquire assets or form strategic alliances in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.

We may acquire additional technologies and assets, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire assets with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such assets if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing technologies. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.

If third parties on which we intend to rely on to conduct certain pre-clinical studies, or any future clinical trials, do not perform as contractually required, fail to satisfy regulatory or legal requirements or miss expected deadlines, our development program could be delayed with material and adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We intend to rely on third-party clinical investigators, contract research organizations (“CROs”), clinical data management organizations and consultants to design, conduct, supervise and monitor certain pre-clinical studies of our product candidates and will do the same for any clinical trials. Because we intend to rely on these third parties and will not have the ability to conduct certain pre-clinical studies or clinical trials independently, we will have less control over the timing, quality and other aspects of such pre-clinical studies and clinical trials than we would have had we conducted them on our own. These investigators, CROs and consultants will not be our employees, and we will have limited control over the amount of time and resources that they dedicate to our programs. These third parties may have contractual relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors, which may draw time and resources from our programs. The third parties with which we may contract might not be diligent, careful or timely in conducting our pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, resulting in the pre-clinical studies or clinical trials being delayed or unsuccessful.

If we cannot contract with acceptable third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or if these third parties do not carry out their contractual duties, satisfy legal and regulatory requirements for the conduct of pre-clinical studies or clinical trials or meet expected deadlines, our clinical development programs could be delayed and otherwise adversely affected. In all events, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the general investigation plan and protocols for the trial. The FDA requires pre-clinical studies to be conducted in accordance with good laboratory practices, or GLPs, and clinical trials to be conducted in accordance with good clinical practices (“GCPs”), including for designing, conducting, recording and reporting the results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials to ensure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control will not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. Any adverse development or delay in our clinical trials could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We produce only small-scale quantities of our antibodies and reagents for characterization, in vivo and in vitro assessment. We may rely on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture our pre-clinical and clinical trial product supplies. We do not currently own manufacturing facilities for producing such supplies. There can be no assurance that our pre-clinical or clinical development product supplies will not be limited or interrupted or will be of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In particular, any replacement of our manufacturers could require significant effort and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified replacements.

The manufacturing process for a product candidate is subject to FDA and foreign regulatory authority review. Suppliers and manufacturers must meet applicable manufacturing requirements and undergo rigorous facility and process validation tests required by regulatory authorities in order to comply with regulatory standards, such as current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMPs”). In the event that any of our manufacturers fails to comply with such requirements or to perform its obligations to us in relation to quality, timing or otherwise, or if our supply of components or other materials becomes limited or interrupted for other reasons, we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves, for which we currently do not have the capabilities or resources, or enter into an agreement with another third party, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In some cases, the technical skills or technology required to manufacture our product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original manufacturer and we may have difficulty transferring such skills or technology to another third party and a feasible alternative may not exist. These factors would increase our reliance on such manufacturer or require us to obtain a license from such manufacturer in order to have another third party manufacture our product candidates. If we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines. The delays associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates in a timely manner or within budget.

We expect to rely on third-party manufacturers if we receive regulatory approval for any product candidate. To the extent that we then have existing manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and assurance. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third-party manufacturing for product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our product candidates successfully. Our failure or a third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements and comply with cGMPs could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

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an inability to initiate or continue clinical trials of product candidates under development;

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delay in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for product candidates;

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loss of the cooperation of an existing or future partner;

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subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities or our manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

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requirements to cease distribution or to recall batches of our product candidates; and

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in the event of approval to market and commercialize a product candidate, an inability to meet commercial demands for our products.

Our third-party manufacturers may be unable to successfully scale manufacturing of our product candidates in sufficient quality and quantity, which would delay or prevent us from developing our product candidates and commercializing approved products, if any.

In order to conduct clinical trials, we will need to manufacture large quantities of our product candidates. We may use third parties for our manufacturing needs. Our manufacturing partners may be unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for any of our product candidates in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. In addition, quality issues may arise during scale-up activities. If our manufacturing partners are unable to successfully scale the manufacture of our product candidates in sufficient quality and quantity, the development, testing, and clinical trials of that product candidate may be delayed or infeasible, and regulatory approval or commercial launch of any resulting product may be delayed or not obtained, which could significantly harm our business.

If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we believe they are, our future product revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer.

Our understanding of both the number of people who suffer from HER2+ breast and gastric cancers or other tumors that can be treated with VEGF inhibitors, is based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect, and new studies may reduce the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The number of patients in the United States, Europe, or elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our product candidates or patients may become increasingly difficult to identify and access, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Further, there are several factors that could contribute to making the actual number of patients who receive our potential product candidates less than the potentially addressable market. These include the lack of widespread availability of, and limited reimbursement for, new therapies in many underdeveloped markets.

We face competition from entities that have developed or may develop product candidates for the treatment of the diseases that we are initially targeting, including companies developing novel treatments and technology platforms. If these companies develop technologies or product candidates more rapidly than we do or their technologies are more effective, our ability to develop and successfully commercialize product candidates may be adversely affected.

The development and commercialization of drugs and therapeutic biologics is highly competitive. We compete with a variety of multinational biopharmaceutical companies and specialized biotechnology companies, as well as technology being developed at universities and other research institutions. Our competitors are often larger and better funded. Our competitors have developed, are developing or will develop product candidates and processes competitive with our product candidates and processes. Competitive therapeutic treatments include those that have already been approved and accepted by the medical community and any new treatments that are currently in development or that enter the market. We believe that a significant number of products are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of conditions for which we may try to develop product candidates. There is intense and rapidly evolving competition in the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and antibody and immunoregulatory therapeutics fields. We believe that while our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms, their associated intellectual property, the characteristics of our antibody product candidates in development, and our scientific and technical know-how give us a competitive advantage in this space, competition from many sources remains. Given the number of competitors, we strive to differentiate ourselves from them and contrast the perceived advantages of our technologies and product candidates. There is a risk that some of our competitors will take issue with our positioning and make allegations regarding our company or our business practices. Any such allegations could divert management’s attention, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

We are aware of several companies that are developing antibodies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Many of these companies are well-capitalized and, in contrast to us, have significant clinical experience, and may include our existing or future partners. In addition, these companies compete with us in recruiting scientific and managerial talent. Our success will partially depend on our ability to develop and protect antibodies that are safer and more effective than competing products. Our commercial opportunity and success will be reduced or eliminated if competing products are safer, more effective, or less expensive than the antibodies we develop.

We expect to compete with antibody developers, such as AnaptysBio, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Genmab A/S, Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Janux Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche AG, Vir Bio, and Xencor Inc. If our lead product candidates are approved, they will compete with a range of treatments that are either in development or currently marketed. For example, some of our product candidates will compete against traditional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, as well as immune-based treatments for cancer, such as CAR T and TCR therapies, developed or currently marketed by Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., bluebird bio, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Cellectis S.A., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Novartis AG, Precigen, Inc., AstraZeneca and Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group, or Genentech/Roche).

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources or experience than we do. If we successfully obtain approval for any product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of our products, the ease with which our products can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position. Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including being more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing our product candidates. Such competitors could also recruit our employees, which could negatively impact on our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan.

Any inability to attract and retain qualified key management, technical personnel and employees would impair our ability to implement our business plan.

Our success largely depends on the continued service of key management, advisors and other specialized personnel. The loss of one or more members of our executive team, management team or other key employees or advisors could delay our research and development programs and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The relationships that our key managers have cultivated within our industry make us particularly dependent upon their continued employment with us. We are dependent on the continued service of our technical personnel because of the highly technical nature of our product candidates and technologies and the specialized nature of the regulatory approval process. Because our management team and key employees are not obligated to provide us with continued service, they could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty. Our future success will depend in large part on our continued ability to attract and retain other highly qualified scientific, technical and management personnel, as well as personnel with expertise in clinical testing, manufacturing, governmental regulation and commercialization. We face competition for personnel from other companies, universities, public and private research institutions, government entities and other organizations.

As of March 30, 2026, we had one full-time employee and two part-time employees. Our focus on the development of our product candidates will require adequate staffing. We may need to hire and retain new employees to execute our future clinical development and manufacturing plans. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to hire and/or retain adequate staffing levels to develop our product candidates or run our operations and/ or to accomplish all of our objectives.

We may experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations.

We have limited experience in product development and have not begun clinical trials for any of our product candidates. As our product candidates enter and advance through pre-clinical studies and any clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory and manufacturing capabilities or contract with other organizations to provide these capabilities for us. We may also experience difficulties in the discovery and development of new antibody product candidates using our DiversImmune^® and MultiMab^TM platforms if we are unable to meet demand as we grow our operations. In the future, we also expect to have to manage additional relationships with collaborators, suppliers and other organizations. Our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. We may not be able to implement improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls.

If any of our product candidates is approved for marketing and commercialization and we are unable to develop sales, marketing and distribution capabilities on our own or enter into agreements with third parties to perform these functions on acceptable terms, we will be unable to commercialize successfully any such future products.

We currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities or experience. If any of our product candidates is approved, we will need to develop internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities to commercialize such products, which would be expensive and time-consuming, or enter into partnerships with third parties to perform these services. If we decide to market our products directly, we will need to commit significant financial and managerial resources to develop a marketing and sales force with technical expertise and supportive distribution, administration and compliance capabilities. If we rely on third parties with such capabilities to market our products or decide to co-promote products with partners, we will need to establish and maintain marketing and distribution arrangements with third parties, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into such arrangements on acceptable terms or at all. In entering into third-party marketing or distribution arrangements, any revenue we receive will depend upon the efforts of the third parties and there can be no assurance that such third parties will establish adequate sales and distribution capabilities or be successful in gaining market acceptance of any approved product. If we are not successful in commercializing any product approved in the future, either on our own or through third parties, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to operate in foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets for which we may rely on partnership with third parties. We are not permitted to market or promote any of our product candidates before we receive regulatory approval from the applicable regulatory authority in that foreign market, and we may never receive such regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. To obtain separate regulatory approval in many other countries, we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials and commercial sales, pricing and distribution of our product candidates, and we cannot predict success in these jurisdictions. If we obtain approval of our product candidates and ultimately commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets, we would be subject to the risks and uncertainties, including the burden of complying with complex and changing foreign regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements and the reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries.

Price controls imposed in foreign markets may adversely affect our future profitability.

In some countries, particularly member states of the European Union, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we or future partners may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our antibody product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of any product candidate approved for marketing is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by the product candidate, our ability to market and derive revenue from the product candidates could be compromised.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. While we have not yet initiated clinical trials for any of our product candidates, it is likely that there may be side effects associated with their use. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Such side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Further, clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. With a limited number of patients and limited duration of exposure, rare and severe side effects of our product candidates may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients exposed to the product candidate.

In the event that any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by one of our products, any of the following adverse events could occur, which could result in the loss of significant revenue to us and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and business:

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regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product;

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we may be required to recall the product or change the way the product is administered to patients;

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additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing processes for the product or any component thereof;

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we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties;

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regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;

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we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

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the product may become less competitive; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Litigation and legal proceedings may substantially increase our costs and harm our business.

We have been, are, and may in the future become, party to lawsuits and legal proceedings including, without limitation, actions and proceedings in the ordinary course of business relating to our collaboration partners, directors, officers, stockholders, intellectual property rights, employment matters and the safety or efficacy of our products, which will cause us to incur legal fees and other costs related thereto, including potential expenses for the reimbursement of legal fees of officers and directors under indemnification obligations. See “Legal Proceedings.”

The expense of defending against such litigation and legal proceedings may be significant and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in any defense. Further, the amount of time that may be required to resolve such lawsuits or legal proceedings is unpredictable, and these actions may divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our business, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and cash flows. Our insurance carriers may deny coverage, may be inadequately capitalized to pay on valid claims, or our policy limits may be inadequate to fully satisfy any damage awards or settlements. If this were to happen, the payment of any such awards could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated operations, cash flows and financial position. Additionally, any such claims, whether or not successful, could damage our reputation and business. Litigation and legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in such matters that may arise from time to time could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our business entails a significant risk of product liability and our ability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As we move into conducting clinical trials of our product candidates, we will be exposed to significant product liability risks inherent in the development, testing, manufacturing and marketing of antibody treatments. Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our development programs. If we succeed in marketing products, such claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety and effectiveness of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities or our marketing programs and potentially a recall of our products or more serious enforcement action, limitations on the approved indications for which they may be used or suspension or withdrawal of approvals. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may also result in decreased demand for our products, injury to our reputation, costs to defend the related litigation, a diversion of management’s time and our resources, substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients and a decline in our stock price. We currently do not have product liability insurance and will need to obtain such insurance prior to marketing any of our product candidates. Any insurance we have or may obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product liability insurances may be becoming increasingly expensive As a result, our partners or we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud, waste, abuse or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, comply with manufacturing standards we may establish, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other wasteful or abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including the imposition of significant criminal, civil, and administrative fines or other sanctions, such as monetary penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity obligations, reputational harm, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Our internal computer systems, or those of CROs or other contractors or consultants we currently use or may use in the future, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.

Our internal computer systems and those of CROs and other contractors and consultants we use or may use in the future, may be vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such events could cause interruptions of our operations. For instance, the loss of pre-clinical data or data from any future clinical trial involving our product candidates could result in delays in our development and regulatory filing efforts and significantly increase our costs. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, and the development of our product candidates could be delayed.

Our information technology systems could face serious disruptions that could adversely affect our business.

Our information technology and other internal infrastructure systems, including corporate firewalls, servers, leased lines and connection to the Internet, face the risk of systemic failure that could disrupt our operations. A significant disruption in the availability of our information technology and other internal infrastructure systems could cause interruptions and delays in our research and development work.

Additionally, any significant breach, breakdown, destruction or interruption of these systems by employees, others with authorized access to our systems or unauthorized persons has the potential to negatively affect our operations. There is also a risk that we could experience a business interruption, theft of information or reputational damage as a result of a cyberattack, such as the infiltration of a data center, denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, phishing attacks, security breaches or data leakage of confidential information either internally or at our third-party providers. Although we have invested in the protection of our data and information technology to reduce these risks, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent breakdowns or breaches in our systems that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected.

Our research, development and manufacturing involve the use of hazardous materials and various chemicals. We maintain quantities of various flammable and toxic chemicals in our facilities that are required for our research, development and manufacturing activities. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. We believe our procedures for storing, handling and disposing these materials in our facilities comply with the relevant guidelines of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by applicable regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of animals and biohazardous materials. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials. Additional federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate any of these laws or regulations.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by natural disasters and we may not be adequately protected from a serious disaster.

Our current operations are located outside of Boston, Massachusetts. Any unplanned event, such as flood, fire, explosion, extreme weather condition, medical epidemics, power shortage, telecommunication failure or other natural or manmade accidents or incidents that result in us being unable to fully utilize our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to operate our business, particularly on a daily basis, and have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating conditions. Loss of access to this facility may result in increased costs, delays in the development of our product candidates or interruption of our business operations. Natural disasters such as snowstorms or hurricanes could further disrupt our operations and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. We do not currently have disaster recovery and business continuity plans in place, and this may have adverse consequences in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. As a result, we may incur substantial expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. As part of our risk management policy, we maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, in the event of an accident or incident at this facility or the facilities maintained and insured by our third party vendors, contractors or development partners, we cannot assure you that the amounts of insurance will be sufficient to satisfy any damages and losses. If our offices or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, are unable to operate because of an accident or incident or for any other reason, even for a short period of time, any or all of our research and development programs may be harmed. Any business interruption may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection with respect to our owned and in-licensed intellectual property and proprietary technology. We rely on patents and other forms of intellectual property rights, including in-licenses of intellectual property rights of others, to protect our current or future platforms, product candidates, methods used to manufacture our current or future product candidates and methods for treating patients using our current or future product candidates.

We cannot predict whether any future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents that effectively protect any of our product candidates or will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive products.

We also rely on our ability to preserve our trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or violating our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing, misappropriating or violating the proprietary rights of others. The patent prosecution process is expensive, complex and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce or license all necessary or desirable patents and patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents, and, even if they do issue as patents, such patents may not cover our current or future technologies or product candidates in the United States or in other countries or provide sufficient protection from competitors. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our owned or in-licensed patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending application. Even if patents do successfully issue and even if such patents cover our current or any future technologies or product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Any successful challenge to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any current or future technologies or product candidates that we may develop.

If patent applications we own or have in-licensed with respect to our development programs and current or future technologies or product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop current or future technologies or product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize current or future products. Any such outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies are generally uncertain because they involve complex legal and factual considerations and have, in recent years, been the subject of much legislation and litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. The standards applied by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and foreign patent offices in granting patents are not always applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claims allowable in patents. In addition, changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our owned or in-licensed patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. Publications of discoveries in scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or in-licensed patents or pending applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our owned or in-licensed patents and patent applications has been found. We may be unaware of prior art that could be used to invalidate an issued patent or prevent our owned or in-licensed pending patent applications from issuing as patents.

The filing of a patent application or the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its ownership, inventorship, scope, patentability, validity, or enforceability, and patents and patent applications may be challenged in the courts in the patent office in the Unites States and abroad. For example, we or our licensors may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, or interference proceedings, declaratory judgment actions or counterclaims challenging our owned or in-licensed patent rights or the rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding, or litigation could prevent the issuance of, reduce the scope of, invalidate, or render unenforceable our owned or in-licensed patent rights, limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical platforms and products, allow third parties to compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our owned or in-licensed patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop, or commercialize current or future platforms or product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Any failure to obtain or any loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We may be unable to prevent competitors from entering the market with a product that is similar to or the same as our current or future product candidates.

Moreover, some of our owned and in-licensed patents and patent applications may in the future be co-owned with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent application, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Furthermore, our owned and in-licensed patents may be subject to a reservation of rights by one or more third parties. For example, we in-license certain patent rights covering ABP-110 from the National Cancer Institute, or NCI, a division of the National Institutes of Health, or NIH. As a result, the U.S. government may have certain rights, including so-called march-in rights, to such patent rights and any products or technology developed from such patent rights. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the U.S. government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a non-exclusive license authorizing the U.S. government to use the invention for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the U.S. government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The U.S. government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve the practical application of government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States. Any exercise by the U.S. government of such rights could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We are heavily reliant upon licenses to certain patent rights and proprietary technology from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our technologies and product candidates. Our current license agreements impose, and any future license agreements we enter into are likely to impose, various development, commercialization, funding, milestone, royalty, diligence, sublicensing, insurance, patent prosecution and enforcement and/or other obligations on us. We previously were party to an Exclusive License Agreement with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSK”), which was terminated by MSK in September 2023 for our failure to fulfil our payment obligations to MSK. MSK has demanded payments totaling approximately $1.2 million. We have contacted MSK about possible settlement, have responded to a counterproposal received from MSK in February 2024 and are continuing discussions. See “Legal Proceedings” for more information.

We are in breach of our obligations under our license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca. See ” - Through our AbMed subsidiary, we have in-licensed certain intellectual property rights relating to ABP-201 from MedImmune Limited, or MedImmune (now AstraZeneca), and are in breach of the terms of our license agreement with MedImmune/AstraZeneca.” Our breach of this license agreement or breach of any other license agreement, or the use of intellectual property licensed to us in an unauthorized manner, may require us to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, which could result in us being unable to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by the licensed technology or enable a competitor to gain access to the licensed technology. In certain circumstances, our licensed patent rights are subject to our reimbursing our licensors for their patent prosecution and maintenance costs.

Furthermore, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement, and defense of patents and patent applications that we license from third parties. For example, pursuant to each of our intellectual property licenses with MedImmune, and the National Cancer Institute (“NCI”), our licensors retain control of preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance, and, in certain circumstances, enforcement and defense of the patents and patent applications. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced, and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our licensors fail to prosecute, maintain, enforce, and defend such patents, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, and our right to develop and commercialize any of our products or product candidates that are subject of such licensed rights could be materially adversely affected.

Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the licensor’s intellectual property rights. In addition, while we cannot currently determine the amount of the royalty obligations we would be required to pay on sales of future products, if any, the amounts may be significant. The amount of our future royalty obligations will depend on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any. Therefore, even if we successfully develop and commercialize products, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability.

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our current or future technologies or product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the standard expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Various extensions may be available. However, the life of a patent and the protection it affords is limited. As a result, our owned and in-licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. For example, given the large amount of time required for the research, development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent, which is limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). Additionally, a patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. An extension may not be granted or may be limited because of, for example, a failure to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and pre-clinical data and launching their product earlier than might otherwise be the case, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our current or any future technologies or product candidates.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. The United States has recently enacted and implemented wide-ranging patent reform legislation. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law, which could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art, may affect patent litigation and switch the U.S. patent system from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system. Under a first-to-file system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. These provisions also allow third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and set forth additional procedures to challenge the validity of a patent by the USPTO administered post grant proceedings, including derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, and interference proceedings. The USPTO developed additional regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and, in particular, the first-to-file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued owned or in-licensed patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our and our licensors’ ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. The recent decision by the Supreme Court in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. precludes claims directed to a nucleic acid having a stated nucleotide sequence that is identical to a sequence found in nature and that is unmodified. This decision has yet to be clearly interpreted by other courts and by the USPTO. We cannot assure you that the interpretations of this decision or that subsequent rulings will not adversely impact on our owned or in-licensed patents or patent applications. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our and our licensors’ ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing owned or in-licensed patents and patents that we might obtain or in-license in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may have a material adverse effect on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain new patents or to protect and enforce our owned or in-licensed patents or that we may obtain or in-license in the future.

Other companies or organizations may challenge our or our licensors’ patent rights or may assert patent rights that prevent us from developing and commercializing our current or future products.

Bispecific antibodies are a relatively new scientific field. As the field of antibody and immunoregulatory therapeutics matures, patent applications are being processed by national patent offices around the world. There is uncertainty about which patents will issue, and, if they do, as to when, to whom, and with what claims. In addition, third parties may attempt to invalidate our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights. Even if such rights are not directly challenged, disputes could lead to the weakening of our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights. Our defense against any attempt by third parties to circumvent or invalidate our intellectual property rights could be costly to us, could require significant time and attention of our management and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects or our ability to successfully compete.

There are many issued and pending patents that claim aspects of our current or future product candidates and modifications that we may need to apply to our current or future product candidates. There are also many issued patents that claim antibodies or portions of antibodies that may be relevant for products we wish to develop. Thus, it is possible that one or more third parties will hold patent rights to which we will need a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. If those third parties refuse to grant us a license to such patent rights on reasonable terms or at all, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our technology, product candidates, or the methods for manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to market such technology or product candidates or perform research and development or other activities covered by these patents, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could negatively impact our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on current or future technologies or product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors or other third parties may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection or licenses, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Additionally, the laws of some foreign jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws in the United States, and many companies have encountered significant difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in such jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, including certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our owned and in-licensed patents or the marketing of competing products in violation of our intellectual property and proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our owned or in-licensed intellectual property and proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our owned or in-licensed patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our owned or in-licensed patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our licensors. We or our licensors may not prevail in any lawsuits that we or our licensors initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our and our licensors’ efforts to enforce such intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or in-license.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of its patents. If we or any of our licensors are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position in the relevant jurisdiction may be impaired and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially adversely affected.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating or violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse impact on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends, in part, upon our ability and the ability of our current or future collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our current or any future product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating or violating the proprietary and intellectual property rights of third parties. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive and complex litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights.

We or our licensors, or any future strategic partners may be party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our current or any future product candidates and technologies, including derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, or interference proceedings before the USPTO and similar proceedings in jurisdictions outside of the United States such as opposition proceedings. In some instances, we may be required to indemnify our licensors for the costs associated with any such adversarial proceedings or litigation. For example, our majority-owned subsidiary, AbMed Corporation, is obligated under the Collaboration and License Agreement with MedImmune to indemnify and hold harmless MedImmune for damages arising from intellectual property infringement by us resulting from exercise of the license from MedImmune. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us, our licensors or our strategic partners based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit. There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us, our licensors or our strategic partners to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights. Even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could have a material adverse impact on our ability to commercialize our current or any future platforms or product candidates. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent.

If we or our licensors, or any future strategic partners are found to infringe, misappropriate or violate a third-party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could be required to pay damages, including treble damages and attorney’s fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed. In addition, we or our licensors, or any future strategic partners may choose to seek, or be required to seek, a license from a third party, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if a license can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors access to the same technology or intellectual property rights licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We also could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing and commercializing the infringing platforms or product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue or achieve profitability and possibly prevent us from generating revenue sufficient to sustain our operations.

In addition, we or our licensors may find it necessary to pursue claims or initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our owned or in-licensed patent or other intellectual property rights. The cost to us in defending or initiating any litigation or other proceeding relating to our owned or in-licensed patent or other intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and any litigation or other proceeding would divert our management’s attention. Such litigation or proceedings could materially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could delay our research and development efforts and materially limit our ability to continue our operations. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Common Stock.

If we or our licensors were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates or our technology, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, indefiniteness, lack of written description, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we or our licensors and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on one or more of our product candidates or certain aspects of our platform technology. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Patents and other intellectual property rights also will not protect our product candidates and technologies if competitors or third parties design around such product candidates and technologies without legally infringing, misappropriating or violating our owned or in-licensed patents or other intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our current or future technologies or product candidates, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our current or future technologies or product candidates, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Because the antibody landscape is still evolving, it is difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing, misappropriating or violating third-party rights. There are numerous companies that have pending patent applications and issued patents broadly covering antibodies generally or covering antibodies directed against the same targets as, or targets similar to, those we are pursuing. Our competitive position may materially suffer if patents issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights cover our current or future technologies or product candidates or elements thereof, or our manufacture or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize current or future technologies or product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may be issued patents of which we are not aware, held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or product candidates. There also may be pending patent applications of which we are not aware that may result in issued patents, which could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or product candidates. If such an infringement claim should be brought successfully, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our current or future technologies or product candidates or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, U.S. applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the U.S. remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates or platform technologies could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platforms, our product candidates or the use of our technologies. Third-party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement, misappropriation or violation claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in marketing our product candidates. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing any of our current or future technologies or product candidates that are held to be infringing, misappropriating or violating. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign current or future technologies or product candidates so that we no longer infringe, misappropriate or violate the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent protection for certain aspects of our current or future technologies and product candidates, we also consider trade secrets, including confidential and unpatented know-how, important to the maintenance of our competitive position. However, trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. We protect trade secrets and confidential and unpatented know-how, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to such knowledge, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to maintain confidentiality and assign their inventions to us. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach such agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. We may also become involved in inventorship disputes relating to inventions and patents developed by our employees or consultants under such agreements. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or securing title to an employee-or consultant-developed invention if a dispute arises, is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be materially and adversely harmed.

We may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of our employees’ or consultants’ former employers or their clients.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information from their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or may be enjoined from using such intellectual property and would likely divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. A loss of key research personnel or their work product could limit our ability to commercialize, or prevent us from commercializing, our current or future technologies or product candidates, which could materially harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our owned and in-licensed patents and/or applications and any patent rights we may own or in-license in the future. The USPTO and various non-U.S. government patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and we are also dependent on our licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to our in-licensed intellectual property. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or platforms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest, and our business may be adversely affected.

Our trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using these names, which we need for name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business may be materially adversely affected.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business. The following examples are illustrative:

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others may be able to make compounds or formulations that are similar to our product candidates, but that are not covered by the claims of any patents, should they issue, that we own, license or control;

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we or any strategic partners might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own, license or control;

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we or our licensors might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our owned and in-licensed inventions;

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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing, misappropriating or violating our owned or in-licensed intellectual property rights;

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it is possible that our owned or in-licensed pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;

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issued patents that we own, in-license or control may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be narrowed or held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges;

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our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

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we may not develop additional proprietary platforms that are patentable;

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we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such trade secrets or know-how; and

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the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

All of our product candidates are in pre-clinical development and their risk of failure is high. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must complete pre-clinical studies and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the development process. The results of pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through pre-clinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials.

We are planning for clinical trials of our two lead product candidates, ABP-102 for the treatment of breast and gastric cancers, and ABP-201 for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (Wet AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). We expect to initiate clinical trials for ABP-102 in the first half of 2026 in conjunction with our Korean collaborators. The clinical trials for APB-201 are planned for the second half of 2027 if appropriate funding is secured. . Commencing these clinical trials is subject to finalizing the trial design and filing an IND or similar filing with the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authority. Even after we file our IND or comparable submissions in other jurisdictions, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could disagree that we have satisfied their requirements to commence our clinical trials or disagree with our study design, which may require us to complete additional pre-clinical studies or amend our protocols or impose stricter conditions on the commencement of clinical trials.

We may experience delays in completing our pre-clinical studies and initiating or completing clinical trials of our product candidates. We do not know whether planned pre-clinical studies and clinical trials will be completed on schedule or at all, or whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Our development programs may be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays related to:

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the FDA or other regulatory authorities requiring us to submit additional data or imposing other requirements before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial;

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obtaining regulatory approval to commence a clinical trial;

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reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical trial sites;

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obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval at each clinical trial site;

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recruiting suitable patients to participate in a clinical trial;

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having patients complete a clinical trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;

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clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;

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adding new clinical trial sites; or

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manufacturing sufficient quantities of our product candidates for use in clinical trials.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, the severity of the disease under investigation, our payments for conducting clinical trials, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or therapeutic biologics that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Especially because our product candidates may initially target indications that may be characterized as orphan markets, the clinical trial timeline for the regulatory process could be prolonged if sufficient patients cannot be enrolled in a timely manner. Furthermore, we expect to rely on our partners, CROs and clinical trial sites, to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and while we expect to enter into agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance.

We could encounter delays if prescribing physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and efficacy profiles. Further, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our partners, the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, the Data Safety Monitoring Board for such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug or therapeutic biologic, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. If we experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

We may be unable to obtain U.S. or foreign regulatory approval and, as a result, be unable to commercialize our product candidates, resulting in substantial harm to our business.

We cannot commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the product candidate. Our product candidates are subject to extensive governmental regulations relating to, among other things, research, testing, development, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, approval, recordkeeping, reporting, labeling, storage, packaging, advertising and promotion, pricing, marketing and distribution of drugs and therapeutic biologics. Rigorous pre-clinical testing and clinical trials and an extensive regulatory approval process are required to be successfully completed in the U.S. and in many foreign jurisdictions before a new drug or therapeutic biologic can be marketed. Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time-consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. It is possible that none of the product candidates we may develop will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for us or our existing or future partners to begin selling them. We have very limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA. The time required to obtain FDA and other approvals is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials, depending upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate. The standards that the FDA and its foreign counterparts use when regulating us require judgment and can change, which makes it difficult to predict with certainty how they will be applied. Any analysis we perform of data from pre-clinical and clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. We may also encounter unexpected delays or increased costs due to new government regulations, for example, from future legislation or administrative action, or from changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted, or whether FDA or foreign regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes, if any, may be.

We believe the FDA has limited early experience with bispecific antibody-based therapeutics, which may increase the complexity, uncertainty and length of the regulatory approval process for our product candidates. For example, the FDA may require us to provide additional data to support our regulatory applications, including Biologics License Applications (“BLAs”). In addition, because there may be approved treatments for some of the diseases for which we may seek approval, in order to receive regulatory approval, we may need to demonstrate through clinical trials that the product candidates we develop to treat these diseases, if any, are not only safe and effective, but safer or more effective than existing products.

Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues from the particular product candidate for which we are seeking approval. Furthermore, any regulatory approval to market a product may be subject to limitations on the approved uses for which we may market the product or the labeling or other restrictions.

We are also subject to numerous foreign regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. The foreign regulatory approval process varies among countries and may include all of the risks associated with FDA approval described above as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities outside the United States and vice versa.

We may in the future choose to conduct one or more clinical trials outside the United States. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice; (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, the FDA will not accept the data as support for an application for marketing approval unless the study is well-designed and well-conducted in accordance with GCP and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection, if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements. In addition, such foreign trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional trials, which could be costly and time-consuming, and which may result in current or future product candidates that we may develop not receiving approval for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

Further, conducting clinical trials in foreign countries, as we may do for our product candidates, presents additional risks that may delay completion of our clinical trials. These risks include the failure of enrolled patients in foreign countries to adhere to clinical protocol as a result of differences in healthcare services or cultural customs, managing additional administrative burdens associated with foreign regulatory schemes, as well as political and economic risks relevant to such foreign countries.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, our product candidates, if approved, could be subject to labeling and other restrictions and market withdrawal and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products.

Any regulatory approvals that we or our existing or future partners obtain for our product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which a product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including “Phase 4” clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, import, export, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

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restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

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fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;

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refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our strategic partners;

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suspension or revocation of product license approvals;

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product seizure or detention or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA’s policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

We may fail to obtain and maintain orphan drug designation from the FDA for our current and future product candidates, as applicable.

Our strategy may include filing for orphan drug designation if and where available for our product candidates. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is defined as one occurring in a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug or biologic will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee exemptions. In addition, if a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA or BLA, to market the same drug or biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity or where the original manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity.

We may pursue orphan designations for our lead product candidates ABP-102 and ABP-201. However, while we may seek orphan drug designations for our product candidates, we may never receive such designations. In addition, orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug, nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. Even if we obtain such designations, we may not be the first to obtain regulatory approval of a product candidate for the orphan-designated indication due to the uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products. We may also fail to meet requirements to maintain orphan drug designation while developing ABP-102 and ABP-201. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be limited if we decide to seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if we are unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the orphan-designated disease or condition. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties may receive and be approved for the same condition, and only the first applicant to receive approval will receive the benefits of marketing exclusivity. Even after an orphan-designated product is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve a later drug with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior if it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.

We may attempt to secure approval from the FDA through the use of accelerated approval pathways. If unable to obtain approval under an accelerated pathway, we may be required to conduct additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials which could increase the expense of obtaining, reduce the likelihood of obtaining and/or delay the timing of obtaining, necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, if our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-marketing requirements, the FDA may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.

We may seek an accelerated approval development pathway for our product candidates, including ABP-102 and ABP-201. Under the accelerated approval provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”), and the FDA’s implementing regulations, the FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage over available therapies and demonstrates an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. The accelerated approval development pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy may not be a direct therapeutic advantage but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. If granted, accelerated approval is contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug’s clinical profile or risks and benefits for accelerated approval. The FDA may require that any such confirmatory study be initiated or substantially underway prior to the submission of an application for accelerated approval. If such post-approval studies fail to confirm the drug’s clinical profile or risks and benefits, the FDA may withdraw its approval of the drug.

If we choose to pursue accelerated approval, we intend to seek feedback from the FDA or will otherwise evaluate our ability to seek and receive such accelerated approval. There can be no assurance that, after our evaluation of the feedback from the FDA or other factors, we will decide to pursue or submit a BLA for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval. Furthermore, if we submit an application for accelerated approval, there can be no assurance that such application will be accepted or that approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA also could require us to conduct further studies or trials prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type. We might not be able to fulfill the FDA’s requirements in a timely manner, which would cause delays, or approval might not be granted because our submission is deemed incomplete by the FDA. A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval for a product candidate would result in a longer time period to commercialize such product candidate, could increase the cost of development of such product candidate and could harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, we will be subject to rigorous post-marketing requirements, including the completion of confirmatory post-market clinical trial(s) to verify the clinical benefit of the product, and submission to the FDA of all promotional materials prior to their dissemination. The FDA could seek to withdraw accelerated approval for multiple reasons, including if we fail to conduct any required post-market study with due diligence, a post-market study does not confirm the predicted clinical benefit, other evidence shows that the product is not safe or effective under the conditions of use, or we disseminate promotional materials that are found by the FDA to be false and misleading.

Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures that may reduce or limit coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs and affect our ability to profitably sell any of our current or future product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare.

For example, in 2010, the Affordable Care Act, or the ACA, was enacted in the United States. Among other provisions, the ACA established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; extended manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; expanded the entities eligible for discounts under the 340B drug pricing program; increased the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; established a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; and established a Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending.

Since its enactment, there have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. For example, beginning April 1, 2013, Medicare payments to providers were reduced under the sequestration required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, which will remain in effect through the 2032 fiscal year, unless additional Congressional action is taken. Additionally, on January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers. On March 11, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was signed into law, which eliminated the statutory cap on drug manufacturers’ Medicaid drug rebate liability, beginning January 1, 2024. The rebate was previously capped at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price. Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient assistance programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products.

Most significantly, the Inflation Reduction Act, or the IRA, was enacted in 2022. Among other things, the IRA requires manufacturers of certain drugs to engage in price negotiations with Medicare, with prices that can be negotiated subject to a cap (with resulting prices for the initial ten drugs first effective in 2026), imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation (first due in 2023), redesigns the Medicare Part D benefit (beginning in 2025), and replaces the Part D coverage gap discount program with a new discounting program (which began on January 1, 2025). Under the IRA, small molecule drugs and biologics that otherwise qualify for selection first become eligible for price negotiation seven and eleven years, respectively, after U.S. FDA approval. The IRA permits the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or HHS, to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. CMS published the negotiated prices for the initial ten drugs, which went into effect in January 2026, and for the subsequent 15 drugs, which will first be effective in 2027, as well as the next 15 drugs that will be subject to price negotiation. Each year thereafter, more Part B and Part D products will become subject to the HHS price negotiation program. HHS has issued and will continue to issue guidance implementing the IRA, although the program is currently subject to legal challenges. While the impact of the IRA on us and the pharmaceutical industry cannot yet be fully determined, it is likely to be significant. Additional drug pricing proposals could appear in future legislation.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which was enacted in July 2025, imposes significant reductions in the funding of the Medicaid program. Such reductions are expected to decrease the number of persons enrolled in Medicaid and reduce the services covered by Medicaid, which could adversely affect our sales of any product candidate that we commercialize.

The Trump administration is also pursuing a two-fold strategy to reduce drug costs in the U.S. While it is unclear whether and how the Trump proposals will be implemented, the Trump policies are likely to have a negative impact on the pharmaceutical industry and on our ability to receive adequate revenues for our product candidates, if approved. On the one hand, President Trump has threatened to impose significant tariffs on pharmaceutical manufacturers that do not adopt pricing policies such as most favored nation pricing, which would tie the price for drugs in the U.S. to the lowest price in a group of other countries. In response, multiple manufacturers have reportedly entered into confidential pricing agreements with the federal government. On the other hand, the Trump administration is pursuing traditional regulatory pathways to impose drug pricing policies, although final regulations have not yet been published. Even regulatory proposals or executive actions that are ultimately deemed unlawful could negatively impact the U.S. pharmaceutical sector and our business. In addition, pharmaceutical pricing and marketing has long been the subject of considerable discussion in Congress and among policymakers, and it is possible that Congress could enact additional laws that negatively affect the pharmaceutical industry.

At the state level, state governments have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, marketing cost disclosure, drug price reporting and other transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Some states have enacted legislation creating so-called prescription drug affordability boards with the goal of imposing price limits on certain drugs in these states, and at least one state board is imposing an upper payment limit. States are also seeking to implement general, across the board price caps for pharmaceuticals, or are seeking to regulate drug distribution. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for any of our current and future product candidates, if approved, or put pressure on our product pricing, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We expect that these existing laws and other healthcare reform measures both at the federal and state level that may be adopted in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

Our revenue prospects could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy in the United States and abroad. We operate in a highly regulated industry and new laws, regulations or judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or decisions related to healthcare availability, the method of delivery or payment for healthcare products and services could negatively impact our business, operations and financial condition. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare and/or impose price controls may adversely affect:

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the demand for our current or future product candidates, if we obtain regulatory approval;

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our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products;

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our ability to obtain coverage and reimbursement approval for a product;

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our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability;

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the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and

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the availability of capital.

Similar political, economic and regulatory developments are occurring in the EU and may affect the ability of pharmaceutical companies to profitably commercialize their products. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the EU or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. The delivery of healthcare in the EU, including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than EU, law and policy. National governments and health service providers have different priorities and approaches to the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context. In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most EU member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-increasing EU and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved. In markets outside of the United States and EU, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies.

On December 13, 2021, Regulation No 2021/2282 on Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, amending Directive 2011/24/EU, was adopted. The Regulation entered into force in January 2022 and has been applicable since January 2025, with phased implementation based on the type of product, i.e. oncology and advanced therapy medicinal products as of 2025, orphan medicinal products as of 2028, and all other medicinal products by 2030. The Regulation intends to boost cooperation among EU member states in assessing health technologies, including new medicinal products, and provide the basis for cooperation at the EU level for joint clinical assessments in these areas. It will permit EU member states to use common HTA tools, methodologies, and procedures across the EU, working together in four main areas, including joint clinical assessment of the innovative health technologies with the highest potential impact for patients, joint scientific consultations whereby developers can seek advice from HTA authorities, identification of emerging health technologies to identify promising technologies early, and continuing voluntary cooperation in other areas. Individual EU member states will continue to be responsible for assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical) aspects of health technology and making decisions on pricing and reimbursement.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors, among others, will play a primary role in the prescription and recommendation of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers, among others, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, a person or entity from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, paying, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease order, arranging for or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statue carries criminal penalties and fines as well as administrative sanctions under the Civil Money Penalties Law. In addition, a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute can form the basis for a violation of the federal False Claims Act;

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the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the federal False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws that impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a referral made in violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act;

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the U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), which imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”), and its implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published in January 2013, which impose obligations on certain covered entity healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouse as well as their business associates that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information, and require notification to affected individuals and regulatory authorities of certain breaches of security of individually identifiable health information;

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the federal false statements statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;

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the federal transparency requirements known as the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created as part of ACA, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to CMS information related to payments and other transfers of value made by that entity to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

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the analogous local, state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws that may apply to healthcare items or services reimbursed by third-party payors, including private insurers; local, state and foreign transparency laws that require manufacturers to report information related to payments and transfers of value to other health care providers and health care entities, or marketing expenditures; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to register certain employees engaged in marketing activities in the location and comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could involve substantial costs. If our operations are found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be subject to penalties, including criminal and significant civil monetary penalties, damages, fines, individual imprisonment, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, integrity obligations, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, private qui tam actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government, refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Although effective compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, these risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for an alleged or suspected violation could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and could divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, even if our defense is successful. In addition, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations may be costly to us in terms of money, time and resources.

If we fail to comply with U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements, regulatory authorities could limit or withdraw any marketing or commercialization approvals we may receive and subject us to other penalties that could materially harm our business.

Even if we receive marketing and commercialization approval of a product candidate, we will be subject to continuing regulatory requirements, including in relation to adverse patient experiences with the product and clinical results that are reported after a product is made commercially available, both in the United States and any foreign jurisdiction in which we seek regulatory approval. The FDA has significant post-market authority, including the authority to require labeling changes based on new safety information and to require post-market studies or clinical trials to evaluate safety risks related to the use of a product or to require withdrawal of the product from the market. The FDA also has the authority to require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (a “REMS”), after approval, which may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of an approved drug or therapeutic biologic. The manufacturer and manufacturing facilities we use to make a future product, if any, will also be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA and other regulatory agencies, including for continued compliance with cGMP requirements. The discovery of any new or previously unknown problems with our third-party manufacturers, manufacturing processes or facilities may result in restrictions on the product, manufacturer or facility, including withdrawal of the product from the market. We intend to rely on third-party manufacturers, and we will not have control over compliance with applicable rules and regulations by such manufacturers. Any product promotion and advertising will also be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. If we or our existing or future partners, manufacturers or service providers fail to comply with applicable continuing regulatory requirements in the U.S. or foreign jurisdictions in which we seek to market our products, we or they may be subject to, among other things, fines, warning letters, holds on clinical trials, delay of approval or refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval, product recalls and seizures, administrative detention of products, refusal to permit the import or export of products, operating restrictions, injunction, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidate, such product candidate may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which would harm our business.

Our ability to commercialize any products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, such as government authorities, private health insurers, and health maintenance organizations. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescription drugs. Coverage and adequate reimbursement from government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private health insurers are critical to new product acceptance. Patients are unlikely to use our future product candidates unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our product candidates.

Cost-containment is a priority in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere. As a result, government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Third-party payors also may request additional clinical evidence beyond the data required to obtain marketing approval, requiring a company to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of its product. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, that the level of reimbursement will be adequate. Coverage and reimbursement may impact on the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or are available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

Additionally, the regulations that govern regulatory approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drugs and therapeutic biologics vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug or therapeutic biologic before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain regulatory approval.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, third-party intermediaries, joint venture partners and collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We interact with officials and employees of government agencies and government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. In addition, we may engage third-party intermediaries to promote our clinical research activities abroad and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which was effective upon the Closing of the Business Combination, and expect to prepare and implement policies and procedures to ensure compliance with such code. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics mandates compliance with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws applicable to our business throughout the world. However, we cannot assure you that our employees and third-party intermediaries will comply with this code or such anti-corruption laws. Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas, investigations, or other enforcement actions are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In certain cases, enforcement authorities may even cause us to appoint an independent compliance monitor which can result in added costs and administrative burdens.

Comprehensive tax reform bills could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The U.S. government is in the process of enacting comprehensive tax legislation that includes significant changes to the taxation of business entities. These changes include, among others, (i) a permanent reduction to the corporate income tax rate, (ii) a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, (iii) a shift of the U.S. taxation of multinational corporations from a tax on worldwide income to a territorial system (along with certain rules designed to prevent erosion of the U.S. income tax base) and (iv) a one-time tax on accumulated offshore earnings held in cash and illiquid assets, with the latter taxed at a lower rate. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the overall impact of this tax reform is uncertain, and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. This prospectus does not discuss any such tax legislation or the manner in which it might affect purchasers of our Common Stock. We urge our stockholders to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to any such legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in our Common Stock.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage points change (by value) in the ownership of its equity over a rolling three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and certain other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited.

We may have experienced such ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future, some of which are outside of our control. As of December 31, 2025, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $92.7 million, and our ability to utilize those net operating loss carryforwards could be limited by an “ownership change” as described above, which could result in increased tax liability to our company.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

Our Charter and the Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Charter and the Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the (a) Court of Chancery (the “Chancery Court”) of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to us or to our stockholders; (iii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, the Charter or the Bylaws; or (iv) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and (b) subject to the foregoing, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such forum selection provisions shall not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction. The exclusive forum provision may increase the costs for a stockholder to bring a claim or limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Additionally, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As noted above, our Charter and the Bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America shall have jurisdiction over any action arising under the Securities Act. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our Common Stock.

The Charter, the Bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our Board. Among other things, the Charter and/or Bylaws include the following provisions:

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a staggered board, which means that our Board is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;

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limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;

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a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which means that our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and will not be able to take action by written consent for any matter;

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a forum selection clause, which means certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

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the authorization of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders; and

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advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding Common Stock, from engaging in certain business combinations unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board of directors approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the Common Stock, or (iii) following board approval, such business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding Common Stock not held by such interested stockholder at an annual or special meeting of stockholders.

Any provision of the Charter, the Bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Common Stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Common Stock.

Our management has limited experience in operating a U.S.-listed public company.

As a public company, we have incurred new obligations relating to our reporting, procedures, and internal controls. These new obligations and attendant scrutiny will require investments of significant time and energy from our executives and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which in turn could adversely affect our financial condition or operating results.

Our current management has limited experience in the management of a U.S.-listed public company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage our transition to a U.S.-listed public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the Company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of U.S.-listed public companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for the Company to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company listed on a public exchange in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

We will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of the consummation of the Merger, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements have and will require us to carry out activities we have not done previously. For example, we have created new Board committees and will adopt new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements will be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified, we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us. It may also be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the Board or as executive officers. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management’s attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal control over financial reporting, including IT controls, and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will materially increase our general and administrative expenses.

We also spent considerable management time in connection with our restatement of previously issued financial statements as of the periods ended September 30, 2024 for Abpro Corporation, and December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for Abpro Holdings, Inc. This was due to prior period accounting errors resulting from the understatement of liabilities under one of the Company’s license agreements, as disclosed in Item 9A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025.

In the prior years, we have identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which could affect our ability to ensure timely and reliable financial reports and weaken investor confidence in our financial reporting.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses identified in prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures contained a material weaknesses, due to the Company having inadequate segregation of duties over internal wire transfer authorization and access to bank accounts, inadequate existing control to ensure timely identification and evaluation of contractual obligations such as license agreements, and failing to design and maintain formal written policies and procedures regarding internal controls over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2025, the Company successfully remediated a previous material weakness related to segregation of duties over internal wire transfer authorization and access to bank accounts. The Company is in process of implementing and testing its internal control to address the remaining material weaknesses. We may also identify material weaknesses or other deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures in the future.

A material weakness in internal control over financial reporting is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis. Material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

To address the material weaknesses, management devoted significant effort and resources to the remediation and improvement of its internal controls over financial reporting. The Company redesigned and implemented proper authorization procedures and access controls with respect to wire transfers and bank account access. The Company will continue to implement a review process by management and the Board of Directors to ensure timely identification of liabilities related to the contractual obligations and license agreements and will continue to develop formalized policies and procedures regarding internal controls over financial reporting. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until our controls are effectively designed and operational for a sufficient period of time, tested, and management concludes that these controls are operating effectively.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We must design our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls.

Changes in accounting rules and regulations, or interpretations thereof, could result in unfavorable accounting charges or require us to change our compensation policies.

Accounting methods and policies for public companies are subject to review, interpretation and guidance from our independent registered accounting firm and relevant accounting authorities, including the SEC. Changes to accounting methods or policies, or interpretations thereof, may require us to reclassify, restate or otherwise change or revise our consolidated financial statements.

We will need to improve our operational and financial systems to support our expected growth, increasingly complex business arrangements, and rules governing revenue and expense recognition and any inability to do so will adversely affect our billing and reporting.

To manage the expected growth of our operations and increasing complexity, we will need to improve our operational and financial systems, procedures, and controls and continue to increase systems automation to reduce reliance on manual operations. Any inability to do so will affect our manufacturing operations, customer billing and reporting. Our current and planned systems, procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our complex arrangements and the rules governing revenue and expense recognition for our future operations and expected growth. Delays or problems associated with any improvement or expansion of our operational and financial systems and controls could adversely affect our relationships with our customers, cause harm to our reputation and brand and could also result in errors in our financial and other reporting. We expect that complying with these rules and regulations will substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These increased costs will increase our net loss, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and our reduced SEC reporting requirements may make our shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the of the date of the completion of the ACAB IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We intend to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, such as an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our shares less attractive because we intend to rely on certain of these exemptions and benefits under the JOBS Act. If some investors find our shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active, liquid and/or orderly trading market for our shares and the market price and trading volume of our shares may be more volatile and decline significantly.

Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of Our Common Stock

Holders of our warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they acquire our common stock.

Until you acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of your warrants, you will have no rights with respect to shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of your warrants. Upon exercise of your warrants, you will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the warrants will be limited.

Our failure to meet Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements could result in a delisting of our shares.

On April 2, 2025, the Company received written notice (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department Staff of Nasdaq (the “Staff”) notifying the Company that, based on the closing bid price of the Company’s Common Stock for the 30 consecutive business days prior to receipt of such notice, the Company no longer complied with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”), and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Pursuant to the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company had been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. The letter stated that the Company had 180 calendar days, or until September 29, 2025, to regain compliance. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of the Company’s Common Stock had to be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days prior to September 29, 2025.

On April 10, 2025, the Company received two letters from the Staff of Nasdaq. One letter (the “MVPHS Notice”) indicated that based upon Nasdaq’s review of the Company’s Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (“MVPHS”) for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the MVPHS Notice, the Company no longer meets the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C), which requires listed securities to maintain a minimum MVPHS of $15,000,000 (the “MVPHS Requirement”). The second letter notified the Company that from February 20, 2025 to April 9, 2025, the Company’s Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) was below the minimum of $50 million required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) (the “MVLS Requirement”). Each letter stated that the Company had 180 calendar days, or until October 7, 2025, to regain compliance.

On September 30, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it had not regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement during the compliance period. Accordingly, the Company timely requested a hearing before the appeal panel (the “Panel”), which stayed the suspension of the Company’s securities with Nasdaq pending the Panel’s decision or any extension of time provided by the Panel to regain compliance.

On October 14, 2025, the Company received a letter (the “Notice”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it had not regained compliance with either the MVPHS Requirement or the MVLS Requirement during the compliance period.

A Nasdaq hearing was held on October 30, 2025. During the Nasdaq hearing, the Company presented its plans to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, the MVPHS Requirement and the MVLS Requirement. On November 10, 2025, the Company received a decision letter from the Panel granting the Company’s request for continued listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market, subject to the Company’s strict adherence to certain interim deadlines and conditions. The Panel will maintain jurisdiction over the Company’s listing through March 30, 2026, and may reconsider the terms of the exception or delist the Company if it fails to meet any of the imposed deadlines or becomes deficient with any listing rule during this period.

If we are unable to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule, MVPHS Requirement and MVLS Requirement, and maintain compliance with other continued listing requirements, Nasdaq can take steps to delist our shares. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our shares and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our shares when you wish to do so.

On February 18, 2026, the Company received written notification from the Nasdaq Listings Qualifications Panel that the Company’s securities were to be delisted from Nasdaq, effective February 23, 2026. Following the delisting, our securities are currently quoted on the OTC Markets Pink Limited tier (the “OTC Pink”) under the symbol “ABPO.” Trading on the OTC Pink may result in reduced liquidity, fewer market makers for our Common Stock, greater volatility in the market price of our Common Stock, and reduced ability for us to raise additional capital.

On March 18, 2026, we filed an appeal of the Nasdaq Stock Market de-listing determination. We can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our shares to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our shares, prevent our shares from dropping below Nasdaq’s Minimum Bid Price Requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

If we are unsuccessful in our appeal to Nasdaq and do not regain listing on the Nasdaq or another national exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws (blue sky laws) that will make certain finance and securities transactions more costly and involve increased complexities, along with the costs associated with trading on the Over-the-Counter, as well as the following:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

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reduced liquidity for our securities;

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a determination that our Common Stock is “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in the Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Our Reverse Stock Split may decrease the liquidity of the shares of our Common Stock.

Effective October 31, 2025, we effected a reverse stock split of our Common Stock at a 1-for-30 ratio to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s Minimum Bid Price Requirement. The liquidity of the shares of our Common Stock may be affected adversely by the Reverse Stock Split given the reduced number of shares that are outstanding following the Reverse Stock Split. In addition, the Reverse Stock Split increased the number of stockholders who own odd lots (less than 100 shares) of our Common Stock, creating the potential for such stockholders to experience an increase in the cost of selling their shares and greater difficulty effecting such sales.

Following a reverse stock split, the resulting market price of our Common Stock may not attract new investors, including institutional investors, and may not satisfy the investing requirements of those investors. Consequently, the trading liquidity of our Common Stock may not improve.

Although we believe that a higher market price of our Common Stock may help generate greater or broader investor interest, there can be no assurance that a reverse stock split, including the Reverse Stock Split, will result in a share price that will attract new investors, including institutional investors. In addition, there can be no assurance that the market price of our Common Stock will satisfy the investing requirements of those investors. As a result, the trading liquidity of our Common Stock may not necessarily improve.

The market price of our Common Stock may decline.

The market price of our Common Stock may decline for a number of reasons including if:

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investors react negatively to the prospects of our business;

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the effect of the Merger on our business and prospects is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts; or

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we do not achieve the perceived benefits of the Merger as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our shares will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Currently, we do not have any analyst coverage and may not obtain analyst coverage in the future. In the event we obtain analyst coverage, we will not have any control over such analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, the share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price and/or trading volume to decline.

Our Common Stock price may decline and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.

The trading price of our Common Stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your Common Stock at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in “- Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” and the following:

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results of operations that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;

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results of operations that vary from our competitors;

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changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts and investors;

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declines in the market prices of stocks generally;

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strategic actions by us or our competitors;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;

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announcements of estimates by third parties of actual or anticipated changes in the size of our customer base or the level of customer engagement;

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changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;

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changes in business or regulatory conditions, including new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

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additional securities being sold or issued into the market by us or any of the existing shareholders or the anticipation of such sales, including if we issue shares to satisfy restricted stock unit related tax obligations or if existing shareholders sell shares into the market when applicable “lock-up” periods end;

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investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Common Stock relative to other investment alternatives;

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the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;

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litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

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guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;

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the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our Common Stock;

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the market’s reaction to our reduced disclosure and other requirements as a result of being an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act;

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the size of our public float;

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actions by institutional or activist shareholders;

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developments in new legislation and pending lawsuits or regulatory actions, including interim or final rulings by judicial or regulatory bodies;

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changes in senior management or key personnel;

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changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles; and

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other events or factors, including those resulting from pandemics, natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our Common Stock is low. In the past, following periods of market volatility, shareholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we are involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Common Stock at a price greater than what you paid for it.

We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment, and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on our Common Stock will be at the sole discretion of our Board. Our Board may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications of the payment of dividends by us or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Common Stock unless you sell your Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

Our shareholders may experience dilution in the future.

The percentage of our Common Stock owned by current shareholders may be diluted in the future because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including, without limitation, equity awards that we may grant to our directors, officers and employees, or exercise of our warrants. Such issuances may have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our shareholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Common Stock to decline.

The sale of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our Common Stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.

In addition, the shares of our Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Incentive Plan, the Company’s active stock compensation plan, will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. The number of shares reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Incentive Plan is 208,026 shares of Common Stock. In addition, the 2024 Incentive Plan includes an evergreen feature that will allow our Board, in its sole discretion, to reserve additional shares of Common Stock for future issuance under the 2024 Incentive Plan each calendar year, Beginning January 1, 2026 and ending on and including January 1, 2034 equal to the lesser of 5% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and a smaller number of shares determined by the Board. We have filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Common Stock issued pursuant to the 2024 Incentive Plan. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statement will be available for sale in the open market.

In the future, we may also issue securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of Common Stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of the then-outstanding Common Stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

We will need additional financing to fund operations and to expand our business, including to pursue acquisitions and other strategic opportunities.

We intend to fund our current working capital needs in the ordinary course of business and to continue to expand our business with our existing cash and cash equivalents, and cash flows from collaboration arrangements. However, we may from time to time need additional financing to fund operations and to expand our business. We may, from time to time, explore additional financing sources to lower our cost of capital, which could include equity, equity-linked and debt financing. In addition, from time to time, we may evaluate acquisitions and other strategic opportunities. If we elect to pursue any such investments, we may fund them with internally generated funds, bank financing, the issuance of other debt or equity or a combination thereof. There is no assurance that any such financing or funding would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. We do not believe this would harm our chances of raising capital but could affect the sale price and number of securities we need to issue.

There is no assurance that the holders of the Public and Private Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of the Public and Private Warrants, which could impact our liquidity position. To the extent that the Private Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the Private Warrants will decrease. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their Public and Private Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash that we would receive is, among other things, dependent upon the market price of our Common Stock. If the market price for our Common Stock is less than the applicable exercise price of $114.90, subject to adjustment as described herein, we believe such holders will be unlikely to exercise their Public and Private Warrants.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Managing Material Risks & Integrated Overall Risk Management

In the normal course of business, we may collect and store certain sensitive company information, including proprietary and confidential business information. We maintain various protections designed to safeguard against cyberattacks, including firewalls, key-based authentication, and virtual private networks. We protect against business interruption by backing up our major systems. We consider these cybersecurity risk management efforts as part of our broader risk management framework. This integration helps ensure that cybersecurity considerations are a fundamental part of our decision-making processes. Our management team works with our Audit Committee and Board to evaluate and address cybersecurity risks in alignment with our business objectives and operational needs.

Engage Third Parties on Risk Management

To date, we have not engaged independent third parties to assess the risks associated with our information technology resources and information assets. In the future, we may engage third parties to analyze data on the interactions of users of our information technology resources, including our employees, and evaluate the performance of our cybersecurity systems and processes.

Oversee Third Party Risk

We utilize various third-party software applications in the functioning of our core business. We consider the cybersecurity practices of our third-party service providers, including through a general security assessment and contractual requirements, as appropriate, before engaging them in order to help protect us from any related vulnerabilities. Our assessment of risks associated with the use of third-party providers is part of our overall risk management framework.

Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

We face risk from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, see the risk factor entitled “Our information technology systems could face serious disruptions that could adversely affect our business.” in Item 1A., Risk Factors.

To date, we have not experienced any previous cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance

Board of Directors Oversight

Our Board is aware of the critical nature of managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats and recognizes the significance of these threats to our operational integrity and stockholder confidence.

Risk Management Personnel

The Audit Committee is central to the Board’s oversight of cybersecurity risks and bears the primary responsibility for this domain as part of its broader responsibility for risk assessment and management. The Audit Committee is responsible for escalating significant cybersecurity matters and strategic risk management decisions to the Board, granting the Board comprehensive oversight and the ability to provide guidance on critical cybersecurity issues. We intend for the Audit Committee to review the Company’s cybersecurity posture and the effectiveness of its risk management strategies annually and brief the full Board with respect to the Company’s cybersecurity posture and potential risks on a regular basis, with a minimum frequency of once per year.

Management’s Role Managing Risk and Reporting to the Board

We do not currently have an employee who has significant and demonstrated professional IT management experience and possesses the requisite education, skills and experience needed to develop and execute our cybersecurity strategies. Presently, our senior management is responsible for monitoring our cybersecurity risks and maintaining an ongoing dialogue with the Audit Committee regarding emerging or potential cybersecurity risks as needed. The relationship between senior management and the Audit Committee regarding current and emerging cybersecurity concerns helps to integrate cybersecurity consideration into the Company’s broader strategic objectives.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal offices are located at 100 Summit Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803. We operate under a short-term shared office lease (month-to-month with a term of less than 12 months), which commenced in August 2025.

Prior to August 2025, we operated from 68 Cummings Park Drive, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801. That lease was terminated in July 2025. We also occupied approximately 2,800 square feet of office and laboratory space in Burlington, Massachusetts, under a lease that expired on April 30, 2025, which we used primarily for research and development activities.

We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our current needs.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. The following is a summary of material legal proceedings as of the date of this filing. See also Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding contingent liabilities.

On June 17, 2025, a former director filed a lawsuit against the Company alleging damages of approximately $748,000 for consulting fees, bonuses, and for unpaid promissory note principal and interest, of which approximately $140,000 was paid in the fourth quarter of 2025. On November 10, 2025, the Suffolk Superior Court issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting the Company from transferring its assets without court approval outside the ordinary course of business. On April 15, 2026, the Company settled this claim in full for the total amount of approximately $390,000 pending payment of the settlement amount.

In March 2017, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSK”), which was subsequently amended by Amendment No. 1 to Exclusive License Agreement dated March 31, 2017, Amendment No. 2 to Exclusive License Agreement dated March 31, 2018, and Amendment No. 3 to Exclusive License Agreement dated December 31, 2019 (collectively, the “Exclusive MSK License Agreement”). In June 2023, we received a notice of breach from MSK followed by a notice of termination in September 2023, pursuant to which MSK demanded payments totaling $1,060,405 in principal and $169,173 in interest. We do not dispute the payment obligations under the Exclusive MSK License Agreement and have not made the payment to preserve cash. We are working on a settlement agreement including a cash component significantly less than the face amount of the obligation. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had accrued amounts associated with outstanding MSK obligations. MSK has issued a demand of approximately $1.2 million.

In January 2023, we entered into a settlement agreement with Parexel International (IRL) Limited relating to payment obligations arising out of a clinical trial performed by Parexel, which was co-financed by the Company and Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd. (SHA: 688062), a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Shanghai, China (“Mabwell”). The Company made some but not all installment payments due under the settlement agreement and Parexel filed a complaint in Superior Court in Middlesex County, Massachusetts in April 2023. Parexel subsequently amended the complaint twice and filed a motion for default judgment in September 2023 seeking contractual damages of approximately $640,000 plus additional damages under Massachusetts Chapter 93A for deceptive business practices. A hearing on the motion was held on January 9, 2024. The court asked for additional submissions by January 16, 2024 and indicated that a ruling would follow thereafter. On January 26, 2024, the court entered a judgment in the case awarding Parexel a total of approximately $700,000 and rejecting Parexel’s claim under Chapter 93A. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded liability for the outstanding balance under this settlement agreement of approximately $869,000 and $785,000, including the accrued interest, respectively.

We are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters, the timing of any final decisions of various agencies or courts, or the impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Adverse outcomes in any of these matters or in the aggregate, if liability is ultimately found against us, could require significant cash payments and materially adversely affect our financial condition, and impede or hinder our operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our Common Stock was previously listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “ABP” from November 14, 2024 until February 23, 2026, when trading was suspended following a delisting determination by the Nasdaq Listings Qualifications Panel. Since February 23, 2026, our Common Stock has been trading on the OTC Pink Limited Market under the symbol “ABPO.”

Our warrants (symbol “ABPWW”) were also previously listed on Nasdaq, and since being delisted have been trading on the OTC Pink Limited Market.

Holders of Record

As of March 30, 2026, there were 76 holders of record of our Common Stock. A substantially greater number of holders are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

Dividends

Since our inception, we have not paid any dividends on our Common Stock, and we currently expect that, for the foreseeable future, all earnings, if any, will be retained for use in the development and operation of our business. In the future, our Board may decide, at its discretion, whether dividends may be declared and paid to holders of our Common Stock.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2025 Proxy Statement”), or in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K/A”), which we plan to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2025.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

On October 30, 2024, the Company and Abpro Corporation entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd. (“YA”). Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the SEPA, YA was to advance to the Company the aggregate principal amount of $5.0 million (the “Pre-Paid Advance”), which was to be evidenced by convertible promissory notes. The Pre-Paid Advance was to be funded in two tranches: (i) the first tranche, in the principal amount of $3.0 million, was advanced the first trading day following the Closing of the Merger, and (ii) the second and final tranche, in the principal amount of $2.0 million was to be advanced on the later of (a) the second trading day following the effectiveness of the initial registration statement filed pursuant to the registration rights agreement and (b) the second trading day upon receipt of the required shareholder approval to issue shares of the Company’s Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap (as defined in the SEPA).

On November 14, 2024, pursuant to the SEPA, the Company entered into a Convertible Promissory Note (the “First Convertible Note”) for $3.0 million, issued with an 8% original issue discount, and received net proceeds of approximately $2.8 million. On June 23, 2025, pursuant to the SEPA, the Company entered into a Convertible Promissory Note (the “Second Convertible Note” and, together with the First Convertible Note the “Convertible Notes”) for $2.0 million, issued with an 8% original issue discount and received net proceeds of approximately $1.8 million.

Prior to its delisting from NASDAQ in February 2026, the Company had the right, but not the obligation, to issue shares of its Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA to YA (“Advance Shares”, and such issuance and sale, an “Advance”) and YA shall subscribe for and purchase from the Company such Advance Shares, through written notice by the Company to YA (an “Advance Notice”), provided (i) no balance is outstanding under the Convertible Notes, or (ii) if there is a balance outstanding under a Convertible Note, an Amortization Event (as defined in the Convertible Note agreements), has occurred in accordance with and subject to the terms of the SEPA.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued YA an aggregate of 881,472 shares of common stock in connection with the conversion of the full balances of the First and Second Convertible Notes.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued YA an aggregate of 152,377 shares of common stock pursuant to Advance Notices and received approximately $1.0 million in net proceeds from the sales of Advance Shares. In connection with the foregoing, the Company relied upon the exemption from registration provided under Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act for transactions not involving a public offering.

In January and February 2026, the Company issued 3,162,785 restricted shares of Common Stock under an Advance Notice to YA II PN, Ltd. in accordance with the terms of the SEPA, for gross proceeds of approximately $7.3 million ($6.7 million net of fees of approximately $0.6 million). The shares were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and cash flows of the Company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factor Summary,” “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “Abpro,” “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and other similar terms refer to Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

Abpro Holdings, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a biotechnology company dedicated to developing next-generation antibody therapeutics to improve the lives of patients with severe and life-threatening diseases. The Company is focused on the development of novel antibodies using its proprietary discovery and engineering platforms, primarily in the areas of immuno-oncology, ophthalmology and infectious disease. By leveraging our proprietary DiversImmune® and MultiMabTM antibody discovery and engineering platforms, we are developing a pipeline of antibodies, both independently and through collaborations with global pharmaceutical and research institutions.

Merger

On November 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Atlantic Coastal Acquisition Corp. II (“ACAB”) consummated a merger (the “Merger”) pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among Abpro Corporation (“Legacy Abpro”), ACAB, and Abpro Merger Sub Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”) and wholly owned subsidiary of ACAB prior to the Closing. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, (i) ACAB changed its name to “Abpro Holdings, Inc.”, and (ii) Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Abpro, with Legacy Abpro as the surviving company in the Merger (such transactions, the “Merger,” and, collectively with the other transactions described in the Merger Agreement, the “Reverse Recapitalization”). After giving effect to the Merger, Legacy Abpro became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Shares of the Company commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market on November 14, 2024.

In addition, certain investors purchased an aggregate of 112,247 shares of Common Stock in a private placement that closed concurrently with the Closing for an aggregate purchase price of $11.2 million (the “PIPE Financing”). Unless otherwise noted, the Company has retroactively adjusted all common and preferred share and related price information to give effect to the Exchange Ratio as set forth in the Merger Agreement.

Impact of Macroeconomic Events

Our business and operations may be negatively affected by worldwide economic conditions, which may continue to be impacted by global macroeconomic challenges such as changes in trade policies, including sanctions, treaties, tariffs, regulatory requirements, and other limitations on cross-border operations, changes in inflation and fluctuations in interest rates, instability in the banking and financial services sector, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, uncertainty in the markets, geo-political and economic instability, and tensions in U.S.-China relations. The extent, severity, and duration of the impact of these events and conditions on our business cannot be predicted and may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. If economic uncertainty continues or increases, or if the global economy worsens, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed.

Recent Developments

On October 16, 2025, the Company filed with the Delaware Secretary of State a Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (the “Certificate of Amendment”), which became effective on October 31, 2025, to effect a one-for-thirty (1:30) reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”), of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The Reverse Stock Split was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the 2025 annual meeting of the stockholders on October 10, 2025.

As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 30 shares of issued and outstanding Common Stock were automatically combined into one (1) issued and outstanding share of Common Stock, without any change in the par value per share. No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Instead, stockholders who otherwise would have been entitled to receive fractional shares because they held a number of shares not evenly divisible by the Reverse Stock Split ratio were entitled to receive an additional fraction of a share of Common Stock to round up to the next whole share.

Following the Reverse Stock Split, the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding were proportionally reduced from 81,150,000 shares to approximately 2,705,061 shares. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Company’s outstanding stock options and warrants were similarly adjusted along with corresponding adjustments to their exercise prices. Unless we indicate otherwise or the context otherwise requires, all information in this section gives effect to this Reverse Stock Split.

The Common Stock began trading on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis upon market open on November 3, 2025. The ticker symbol for the Common Stock remained “ABP” under CUSIP number (following the Reverse Stock Split) 000847202. Following the Nasdaq delisting of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market, effective February 23, 2026, our securities are trading on the OTC Pink Limited Market under the ticker symbol “ABPO”.

Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following is a comparative discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024			Change			%
Revenue:
Research and development services	$	-		$	183		$	(183	)		-100	%
Total revenue		-			183			(183	)		-100	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		989			2,983			(1,994	)		-67	%
General and administrative		7,463			7,121			342			5	%
Total operating expenses		8,452			10,104			(1,652	)		-16	%
Loss from operations		(8,452	)		(9,921	)		1,469			-15	%
Other income, net		5,560			2,689			2,871			107	%
Net loss	$	(2,892	)	$	(7,232	)	$	4,340			-60	%

Revenue

We did not generate any material revenues during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Our research and development services revenue decreased by $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the revenue earned from the research and development services performed for Celltrion related to ABP-102 development. No such research and development services revenue was earned during the year ended December 31, 2025. Our ability to generate product revenues in the future will depend almost entirely on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and then successfully commercialize a drug candidate, or enter into collaborations that provide for payments to us.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits and stock-based compensation for those individuals involved in research and development efforts, as well as consulting expenses, third-party research and development expenses, laboratory supplies and clinical materials.

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the majority of research and development personnel being on furlough since October 2024 and then subsequently terminated in the fourth quarter of 2025. The overall decrease in expenses was a result of the decrease in research and development activities while raising additional capital necessary to resume our research and development programs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits to our personnel, including the costs related to our management services agreements, directors, and senior advisors; professional service fees, including accounting, legal, and other consulting services. General and administrative expenses increased by $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the increase in costs of operating as a public company, including legal, accounting advisory, and insurance expenses, since the closing date of the Merger in November 2024.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net increased to $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $2.7 million in other income for the year ended December 31, 2024. The other income realized for the year ended December 31, 2025 is primarily related to the derecognition of a $4.4 million liability for excise taxes payable and of a $3.3 million derecognition of Mabwell liability, partially offset by $1.1 million in interest expenses and $0.8 million loss on the change in fair value of embedded derivative liability related the convertible notes. The other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to the reversal of another $3.5 million liability to Mabwell during 2024, partially offset by $0.4 million in interest expense related to various notes payable in place throughout 2024, $0.3 million loss on the change in fair value of the forward purchase agreement and $0.3 million loss on the change in the fair value of the SEPA put rights assets (as defined in the notes to the consolidated financial statements).

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible debt, proceeds from the Merger and related PIPE Financing, borrowings under loan facilities and, to a lesser extent, through payments received in connection with collaboration and license agreements. Since our inception, we incurred significant recurring losses, including a net loss of $2.9 million and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $119.0 million. We expect to incur operating losses in the foreseeable future.

On April 2, 2025, the Company received written notice (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department staff (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, based on the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company no longer complies with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”), and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Pursuant to the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. The letter stated that the Company had 180 calendar days, or until September 29, 2025, to regain compliance.

On April 10, 2025, the Company received two letters from the Staff of Nasdaq. One letter (the “MVPHS Notice”) indicated that based upon Nasdaq’s review of the Company’s Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (“MVPHS”) for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the MVPHS Notice, the Company no longer meets the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C), which requires listed securities to maintain a minimum MVPHS of $15,000,000 (the “MVPHS Requirement”). The second letter notified the Company that from February 20, 2025, to April 9, 2025, the Company’s Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) was below the minimum of $50 million required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) (the “MVLS Requirement”). Each letter stated that the Company had 180 calendar days, or until October 7, 2025, to regain compliance.

The Hearing was held on October 30, 2025. During the Hearing, the Company presented its plans to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, the MVPHS Requirement and the MVLS Requirement. On November 10, 2025, the Company received a decision letter from the Panel granting the Company’s request for continued listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market, subject to the Company’s strict adherence to certain interim deadlines and conditions.

If we are unsuccessful in our appeal to Nasdaq and do not regain listing on the Nasdaq or another national exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws (blue sky laws) that will make certain finance and securities transactions more costly and involve increase complexities, along with the costs associated with trading on the Over-the-Counter, as well as the following:

●

a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

●

reduced liquidity for our securities;

●

a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

●

a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had cash of $67 thousand. On June 23, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $1.8 million the Second Convertible Note pursuant to the SEPA (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements).

Between July and December 2025, the Company issued seven Advance Notices to YA (see Note 13) in accordance with the terms of the SEPA, under which YA purchased from the Company the total of 152,377 common stock shares, raising approximately $1 million in total net proceeds.

In January and February 2026, the Company issued 3,162,785 shares of common stock with the aggregate gross purchase price of $7.3 million under an Advance Notice to YA in accordance with the terms of the SEPA.

Due to its current liabilities and considering its future cash needs to cover both research and development activities and administrative expenses, the cash available to the Company will not be sufficient to allow the Company to operate for at least 12 months from the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. The future viability of the Company is largely dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. The Company expects to seek additional funding through equity and debt financings, collaboration agreements and research grants. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects.

Accordingly, based on the considerations discussed above, management has concluded there is substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company plans to continue to fundraise, as well as seek alternate revenues from collaboration and license agreements. If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to initiate steps to slow cash burn, extending the cash runway until financing can be secured. The consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing do not include any adjustments with respect to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their classification that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Future Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. In addition, subsequent to the Closing of the Merger, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:

	●	the scope, number, initiation, progress, timing, costs, design, duration, any potential delays, and results of clinical trials and nonclinical studies for our current or future product candidates, particularly the planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial for ABP-102, focusing on HER2+ breast and gastric cancers, as well as Phase 1 clinical trials for ABP-201 for the treatment of Wet AMD;

	●	the clinical development plans we establish for our product candidates;

	●	the number and characteristics of product candidates and programs that we develop or may in-license;

	●	the outcome, timing and cost of regulatory reviews, approvals or other actions to meet regulatory requirements established by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to require that we perform more studies for our product candidates than those that we currently expect;

	●	our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates;

	●	the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, including any such patent claims and intellectual property rights that we have licensed pursuant to the terms of its license agreement;

	●	our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of its intellectual property portfolio, including the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our product candidates;

	●	the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities with respect to our product candidates;

	●	our ability to establish and maintain licensing, collaboration or similar arrangements on favorable terms and whether and to what extent we retain development or commercialization responsibilities under any new licensing, collaboration or similar arrangement;

	●	the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize its products on our own;

	●	the success of any other business, product or technology that we acquire or in which we invest;

	●	the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, product candidates and technologies;

	●	our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel;

	●	the costs to operate as a public company in the United States, including the need to implement additional financial and reporting systems and other internal systems and infrastructure for our business;

	●	market acceptance of our product candidates, to the extent any are approved for commercial sale; and

	●	the effect of competing technological and market developments.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our ownership interest may be materially diluted, and the terms of such securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders and the rights of the stockholders of the Company following the Closing of the Merger. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specified actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024			Change			%
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(6,006	)	$	(9,030	)	$	3,024			-33	%
Net cash provided by investing activities	$	26		$	-		$	26			100	%
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	3,070		$	11,161		$	(8,091	)		-72	%

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, decreased by $3.0 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in net cash used for operating activities was primarily due to a $1.0 million decrease in operating cash spent driven by a decrease in research and development activities, with approximately $1.0 million of additional expenses incurred in excess of payments in 2025, approximately $0.8 million of payments in excess of expenses incurred in 2024.

Net cash provided by investing activities increased by $26 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company sold laboratory equipment during the year ended December 31, 2025. No property or equipment was sold during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $1.8 million from the Second Convertible Note, $1.1 million in net proceeds from the issuance of shares under the SEPA arrangement, and $0.1 million from the settlement of the Forward Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received net proceeds of $10.4 million from the PIPE Financing, $2.8 million in net proceeds from the First Convertible Note, and $0.5 million from the Merger (which includes $2.4 million proceeds from the trust account, less $1.9 million used to settle the ACAB liabilities at the closing of the Merger). These proceeds were partially offset by the payments of $1.4 million in offering costs and $1.1 million cash transferred into escrow pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses and net loss incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Share-based Compensation

Our share-based compensation program awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated as of the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the awards is then expensed over the requisite service period, generally the vesting period, for each award as compensation expense.

We do not have sufficient history of market prices of its common stock, and as such, volatility is estimated using historical volatilities of similar public entities. The peer group was developed based on companies in the biotechnology industry. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available. The expected term of the awards is estimated based on the simplified method for grants to employees and is based on the contractual term for non-employee awards. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the terms of the awards. The dividend yield assumption is based on history and expectation of paying no dividends.

In determining the exercise prices of options granted, our Board has considered the fair value of the common stock as of the measurement date. As Legacy Abpro’s common stock was not traded prior to the Merger, the fair value of the common stock was determined by the Board at each award grant date based upon a variety of factors, including the results obtained from an independent third-party valuation, our financial position and historical financial performance, the status of technological developments within our proposed products, an evaluation or benchmark of our competition, the current business climate in the marketplace, the illiquid nature of the common stock, arm’s length sales of our capital stock, including convertible preferred stock, the effect of the rights and preferences of the preferred stockholders, and then prospects of a liquidity event, among others.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected not to provide the disclosure required by this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ( PCAOB ID 392)	F-2

Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Abpro Holdings, Inc.:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Emphasis of Matter Regarding Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has incurred net losses since its inception, has negative cash flows from operations and will need additional funding to complete planned development efforts. This raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters also are described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Wolf & Company, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

Boston, MA

April 15, 2026

F-2

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

	December 31,
	2025			2024

Assets
Current assets:
Cash	$	67		$	2,850
Accounts receivable		183			183
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		480			446
Forward purchase agreement asset		-			155
Security deposits		55			-
SEPA put rights asset		96			-
Restricted cash		15			142
Total current assets		896			3,776

Property and equipment, net		-			37
Right-of-use asset - operating lease		-			418
Security deposits		-			66
Patents, net		167			176
SEPA put rights asset		-			188
Total assets	$	1,063		$	4,661

Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,323		$	3,936
Accrued expenses		3,875			7,496
Excise taxes payable		-			4,401
Operating lease liability, current		-			456
Income taxes payable		-			366
Notes payable – related parties		147			147
Convertible notes		-			2,725
Embedded derivative liability		-			80
Total current liabilities		9,345			19,607

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)

Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding		-			-
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 110,000,000 shares authorized; 2,733,263 and 1,727,192 shares issued, 2,733,263 and 1,694,414 shares outstanding at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		-			-
Treasury stock, zero and 32,778 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, at cost		-			-
Additional paid-in capital		110,164			100,608
Accumulated deficit		(118,995	)		(116,103	)
Total Abpro Holdings, Inc.'s stockholders' deficit		(8,831	)		(15,495	)
Non-controlling interest		549			549
Total stockholders' deficit		(8,282	)		(14,946	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	1,063		$	4,661

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Reflects a 1-for-30 reverse stock split effective October 31, 2025

F-3

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024

Revenue:
Research and development services	$	-		$	183

Operating expenses:
Research and development		989			2,983
General and administrative		7,463			7,121
Total operating expenses		8,452			10,104

Loss from operations		(8,452	)		(9,921	)

Other (expense) income:
Derecognition of Mabwell liability (see Note 19)		3,300			-
Gain on reversal of excise taxes payable (see Note 10)		4,401			-
Other income (see Note 2)		-			3,556
Change in fair value of forward purchase agreement asset		(23	)		(339	)
Change in fair value of SEPA put rights asset		(92	)		(312	)
Change in fair value of embedded derivative liability		(773	)		(11	)
Gain on extinguishment of accrued liabilities		200			173
Loss on settlement of convertible notes		(358	)		-
Interest income		33			9
Interest expense		(1,128	)		(387	)
Total other income, net		5,560			2,689

Net loss	$	(2,892	)	$	(7,232	)

Deemed dividend resulting from the warrant down round		-			(10,177	)

Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(2,892	)	$	(17,409	)

Loss per share
Basic and diluted	$	(1.30	)	$	(22.31	)

Weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		2,232,610			780,332

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Reflects a 1-for-30 reverse stock split effective October 31, 2025

F-4

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

For the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Series A Redeemable, Convertible					Series B Convertible					Series C Convertible					Series D Convertible					Series E Convertible					Series F Convertible						Total Convertible Preferred												Additional					Total Abpro’s			Non-		Total
	Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock						Stock		Common Stock				Treasury Stock						Paid-In		Accumulated			Stockholders’			controlling		Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount			Amount		Shares			Amount	Shares			Amount			Capital		Deficit			Deficit			Interest		Deficit
Balances, as of December 31, 2024	-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		$	-		1,727,192		$	-	(32,778	)	$	-		$	100,608	$	(116,103	)	$	(15,495	)	$	549	$	(14,946	)
Common stock issued for services	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		5,000			-	-			-			-		-			-			-		-
Warrants issued to related party lender	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		-			-	-			-			714		-			714			-		714
Share-based compensation	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		-			-	-			-			1,885		-			1,885			-		1,885
Common stock issued upon conversion of convertible notes	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		881,472			-	-			-			5,936		-			5,936			-		5,936
Issuance of Advance Shares, net of issuance costs	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		152,377			-	-			-			1,021		-			1,021			-		1,021
Cancellation of Treasury Stock	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		(32,778	)		-	32,778			-			-		-			-			-		-
Net loss	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		-			-	-			-			-		(2,892	)		(2,892	)		-		(2,892	)
Balances, as of December 31, 2025	-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		$	-		2,733,263			-	-			-			110,164		(118,995	)		(8,831	)		549		(8,282	)

	Series A Redeemable, Convertible					Series B Convertible					Series C Convertible					Series D Convertible					Series E Convertible					Series F Convertible						Total Convertible Preferred												Additional					Total Abpro’s			Non-		Total
	Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock					Preferred Stock						Stock		Common Stock				Treasury Stock						Paid-In		Accumulated			Stockholders’			controlling		Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount			Amount		Shares			Amount	Shares			Amount			Capital		Deficit			Deficit			Interest		Deficit
Balances, as of December 31, 2023	3,938,098		$	1,795		1,281,402		$	1,401		4,101,409		$	14,949		2,679,397		$	17,622		6,756,246		$	29,841		1,136,049		$	9,991		$	75,599		646,044		$	-	(7,006	)	$	(33	)	$	19,920	$	(108,871	)	$	(88,984	)	$	549	$	(88,435	)
Vesting of restricted stock units	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		2,017			-	-			-			-		-			-			-		-
The Merger, net of transaction costs and acquired liabilities	(3,938,098	)		(1,795	)	(1,281,402	)		(1,401	)	(4,101,409	)		(14,949	)	(2,679,397	)		(17,622	)	(6,756,246	)		(29,841	)	(1,136,049	)		(9,991	)		(75,599	)	955,884			-	(25,772	)		33			68,073		-			68,106			-		68,106
Issuance of common stock in the PIPE Financing, net of transactions costs of $863,474	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		113,342			-	-			-			10,361		-			10,361			-		10,361
SEPA commitment fee paid in shares	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		9,905			-	-			-			327		-			327			-		327
Share-based compensation	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		-			-	-			-			1,927		-			1,927			-		1,927
Net loss	-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-		-			-			-		-			-	-			-			-		(7,232	)		(7,232	)		-		(7,232	)
Balances, as of December 31, 2024	-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		-		$	-		$	-		1,727,192			-	(32,778	)		-			100,608		(116,103	)		(15,495	)		549		(14,946	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Reflects a 1-for-30 reverse stock split effective October 31, 2025

F-5

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(2,892	)	$	(7,232	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense		21			74
Share-based compensation		1,489			1,927
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets		418			548
Noncash interest expense		854			39
Loss on settlement of convertible notes		358			-
Derecognition of Mabwell liability (see Note 19)		(3,300	)		-
Gain on reversal of excise taxes payable (see Note 10)		(4,401	)		-
Other income (see Note 2)		-			(3,556	)
Amortization of debt discount		160			-
Change in fair value of forward purchase agreement asset		23			339
Change in fair value of SEPA put rights asset		92			312
Change in fair value of embedded derivative liability		773			11
Gain on extinguishment of accrued liabilities		(200	)		(173	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		-			(95	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(34	)		(233	)
Security deposits		11			-
Accounts payable		1,247			(860	)
Accrued expenses		197			378
Excise taxes payable		-			57
Income taxes payable		(366	)		-
Operating lease liability		(456	)		(566	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(6,006	)		(9,030	)

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment		26			-

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from the Merger		-			490
Net proceeds from PIPE financing		-			10,361
Cash transferred into escrow pursuant to Forward Purchase Agreement		-			(1,134	)
Proceeds from settlement of Forward Purchase Agreement		132			-
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable - related party		-			5,883
Payment of notes payable - related party		-			(5,735	)
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Notes, net of issuance costs		1,840			2,755
Proceeds from issuance of Note payable		553			-
Payments on Note payable		(553	)		-
Issuance of Advance Shares		1,098			-
Payment of offering costs		-			(1,442	)
Repayment of finance lease liabilities		-			(17	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		3,070			11,161

Net change in cash and restricted cash		(2,910	)		2,131
Cash and restricted cash - beginning of period		2,992			861
Cash and restricted cash - end of period	$	82		$	2,992

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information and non-cash transactions:
Interest paid	$	21		$	1
Issuance Cost for Advance Shares included in accrued expenses	$	77		$	-
Fair value of common stock issued for services	$	161		$	-
Common stock issued in settlement of convertible notes and embedded derivative liability	$	5,936		$	-
Reclassification of RSU liability into equity	$	396		$	-
Fair value of embedded derivative liability at issuance date	$	93		$	69
Deferred offering costs included in accounts payable	$	-		$	436
Reclassification of residual value guarantees under finance lease to accrued expense	$	-		$	113
ACAB liabilities assumed in the Merger, net	$	-		$	6,585
Conversion of notes payable-related parties into common stock of New Abpro	$	-		$	2,000
Conversion of pre-merger preferred stock of Abpro into common stock of New Abpro	$	-		$	75,563
SEPA commitment fee paid in common stock shares	$	-		$	327

As reported within the consolidated balance sheets:
Cash	$	67		$	2,850
Restricted cash		15			142
Total cash and restricted cash as presented in the balance sheet	$	82		$	2,992

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ABPRO HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Organization and Description of the Business

Organization

Abpro Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, (the “Company”) is a biotechnology company headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, dedicated to developing next-generation antibody therapeutics to improve the lives of patients with severe and life-threatening diseases. The Company is focused on the development of novel antibodies using its proprietary discovery and engineering platforms, primarily in the areas of immuno-oncology, ophthalmology and infectious disease.

Abpro Holdings, Inc. 10-K