As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 13, 2026.

Registration Statement No. 333-292514

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

QUMULUSAI, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia

7374

92-2681813

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

1130 Powers Ferry Pl SE

Marietta, Georgia 30067

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Michael Maniscalco

Chief Executive Officer

1130 Powers Ferry Pl SE

Marietta, Georgia 30067

(877) 420-9242

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Brett R. Hanson, Esq.

Emily Humbert, Esq.

Fox Rothschild LLP

City Center

33 S. Sixth Street, Suite 3600

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402

(612) 607-7000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box: ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission becomes effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and neither we nor the Registered Shareholders are soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale of these securities is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED FEBRUARY 13, 2026

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

SHARES OF COMMON STOCK

This prospectus relates to the registration of the resale of up to __________ shares of our common stock by our shareholders identified in this prospectus, or their permitted transferees, whom we refer to as the Registered Shareholders, in connection with our direct listing on the Nasdaq Global Market. With the exception of shares held by our directors, officers, and greater than 10% shareholders, which will be subject to restriction for six months following our direct listing, the shares being registered herein may be freely sold in market transactions following the listing and upon the effectiveness of this registration statement. All shares above mentioned in this paragraph represent one hundred percent (100%) of the company’s currently issued and outstanding common stock, and, with the exception of shares held by our directors, officers, and greater than 10% shareholders, may be freely sold upon the effective date of this registration statement. None of such outstanding shares registered herein may be freely sold in reliance on an exemption from registration such as Rule 144 at this time. Prior to the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market there has been no public market for our common stock. During the period from January 1, 2025 through February 1, 2026, we issued shares of common stock to investors at a low price of $3.00 per share and a high price of $10.80 per share. This information, however, may have little or no relation to broader market demand for our shares of common stock. As a result, you should not place undue reliance on these historical sales prices as they may differ materially from the public prices of our shares of common stock on Nasdaq.

Unlike an initial public offering, the resale by the Registered Shareholders is not being underwritten by any investment bank. The Registered Shareholders may, or may not, elect to sell their shares of common stock covered by this prospectus, as and to the extent they may determine. Such sales, if any, will be made through brokerage transactions on the Nasdaq Global Market at prevailing market prices. We will not be involved in the price setting process. Additionally, the price of our shares in prior private transactions may have little or no relation to the opening price and subsequent public price of our stock on Nasdaq. For more information, see the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” If the Registered Shareholders choose to sell their shares of common stock, we will not receive any proceeds from the sale of such shares.

No public market exists for our common stock. Further, the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq, without a firm-commitment underwritten offering, is a novel method for commencing public trading in shares of our common stock, and consequently, the trading volume and price of shares of our common stock may be more volatile than if shares of our common stock were initially listed in connection with an initial public offering underwritten on a firm-commitment basis.

On the day that our shares of common stock are initially listed on Nasdaq, Nasdaq will begin accepting, but not executing, pre-opening buy and sell orders and will begin to continuously generate the indicative Current Reference Price (as defined below) on the basis of such accepted orders. The Current Reference Price is calculated each second and, during a 10-minute “Display Only” period, is disseminated, along with other indicative imbalance information, to market participants by Nasdaq on its NOII and BookViewer tools. Following the “Display Only” period, a “Pre-Launch” period begins, during which Chardan Capital Markets LLC (“Chardan”), in its capacity as our financial advisor, must notify Nasdaq that our shares are “ready to trade.” Once Chardan has notified Nasdaq that our shares of common stock are ready to trade, Nasdaq will confirm the Current Reference Price for our shares of common stock, in accordance with the Nasdaq rules. If Chardan then approves proceeding at the Current Reference Price, the applicable orders that have been entered will be executed at such price and the regular trading of our shares of common stock on Nasdaq will commence, subject to Nasdaq conducting validation checks in accordance with the Nasdaq rules. Under the Nasdaq rules, the “Current Reference Price” means: (i) the single price at which the maximum number of orders to buy or sell can be matched; (ii) if there is more than one price at which the maximum number of orders to buy or sell can be matched, then it is the price that minimizes the imbalance between orders to buy or sell (i.e. minimizes the number of shares that would remain unmatched at such price); (iii) if more than one price exists under (ii), then it is the entered price (i.e. the specified price entered in an order by a customer to buy or sell) at which our shares of common stock will remain unmatched (i.e. will not be bought or sold); and (iv) if more than one price exists under (iii), a price determined by Nasdaq in consultation with Chardan in its capacity as our financial advisor. In the event that more than one price exists under (iii), Chardan will exercise any consultation rights only to the extent that it can do so consistent with the anti-manipulation provisions of the federal securities laws, including Regulation M, or applicable relief granted thereunder. Neither we nor the Registered Shareholders (except Chardan) will be involved in Nasdaq’s price-setting mechanism, including any decision to delay or proceed with trading, nor will they control or influence Chardan in carrying out its role as a financial adviser. Chardan will determine when our shares of common stock are ready to trade and approve proceeding at the Current Reference Price primarily based on considerations of volume, timing and price. In particular, Chardan will determine, based primarily on pre-opening buy and sell orders, when a reasonable amount of volume will cross on the opening trade such that sufficient price discovery has been made to open trading at the Current Reference Price. If Chardan does not approve proceeding at the Current Reference Price (for example, due to the absence of adequate pre-opening buy and sell interest), Chardan will request that Nasdaq delay the open until such a time that sufficient price discovery has been made to ensure a reasonable amount of volume crosses on the opening trade. For more information, see “Plan of Distribution.”

We intend to list our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “QMLS.”

If our Nasdaq application is not approved or we otherwise determine that we will not be able to secure the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq, we will not complete this direct listing. This listing is a condition to the offering. No assurance can be given that our Nasdaq application will be approved and that our common stock will ever be listed on Nasdaq. If our listing application is not approved by Nasdaq, we will not be able to consummate the offering and we will terminate this direct listing.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our shares of common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is , 2026.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	iv
USE OF MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA	vi
TRADEMARKS	vi
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	vii
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	1
RISK FACTORS	5
USE OF PROCEEDS	48
DIVIDEND POLICY	49
CAPITALIZATION	50
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION	51
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	58
BUSINESS	80
MANAGEMENT	98
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	102
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	106
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	115
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	116
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS	122
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES	125
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	128
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	131
SALE PRICE HISTORY OF COMMON STOCK	133
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS TO NON-U.S. HOLDERS	134
LEGAL MATTERS	138
INTERESTS OF NAMED EXPERTS AND COUNSEL	138
EXPERTS	138
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	138
DISCLOSURE OF COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITY	138

_________________

We are responsible for the information contained and incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement we prepare or authorize. Neither we nor the Registered Shareholders have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement we have prepared. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement are an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is current only as of the date of the applicable document. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. It is important for you to read and consider all the information contained in this prospectus and in any accompanying prospectus supplement, including the documents incorporated by reference herein or therein, before making your investment decision.

For investors outside the United States: we have not, and the Registered Shareholders have not, taken any action to permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offer and sale of the common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this prospectus other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial condition, our business strategy and plans, market growth, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus may include, for example, statements about the topics below and are subject to risks and uncertainties, including without limitation those described below:

●

Our recent growth may not be indicative of our future growth.

●

Our blockchain mining operations expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

●

We have a limited number of suppliers for significant components of the equipment we use to build and operate our platform and provide our solutions and services.

●

We may be unable to access sufficient power or may face increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages, or capacity constraints.

●

Our data center facilities may experience damage, interruption, or a security breach.

●

A substantial portion of our hosting revenue is driven by a limited number of our customers.

●

A substantial portion of our current GPU-as-a-Service revenue is generated through a single channel partner, which we may be unable to retain.

●

We may fail to efficiently enhance our platform and develop and sell new solutions and services and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, and changing customer needs, requirements, or preferences.

●

Artificial intelligence technology is new, and the continued rapid pace of developments in the artificial intelligence field are inherently uncertain.

●

We may be unable to obtain additional capital to fund our business and support our growth.

●

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly.

●

We face intense competition and could lose market share to our competitors.

●

There may be a network or data security incident against us, or our third-party providers.

●

We have a history of generating losses and may not be able to achieve profitability.

●

We make substantial investments in our technology and infrastructure, which may be unsuccessful.

●

Our platform may encounter performance problems.

●

There may be a failure of our information technology systems or those of one or more of our information technology service providers, business partners, vendors, suppliers, or other third-party service providers.

●

We have a limited operating history at our current scale.

●

We rely on our management team and other key employees.

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We rely on the ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights.

●

We may be unable to continue as a going concern.

●

We will incur significant increased costs and management resources as a result of operating as a public company.

●

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness.

●

Our listing differs significantly from an initial public offering conducted on a firm-commitment basis.

●

Our shares of common stock currently have no public market.

●

An active trading market may not develop or continue to be liquid and the market price of our shares of common stock may be volatile.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy, and short-term and long-term business operations and objectives. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur, and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law. These forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this prospectus. While we believe such information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, such information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

USE OF MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

This prospectus contains estimates made and other statistical data published by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other data about our industry. We obtained the industry and market data in this prospectus from our own research as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations and contains projections and estimates of the future performance of the industries in which we operate that are inherently subject to a high degree of uncertainty and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. We caution you not to give undue weight to such projections, assumptions and estimates.

TRADEMARKS

We own or have rights to various trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. This prospectus may also contain trademarks, service marks and trade names of third parties, which are the property of their respective owners. Our use or display of third parties’ trademarks, service marks and trade names or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and does not imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship by us. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ®, TM or SM symbols, but the omission of such references is not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable owner of these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is a part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the SEC using a continuous offering process. Under this process, the Registered Shareholders may, from time to time, sell the common stock covered by this prospectus in the manner described in the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” Additionally, we may provide a prospectus supplement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus, including the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” You may obtain this information without charge by following the instructions under the “Where You Can Find Additional Information” section appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement before deciding to invest in our common stock.

Unless the context otherwise indicates, the terms “QumulusAI,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used in this prospectus refer to QumulusAI, Inc., formerly Global Digital Holdings, Inc., and our subsidiaries, and the term “common stock” refers to our common stock, no par value per share. The phrase “this prospectus” refers to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, unless the context otherwise requires.

vii

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights certain information about us, this offering and selected information contained in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and the related notes included in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Some of the statements in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements. Some of the statements in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements. See the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Company Background

QumulusAI is a cloud infrastructure company specializing in rapid deployment of graphics processing unit (“GPU”)-powered solutions for artificial intelligence (“AI”) applications, serving a critical market that is often overlooked by large-scale cloud providers (“hyperscalers”), which operate massive, standardized computing infrastructures primarily serving the largest enterprises. Our platform delivers flexible, competitively priced, and customizable solutions for underserved small and mid-market customers—including machine learning teams, AI infrastructure startups, and research institutions—while also supporting the scale and complexity requirements of large enterprises, such as long-term deployments or supplemental on-demand compute capacity.

The Company traces its origins to WAHA Technologies, Inc. (“WAHA”) and WAHA, Inc. (renamed SPRE Commercial Group, Inc., or “SPRE”), both incorporated in 2019. SPRE focused on data center assets and operations, while WAHA specialized in blockchain managed services. In December 2022, the two entities completed a corporate roll-up to form Global Digital Holdings, Inc. and remain wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. In April 2025 (after a substantial minority investment in October 2023), Global Digital Holdings, Inc. acquired The Cloud Minders, Inc. (a company focused on GPU-as-a-Service (“GPUaaS”) assets and operations), now a wholly owned subsidiary, and rebranded the combined operations as QumulusAI. Please see “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments” for additional information regarding our acquisition of The Cloud Minders, Inc. On August 18, 2025, Global Digital Holdings, Inc. changed its name to QumulusAI, Inc.

Today, we distinguish ourselves by deploying, activating and producing revenue from GPU infrastructure within approximately 90 days. We do so across a distributed network of sales channel and platform partners and the strategic use of stranded colocation facilities, enabling us to connect with thousands of developer clients with an expedited path from procurement to revenue generation. Traditional infrastructure providers, by comparison, can take up to 12 to 24 months to activate new capacity.

QumulusAI is headquartered in Marietta, Georgia. Here, we operate more than 800 GPUs across two colocation data centers, plus one in Kansas City, Missouri. We have secured rights of first refusal for 30 megawatts (“MW”) of information technology (“IT”) load capacity space for our GPU equipment and we are actively planning for expansion exceeding 120 MW of total IT load across our platform with potential to support over 90,000 NVIDIA B200/B300 GPUs (among the latest generation GPUs purpose-built for foundation model training), or as many as 1,500,000 GPUs optimized for AI inference at scale.

Additionally, in the aggregate, we operate approximately 60 MW of grid power with immediate access to more than 40 MW of additional grid power in Watonga, Oklahoma; Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Denton, Texas where we manage blockchain assets. These sites serve as foundational assets for power-intensive compute deployments and provide strategic flexibility for future infrastructure repurposing.

At present, the majority of the Company’s active power capacity is allocated to blockchain asset management rather than high-performance computing (“HPC”). As of the date of this filing, the Company operates approximately 10 MW of blockchain load in Watonga, Oklahoma, and supports approximately 50 MW of blockchain load in Tulsa, Oklahoma through its joint venture with T20 Mining Group, LLC (“T20”). By comparison, the Company’s HPC business currently utilizes approximately 1.5 MW of IT load (approximately 2.1 MW total power load), supporting approximately 1,100 GPUs, including 800 GPUs currently deployed and an additional 300 GPUs in the process of being delivered and deployed.

Although blockchain currently represents the majority of deployed power, the Company’s growth strategy is focused on HPC. In 2026, the Company expects, for the first time, revenue generated from HPC compute services to exceed revenue generated from blockchain operations, reflecting the higher revenue density of HPC workloads relative to blockchain.

By the end of 2026, the Company expects its HPC operations to support approximately 11.0 MW of total HPC IT load (approximately 15.4 MW total power load), inclusive of approximately 1,100 GPUs deployed in 2025 and the planned deployment of over 5,800 additional GPUs, consisting of an estimated mix of approximately 80% B200 and B300 data center GPUs and approximately 20% RTX Pro 6000–class servers.

With respect to blockchain operations, the Company expects to continue operating approximately 10 MW of blockchain load in Watonga, Oklahoma on an ongoing basis. The T20 joint venture currently supports approximately 50 MW of blockchain load in Tulsa, Oklahoma. On January 12, 2026, SPRE TULSA OK, LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and party to the T20 joint venture, entered into a Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement, as amended on February 12, 2026, to sell its 40% interest in the T20 joint venture to a third party. This transaction, which is scheduled to close on or about February 13, 2026, is anticipated to significantly reduce our direct access to grid power while providing a $16 million cash injection to our balance sheet. The Company intends to use this capital to accelerate the development and scale of its HPC business. Following this transaction, the Company expects that approximately 10 MW of blockchain load in Denton, Texas, will remain scheduled, resulting in approximately 20 MW of total blockchain operations inclusive of the Watonga facility. Separately, the Company has approximately 9 MW of on-grid power availability in Watonga, which it plans to allocate toward HPC data center expansion, representing approximately 6 MW of additional HPC IT load (approximately 8.4 MW total power load).

As a result of these planned deployments and portfolio changes, the Company expects that by the end of 2026, a greater portion of its active power capacity will be allocated to HPC compute workloads than to blockchain asset management. While the Company currently expects to have approximately 20 MW allocated or otherwise activated for blockchain operations and approximately 23.8 MW allocated or otherwise activated for HPC compute workloads by that time, actual allocations may vary based on deployment timing, customer demand, power availability, and execution. In addition, the Company is actively evaluating opportunities to secure additional powered land for future HPC data center construction and to expand its data center colocation footprint, although there can be no assurance as to the timing or scale of any such expansion.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Smaller Reporting Company

As a company with less than $1.235 billion of revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. We may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years from the date of our direct listing, or until such earlier time as we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue, the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is more than $700 million as of the final day of our second fiscal quarter, in which case we would cease to be an “emerging growth company” as of the following final day of our fiscal year, or we issue more than $1 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements, including not being required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of some accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period under the JOBS Act. As a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during our most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. For so long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure and other requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies, such as providing only two years of audited financing statements.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of material factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary may not address all of the risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional discussion of the risks and uncertainties summarized in this risk factor summary, as well as other risks and uncertainties that we face, can be found under the section titled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus. The below summary is qualified in its entirety by that more complete discussion of such risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under the section titled “Risk Factors” as part of your evaluation of an investment in our common stock:

	●	Our recent growth may not be indicative of our future growth, and if we do not effectively manage our future growth, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely affected.
	●	Our blockchain mining operations expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	We have a limited number of suppliers for significant components of the equipment we use to build and operate our platform and provide our solutions and services. Any disruption in the availability of these components could delay our ability to expand or increase the capacity of our infrastructure or replace defective equipment.
	●	Our business would be harmed if we were not able to access sufficient power or by increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages, or capacity constraints.
	●	If our data center facilities experience damage, interruption, or a security breach, our ability to provide access to our infrastructure and maintain the performance of our network could be negatively impacted.
	●	A substantial portion of our hosting revenue is driven by a limited number of our customers, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, spend from one or a few of our top customers would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	A substantial portion of our current GPU-as-a-Service (“GPUaaS”) revenue is generated through a single channel partner, and the loss or deterioration of this relationship would adversely affect our business.
	●	If we fail to efficiently enhance our platform and develop and sell new solutions and services and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, and changing customer needs, requirements, or preferences, our platform may become less competitive.
	●	The broader adoption, use, and commercialization of AI technology, and the continued rapid pace of developments in the AI field, are inherently uncertain. Failure by our customers to continue to use our platform to support AI use cases in their systems, or our ability to keep up with evolving AI technology requirements and regulatory frameworks, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	Our operations require substantial capital expenditures, and we will require additional capital to fund our business and support our growth, and any inability to generate or obtain such capital on acceptable terms, if at all, or to lower our total cost of capital, may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

●

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which could make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

	●	We face intense competition and could lose market share to our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	A network or data security incident against us, or our third-party providers, whether actual, alleged, or perceived, could harm our reputation, create liability and regulatory exposure, and adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	We have a history of generating net losses as a result of the substantial investments we have made to grow our business and develop our platform, anticipate increases in our operating expenses in the future, and may not achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability. If we cannot achieve and, if achieved, sustain profitability, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects will be adversely affected.
	●	We make substantial investments in our technology and infrastructure and unsuccessful investments could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	Our platform is complex and performance problems or defects associated with our platform may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	Any failure of our IT systems or those of one or more of our IT service providers, business partners, vendors, suppliers, or other third-party service providers, or any other failure by such third parties to provide services to us may negatively impact our relationships with customers and harm our business.
	●	We have a limited operating history at our current scale, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risks associated with investment in our common stock.
	●	We have a limited history selling access to our platform under our current business model and are continuing to scale our operations and evolve our go-to-market strategy, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and increase the risks associated with an investment in our common stock.
	●	If we are unable to attract new customers, retain existing customers, and/or expand sales of our platform, solutions, and services to such customers, we may not achieve the growth we expect, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	We rely on our management team and other key employees and will need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key employees or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including members of our Board of Directors, could harm our business.
	●	Failure to obtain, maintain, protect, or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could enable others to copy or use aspects of our platform without compensating us, which could harm our brand, business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.
	●	We are subject to laws, regulations, and industry requirements related to data privacy, data protection and information security, and user protection across different markets where we conduct our business and such laws, regulations, and industry requirements are constantly evolving and changing. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws, regulations, and industry requirements, or our privacy policies, could harm our business.
	●	There is uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
	●	We will incur significant increased costs and management resources as a result of operating as a public company.
	●	Our substantial indebtedness could materially adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, our ability to meet our obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and we may still incur substantially more indebtedness in the future.
	●	Our listing differs significantly from an initial public offering conducted on a firm-commitment basis.
	●	The direct listing process differs from an initial public offering underwritten on a firm-commitment basis and the impact of awareness of our brand and investor recognition of our Company on the demand for our common stock is unpredictable and our marketing and brand development efforts may not be successful.

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Limitations on investors’ ability to trace their shares to this registration statement may preclude claims under Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act, potentially reducing our liability exposure and limiting investors’ remedies.

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Our shares of common stock currently have no public market. An active trading market may not develop or continue to be liquid and the market price of our shares of common stock may be volatile.

Corporate Information

The address of our principal executive office is 1130 Powers Ferry Pl SE, Marietta, Georgia 30067 and our telephone number is (877) 420-9242. Our website can be found at www.qumulusai.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this prospectus, nor is such content incorporated by reference herein, and should not be relied upon in determining whether to make an investment in our shares of common stock. With prior operations from its wholly owned subsidiaries—incorporated July 15, 2019 (WAHA) and July 18, 2019 (SPRE)—the Company was incorporated on December 9, 2022 in the State of Georgia under the name of Global Digital Holdings, Inc., which we later updated to QumulusAI, Inc.

Summary Historical Financial and Other Data

The following tables set forth our summary of historical financial data as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The summary statements of operations data for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are derived from our unaudited interim financial statements and notes that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary statements of operations data for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are derived from our audited financial statements and notes that are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our Board of Directors and our shareholders each approved the conversion of all outstanding series of preferred stock into common stock (the “Conversion”) and a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of our common stock issued and outstanding thereafter (the “Reverse Stock Split”). On September 30, 2025, we filed amended and restated articles of incorporation with the State of Georgia to immediately effect the Reverse Stock Split. All share and per share information is presented on a post-Conversion and post-Reverse Stock Split basis.

We have prepared the audited financial statements in accordance with the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results in any future period. Results from our interim period may not necessarily be indicative of the entire year’s results.

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025			Year Ended December 31, 2024			Year Ended December 31, 2023
Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue	$	8,057,476		$	8,095,672		$	5,124,934
Cost of revenue	$	4,245,448		$	5,371,049		$	3,582,377
General and administrative expenses	$	6,320,009		$	3,346,547		$	2,009,427
Loss from operations	$	(5,866,060	)	$	(7,785,958	)	$	(8,177,885	)
Net income (loss)	$	831,828		$	(13,184,374	)	$	(12,425,544	)


Statement of Cash Flows Data:
Cash flows from operating activities	$	(2,526,814	)	$	(2,021,408	)	$	(905,884	)
Cash flows from investing activities	$	2,808,437		$	(1,871,322	)	$	(63,631	)
Cash flows from financing activities	$	13,985,705		$	7,231,852		$	114,981
Cash, end of period	$	14,267,328		$	3,970,466		$	631,344

Balance Sheet Data:	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Total assets	$	81,857,396	$	20,345,894		$	21,095,015
Total liabilities	$	22,662,172	$	18,903,993		$	16,385,340
Total mezzanine equity	$	0	$	2,032,561		$	2,032,561
Total stockholders' equity (deficit)	$	59,195,224	$	(590,660	)	$	2,677,114

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks occur, our business, operating results, financial condition and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, you could lose all or a part of your investment. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements and estimates that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of specific factors, including the risks and uncertainties described below. See the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for more information.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our recent growth may not be indicative of our future growth, and if we do not effectively manage our future growth, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely affected.

We were founded in 2022 and have experienced significant growth in a short period of time. Our revenue was $5,124,934 and $8,095,672 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Investors should not rely on the revenue growth of any prior quarterly or annual period as an indication of our future performance. Even if our revenue continues to increase, our revenue growth rate is expected to decline in the future as a result of a variety of factors, including the maturation of our business. Overall growth of our revenue will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to our ability to:

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operate our cloud infrastructure, including due to supply chain limitations and data center or power availability;

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compete with other companies in our industry, including those with greater financial, technical, marketing, sales, and other resources;

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continue to develop new solutions and services and new functionality for our platform and successfully further optimize our existing infrastructure, solutions, and services;

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retain existing customers and increase sales to existing customers, as well as attract new customers and grow our customer base;

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successfully expand our business;

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generate sufficient cash flow from operations and raise additional capital, including through indebtedness, to support continued investments in our platform to maintain our technological leadership and the security of our platform;

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strategically expand our direct sales force and leverage our existing sales capacity;

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introduce and sell our solutions and services to new markets and verticals;

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recruit, hire, train, and manage additional qualified personnel for our research and development activities;

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maintain our existing, and enter into new, more cost-efficient, financing structures; and

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successfully identify and acquire or invest in businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our platform.

In addition to the factors discussed above, our revenue growth may also be impacted by industry-specific factors, particularly the continued development of AI, including advancements in AI technology that may lead to further compute efficiencies, the broader adoption, use, and commercialization of AI and any impacts of the developing AI regulatory environment.

As many of these factors are beyond our control, it is difficult for us to accurately forecast our future operating results. If the assumptions that we use to plan our business are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our market, we may be unable to maintain consistent revenue or revenue growth, the value of our stock could be volatile, and it may be difficult to achieve and, if achieved, maintain profitability. In addition, changes in the macroeconomic environment, including actual or perceived global banking and finance related issues, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, volatile interest rates and inflation, trade restrictions such as tariffs, spending environments, geopolitical instability, warfare and uncertainty, including the effects of the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan, weak economic conditions in certain regions, or a reduction in AI spending regardless of macroeconomic conditions may impact our growth.

In addition, as we have grown, our number of customers has also increased, and we have increasingly managed more complex deployments of our infrastructure in more complex computing environments. The rapid growth and expansion of our business places a significant strain on our management, operational, engineering, and financial resources. To manage any future growth effectively, we must continue to improve and expand our infrastructure, including IT and financial infrastructure, our operating and administrative systems and controls, and our ability to manage headcount, capital, and processes in an efficient manner. If we do not manage future growth effectively, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects would be harmed.

If we continue to experience rapid growth, we may not be able to successfully implement or scale improvements to our systems, processes, and controls in an efficient, timely, or cost-effective manner. As we grow, our existing systems, processes, and controls may not prevent or detect all errors, omissions, or fraud. Any future growth will continue to add complexity to our organization and require effective coordination throughout our organization. Failure to manage any future growth effectively could result in increased costs, cause difficulty or delays in deploying our platform to new and existing customers, reduce demand for our platform, and cause difficulties in introducing new solutions and services or other operational difficulties, and any of these difficulties would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our blockchain mining operations expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Although our primary focus is building infrastructure for AI and high-performance computing, we continue to operate a limited portfolio of bitcoin mining and hosting assets. These operations carry unique risks and are highly cyclical in nature, with a market downturn on average every three to four years. Bitcoin mining requires substantial upfront and ongoing investment in specialized hardware (application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”)), which can become obsolete quickly as newer, more efficient models are introduced. Profitability is highly volatile and depends on factors outside of our control, including the market price of bitcoin, the availability and cost of electricity, and network mining difficulty. Our mining facilities consume significant amounts of power, exposing us to the risk of higher energy costs, curtailment during peak demand, or pressure from regulators and communities regarding environmental and noise concerns. Furthermore, if our mining operations fail to remain competitive with larger or more efficient miners, or if regulatory changes impose restrictions on proof-of-work mining, we may experience lower returns or be forced to scale back this business line. Because our blockchain mining activities represent a non-core but ongoing part of our operations, adverse developments in this area could still impact our financial results and reputation.

We have a limited number of suppliers for significant components of the equipment we use to build and operate our platform and provide our solutions and services. Any disruption in the availability of these components could delay our ability to expand or increase the capacity of our infrastructure or replace defective equipment.

We do not manufacture the components we use to build the technology infrastructure underlying our platform. We have a limited number of suppliers that we use to procure and configure significant components of the technology infrastructure that we use to operate our platform and provide our solutions and services to our customers. For example, there is a limited number of original equipment manufacturers that build servers in significant scale with the latest generation GPUs. These consist primarily of Super Micro Computer, Inc., Dell Technologies Inc., Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company, Lenovo Group Limited, and Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd. As of today, the manufacture of GPUs is dominated by NVIDIA Corporation with only Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and Intel Corporation currently as viable contenders. Additionally, with respect to power infrastructure, cooling infrastructure to power and properly maintain the equipment we use our datacenters has a similarly limited number of manufacturers of key supplies, such as transformers, computer room air conditioner/computer room air handler units, chillers, cooling towers, in-row cooling units, rear door heat exchangers, direct-to-chip liquid cooling, immersion cooling systems, pumps and manifolds, air handling units, containment systems, microchips and sensors and controls. Supporting equipment such as networking and storage systems have a limited number of manufacturers that produce equipment at the requisite level of performance. Utilizing a limited number of suppliers of the components for our technology infrastructure exposes us to risks, including:

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asymmetry between component availability and contractual performance obligations, including where specified components are required;

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shifts in market-leading technologies away from those offered by our current suppliers that could impact our ability to offer our customers the solutions and services that they are seeking;

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reduced control over production costs and constraints based on the then current availability, terms, and pricing of these components, including any delays in our supply chain;

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limited ability to control aspects of the quality, performance, quantity, and cost of our infrastructure or of its components;

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the potential for binding price or purchase commitments with our suppliers at higher than market rates;

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reliance on our suppliers to keep up with technological advancements at the same pace as our business and customer demands, including their ability to continue to deliver next generation components that are substantially better than the prior generation;

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consolidation among suppliers in our industry, which may harm our ability to negotiate and obtain favorable terms from our suppliers and the third-party suppliers that our suppliers rely on;

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labor and political unrest at facilities we do not operate or own;

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geopolitical disputes disrupting our or any of our suppliers’ supply chains;

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business, legal compliance, litigation, and financial concerns affecting our suppliers or their ability to manufacture and ship components in the quantities, quality, and manner we require;

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impacts on our supply chain from adverse public health developments, including outbreaks of contagious diseases or pandemics; and

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disruptions due to floods, earthquakes, storms, and other natural disasters, particularly in countries with limited infrastructure and disaster recovery resources, or regional conflicts.

Our technology infrastructure components suppliers fulfill our supply requirements on the basis of individual purchase orders, which we often place on a just-in-time basis. We currently have no long-term contracts or arrangements with our suppliers that guarantee capacity or the continuation of any particular payment terms. Accordingly, our suppliers are not obligated to continue to fulfill our supply requirements, and the prices we are charged for their products and, if applicable, services could be increased on short notice. Further, because we often submit purchase orders to our suppliers on a just-in-time basis, any delay from our suppliers may result in our inability to provide our infrastructure and platform to our customers on a timely basis and fulfill our contractual requirements under our customer contracts. If we are required to change suppliers, our ability to meet our obligations to our customers, including scheduled compute access, could be adversely affected and our solutions may not be as performant, which could cause the loss of sales from existing or potential customers, delayed revenue, or an increase in our costs, which could adversely affect our margins. Any production or shipping interruptions for any reason, such as a natural disaster, epidemics, pandemics, capacity shortages, quality problems, or strike or other labor disruption at one of our supplier locations or at shipping ports or locations, could adversely affect sales of our solution and services offerings.

In addition, we are continually working to expand and enhance our infrastructure features, technology, and network and other technologies to accommodate substantial increases in the computing power required by more compute-intensive workloads on our platform, the amount of data we host, and our overall number of total customers. We may be unable to project accurately the rate or timing of these increases or to allocate resources successfully to address such increases and may underestimate the data center capacity needed to address such increases. Our limited number of suppliers, in turn, may not be able to quickly respond to our needs, which would have a negative impact on customer experience and contractual performance. In the future, we may be required to allocate additional resources, including spending substantial amounts, to build, purchase, or lease or license data centers and equipment and upgrade our technology and network infrastructure in order to handle increased customer usage, and our suppliers may not be able to satisfy such requirements. In addition, our network or our suppliers’ networks might be unable to achieve or maintain data transmission capacity high enough to effectively deliver our services. We may also face constraints on our ability to deliver our platform, solutions, and services if there is limited power supply. Our failure, or our suppliers’ failure, to achieve or maintain high data transmission capacity and sufficient electrical services would impact our ability to meet customer needs and could significantly reduce consumer demand for our services. Such reduced demand and resulting loss of compute, cost increases, or failure to upgrade our equipment or adapt to new technologies would harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Moreover, our suppliers themselves rely on a complex network of third-party suppliers for semiconductor manufacturing, hardware components, and other critical inputs, which introduces additional risks to our supply chain. Any disruption in the operations of these upstream suppliers, whether due to equipment failures, geopolitical factors such as the potential for military conflict between China and Taiwan, or supply chain constraints, could affect our suppliers’ ability to supply the significant components of the equipment we use to operate our platform and provide our solutions and services to our customers, which would, in turn, affect the availability of our solutions and services, as well as lead times.

In addition, to the extent any of our suppliers’ businesses are impacted by business, legal compliance, litigation, and financial concerns, including regulatory scrutiny and export controls, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely affected. For example, increasing use of tariffs, economic sanctions and export controls has impacted and may in the future impact the availability and cost of GPUs and other components of our platform. The current U.S. presidential administration has imposed broad-based tariffs on imported goods, which may increase costs associated with components of our infrastructure and other products we use. For example, we occasionally order replacement parts from China and are charged by U.S. Customs for import taxes. To mitigate such costs, we have directed purchases to U.S. suppliers when possible, although we may not always be able to find appropriate alternatives. Further, the former U.S. presidential administration had released new export controls targeting semiconductor manufacturing equipment and other items related to advanced integrated circuits. It is possible that these and additional restrictions could impede the supply chain in this industry. Additional export restrictions imposed on components of our technologies by the U.S. government may also provoke responses from foreign governments that negatively impact our supply chain, increase the costs for affected imported goods, or limit our ability to obtain additional hardware components, which would also substantially reduce our ability to provide or develop our platform, solutions, and services.

In the event of a supplier unavailability, component shortage, including, in particular, anticipated microchip shortages, or supply interruption, we may not be able to secure alternate sources in a timely manner. Securing alternate sources of supply for these components or services may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components or services on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to fill our orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these components or services, or the inability to obtain these components or services from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would harm our ability to meet the demand of our customers, which in turn would have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our business would be harmed if we were not able to access sufficient power or by increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages, or capacity constraints.

We depend on being able to secure power, which powers our data center facilities, in a cost-effective manner. Our inability to secure sufficient power or any power outages, shortages, supply chain issues, capacity constraints, or significant increases in the cost of securing power could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We rely on third parties, third-party infrastructure, governments, and global suppliers to provide a sufficient amount of power to maintain our leased or licensed data center facilities and meet the needs of our current and future customers. We may experience insufficient power to service a customer’s project. For example, we previously held a contract with Washington, Georgia, which provided for power at a fixed rate. We received notice that the city could no longer honor the contract rate as it would bankrupt the city, contrary to state law. This rendered continued operations at that location commercially impractical and led us to sell the site to another company. Similar municipal and state rules could cause other contracts to become null and void, which may cause us to have access to insufficient power, which may prevent us from serving our customers.

Any limitation on the delivered energy supply would limit our ability to operate our platform. These limitations would have a negative impact on a given data center or limit our ability to grow our business which could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Limitations on generation, transmission, and distribution may also limit our ability to obtain sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. Power providers, including in particular Public Service Utility of Oklahoma, other participants in the power market, and those entities that regulate it may impose onerous operating conditions to any approval or provision of power or we may experience significant delays and substantial increased costs to provide the level of electrical service required by our current or future leased or licensed data centers, or any data centers we may choose to construct in the future. Our ability to find appropriate sites for expansion, including existing sites to lease or license, will also be limited by access to power.

Our data center facilities are affected by problems accessing electricity sources, such as planned or unplanned power outages and limitations on transmission or distribution of power. Unplanned power outages, including, but not limited to those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires, tsunamis, cyberattacks, physical attacks on utility infrastructure, war, and any failures of electrical power grids more generally, and planned power outages by public utilities, could harm our customers and our business. Further, our data center facilities are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure, including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we could be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power. Even if we attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators, which are in turn supported by onsite fuel storage and through contracts with fuel suppliers, these measures may not always prevent downtime or solve for long-term or large-scale outages. Any outage or supply disruption could adversely affect our customer experience, as well as our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

The global energy market is currently experiencing inflation and volatility pressures. Various macroeconomic and geopolitical factors are contributing to the instability and global power shortage, including the war in Ukraine, severe weather events, governmental regulations, government relations, and inflation. We expect the cost for power to continue to be volatile and unpredictable and subject to inflationary pressures, which could materially affect our financial forecasting, business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

If our data center facilities experience damage, interruption, or a security breach, our ability to provide access to our infrastructure and maintain the performance of our network could be negatively impacted.

We lease space located in the United States. Our business is reliant on these data center facilities. Our data center facilities and network infrastructure are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources including earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, system failures, computer and other cybersecurity vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, human error, malfeasance or interference, including by employees, former employees, or contractors, as well terrorist acts and other catastrophic events. We and the data center facilities we lease have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including availability or sufficiency of power, infrastructure changes, and capacity constraints, occasionally due to an overwhelming number of customers accessing our infrastructure simultaneously. For example, we have in the past experienced temporary power disruptions and have voluntarily curtailed operations in certain locations in response to extreme weather conditions and grid availability constraints. We may elect to take similar actions in the future if similar conditions arise. Our data centers and network infrastructure may also be subject to cybersecurity attacks, including supply chain attacks, due to the actions of outside parties or human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities, insufficient cybersecurity controls, a combination of these, or otherwise, which may cause service outages and otherwise impact our ability to provide our solutions and services. While we review the security measures of our third-party data centers, we cannot ensure that these measures will be sufficient to prevent a cybersecurity attack or to protect the continued operation of our platform in the event of a cybersecurity attack, and any impact to our solutions and services may also impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Data center facilities housing our network infrastructure may also be subject to local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements, labor disputes, litigation to stop, limit, or delay operations, and other legal challenges, including local government agencies seeking to gain access to customer accounts for law enforcement or other reasons. In addition, while we have entered into various agreements for the lease of data center space, equipment, maintenance, and other services, those third parties could fail to deliver on their contractual obligations under those agreements, including agreements to provide us with certain data, equipment, and utilities information required to run our business. Furthermore, we may require the data centers we lease to have certain highly specific attributes in order to effectively run our business. For example, our state-of-the art data centers may also require networking equipment, high-speed interconnects, enhanced access to power, and liquid cooling infrastructure. In some cases, these third-party data centers are required to undergo extensive retrofitting and improvement efforts, including to incorporate novel developments in our industry, which are time consuming, expensive, and less efficient than if we were to lease from spaces already designed for our operations, and which may not ultimately be successful in meeting all of our requirements. If third parties fail to successfully deliver on such performance requirements, our ability to maintain the performance of our network would be negatively impacted.

Other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that can affect the delivery, performance, and availability of our platform include:

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the development, maintenance, and functioning of the infrastructure of the internet as a whole;

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the performance and availability of third-party telecommunications services with the necessary speed, data capacity, and security for providing reliable internet access and services;

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the success or failure of our redundancy systems;

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the success or failure of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans;

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decisions by the owners and operators of the data center facilities where our infrastructure is installed or by global telecommunications service provider partners who provide us with network bandwidth to terminate our contracts, discontinue services to us, shut down operations or facilities, increase prices, change service levels, limit bandwidth, declare bankruptcy, breach their contracts with us, or prioritize the traffic of other parties;

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our ability to enter into data center agreements and leases according to our business needs and on terms and with counterparties acceptable to us; and

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changing sentiment by government regulators relating to data center development, including in response to public concerns regarding environmental impact and development, which may result in restrictive government regulation or otherwise impact the future construction of additional data centers.

In addition, many of the leases we have entered into for data centers have multi-year terms and fixed capacity. If we do not accurately anticipate the data center capacity required by our customers, including if they use less or more of our infrastructure than expected, we would incur additional costs due to leasing more capacity than is used and paid for by our customers or, alternatively, in seeking additional data center capacity to fulfill unexpected demand on terms that may not be economically reasonable or acceptable to us, if we are able to lease additional capacity at all. We may also need to seek additional data center capacity in the event any leases with third parties are terminated or not renewed, which we may be unable to do on reasonable terms or at all.

The occurrence of any of these factors, or our inability to efficiently and cost-effectively fix such errors or other problems that may be identified, could damage our reputation, negatively impact our relationship with our customers, or otherwise materially harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

A substantial portion of our hosting revenue is driven by a limited number of our customers, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in, spend from one or a few of our top customers would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

A substantial portion of our hosting revenue is driven by a limited number of customers. Hosting revenue represented 48% and 15% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the remaining portion was derived from our cryptocurrency mining activities. We recognized an aggregate of approximately 99% and 90% of our hosting revenue from three customers for the year ended December 31, 2024 and two customers for the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. Any negative changes in demand from these customers, in their ability or willingness to perform under their contracts with us, in laws or regulations applicable to them or the regions in which they operate, or in our broader strategic relationship with these customers would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. We anticipate that we will continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers for the foreseeable future for hosting revenue, and in some cases, the portion of our revenue attributable to certain customers may increase in the future. The composition of our customer base, including our top customers, may fluctuate from period to period given that our customer composition has evolved and is expected to continue to evolve significantly as our business continues to evolve and scale and as the use cases for AI continue to develop. However, we may not be able to maintain or increase revenue from our top customers for a variety of reasons, including the following:

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customers may develop their own infrastructure that may compete with our services;

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some of our customers may redesign their systems to require fewer of our services with limited notice to us and may choose not to renew or increase their purchases of our platform, solutions, and services; and

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our customers may have pre-existing or concurrent relationships with, or may be, current or potential competitors that may affect such customers’ decisions to purchase our platform, solutions, and services.

Customer relationships often require us to continually improve our platform, which may involve significant technological and design challenges, and our customers may place considerable pressure on us to meet tight development and capacity availability schedules. Accordingly, we may have to devote a substantial amount of our resources to our strategic relationships, which could detract from or delay our completion of other important development projects. Delays in making capacity available could impair our relationships with our customers and negatively impact forecasted sales of the services under development. Moreover, it is possible that our customers may develop their own infrastructure that may compete with our services or adopt a competitor’s infrastructure for services that they currently buy from us. If that happens, our revenue would be adversely impacted and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

A substantial portion of our current GPUaaS revenue is generated through a single channel partner, and the loss or deterioration of this relationship would adversely affect our business.

A majority of our GPUaaS revenue is generated through our relationship with RunPod Inc. (“RunPod”), our largest channel partner. RunPod manages orchestration and customer acquisition for our servers on its platform, and revenue from these customers is shared on an 80% QumulusAI / 20% RunPod basis under RunPod’s standard service terms. RunPod accounted for 100% of the GPUaaS revenue of The Cloud Minders, Inc. (“TCM”) in 2023, 95% in 2024, and 99% for the first quarter of 2025. Subsequent to QumulusAI’s acquisition of TCM, RunPod contributed 88% of GPUaas revenue for the second quarter of 2025 and 98% for the third quarter of 2025, comprising 93% of GPUaas revenue for the period from April 1 through September 30, 2025. If our relationship with RunPod were to terminate, be renegotiated on less favorable terms, or if RunPod were to experience operational or financial difficulties, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects would be materially adversely affected. While we are working to diversify our sales channels and increase the proportion of direct enterprise customers, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so in a timely manner or at all.

If we fail to efficiently enhance our platform and develop and sell new solutions and services and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, and changing customer needs, requirements, or preferences, our platform may become less competitive.

The market in which we compete is relatively new and subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards and regulatory changes, as well as changing customer needs, requirements, and preferences. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to predict, adapt, and respond effectively to these changes on a timely basis. If we are unable to develop and sell new solutions and services that satisfy and are adopted by new and existing customers and provide enhancements, new features, and capabilities to our infrastructure that keep pace with rapid technological and industry change, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected. Further, prospective or existing customers may influence our product roadmap by requiring features optimal for their particular use case. If we are unable to adapt to meet customers’ requirements, they may use competitive offerings or internal solutions that eliminate reliance on third-party providers, and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected. Moreover, prioritizing development of such features may require significant engineering resources and may not be compatible with the requirements of other customers, which could impact overall adoption of our platform. If new technologies emerge that limit or eliminate reliance on AI cloud platform providers like us, or that enable our competitors to deliver competitive services at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently, or more securely, such technologies could adversely impact our ability to compete. If our solutions do not allow us or our customers to comply with the latest regulatory requirements, sales of our platform, solutions, and services to existing customers may decrease and new customers will be less likely to adopt our platform.

Our future growth is dependent upon our ability to continue to meet the needs of new customers and the expanding needs of our existing customers as their use of our platform, solutions, and services grows. As sales of our platform grow, we will need to devote additional resources to expanding, improving, and maintaining our infrastructure and integrating with third-party applications. In addition, we will need to appropriately scale our internal business systems and our services organization, including customer support, to serve our growing customer base, and to improve our IT and financial infrastructure, operating and administrative systems, and our ability to effectively manage headcount, capital and processes, including by reducing costs and inefficiencies. Any failure of, or delay in, these efforts could result in impaired system performance and reduced customer satisfaction, which would negatively impact our revenue growth and our reputation. We may not be successful in developing or implementing these technologies. In addition, it takes a significant amount of time to plan, develop, and test improvements to our technologies and infrastructure, and we may not be able to accurately forecast demand or predict the results we will realize from such improvements. In some circumstances, we may also determine to scale our technology through the acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies rather than through internal development, which may divert management’s time and resources. To the extent that we do not effectively scale our operations to meet the needs of our growing customer base and to maintain performance as our customers expand their use of our services, we will not be able to grow as quickly as we anticipate, our customers may reduce or terminate use of our platform and we will be unable to compete as effectively and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects will be adversely affected.

We continually work to upgrade and enhance our platform, solutions, and services in response to customer demand and to keep up with technological changes. Part of this process entails cycling out outdated components of our infrastructure and replacing them with the latest technology available. This requires us to make certain estimates with respect to the useful life of the components of our infrastructure and to maximize the value of the components of our infrastructure, including our GPUs, to the fullest extent possible. We cannot guarantee that our estimates will be accurate or that our attempts at maximizing value will be successful. Any changes to the significant assumptions underlying our estimates or to the estimates of our components’ useful lives, or any inability to redeploy components of our existing infrastructure to extend past their contracted life could significantly affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our platform must also integrate with a variety of network, hardware, storage, and software technologies, and we need to continuously modify and enhance the capabilities of our platform to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. If our customers widely adopt new technologies, we may need to redesign parts of our platform to work with those new technologies. These development efforts may require significant engineering, marketing, and sales resources, all of which would affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Any failure of our infrastructure’s capabilities to operate effectively with future technologies and software platforms could reduce the demand for our platform. If we are unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our platform may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and our business may be harmed.

As part of adapting to these technology shifts, our future infrastructure strategy contemplates the use of immersion cooling for our GPU and blockchain equipment. While immersion cooling offers potential efficiency and density gains, it is an emerging technology with limited industry standards or regulatory frameworks. Variability in fluid chemistry, enclosure design, and safety protocols could create reliability, safety, or compliance risks. Dielectric fluids used in immersion cooling can degrade or become contaminated, potentially damaging hardware and reducing cooling efficiency. Not all GPUs, ASICs, or motherboards are designed or warranted for immersion environments, and modifying hardware for such use may void warranties or accelerate component failure. In addition, immersion cooling requires specialized operational expertise, and errors in handling or system maintenance could result in downtime, asset damage, or safety hazards. Although dielectric fluids are generally fire-resistant, improper handling or system failure could still create environmental or fire risks, which may not be fully covered by existing insurance policies. Furthermore, the limited availability of proprietary fluids and components presents potential supply chain constraints. Any of these factors could increase costs, reduce reliability, or impair our ability to deliver consistent performance to customers.

In addition, we must also continue to effectively manage our capital expenditures by maintaining and expanding our data center capacity, servers and equipment, grow in geographies where we currently have limited or no presence, and ensure that the performance, features, and reliability of our services and our customer service remain competitive in a rapidly changing technological environment. If we fail to manage our growth, the quality of our platform may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers and employees.

The broader adoption, use, and commercialization of AI technology, and the continued rapid pace of developments in the AI field, are inherently uncertain. Failure by our customers to continue to use our platform to support AI use cases in their systems, or our ability to keep up with evolving AI technology requirements and regulatory frameworks, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

As part of our growth strategy, we seek to attract and acquire customers requiring high-performance computing, such as AI, machine learning, and automated decision-making technologies, including proprietary AI algorithms and models (collectively, “AI Technologies”).

AI has been developing at a rapid pace, and continues to evolve and change. As demand continues for AI services, AI providers, including our customers, have sought increased compute capacity to enable advancements in their AI models and service the demands of end users. We cannot predict whether additional computing power will continue to be required to develop larger, more powerful AI models, or if the practical limits of AI technology will plateau in the future regardless of available compute capacity. Further, there have been recent advancements in AI technology, including open-source AI models, that may lead to compute and other efficiencies that may impact the demand for AI services, including our platform, solutions, and services, which may adversely impact our revenue and profitability. In the event that existing scaling laws do not continue to apply as they have in the past, demand by our customers for compute resources, including our solutions and services, may not continue to increase over time, or may decrease if overall demand for AI is impacted by a lack of further technological development. If we are unable to keep up with the changing AI landscape or in developing services to meet our customers’ evolving AI needs, or if the AI landscape does not develop to the extent we or our customers expect, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely impacted.

Additionally, we may incur significant costs and experience significant delays in developing new solutions and services or enhancing our current platform to adapt to the changing AI landscape, and may not achieve a return on investment or capitalize on the opportunities presented by demand for AI solutions. Moreover, while AI adoption is likely to continue and may accelerate, the long-term trajectory of this technological trend is uncertain. Further, market acceptance, understanding, and valuation of solutions and services that incorporate AI Technologies are uncertain and the perceived value of AI Technologies used and/or provided by our customers could be inaccurate. If AI is not broadly adopted by enterprises to the extent we expect, or if new use cases do not arise, then our opportunity may be smaller than we expect. Further, if the consumer perception and perceived value of AI Technologies is inaccurate this could have a material adverse effect on our customers, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Concerns relating to the responsible use by our customers of new and evolving technologies, such as AI, which are supported by our platform, may result in collateral reputational harm to us. AI may pose emerging ethical issues and if our platform enables customer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability.

Furthermore, the rapid pace of innovation in the field of AI has led to developing and evolving regulatory frameworks globally, which are expected to become increasingly complex as AI continues to evolve. Regulators and lawmakers around the world have started proposing and adopting, or are currently considering, regulations and guidance specifically on the use of AI. Regulations related to AI Technologies have been introduced in the United States at the federal level and are also enacted and advancing at the state level. Additional regulations may impact our customers’ ability to develop, use and commercialize AI Technologies, which would impact demand for our platform, solutions, and services and may affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

AI and related industries, including cloud services, are under increasing scrutiny from regulators due to their concerns about market concentration, anti-competitive practices, and the pace of partnerships and acquisitions involving generative AI startups. As the industry continues to grow, transactions and business conduct will likely continue to draw scrutiny from regulators. Our customers may become subject to further AI regulations, including any restrictions on the total consumption of compute technology, which could cause a delay or impediment to the commercialization of AI technology and could lead to a decrease in demand for our customers’ AI infrastructure, and may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our operations require substantial capital expenditures, and we will require additional capital to fund our business and support our growth, and any inability to generate or obtain such capital on acceptable terms, if at all, or to lower our total cost of capital, may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We require substantial capital expenditures to support our growth and respond to business challenges. We have made significant financial investments in our business, and we intend to continue to make such investments in the future, including expenditures to procure components for, maintain, upgrade, and enhance our platform, including costs related to obtaining third-party chips and leasing and maintaining, enhancing, and expanding our data centers. While we have historically been able to fund capital expenditures from cash generated from operations, equity and debt financings, and borrowings under our term loan facilities, factors outside of our control, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, and particularly those under “—Risks Related to Our Indebtedness,” could materially reduce the cash available from operations, impede our ability to raise additional capital, or significantly increase our capital expenditure requirements, which may result in our inability to fund the necessary level of capital expenditures to maintain and expand our operations. Additionally, we have in the past and may in the future have more immediate expansion opportunities than we have capital to fund. These factors could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. If adequate financing is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. If we raise additional funds through equity or convertible debt issuances, our existing shareholders may suffer significant dilution and these securities could have rights, preferences, and privileges that are superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we obtain additional funds through debt financing, we may not be able to obtain such financing on terms favorable to us. Further, the current global macroeconomic environment could make it more difficult to raise additional capital on favorable terms, if at all. Such terms may involve restrictive covenants making it difficult to engage in capital raising activities and pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. The trading prices of recently-public companies have been highly volatile as a result of multiple factors including, the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan, inflation, trade restrictions such as tariffs, interest rate volatility, actual or perceived instability in the banking system, and market downturns, which may reduce our ability to access capital on favorable terms or at all. In addition, a recession, depression, or other sustained adverse market event could adversely affect our business and the value of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired and our business may be adversely affected, requiring us to delay, reduce, or eliminate some or all of our operations. Even if we are able to raise such capital, we cannot guarantee that we will deploy it in such a fashion that allows us to achieve better operating results or grow our business.

Moreover, in order to fund investments in our infrastructure, we have pioneered and scaled innovative financing structures that have enabled us to grow our business through timely and flexible access to capital, such as our guidance facility with Permian Labs described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments.” While we expect our cost of capital to continue declining as we benefit from economies of scale and access new forms of financing, including asset backed securitizations and rated parent-level debt, our ability to lower our cost of capital depends upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including broader macroeconomic conditions. If we are unable to continue lowering our cost of capital, our ability to effectively compete, especially with larger competitors that have greater financial and other resources, as well as our operating results, financial condition, and business, may be adversely impacted.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which could make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our operating results have varied significantly from period to period in the past, and we expect that our operating results will continue to vary significantly in the future such that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. In addition, in future periods, we may experience fluctuations in remaining performance obligations, given the nature of our committed contract business, the size of those contracts, and period-to-period variation in new business signed and revenue recognized from existing contracts. This could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Accordingly, our financial results in any one quarter should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance. Fluctuations in quarterly results may negatively impact the trading price of our common stock. Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including, without limitation:

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the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the expansion of our business;

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any power outages, shortages, supply chain issues, capacity constraints, or significant increases in the cost of securing power;

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general global macroeconomic and political conditions that could impact some or all regions where we operate, including global economic slowdowns, actual or perceived global banking and finance related issues, increased risk of inflation, trade restrictions such as tariffs, potential uncertainty with respect to the federal debt ceiling and budget and government shutdowns related thereto, interest rate volatility, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, increases in energy costs and potential global recession;

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the impact of natural or man-made global events on our business, including wars and other armed conflict, such as the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan;

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changes in our legal or regulatory environment, including developments in regulations relating to AI and machine learning;

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our ability to attract new and retain existing customers, increase sales of our platform, or sell additional solutions and services to existing customers;

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the budgeting cycles, seasonal buying patterns, and purchasing practices of customers;

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the timing and length of our sales cycles;

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changes in customer requirements or market needs;

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changes in the growth rate of the cloud infrastructure market generally;

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the timing and success of new solution and service introductions by us or our competitors or any other competitive developments, including consolidation among our customers or competitors;

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any disruption in our strategic relationships;

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our ability to successfully expand our business domestically and internationally;

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equity or debt financings and the capital markets environment, including interest rate changes;

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our ability to reduce our cost of capital over time;

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decisions by organizations to purchase specialized AI cloud infrastructure from larger, more established vendors;

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our ability to successfully and timely deliver our solutions and services to customers under our committed contracts, including due to data center lead times;

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our ability to successfully and timely deploy launches of additional data centers;

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the timing and success of the integration of new infrastructure, including new GPU generations, into our platform;

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changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;

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insolvency or credit difficulties confronting our customers, including bankruptcy or liquidation, due to individual, macroeconomic, and regulatory factors, including those specifically impacting early-stage AI ventures, affecting their ability to purchase or pay for our platform;

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significant security breaches of, technical difficulties with, or interruptions to, the use of our platform or other cybersecurity incidents;

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extraordinary expenses such as litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments or outcomes, taxes, regulatory fines or penalties;

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the timing of revenue recognition and revenue deferrals;

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future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies or practices;

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negative media coverage or publicity; and

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increases or decreases in our expenses due to supply chain availability and tariffs, among other factors.

Any of the above factors, individually or in the aggregate, could result in significant fluctuations in our financial condition, cash flows, and other operating results from period to period.

We face intense competition and could lose market share to our competitors, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

The market for AI cloud infrastructure and software is intensely competitive and is rapidly evolving, characterized by changes in technology, customer requirements, industry standards, regulatory developments, and frequent introductions of new or improved solutions and services. Key competitors that offer general purpose cloud computing as part of a broader, diversified product portfolio include Amazon (AWS), Google (Google Cloud Platform), IBM, Microsoft (Azure), and Oracle, a number of which are concurrent providers of high-performance computing (“HPC”) resources to our customers. We also compete with emerging infrastructure providers focused on AI, including Coreweave, Crusoe and Lambda. We expect to continue to face intense competition from current competitors, including as our competitors complete strategic acquisitions or form cooperative relationships and/or customer requirements evolve, as well as from new entrants into the market. If we are unable to anticipate or react to these challenges, our competitive position could weaken, and we would experience a decline in revenue or reduced revenue growth, and loss of market share that could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our ability to compete effectively depends upon numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

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changes in customer or market needs, requirements, and preferences and our ability to fulfill those needs, requirements, and preferences;

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our ability to expand and augment our platform, including through infrastructure and new technologies, or increase sales of our platform;

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any power outages, shortages, supply chain issues, capacity constraints, or significant increases in the cost of securing power;

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our ability to attract, train, retain, and motivate talented employees;

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our ability to retain existing customers and increase sales to existing customers, as well as attract and retain new customers;

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the budgeting cycles, seasonal buying patterns, and purchasing practices of our customers, including any slowdown in technology spending due to U.S. and general global macroeconomic conditions;

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price competition;

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stagnation in the adoption rate or changes in the growth rate of AI and AI cloud infrastructure sectors, including due to emerging AI technologies, which may lead to further compute efficiencies;

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the timing and success of new solution and service introductions by us or our competitors, including new competing technologies that may displace cloud infrastructure, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or customers and strategic partnerships entered into by and between our competitors;

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changes in our mix of solution and services sold, including changes in the average contracted usage of our platform;

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our ability to successfully and continuously expand our business;

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our ability to secure necessary funding;

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deferral of orders from customers in anticipation of new or enhanced solutions and services announced by us or our competitors;

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significant security breaches or, technical difficulties with, or interruptions to the use of our platform, including data security;

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the timing and costs related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses or entry into strategic partnerships;

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our ability to execute, complete, or efficiently integrate any acquisitions that we may undertake;

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increased expenses, unforeseen liabilities, or write-downs and any impact on our operating results from any acquisitions we consummate;

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our ability to increase the size and productivity of our sales teams;

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decisions by potential customers to purchase cloud infrastructure and associated services from larger, more established technology companies;

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insolvency or credit difficulties confronting our customers, which could increase due to U.S. and global macroeconomic issues and which would adversely affect our customers’ ability to purchase or pay for our platform in a timely manner or at all;

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the cost and potential outcomes of litigation, regulatory investigations or actions, or other proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business;

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future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;

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increases or decreases in our expenses caused by due to supply chain availability and tariffs, among other factors;

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our ability to comply with applicable domestic and international regulations and laws and to obtain the necessary licenses to conduct our business;

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general global macroeconomic and political conditions that could impact our operations, including global economic slowdowns, actual or perceived global banking and finance related issues, increased risk of inflation, trade restrictions such as tariffs, potential uncertainty with respect to the federal debt ceiling and budget and government shutdowns related thereto, interest rate volatility, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and potential global recession; and

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the impact of natural or man-made global events on our business, including outbreaks of contagious diseases or pandemics and wars and other armed conflicts, such as the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and the tensions between China and Taiwan.

Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing, sales, and other resources, greater name recognition, longer operating histories, and a larger base of customers than we do. Our competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of their solutions and services than we can, and they may offer lower pricing than we do or bundle certain competing solutions and services at lower prices. Our competitors may also have greater resources for research and development of new technologies, customer support, and to pursue acquisitions, and they have other financial, technical, or other resource advantages. Our larger competitors have substantially broader and more diverse solution and service offerings and more mature distribution and go-to-market strategies, which allows them to leverage their existing customer relationships and any distributor relationships to gain business in a manner that discourages potential customers from purchasing our platform. Further, our current and future competitors may include our customers and suppliers, if any of these customers or suppliers were to cease purchasing services from us or supplying us with components as a result, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected.

Conditions in our market could change rapidly and significantly as a result of technological advancements, including but not limited to increased advancements and proliferation in the use of AI and machine learning, partnerships between or acquisitions by our competitors, or continuing market consolidation, including consolidation of potential or existing customers with our competitors. Some of our competitors have recently made or could make acquisitions of businesses or have established cooperative relationships that may allow them to offer more directly competitive and comprehensive solutions and services than were previously offered and adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs. These competitive pressures in our market or our failure to compete effectively may result in price reductions, fewer orders, reduced revenue and operating margin, increased net losses, and loss of market share.

Even if there is significant demand for specialized AI cloud infrastructure like ours, if our competitors include functionality that is, or is perceived to be, equivalent to or better than ours in legacy solutions and services that are already generally accepted as necessary components of an organization’s operational architecture, we may have difficulty increasing the market penetration of our platform. Furthermore, even if the functionality offered by other cloud infrastructure providers is different and more limited than the functionality of our platform, organizations may elect to accept such limited functionality in lieu of purchasing our solutions and services. If we are unable to compete successfully, or if competing successfully requires us to take aggressive action with respect to pricing or other actions, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects would be adversely affected.

A network or data security incident against us, or our third-party providers, whether actual, alleged, or perceived, could harm our reputation, create liability and regulatory exposure, and adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Companies are subject to an increasing number, and wide variety, of attacks on their networks on an ongoing basis. Traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses and worms), phishing attempts, ransomware, account takeover, business email compromise, employee fraud or bad actors, theft or misuse, denial of service attacks, misconfigurations, bugs, or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT systems, and sophisticated nation-state sponsored actors engage in cyber intrusions and attacks that create risks for our infrastructure and the data, including personal information, which it hosts and transmits. State-supported and geopolitical-related cyberattacks may rise in connection with regional geopolitical conflicts such as the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan. Moreover, the ongoing war in Ukraine and associated activities in Russia as well as in the Middle East, have increased the risk of cyberattacks on various types of infrastructure and operations. Additionally, bad actors are beginning to utilize AI-based tools to execute attacks, creating unprecedented cybersecurity challenges. We may be a valuable target for cyberattacks given the critical data which we host and transmit.

Although we have implemented security measures designed to prevent such attacks, including a review of our third-party providers’ measures, we cannot guarantee that such measures will operate effectively to protect our and our third-party providers’ infrastructure, systems, networks, and physical facilities from breach due to the actions of outside parties or human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities, insufficient cybersecurity controls, a combination of the foregoing, or otherwise, and as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our, our third-party providers’ or our customers’ systems, networks, or data. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to systems or sabotage systems, or disable or degrade services, change frequently and are often unrecognizable until launched against a target, and therefore we may be unable to anticipate these techniques and implement adequate preventative measures. Our servers may be vulnerable to computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins that our security measures may not detect. Protecting our own assets has become more expensive and these costs may increase as the threat landscape increases, including as a result of use by bad actors of AI. We may face difficulties or delays in identifying or otherwise responding to any attacks or actual or potential security breaches or threats. These risks are exacerbated by developments in generative AI. A breach in our or our third-party providers’ data security or an attack against our platform could and have impacted our infrastructure and systems, creating system disruptions or slowdowns and providing access to malicious parties to information hosted and transmitted by our infrastructure, resulting in data, including the data of our customers, being publicly disclosed, misused, altered, lost, or stolen, which could subject us to liability and reputational harm and adversely affect our financial condition. While to date no incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future. If compromised, our own systems could be used to facilitate or magnify an attack. Further, the increase in remote work by companies and individuals in recent years has generally increased the attack surface available to bad actors for exploitation, and as such, the risk of a cybersecurity incident potentially occurring has increased.

Any actual, alleged, or perceived security breach in our third-party providers’ or partners’ systems or networks, or any other actual, alleged or perceived data security breach that we or our third-party providers or partners suffer, could result in damage to our reputation, negative publicity, loss of customers and sales, loss of competitive advantages over our competitors, increased costs to remedy any problems and otherwise respond to any incident, regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, costly litigation (including class actions), and other liability. We would also be exposed to a risk of loss or litigation and potential liability under laws, regulations, and contracts that protect the privacy and security of personal information. For a description of the privacy and security laws, regulations and other industry requirements to which our business is subject, see the risk factor below “—We are subject to laws, regulations, and industry requirements related to data privacy, data protection and information security, and user protection across different markets where we conduct our business and such laws, regulations, and industry requirements are constantly evolving and changing. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws, regulations, and industry requirements, or our privacy policies, could harm our business.”

Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted breach notification and other requirements in the event that information subject to such laws is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding security of such data are possible. We may need to notify governmental authorities and affected individuals with respect to such incidents. For example, laws in the United States may require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data security breach. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of a data security breach can be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability. In addition, certain of our customer agreements, as well as privacy laws, may require us to promptly report security incidents involving our systems or those of our third-party partners that compromise the security, confidentiality, or integrity of certain processed customer data. Regardless of our contractual protections, these mandatory disclosures could be costly, result in litigation, harm our reputation, erode customer trust, and require significant resources to mitigate issues stemming from actual or perceived security breaches.

We are in the process of finalizing our cybersecurity insurance, which will be effective January 2026; however, there can be no guarantee that any or all costs or losses incurred will be partially or fully recouped from such insurance, or that such insurance will be available on economically reasonable terms or will adequately address all potential losses.

We may also incur significant financial and operational costs to investigate, remediate, eliminate, and put in place additional tools and devices designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other security incidents, as well as costs to comply with any notification obligations resulting from any security incidents. Any of these negative outcomes could adversely affect the market perception of infrastructure and customer and investor confidence in our company, and would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Further, from time to time, government entities (including law enforcement bodies) may in the future seek our assistance with obtaining access to our customers’ data. Although we strive to protect the privacy of our customers, we may be required from time to time to provide access to customer data to government entities. In light of our privacy commitments, although we may legally challenge law enforcement requests to provide access to our systems or other customer content, we may nevertheless face complaints that we have provided information improperly to law enforcement or in response to non-meritorious third-party complaints. We may experience adverse political, business, and reputational consequences, to the extent that we do not provide assistance to or comply with requests from government entities in the manner requested or challenge those requests publicly or in court or provide, or are perceived as providing, assistance to government entities that exceeds our legal obligations. Any such disclosure could significantly and adversely impact our business and reputation.

We have a history of generating net losses as a result of the substantial investments we have made to grow our business and develop our platform, anticipate increases in our operating expenses in the future, and may not achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability. If we cannot achieve and, if achieved, sustain profitability, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects will be adversely affected.

We incurred net losses of $13,184,374 and $12,425,544 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and we may not achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability in the future. As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $32,425,045. While we have experienced significant growth in revenue from 2023 to 2024, we cannot predict whether we will maintain this level of growth or when we will achieve profitability. We also expect our operating expenses to increase in the future, including our general and administrative expenses as a result of increased costs associated with operating as a public company and as we continue to invest for our future growth, including expanding our research and development function to drive further development of our platform, continuing to invest in the technology infrastructure underlying our platform and data center expansion, expanding our sales and marketing activities, developing the functionality to expand into adjacent markets, and reaching customers in new geographic locations and new verticals, which will negatively affect our operating results if our total revenue does not increase.

Our operating efficiencies may decrease as we scale, and our revenue growth may slow as we grow. Our revenue could also decline for a number of other reasons, including reduced demand for our offerings, increased competition, a decrease in the growth or reduction in size of our overall market, or if we cannot capitalize on growth opportunities, including acquisitions and through new and enhanced solutions and services. Furthermore, to the extent our anticipated cash payback period is longer than we expect, or if we fail to maintain or increase our revenue to offset increases in our operating expenses or manage our costs as we invest in our business, including if we do not maintain or improve our operating efficiencies, we may not achieve or sustain profitability, and if we cannot achieve and sustain profitability, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects will be adversely affected.

We make substantial investments in our technology and infrastructure and unsuccessful investments could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

The industry in which we compete is characterized by rapid technological change, changes in customer requirements, frequent new product and service introductions and enhancements, short product cycles, and evolving industry standards. In order to remain competitive, we have made, and expect to continue to make, significant investments in our technology and infrastructure. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, technology and infrastructure investments had been made in HPC and joint ventures of $8,657,615 and $7,739,631, respectively. If we fail to further develop our platform or develop new and enhanced solutions, services, and technologies, if we focus on technologies that do not become widely adopted, or if new competitive technologies or industry standards that we do not support become widely accepted, demand for our solutions and services may be reduced. Increased investments in technology and infrastructure or unsuccessful improvement efforts could cause our cost structure to fall out of alignment with demand for our solutions and services, which would have a negative impact on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our platform is complex and performance problems or defects associated with our platform may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our platform performance, especially during peak demand spikes and as our customer base grows and our platform becomes more complex. If our platform is unavailable or if our customers are unable to access our platform within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we could experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform, delays in payment to us by customers or issuance of credits to impacted customers, injury to our reputation and brand, warranty and legal claims against us, significant cost of remedying these problems, and the diversion of our resources. For example, in the past, we have experienced insufficient power to service a customer’s project and have been required to provide service credits to that customer due to resulting performance issues. Additionally, we previously held a contract with Washington, Georgia, which provided for power at a fixed rate. We received notice that the city could no longer honor the contract rate as it would bankrupt the city, contrary to state law. This rendered continued operations at that location commercially impractical and led us to sell the site to another company. Similar municipal and state rules could cause other contracts to become null and void, which may cause us to have access to insufficient power, which may prevent us from serving our customers. In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects, as well as our reputation, may be adversely affected.

Further, the hardware and software technology underlying our platform is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, particularly when new solutions and services are first introduced or when new features or capabilities are released. We have from time to time found defects or errors in our platform, and new defects or errors may be detected in the future by us or our customers. We cannot ensure that our platform, including any new solutions and services that we release, will not contain defects. Any real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform could result in negative publicity or lead to data security, access, retention, or other performance issues, all of which could harm our business. We also rely on third-party suppliers for the most significant components of the equipment we use to operate our infrastructure. These third-party suppliers may also experience defects or errors in the products that we utilize in our platform, which would impact our platform and may result in performance problems or service interruptions. The costs incurred in correcting any such defects or errors, including those in third-party components, may be substantial and could harm our business. Moreover, the harm to our reputation and legal liability related to such defects or errors may be substantial and could similarly harm our business.

In addition, most of our customer agreements and terms of service contain service level commitments. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments due to performance problems or defects, we may be contractually obligated to provide the affected customers with service credits or refunds, which could significantly affect our revenue in the periods in which any issues occur and the credits or refunds are applied. As a result of degradation of service and interruptions to our platform, we have provided, and may continue to provide, service credits and/or refunds to certain of our affected customers with whom we had service level commitments. We could also face customer terminations with refunds of prepaid amounts, which could significantly affect both our current and future revenues. Any service level failures could harm our business.

Any failure of our IT systems or those of one or more of our IT service providers, business partners, vendors, suppliers, or other third-party service providers, or any other failure by such third parties to provide services to us may negatively impact our relationships with customers and harm our business.

Our business depends on various IT systems and outsourced IT services. We rely on third-party IT service providers, business partners, vendors, and suppliers to provide critical IT systems, corporate infrastructure, and other services and are, by necessity, dependent on them to adequately address cybersecurity threats to, and other vulnerabilities, defects, or deficiencies of or in their own systems. This includes infrastructure such as electronic communications, finance, marketing, and recruiting platforms and services such as IT network development and network monitoring, and third-party data center hosting of our systems for our internal and customer use. We do not own or control the operation of the third-party facilities or equipment used to provide such services. Our third-party vendors and service providers have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, including with respect to service levels and cost, or at all, we may be required to transition to a new provider, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so. In addition, such service providers could decide to close their facilities or change or suspend their service offerings without adequate notice to us. Moreover, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by such vendors, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict, may harm our business. Since we cannot easily switch vendors without making other business trade-offs, any disruption with respect to our current providers would impact our operations and our business may be harmed. Furthermore, our disaster recovery systems and those of such third parties may not function as intended or may fail to adequately protect our business information in the event of a significant business interruption, Any termination, failure, or other disruption of any of such systems or services of our third-party IT providers, business partners, vendors, and suppliers could lead to operating inefficiencies or disruptions, which could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We have a limited operating history at our current scale, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risks associated with investment in our common stock.

We have a relatively short history operating our business at our current scale and have grown rapidly during that time. We were founded on December 9, 2022 in connection with the corporate roll-up of WAHA Technologies, Inc. and WAHA Inc., which launched a blockchain platform in 2019. We began operating our GPUaaS platform in 2023 through the acquisition of a stake in The Cloud Minders, Inc., whose operational history dates back to 2021 and which we subsequently acquired on April 1, 2025. Our limited operating history, including our limited history of selling our cloud infrastructure offering, the dynamic and rapidly evolving market in which we sell our platform, and the concentration of our revenue from a limited number of customers, as well as numerous other factors beyond our control, may make it difficult to evaluate our current business, future prospects and other trends. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries and sectors, such as the risks and uncertainties described herein. Any predictions about our future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in a more predictable or established market. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties are incorrect or change due to fluctuations in our markets, any material reduction in AI or machine learning spending, changes in demand for specialized AI cloud infrastructure, or otherwise, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects would be adversely affected. We cannot ensure that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future. The risks associated with having a limited operating history may be exacerbated by current macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions discussed herein.

We have a limited history selling access to our platform under our current business model and are continuing to scale our operations and evolve our go-to-market strategy, which may make it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and increase the risks associated with an investment in our common stock.

We have a limited history selling access to our AI infrastructure and proprietary managed software and application services through our platform and we are continuing to scale our operations and evolve our strategy. We currently sell access to our platform either through committed contracts, which are take-or-pay, or on-demand, which are pay-as-you-go. There is no guarantee that in the future customers will continue to be willing to enter into, and that the industry will continue to support, a take-or-pay model, and any move towards a pay-as-you-go model will impact our ability to forecast our expected cash flows and operating results, impact our margins, and affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Moreover, our committed contracts typically include a prepayment from our customers prior to them receiving any of our services. The level of prepayments we receive from customers may fluctuate over time as we continue to scale our operations and evolve our go-to-market strategy, customer base, and the use cases for our platform. Moreover, any changes in the timing or level of customer payments, including prepayments, would impact our cash flows. Furthermore, scaling our operations and evolving our strategy may take more time and require more effort to implement than anticipated and may have results that are difficult to predict which could result in decreased revenue from our customers. Our business and pricing models have not been fully proven, and we have only a limited operating history with our current business and pricing models to evaluate our business and future prospects, which subjects us to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. Moreover, our historical revenue growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance.

If we are unable to attract new customers, retain existing customers, and/or expand sales of our platform, solutions, and services to such customers, we may not achieve the growth we expect, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers in a cost-effective manner and enable these customers to realize the benefits associated with our platform. We may experience difficulties demonstrating to customers the value of our platform and any new solutions and services that we offer. As we develop and introduce new solutions and services and add new and upgraded components of our platform (such as next-generation NVIDIA GPUs), we face the risk that customers may not value or be willing to adopt these newer offerings, and may forgo adopting one or more newer generations of our existing offerings. Regardless of the improved features or superior performance of the newer offerings, customers may be unwilling to adopt our platform due to design or pricing constraints, among other reasons. Even if customers choose to adopt our platform or new solutions and services that we develop, they may be slow to do so. Because of the extensive time and resources that we invest in research and development, if we are unable to sell new solutions and services, our revenue may decline and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be negatively affected. Historically, we have used an internal sales team that is focused on responding to inbound inquiries, outbound prospecting targeting specific customers, expanding sales of our platform to existing customers, and expanding our revenue in specific markets to drive revenue growth. If our sales team is not successful at growing our customer base, our future growth will be impacted.

In addition, we must persuade potential customers that our platform offers significant advantages over those of our competitors. As our market matures, our solutions and services evolve, and competitors introduce lower cost and/or differentiated solutions or services that are perceived to compete with our platform, our ability to maintain or expand sales of our platform, solutions, and services could be impaired. Even if we do attract new customers, the cost of new customer acquisition, implementation of our platform, and ongoing customer support may prove higher than anticipated, thereby adversely impacting our profitability.

Other factors, many of which are out of our control, may now or in the future impact our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers, and expand sales of our platform, solutions, and services to such customers in a cost-effective manner, including:

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potential customers’ commitments to existing solutions or services or greater familiarity or comfort with other solutions or services;

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our ability to secure sufficient power for our platform and solutions;

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decreased spending on specialized AI cloud infrastructure or AI or machine learning development generally;

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deteriorating general economic and geopolitical conditions;

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future governmental regulation, which could adversely impact growth of the AI sector;

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negative media, industry, or financial analyst commentary regarding our platform, AI, and the identities and activities of some of our customers;

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our ability to expand, retain, and motivate our sales, customer success, cloud operations, and marketing personnel;

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our ability to obtain or maintain industry security certifications for our platform;

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the perceived risk, commencement, or outcome of litigation; and

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increased expenses associated with being a public company following this offering.

Some of our customer contracts are on-demand and based on our terms of service, which do not require our customers to commit to a specific contractual period, and which permit the customer to terminate their contracts or decrease usage of our services with limited notice. Any service terminations could cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Our customer retention may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with the security, performance, and reliability of our platform, our prices and usage plans, our customers’ AI development and use and related budgetary restrictions, the perception that competitive solutions and services provide better or less expensive options, negative public perception of us or our customers, and deteriorating general economic conditions.

Our future financial performance also depends in part on our ability to expand sales of our platform, solutions, and services to our existing customers. In order to expand our commercial relationship with our customers, existing customers must decide that the increased cost associated with additional purchases of our platform, solutions, and services is justified by the additional functionality. Our customers’ decision whether to increase their purchase is driven by a number of factors, including customer satisfaction with the security, performance, and reliability of our platform, the functionality of any new solutions and services we may offer, general economic conditions, and customer reaction to our pricing model. If our efforts to expand our relationship with our existing customers are not successful, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may materially suffer.

If we are unable to successfully build, expand, and deploy our sales organization in a timely manner, or at all, or to successfully hire, retain, train, and motivate our sales personnel, our growth and long-term success could be adversely impacted.

We have grown, and may continue to grow, our direct sales force and our sales efforts have historically depended on the significant direct involvement of our senior management team. The successful execution of our strategy to increase our sales to existing customers, identify new potential customers, expand our customer base, and enter new markets will depend, among other things, on our ability to successfully build and expand our sales organization and operations. We have and plan to continue to dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs and to expand our sales and marketing capabilities to target additional potential customers and achieve broader market adoption of our platform, but there is no guarantee that we will be successful in attracting and maintaining additional customers. Moreover, identifying, recruiting, training, and managing sales personnel requires significant time, expense, and attention, including from our senior management and other key personnel, which could adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects in the short and long term.

In order to successfully scale our current top-down sales model and as AI use cases expand, we may need to increase the size of our direct sales force while preserving the cultural and mission-oriented elements of our company. If we do not hire a sufficient number of qualified sales personnel, our future revenue growth and business could be adversely impacted. It may take a significant period of time before our sales personnel are fully trained and productive, particularly in light of our current sales model, and there is no guarantee we will be successful in adequately training and effectively deploying our sales personnel. In addition, we have invested, and may need to continue investing, significant resources in our sales operations to enable our sales organization to run effectively and efficiently, including supporting sales strategy planning, sales process optimization, data analytics and reporting, and administering incentive compensation arrangements. Our business would be adversely affected if our efforts to build, expand, train, and manage our sales organization are not successful. We periodically make adjustments to our sales organization in response to market opportunities, competitive threats, management changes, product introductions or enhancements, acquisitions, sales performance, increases in sales headcount, cost levels, and other internal and external considerations. Any future sales organization changes may result in a temporary reduction of productivity, which could negatively affect our rate of growth. In addition, any significant change to the way we structure and implement the compensation of our sales organization may be disruptive or may not be effective and may affect our revenue growth. If we are unable to attract, hire, develop, retain, and motivate qualified sales personnel, if our new sales personnel are unable to achieve sufficient sales productivity levels in a reasonable period of time or at all, if our marketing programs are not effective or if we are unable to effectively build, expand, and manage our sales organization and operations, our sales and revenue may grow more slowly than expected or materially decline, and our business, operating results, financing condition, and future prospects may be significantly harmed.

If we do not or cannot maintain the compatibility of our platform with our customers’ existing technology, including third-party technologies that our customers use in their businesses, our business may be adversely affected.

The functionality and popularity of our platform depends, in part, on our ability to integrate our platform with our customers’ existing technology, including other third-party technologies that our customers use in their businesses. Our customers, or the third parties whose solutions and services our customers utilize, may change the features of their technologies, restrict our access to their technologies, or alter the terms governing use of their technologies in a manner that makes our platform incompatible with their technologies, and which would adversely impact our ability to service our customers. Such changes could functionally limit or prevent our ability to use these third-party technologies in conjunction with our platform, which would negatively affect adoption of our platform and harm our business. If we fail to integrate our platform with our customers’ technologies and with third-party technologies that our customers use, we may not be able to offer the functionality that our customers want or need, which could adversely impact our business.

If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand and our reputation is critical to continued market acceptance of our platform, our relationship with our existing customers and our ability to attract new customers. The successful promotion of our brand will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to continue to provide reliable solutions and services that continue to meet the needs of our customers at competitive prices, our ability to successfully differentiate our platform from those of competitors, and the effectiveness of our marketing efforts. Further, industry standards continue to evolve and there is no consensus around performance benchmarks applied to us and our competitors, which may impact our ability to promote our platform and our brand. Although we believe it is important for our growth, our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be harmed.

In addition, independent industry and research firms often evaluate our offerings and provide reviews of our platform, as well as the solutions and services of our competitors, and perception of our platform in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. If these reviews are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors’ solutions and services, our brand may be adversely affected. Our offerings may experience capacity and operational issues for a number of reasons that may or may not be related to the efficacy of our offerings in real world environments. To the extent potential customers, industry analysts, or research firms believe that the occurrence of capacity or computing issues is a flaw or indicates that our platform does not provide significant value, we may lose such potential customer opportunities, and our reputation, business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be harmed.

As we expand our customer base, we may become further subject to counterparty credit risk, which would adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We intend to increase the number of our customers over time, including customers in their early stages and/or private companies who may have increased risk of insolvency, bankruptcy, or other issues impacting their creditworthiness. Our business is, and may in the future be, subject to the risks of non-payment and non-performance by these customers, which risk is heightened given that a substantial portion of our revenue is currently, and is expected for the foreseeable future to be, driven by a limited number of customers. We manage our exposure to credit risk through receipt of prepayments under our committed contracts, credit analysis and monitoring procedures, and may use letters of credit, prepayments, and guarantees. However, these procedures and policies cannot fully eliminate customer credit risk, and to the extent our policies and procedures prove to be inadequate, it could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. In addition, some of our customers may be highly leveraged and subject to their own operating and regulatory risks and, even if our credit review and analysis mechanisms work properly, we may experience risks of non-payment and non-performance in our dealings with such parties. In such event, we may remain responsible for expenditures for components, infrastructure, and data center leases and build-outs, as well as related financing that we have undertaken for which we may not receive corresponding revenue. We do not currently maintain credit insurance to insure against customer credit risk. If our customers fail to fulfill their contractual obligations, it may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

The United States market may become saturated, and our long-term success may depend, in part, on our ability to expand the sale of our platform to customers located outside of the United States, and any international expansion of our operations exposes us to risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

If the United States market becomes saturated, our long-term success may depend, in part, on our ability to expand the sale of our platform to customers located outside of the United States. Expanding our business outside of the United States and conducting our business activities in various foreign countries, where we have limited experience and where the challenges of conducting our business can be significantly different from those we have faced, may create internal control risks including:

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slower than anticipated demand for AI and machine learning solutions offered by existing and potential customers outside the United States and slower than anticipated adoption of specialized AI cloud-based infrastructures by international businesses;

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fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could add volatility to our operating results;

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limitations within our debt agreements that may restrict our ability to make investments in our foreign subsidiaries;

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new, or changes in, regulatory requirements, including with respect to AI;

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tariffs, export and import restrictions, restrictions on foreign investments, sanctions, and other trade barriers or protection measures;

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exposure to numerous, increasing, stringent (particularly in the European Union), and potentially inconsistent laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security;

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costs of localizing our platform;

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lack of acceptance of localized solutions and services;

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the need to make significant investments in people, solutions, and infrastructure, typically well in advance of revenue generation;

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challenges inherent in efficiently managing an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits, and compliance programs;

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difficulties in maintaining our corporate culture with a dispersed and distant workforce;

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treatment of revenue from international sources, evolving domestic and international tax environments, and other potential tax issues, including with respect to our corporate operating structure and intercompany arrangements;

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different or weaker protection of our intellectual property, including increased risk of theft of our proprietary technology and other intellectual property;

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economic weakness or currency-related disparities or crises;

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compliance with multiple, conflicting, ambiguous or evolving governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, data privacy, anti-corruption, import/export, antitrust, data transfer, storage and protection, and industry-specific laws and regulations, including regulations related to AI;

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generally longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;

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our ability to adapt to sales practices and customer requirements in different cultures;

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the lack of reference customers and other marketing assets in regional markets that are new or developing for us, as well as other adaptations in our market generation efforts that we may be slow to identify and implement;

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dependence on certain third parties, including third-party data center facility providers;

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natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism, or pandemics, including the armed conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan;

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actual or perceived instability in the global banking system;

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cybersecurity incidents;

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corporate espionage; and

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political instability and security risks in the countries where we are doing business and changes in the public perception of governments in the countries where we operate or plan to operate.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by geopolitical instability, armed conflicts, international trade restrictions, or disruption to the global semiconductor supply chain, including risks related to China and Taiwan.

Our operations and growth are exposed to significant risks arising from global geopolitical instability, trade policy shifts, and supply chain concentration in critical regions. These risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Specific risks include:

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disruption of semiconductor supply chains due to geopolitical instability, particularly any conflict in or around Taiwan or restrictions affecting manufacturers in China;

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changes in U.S. or foreign trade policy, including the imposition of tariffs, sanctions, or export and import controls affecting advanced chips, energy inputs, or other critical resources;

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escalation of existing conflicts in regions such as Ukraine or the Middle East, or new armed conflicts elsewhere, which may affect global energy prices, financing conditions, and investor sentiment;

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volatility in foreign currency exchange rates and evolving international tax regimes;

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restrictions on foreign investment or heightened review of cross-border technology transactions; and

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broader political or economic instability, including instability in global banking and capital markets.

These risks may raise our acquisition costs for GPUs and related infrastructure, constrain our access to advanced technology, or impair our ability to serve international customers effectively. For example, new tariffs on semiconductors, networking equipment, or energy-related inputs could materially increase our cost base, limit our pricing flexibility, and reduce demand for our services. While we seek to mitigate these risks through diversified sourcing, strategic partnerships, and long-term power and technology agreements, many of these factors remain outside our control.

Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense.

Our go-to-market strategy targets AI developers’ implementation and acceleration needs through multiple sales channels. We use top-down sales for enterprise decision makers and bottom-up approaches for developers with varied requirements. Our channels include digital sales, reseller partnerships, and customer aggregation through machine learning operations shops that connect clients with reliable infrastructure providers. Customers often view the purchase of our platform as a significant strategic decision and, as a result, frequently require considerable time to evaluate, test, and qualify our platform prior to entering into or expanding a relationship with us. Large enterprises in particular, often undertake a significant evaluation process that further lengthens our sales cycle.

Our direct sales team develops relationships with our customers, and works on account penetration, account coordination, sales, and overall market development. We spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce a sale. Cloud infrastructure capacity purchases are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals, and unanticipated administrative, processing, and other delays. As a result, it is difficult to predict whether and when a sale will be completed. The failure of our efforts to secure sales after investing resources in a lengthy sales process would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

The sales prices of our offerings may decrease, which may reduce our margins and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We have limited experience with respect to determining the optimal prices for our platform. As the market for cloud infrastructure and AI and machine learning solutions mature, or as new competitors introduce new infrastructure solutions or services that are similar to or compete with ours, we may be unable to effectively optimize our prices through increases or decreases or attract new customers at our offered prices or based on the same pricing model as we have used historically. Further, competition continues to increase in the market segments in which we participate, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, thereby leading to increased pricing pressures. Larger competitors with more diverse offerings may reduce the price of any offerings that compete with ours or may bundle them with other solutions and services. This could lead customers to demand greater price concessions or additional functionality at the same price levels. As a result, in the future we may be required to reduce our prices or provide more features and services without corresponding increases in price, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Existing and future acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, or alliances could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of key management personnel, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value, and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We may make investments in and/or acquire complementary companies, services, products, technologies, or talent. All acquisitions and venture investments are subject to a risk of partial or total loss of investment capital. Our ability as an organization to acquire and integrate other companies, services, or technologies in a successful manner is not guaranteed.

In the future, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. Our due diligence efforts may fail to identify all of the challenges, problems, liabilities, or other shortcomings involved in an acquisition. Further, current and future changes to the U.S. and foreign regulatory approval process and requirements related to acquisitions may cause approvals to take longer than anticipated, not be forthcoming or contain burdensome conditions, which may prevent the transaction or jeopardize, delay or reduce the anticipated benefits of the transaction, and impede the execution of our business strategy. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or ability to achieve our business objectives, and any acquisitions we announce or complete could be viewed negatively by our customers or investors.

In addition, if we are unsuccessful at integrating future acquisitions, or the technologies and personnel associated with such acquisitions into our company, the business, operating results, financing condition, and future prospects of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, causing unanticipated write-offs or accounting (including goodwill) charges. Additionally, integrations could take longer than expected, or if we move too quickly in trying to integrate an acquisition, strategic investment, partnership, or other alliance, we may fail to achieve the desired efficiencies.

We have, and may in the future have, to pay cash, incur debt, issue equity securities or provide computing services, to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition and the market price of our common stock. The sale of equity or issuance of debt to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our shareholders, which, depending on the size of the acquisition, may be significant. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.

Furthermore, our ability to make acquisitions and finance acquisitions through the sale of equity or issuance of debt is limited by certain restrictions contained in our debt agreements.

Additional risks we may face in connection with acquisitions, including our recent acquisition of The Cloud Minders, Inc., include:

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diversion of management’s time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;

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the inability to coordinate research and development and sales and marketing functions;

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the inability to integrate solution and service offerings;

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retention of key employees from the acquired company;

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changes in relationships with strategic partners or the loss of any key customers or partners as a result of acquisitions or strategic positioning resulting from the acquisition;

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cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

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integration of the acquired company’s accounting, customer relationship management, management information, human resources, and other administrative systems;

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the need to implement or improve controls, procedures, and policies at a business that prior to the acquisition may have lacked sufficiently effective controls, procedures, and policies;

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unexpected security risks or higher than expected costs to improve the security posture of the acquired company;

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higher than expected costs to bring the acquired company’s IT infrastructure up to our standards;

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additional legal, regulatory, or compliance requirements;

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financial reporting, revenue recognition, or other financial or control deficiencies of the acquired company that we do not adequately address and that cause our reported results to be incorrect;

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liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities, and other known and unknown liabilities;

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failing to achieve the expected benefits of the acquisition or investment; and

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litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from or against terminated employees, customers, current and former shareholders, or other third parties.

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally.

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this prospectus may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this prospectus may prove to be inaccurate. Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this prospectus, including those we have generated ourselves, are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate, including the risks described herein. Even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Further, if AI is not broadly adopted by enterprises to the extent we expect, or if new use cases do not arise, then our opportunity may be smaller than we expect.

The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of addressable customers covered by our market opportunity estimates will purchase our platform at all or generate any particular level of revenue for us. Any expansion in the markets in which we operate depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our platform and those of our competitors. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecast, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, our forecasts of market growth included in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

We have in the past, and may in the future, enter into collaborations or strategic alliances with third parties. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining strategic relationships with these third parties or if these third parties fail to deliver certain operational services, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected.

We have in the past, and may in the future, enter into collaborations or strategic alliances with third parties in connection with the development, operation, and enhancements to our platform and the provision of our solutions and services. Identifying strategic relationships with third parties, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, may be time-consuming and complex and may distract management. Moreover, we may be delayed, or may not be successful, in achieving the objectives that we anticipate as a result of such strategic relationships. In evaluating counterparties in connection with collaborations or strategic alliances, we consider a wide range of economic, legal, and regulatory criteria depending on the nature of such relationship, including the counterparties’ reputation, operating results, and financial condition, operational ability to satisfy our and our customers’ needs in a timely manner, efficiency and reliability of systems, certifications costs to us or to our customers, and licensure and compliance status. Despite this evaluation, third parties may still not meet our or our customers’ needs which may adversely affect our ability to deliver solutions and services to customers and may adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Counterparties to any strategic relationship may have economic or business interests or goals that are, or that may become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may subject us to additional risks to the extent such third party becomes the subject of negative publicity, faces its own litigation or regulatory challenges, or faces other adverse circumstances. Conflicts may arise with our strategic partners, such as the interpretation of significant terms under any agreement, which may result in litigation or arbitration which would increase our expenses and divert the attention of our management. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining strategic relationships with third parties, our ability to compete or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected.

The anticipated benefits of potential joint ventures may not be fully realized or take longer to realize than expected. In addition, our joint venture investments could expose us to risks and liabilities in connection with the formation of the new joint ventures, the operation of such joint ventures without sole decision-making authority, and our reliance on joint venture partners who may have economic and business interests that are inconsistent with our business interests.

We may enter into joint ventures in the future, including to develop and operate data centers. Certain sites that are intended to be utilized in joint ventures require investment for development. The success of these joint ventures will also depend, in part, on the successful development of the data center sites, and we may not realize all of the anticipated benefits. Such development may be more difficult, time-consuming, or costly than expected and could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues, and diversion of management’s time and energy, which could materially impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Additionally, if it is determined these sites are no longer desirable for the joint ventures, we would need to adapt such sites for other purposes.

The success of any joint ventures will depend, in part, on the successful relationship between us and our joint venture partners. A failure to successfully partner, or a failure to realize our expectations for the joint ventures, including any contemplated exit strategy from a joint venture, could materially impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. These joint ventures could also be negatively impacted by inflation, supply chain issues, an inability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, an inability to fill the data center sites with customers as planned, and development and construction delays.

Further, in the future, we may co-invest with other third parties through partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities in the future. These joint ventures could result in our acquisition of non-controlling interests in, or shared responsibility for, managing the affairs of a property or portfolio of properties, partnership, joint venture, or other entity. We may be subject to additional risks, including:

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we may not have the right to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the properties, partnership, joint venture, or other entity;

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if our partners become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, we may choose to or be required to contribute such capital;

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our partners may have economic, tax, or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our interests or objectives;

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our joint venture partners may take actions that are not within our control, which could require us to dispose of the joint venture asset or purchase the partner’s interests or assets at an above-market price;

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our joint venture partners may take actions unrelated to our business agreement but which reflect poorly on us because of our joint venture relationship;

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disputes between us and our partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our management from focusing their time and effort on our day-to-day business;

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we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or guarantee all or a portion of the joint venture’s liabilities, which may require us to pay an amount greater than its investment in the joint venture;

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we may need to change the structure of an established joint venture or create new complex structures to meet our business needs or the needs of our partners which could prove challenging; and

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a joint venture partner’s decision to exit the joint venture may not be at an opportune time for us or in our business interests.

Each of these factors may result in returns on these investments being less than we expect or in losses, and business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be adversely affected.

Future acquisitions could include real property and subject us to the general risks associated with the ownership of real property.

We currently lease all of our data centers and office locations. However, we could in the future make acquisitions that include real property, which would most likely be one or more data centers. As a result of any such acquisition, we would directly own real property and become subject to the general risks associated with the ownership of real property, including:

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changes in governmental laws and regulations, including the Americans with Disabilities Act and zoning ordinances, and the related costs of compliance;

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increased upfront costs of purchasing real property;

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the ongoing need for repair, maintenance and capital improvements;

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natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters, and acts of war or terrorism;

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general liability, property and casualty losses, some of which may be uninsured;

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liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination; and

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liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business.

If negative publicity arises with respect to us, our employees, former employees, founders, investors, affiliates, third-party suppliers, service providers, or our partners, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects could be adversely affected, regardless of whether the negative publicity is true.

Negative publicity about our company or our platform, solutions, or services, even if inaccurate or untrue, could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in our platform, solutions, or services, which could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Harm to our reputation can also arise from many other sources, including employee misconduct, which we have experienced in the past, and misconduct by our partners, contractors, suppliers, and outsourced service providers. Additionally, negative publicity with respect to our partners or service providers could also affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects to the extent that we rely on these partners or if our customers or prospective customers associate our company with these partners.

Our ability to maintain customer satisfaction depends in part on the quality of our customer support and cloud operations services. Our failure to maintain high-quality customer support and cloud operations services could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We believe that the successful use of our platform requires a high level of support and engagement for many of our customers. In order to deliver appropriate customer support and engagement, we must successfully assist our customers in deploying and continuing to use our platform, resolve performance issues, address interoperability challenges with the customers’ existing IT infrastructure, and respond to security threats and cyber-attacks and performance and reliability problems that may arise from time to time. Increased demand for customer support and cloud operations services, without corresponding increases in revenue, could increase our costs and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to hire sufficient support personnel as and when needed, particularly if our sales exceed our internal forecasts. We expect to increase the number of our customers, and that growth may put additional pressure on our customer support and cloud operations services teams. Our customer support and cloud operations services teams may need additional personnel to respond to customer demand. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for services. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, and retaining adequate support resources, our ability to provide high-quality and timely support to our customers will be negatively impacted, and our customers’ satisfaction and their purchase of our infrastructure could be adversely affected.

In addition, if we grow our operations and expand outside of the United States, we need to be able to provide efficient services that meet our customers’ needs globally at scale, and our customer support and cloud operations services teams may face additional challenges, including those associated with operating the platforms and delivering support, training, and documentation in languages other than English and providing services across expanded time-zones. If we are unable to provide efficient customer support services globally at scale, our ability to grow our operations may be harmed, and we may need to hire additional services personnel which could increase our expenses, and negatively impact our business, financial condition, operating results, and future prospects.

Risks Related to our People

We rely on our management team and other key employees and will need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key employees or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including members of our Board of Directors, could harm our business.

Our future success is dependent, in part, on our ability to hire, integrate, train, manage, retain, and motivate the members of our management team and other key employees throughout our organization as well as members of our Board of Directors (the “Board”). The loss of key personnel, particularly Michael Maniscalco, our Chief Executive Officer; Scott Krosnowski, our Chief Financial Officer; Ankur Chatterjee, our Chief Integration Officer; Ryan DiRocco, our Chief Technology Officer; Steve Gertz, our Chief Growth Officer; or Stephen Hunton, our Chief Marketing Officer – as well as key marketing, sales, finance, support, network development, or technology advisors and personnel – could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our ability to grow our business.

Mr. Maniscalco, Mr. DiRocco, Mr. Gertz, and Mr. Hunton were recently appointed to their positions. Transitions in executive leadership may result in strategic business and operational changes, shifts in personnel priorities and/or uncertainty among employees, customers or investors. Any failure to effectively manage these transitions could impact continuity, delay initiatives, or reduce morale. Such turnover can also disrupt long-term customer relationships, strategic execution, or internal governance.

Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, and we may not be successful in hiring or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. More generally, the technology industry, and the cloud infrastructure industry more specifically, is also subject to substantial and continuous competition for engineers with high levels of experience in designing, developing, and managing infrastructure and related services. Moreover, the industry in which we operate generally experiences high employee attrition. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In recent years, recruiting, hiring, and retaining employees with expertise in the AI computing industry has become increasingly difficult as the demand for AI computing infrastructure has increased as a result of the increase in AI and machine learning development, deployment, and demand. We may be required to provide more training to our personnel than we currently anticipate. Further, labor is subject to external factors that are beyond our control, including our industry’s highly competitive market for skilled workers and leaders, cost inflation, overall macroeconomics, and workforce participation rates. Should our competitors recruit our employees, our level of expertise and ability to execute our business plan would be negatively impacted. Moreover, many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. Our competitors also may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team, sales team, or other key employees, and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all.

In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards and other compensation they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our compensatory package declines or is subject to significant value fluctuations, it may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. We may also change the composition of our compensation package to employees, including the amount or ratio of cash and equity compensation. Any increases to the amount of cash compensation will increase our cash expenditures, which may impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Further, our competitors may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team or other key employees as well as directors, and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all. In recent years, the increased availability of hybrid or remote working arrangements has expanded the pool of companies that can compete for our employees and employment candidates. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects would be severely harmed.

Our senior management team has limited experience managing a public company, and regulatory compliance may divert our attention from the day-to-day management of our business.

The individuals who constitute our senior management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company and limited experience complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our senior management team may not successfully or efficiently manage a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under United States securities laws. In particular, these obligations require substantial attention from our senior management team and could divert their attention from the day-to-day management of our business.

We believe that our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, we could lose the innovation, creativity, and teamwork fostered by our culture, and our business may be harmed.

We believe that our corporate culture has been, and will continue to be, a key contributor to our success. If we do not continue to maintain our corporate culture, which includes our focus on our customers, as we grow and evolve, including as we continue to grow in headcount, it could harm our ability to foster the drive, innovation, inclusion, creativity, and teamwork that we believe is important to support our growth. As we implement more complex organizational structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively impact our future success.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Failure to obtain, maintain, protect, or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could enable others to copy or use aspects of our platform without compensating us, which could harm our brand, business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, trade secret, unfair competition, and other related laws in the United States, as well as confidentiality agreements and contractual provisions with our customers, vendors, employees, and contractors to protect our technology and intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our platform or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. In particular, protecting software-level innovations and process-oriented intellectual property presents inherent complexities. Unlike tangible assets, software and methodologies are often difficult to safeguard through traditional patent frameworks due to their intangible, dynamic, and iterative nature. We are unable to predict or assure that:

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our intellectual property rights will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged, or, in the case of third-party intellectual property rights licensed to us, be licensed to others;

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our intellectual property rights will provide competitive advantages to us;

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rights previously granted by third parties to intellectual property licensed or assigned to us, including portfolio cross-licenses, will not hamper our ability to assert our intellectual property rights or hinder the settlement of currently pending or future disputes;

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any of our pending or future trademark applications will be issued or have the coverage originally sought;

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we will be able to enforce our intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions where competition is intense or where legal protection may be weak; or

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we have sufficient intellectual property rights to protect our solutions and services or our business.

We customarily enter into appropriate agreements with our employees, contractors, vendors, customers, and other partners, including but not limited to confidentiality and project-specific agreements, and we make significant efforts to protect and control access to our proprietary and other sensitive information. However, such agreements may not be enforceable in full or in part in all jurisdictions and any breach could negatively affect our business and our remedy for such breach may be limited. The contractual provisions that we enter into may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights. Lastly, the measures we employ to limit the access and distribution of our proprietary information may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property. As such, we cannot guarantee that the steps taken by us will prevent infringement, violation, or misappropriation of our technology.

We pursue the registration of our trademarks, service marks, and domain names in the United States. These processes are expensive and may not be successful in all jurisdictions or for every such application, and we may not pursue such protections in all jurisdictions that may be relevant, for all our goods or services or in every class of goods and services in which we operate. As such, policing unauthorized use of our technology or platform is difficult. The loss of trade secret protection, for example, could make it easier for third parties to compete with our platform by copying functionality. Any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and employment laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. In addition, we believe that the protection of our trademark rights is an important factor in product recognition, protecting our brand and maintaining goodwill and if we do not adequately protect our rights in trademarks from infringement, any goodwill that we have developed in those trademarks could be lost or impaired, which could harm our brand and our business. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of trademarks trade secrets, and other intellectual property and proprietary protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation, dilution, or other violation of our intellectual property or marketing of competing platforms, solutions, or services in violation of our intellectual property rights generally. Any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. If we fail to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property rights, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects may be harmed.

In addition, defending our intellectual property rights through litigation might entail significant expense. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we could find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the additional expense, time, and effort required to create our platform and other innovative offerings that have enabled us to be successful to date. Moreover, we may need to expend additional resources to defend our intellectual property rights in foreign countries, and our inability to do so could impair our business or adversely affect our international expansion.

Third parties may claim that our platform infringes, misappropriates, or otherwise violates their intellectual property rights, and such claims could be time-consuming or costly to defend or settle, result in the loss of significant rights, or harm our relationships with our customers or reputation in the industry.

Third parties may in the future claim that our current or future offerings infringe their intellectual property rights, and such claims may result in legal claims against us, our third-party partners, and our customers. These claims may be time consuming, costly to defend or settle, damage our brand and reputation, harm our customer relationships, and create liability for us. Contractually, we are expected to indemnify our partners and customers for these types of claims. We expect the number of such claims (whether warranted or not) to increase, particularly as a public company with an increased profile and visibility, as the level of competition in our market grows, as the functionality of our offerings overlap with that of other cloud infrastructure companies, and as the volume of issued hardware and software patents and patent applications continues to increase. We generally agree in our customer and partner contracts to indemnify customers for certain expenses or liabilities they incur as a result of third-party intellectual property infringement claims associated with our platform. To the extent that any claim arises as a result of third-party technology we have licensed for use in our platform, we may be unable to recover from the appropriate third party any expenses or other liabilities that we incur.

Companies in the cloud infrastructure and technology industries, including some of our current and potential competitors, may own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, many of these companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Furthermore, patent holding companies, non-practicing entities, and other adverse patent owners that are not deterred by our existing intellectual property protections have sought, and may in the future seek, to assert patent claims against us. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these leading companies, may invite us to license their patents and may, in the future, assert patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights against us, our third-party partners, or our customers. We may in the future receive notices that claim we have misappropriated, misused, or infringed other parties’ intellectual property rights, and, to the extent we gain greater market visibility, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims.

There may be third-party intellectual property rights that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods and assets. In the event that we engage software engineers or other personnel who were previously engaged by competitors or other third parties, we may be subject to claims that those personnel inadvertently or deliberately incorporate proprietary technology of third parties into our platform or have improperly used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information. We may also in the future be subject to claims by our third-party manufacturing partners, employees, or contractors asserting an ownership right in our intellectual property as a result of the work they performed on our behalf. In addition, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to develop, market, and support potential offerings and platform enhancements, which could severely harm our business.

Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be very time-consuming, could be expensive to settle or litigate, and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims could also subject us to significant liability for damages, potentially including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents or copyrights, and may require us to indemnify our customers for liabilities they incur as a result of such claims. These claims could also result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for the intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license were available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. Alternatively, we could be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant time, effort, and expense, and may affect the performance or features of our platform. If we cannot license or develop alternative non-infringing substitutes for any infringing technology used in any aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit or stop sales of our platform and may be unable to compete effectively. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Any of these results would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We license technology from third parties for the development of our solutions, and our inability to maintain those licenses could harm our business.

We currently incorporate, and will in the future incorporate, technology that we license from third parties, including software, into our offerings. If we are unable to continue to use or license these technologies on reasonable terms, or if these technologies become unreliable, unavailable, or fail to operate properly, we may not be able to secure adequate alternatives in a timely manner or at all, and our ability to offer our solutions and remain competitive in our market would be harmed. Further, licensing technologies from third parties exposes us to increased risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement and vulnerabilities due to, among other things, our lower level of visibility into the development process with respect to such technology and the care taken to safeguard against risks. We cannot be certain that our licensors do not or will not infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties or that our licensors have or will have sufficient rights to the licensed intellectual property in all jurisdictions in which we may sell our platform. Some of our agreements with our licensors may be terminated by them for convenience, or otherwise provide for a limited term. If we are unable to continue to license technology because of intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against our licensors or against us, or if we are unable to continue our license agreements or enter into new licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to develop and sell our platform containing or dependent on that technology would be limited, and our business, including our financial condition, cash flows, and operating results could be harmed.

Additionally, if we are unable to license technology from third parties, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternative technology, which we may be unable to do in a commercially feasible manner, or at all, and may require us to use alternative technology of lower quality or performance standards. This could limit or delay our ability to offer new or competitive offerings and increase our costs. Third-party software we rely on may be updated infrequently, unsupported, or subject to vulnerabilities that may not be resolved in a timely manner, any of which may expose our solutions to vulnerabilities. Any impairment of the technologies or of our relationship with these third parties could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Some of our technology stack incorporates “open-source” software, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

We use open-source software in our solutions and services and may continue to do so in the future. In particular, we use open-source components in certain observability and deployment tools, such as Netbox, Observium, Zabbix, Ansible, Prometheus, and Docker. Certain open-source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create. If we combine our proprietary software with open-source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open-source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public on unfavorable terms or at no cost. Any actual or claimed requirement to disclose our proprietary source code or pay damages for breach of contract may allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and, ultimately, could result in a loss of sales for us.

The use and distribution of open-source software may entail greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code, which they are not typically required to maintain and update, and they can change the license terms on which they offer the open-source software. Although we believe that we have complied with our obligations under the applicable licenses for open-source software, it is possible that we may not be aware of all instances where open-source software has been incorporated into our proprietary software or used in connection with our solutions or our corresponding obligations under open-source. We take steps to monitor our use of open-source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open-source licenses and to avoid subjecting our platform to conditions we do not intend, but there are risks associated with use of open-source software that cannot be eliminated and could negatively affect our business. We rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary software and, while we take steps to vet software before it is incorporated into our proprietary software and monitor the software incorporated into our proprietary software, we cannot be certain that our programmers have not incorporated open-source software into our proprietary software that we intend to maintain as confidential or that they will not do so in the future. In addition, the wide availability of source code used in our offerings could expose us to security vulnerabilities. Such use, under certain circumstances, could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects, as well as our reputation, including if we are required to take remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts.

On occasion, companies that use open-source software have faced claims challenging their use of open-source software or compliance with open-source license terms. There is evolving legal precedent for interpreting the terms of certain open-source licenses, including the determination of which works are subject to the terms of such licenses. The terms of many open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in ways that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize any offerings incorporating such software. Moreover, we cannot ensure that our processes for controlling our use of open-source software in our platform will be effective. From time to time, we may face claims from third parties asserting ownership of, or demanding release of, the open-source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code), or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open-source license. These claims, regardless of validity, could result in time consuming and costly litigation, divert management’s time and attention away from developing the business, expose us to customer indemnity claims, or force us to disclose source code. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, result in paying damages, entering into unfavorable licenses, have a negative effect on our business, operating results. financial condition, and future prospects, or cause delays by requiring us to devote additional research and development resources to change our solution.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

We are subject to laws, regulations, and industry requirements related to data privacy, data protection and information security, and user protection across different markets where we conduct our business and such laws, regulations, and industry requirements are constantly evolving and changing. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws, regulations, and industry requirements, or our privacy policies, could harm our business.

Various local, state, federal, and international laws, directives, and regulations apply to our collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer, and processing of personal information. These data protection and privacy laws and regulations are subject to uncertainty and continue to evolve in ways that could adversely impact our business. These laws have a substantial impact on our operations and compliance with new and existing laws may result in significant costs due to implementation of new processes, which could ultimately hinder our ability to grow our business by extracting value from our data assets.

In the United States, state and federal lawmakers and regulatory authorities have increased their attention on the collection and use of user data. For example, in California, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (as amended, the “CCPA”) requires companies that hit certain broad revenue or data processing related thresholds to, among other things, provide new disclosures to California users, and affords such users new privacy rights such as the ability to opt-out of certain processing of personal information and expanded rights to access and require deletion of their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is collected, used, and shared. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for security breaches that may increase security breach litigation. In addition, other states have enacted laws that contain obligations similar to the CCPA that have taken effect or will take effect in coming years and many others continue to propose similar laws, or are considering proposing similar laws. We cannot fully predict the impact of recently proposed or enacted laws or regulations on our business or operations, but compliance may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies incurring costs and expense. Further, to the extent multiple state-level laws are introduced with inconsistent or conflicting standards, it may require costly and difficult efforts to achieve compliance with such laws. Our failure or perceived failure to comply with state or federal privacy laws or regulations passed in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, including how we use personal information, our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects and could expose us to regulatory investigations or possible fines.

Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union, United Kingdom and Canada, have laws and regulations concerning the collection, use, processing, storage, and deletion of personal data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Such laws and regulations may require companies to implement new privacy and security policies, permit individuals to access, correct, and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, require that certain types of data be retained on local servers within these jurisdictions, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ affirmative opt-in consent to collect and use personal information for certain purposes. The increased focus on data sovereignty and data localization requirements around the world could also impact our business model with respect to the storage, management, and transfer of data.

We may become subject to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and the United Kingdom’s General Data Protection Regulation (collectively, the “GDPR”), which comprehensively regulate our use of personal data, including cross-border transfers of personal data out of the European Economic Area (“EEA”) and the U.K. The GDPR imposes stringent privacy and data protection requirements and could increase the risk of non-compliance and the costs of providing our services in a compliant manner. A breach of the GDPR could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, fines and sanctions, orders to cease or change our processing of our data, enforcement notices, or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit).

Additionally, the European Union has recently adopted the EU AI Act, which establishes a comprehensive regulatory framework for the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence systems within the EU. Although the precise scope and requirements of the EU AI Act are still being clarified, it is expected to impose significant obligations on providers and users of AI systems, including risk assessments, transparency requirements, human oversight, and potential restrictions on certain high-risk AI applications. As we expand our operations or offer services to customers in the European Union, we may be required to comply with the EU AI Act and related regulations. Compliance may require us to implement new processes, invest in additional resources, or modify our AI-powered solutions, which could increase operational costs, delay product launches, or limit our ability to offer certain services in the EU. Failure to comply with the EU AI Act could result in substantial fines, regulatory investigations, and reputational harm.

We are also subject to evolving privacy laws governing cookies, tracking technologies, and e-marketing. In the United States, plaintiffs are increasingly making use of existing laws such as the California Invasion of Privacy Act to litigate use of tracking technologies. This could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, negatively impact our efforts to understand users, adversely affect our margins, increase costs, and subject us to additional liabilities.

There is a risk that as we expand, we may assume liabilities for breaches experienced by the companies we acquire. Additionally, there are potentially inconsistent world-wide government regulations pertaining to data protection and privacy. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security, it is possible that our practices, offerings, or platform could fail, or be alleged to fail to meet applicable requirements. For instance, there are changes in the regulatory landscape relating to new and evolving technologies, such as generative AI. Changes to existing regulations, their interpretation or implementation, or new regulations could impede any potential use or development of AI Technologies, which could impair our competitive position and result in an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. Our failure, or the failure by our third-party providers or partners, to comply with applicable laws or regulations and to prevent unauthorized access to, or use or release of personal information, or the perception that any of the foregoing types of failure has occurred, even if unfounded, could subject us to audits, inquiries, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, severe criminal, or civil sanctions, damage our reputation, or result in fines or proceedings by governmental agencies and private claims and litigation, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our business is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with those laws and regulations could harm our business.

Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local, and foreign governmental agencies, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing employment and labor laws, workplace safety and environmental laws, including those related to energy usage and energy efficiency requirements, privacy and data protection laws, AI, financial services laws, anti-bribery laws, sanctions, national security, import and export controls, anti-boycott, federal securities laws, and tax laws and regulations.

For example, governmental authorities have in the past sought to restrict data center development based on environmental considerations and have imposed moratoria on data center development, citing concerns about energy usage, requiring new data centers to meet energy efficiency requirements. We may face higher costs from any laws requiring enhanced energy efficiency measures, changes to cooling systems, caps on energy usage, land use restrictions, limitations on back-up power sources, or other environmental requirements.

We are subject to laws and regulations, including governmental export and import controls, sanctions, and anti-corruption laws, that could impair our ability to compete in our markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.

We are subject to laws and regulations, including governmental export and import controls, that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in other markets. Our platform and related technology are subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations (also known as “EAR”), and we and our employees, representatives, contractors, agents, intermediaries, and other third parties are also subject to various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control and other U.S. government agencies. Changes to sanctions, tariffs, and other export or import restrictions in the jurisdictions in which we operate could further impact our ability to do business in certain parts of the world and to do business with certain persons and entities, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. In particular, we are continuing to monitor recent and forthcoming developments in export controls with respect to the semiconductor industry and their impact on our sourcing of equipment for our computing infrastructure.

We are also subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (“FCPA”), and other anti-corruption, sanctions, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and similar laws. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, which have been enforced aggressively and are interpreted broadly, prohibit companies and their employees, agents, intermediaries, and other third parties from promising, authorizing, making, or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the public, and in certain cases, private sector. We cannot ensure that our policies and procedures to address compliance with FCPA and other anti-corruption, sanctions, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and similar laws, will be effective, or that all of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, agents, intermediaries, or other third parties have not taken, or will not take actions, in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, severe criminal or civil sanctions, settlements, prosecution, loss of export privileges, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, and other consequences. Any investigations, actions, or sanctions could harm our reputation, business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We may become involved in litigation that may adversely affect us.

From time to time, we may be subject to claims, suits, and other proceedings. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs and diversion of management attention and resources, and could cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, adversely affect our brand recognition, or require us to change our business practices. The expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, settlement costs, fines, and penalties that would adversely affect our business, consolidated financial condition, operating results, or cash flows in a particular period. These proceedings could also result in reputational harm, sanctions, consent decrees, or orders requiring a change in our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot ensure that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects. Any of these consequences could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Risks Related to Financial and Accounting Matters

There is uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, which stated that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we have recurring losses since inception resulting in an accumulated deficit of $32,425,045 as of September 30, 2025. Our plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. As a result of the uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern, there is increased risk that you could lose the entire amount of your investment in us. The financial statements included in this report do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future.

If our internal control over financial reporting or its disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and, once listed, may lead to a decline in our stock price.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of an evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We additionally identified significant deficiencies that did not amount to material weaknesses.

The material weaknesses we identified were (1) a lack of a formalized control environment and oversight of controls over financial reporting; (2) a lack of proper accounting for significant or non-recurring transactions, including in particular warrant evaluation and equity-related transactions; and (3) a lack of appropriate segregation of duties to permit appropriate review of accounting transactions and/or accounting treatment by multiple qualified individuals and to prevent one individual from being able to override the internal control environment by initiating, authorizing, and completing transactions. These material weaknesses, if not remediated, could result in a material misstatement of one or more disclosures in our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected in a timely manner. In addition to the foregoing material weaknesses, we identified significant deficiencies in our accounting treatment of stock-based compensation expense and our lack of an enterprise resource planning system (“ERP”).

Our management is implementing measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the identified material weaknesses. The remediation actions we are taking, and expect to take, to correct the lack of a formalized control environment and oversight of controls over financial reporting include the following: (1) we hired Michael Maniscalco as our Chief Executive Officer, Ryan DiRocco as our Chief Technology Officer, and Stephen Hunton as our Chief Marketing Officer, and appointed Homaira Akbari, Stacy Kenworthy, Michael Mulica, David Rench and Barry Schwartz as independent directors of the Board to provide a foundation for a formal approval and control process; and (2) we implemented an ERP and an accounts payable payment platform effective February 2026. To correct the lack of proper accounting for significant or non-recurring transactions, we implemented Board approval on all warrant issuances and monthly recording of awards based on the latest 409(a) valuation, which policy will be updated once the direct listing is completed to instead be based on the Company’s stock price as reported by Nasdaq. The remediation actions we are taking, and expect to take, to correct the lack of appropriate segregation of duties include the following: (1) in September 2025, we hired a Senior Vice President, Finance; (2) we implemented an ERP and an accounts payable platform effective February 2026; (3) we engaged outside consultants to review business process analysis and flow of data to the accounting software platform and financial reporting; and (4) we hired a corporate controller in January 2026 to oversee the Company and its subsidiaries. To resolve the significant deficiencies, in addition to the implementation of an ERP and an accounts payable platform, our Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance are reviewing option grants and stock-based compensation with the monthly close. We expect to incur approximately annual expenses of $675,000 to $825,000 in connection with all remediation activities.

While we are taking steps to remediate the material weaknesses and significant deficiencies, we cannot provide any assurance that such remedial measures, or any other remedial measures we take, will be effective. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which may, among other adverse consequences, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and lead to a decline in our stock price. In addition, a material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.

We will incur significant increased costs and management resources as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting, compliance, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time and incur significant expense in connection with compliance initiatives. For example, in anticipation of becoming a public company, we will adopt additional internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures, retain a transfer agent, and adopt an insider trading policy. As a public company, we will bear all of the internal and external costs of preparing and distributing periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the securities laws.

In addition, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the related rules and regulations implemented by the SEC have increased legal and financial compliance costs and will make some compliance activities more time-consuming. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment will result in increased general and administrative expenses and may divert management’s time and attention from our other business activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed. In connection with this offering, we intend to increase our directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage, which will increase our insurance cost. In the future, it may be more expensive or more difficult for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain and maintain the same or similar coverage. These factors would also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our Board, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

The unaudited pro forma financial information included in this prospectus is presented for illustrative purposes only and should not be viewed as a forecast of our financial condition or results of operations following our acquisition of The Cloud Minders, Inc.

The unaudited pro forma financial information has been derived from the historical financial statements of the Company and TCM, and certain adjustments and assumptions have been made regarding the Company after giving effect to the acquisition. The information upon which these adjustments and assumptions have been made is preliminary, and these kinds of adjustments and assumptions are difficult to make with complete accuracy. Moreover, the unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect all costs that may be incurred or savings to be achieved in connection with the acquisition. For example, neither the impact of any incremental costs incurred in integrating TCM’s operations into the Company, nor any potential cost savings is reflected in the unaudited pro forma financial information. As a result, the actual financial condition and results of operations of the Company following the acquisition will likely not be consistent with, may not be evident from, and may differ materially from, the unaudited pro forma financial information. In addition, the assumptions used in preparing the unaudited pro forma financial information may not prove to be accurate, and other factors may affect our financial conditions or results of operations following the acquisition. Shareholders should not place undue reliance on the pro forma financial information. Please refer to the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for more information.

We could be subject to additional tax liabilities, and United States federal and global income tax reform could adversely affect us.

We are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes, sales, and other taxes in the United States. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and our provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our future income tax obligations could be adversely affected by changes in, or interpretations of, tax laws in the United States or in other jurisdictions in which we may operate.

For example, the United States tax law legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”) significantly reformed the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), reducing U.S. federal tax rates, making sweeping changes to rules governing international business operations, and imposing significant additional limitations on tax benefits, including the deductibility of interest and the use of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards. Effective for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act also required capitalization of research and certain software development expenses and amortization of such expenses over a period of five years if incurred in the United States and fifteen years if incurred outside the United States. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was enacted into law. The IRA contains certain tax measures, including a corporate alternative minimum tax of 15% on some large corporations and an excise tax of 1% on certain corporate stock buy-backs taking place after December 31, 2022.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. enacted a budget reconciliation package known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (“OBBBA”). The OBBBA includes the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act described above, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration and continuation of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions, including immediate expensing for domestic research expenditures paid or incurred beginning January 1, 2025. Additionally, the OBBBA allows accelerated tax deductions for qualified property by making permanent the 100% first-year bonus depreciation deduction that previously existed for purchases of tangible personal property with a recovery period of 20 years or less and allowing a similar 100% deduction for certain “qualified production property” that did not previously qualify for an immediate deduction. The OBBBA introduces other legislative changes, including the restoration of deductible net business interest expense under Code Section 163(j) to 30% of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and again allowing an addback of depreciation and amortization in the calculation of the interest deduction limitation. The OBBBA also provides that certain capitalized interest will now be treated as a business interest expense subject to the Section 163(j) limitation. The OBBBA enacted the repeal or acceleration of the sunset of certain tax credits under the IRA and elimination of certain penalties for violations of certain regulatory credit programs. The OBBBA also makes significant changes to international tax provisions, including provisions addressing the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”), foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”), base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) and controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) rules. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the OBBBA on its consolidated financial statements. Changes in tax laws may affect recorded deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities and may increase our effective tax rate, increase the amount of taxes imposed on our business, and harm our financial position. Such changes may also apply retroactively to our historical operations and result in taxes greater than the amounts estimated and recorded in our financial statements.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2024, we had aggregate U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards of $22,988,528 and $20,294,014, respectively, which may be available to offset future taxable income for U.S. income tax purposes. All NOLs were generated after the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and, as such, are carried forward indefinitely but can only be utilized to offset up to 80% of taxable income in any given year. Realization of these net operating loss depends on our future taxable income.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% cumulative change (by value) in ownership by “5 percent shareholders” over a rolling three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research and development credits, to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We may experience ownership changes as a result of shifts in our stock ownership, including as a result of the offering. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change U.S. NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax NOLs. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase our state income tax liabilities. As a result of the foregoing, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use all or a material portion of our NOLs and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

We could be required to collect additional sales, use, value added, digital services, or other similar taxes or be subject to other liabilities with respect to past or future sales, that may increase the costs our customers would have to pay for our solutions and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

We do not collect sales and use, value added, or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales because we have determined in consultation with our advisors that our sales in certain jurisdictions are not subject to such taxes. Sales and use, value added, and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction and the application of such laws is subject to uncertainty. Jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes apply to our sales and seek to impose incremental or new sales, use, value added, digital services, or assert other tax collection obligations on us, which could result in tax assessments, penalties, and interest, to us or our customers for past sales, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes from our customers, we could be held liable for such costs, which may adversely affect our operating results.

Further, an increasing number of U.S. states have considered or adopted laws that attempt to impose tax collection obligations on out-of-state companies. A successful assertion by one or more U.S. states requiring us to collect taxes where we presently do not do so, or to collect more taxes in a jurisdiction in which we currently collect such taxes, could result in substantial liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as interest and penalties. Furthermore, certain foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed to enact a digital services tax, which is generally a tax on gross revenue generated from users or customers located in those jurisdictions, and other jurisdictions are considering enacting similar laws. A successful assertion by a U.S. state or local government or a foreign jurisdiction that we should have been or should be collecting additional sales, use, value added, digital services, or other similar taxes could, among other things, result in substantial tax payments, create significant administrative burdens for us, discourage potential customers from using our platform due to the incremental cost of any such sales or other related taxes, or otherwise harm our business.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect or financial reporting standards or interpretations change, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as discussed in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include but are not limited to those related to the identification of performance obligations in revenue recognition, the valuation of stock-based awards, the valuation of derivatives and warrants, and accounting for leases, property and equipment, income taxes and variable interest entities. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of industry or financial analysts and investors, resulting in a potential decline in the market price of our common stock.

Additionally, we regularly monitor our compliance with applicable financial reporting standards and review new pronouncements and drafts thereof that are relevant to us. As a result of new standards, changes to existing standards, and changes in their interpretation, we might be required to change our accounting policies, alter our operational policies, and implement new or enhance existing systems so that they reflect new or amended financial reporting standards, or we may be required to restate our published financial statements. Such changes to existing standards or changes in their interpretation may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and profit, or cause an adverse deviation from our revenue and operating profit target, which may adversely affect our financial results.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our substantial indebtedness could materially adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, our ability to meet our obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments, and we may still incur substantially more indebtedness in the future.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which requires significant interest and principal payments. As of September 30, 2025, our total indebtedness was $21,027,081. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease all of our data centers and certain equipment under lease agreements, some of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of September 30, 2025, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $1,613,104, which represents our obligation to make lease payments under those lease arrangements. We may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt could increase. Specifically, our high level of debt could have important consequences, including the following:

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it may be difficult for us to satisfy our obligations, including debt service requirements under our outstanding debt;

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our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions, or other general corporate purposes may be impaired;

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a substantial portion of cash flow from operations are required to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, therefore reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures, future business opportunities, and other purposes;

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we could be more vulnerable to economic downturns and adverse industry conditions and our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business or industry is more limited;

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our ability to capitalize on business opportunities and to react to competitive pressures, as compared to our competitors, may be compromised due to our high level of debt and the restrictive covenants in the agreements that govern our indebtedness;

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our ability to borrow additional funds or to refinance debt may be limited; and

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it may cause potential or existing customers to not contract with us due to concerns over our ability to meet our financial obligations under such contracts.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on and to refinance our indebtedness depends on and is subject to our financial and operating performance, which in turn is affected by general and regional economic, financial, competitive, business and other factors, all of which are beyond our control, including the availability of financing in the banking and capital markets. We cannot ensure that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to service our debt, to refinance our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Further, any refinancing or restructuring of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates, may cause us to incur debt extinguishment costs, and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants that could further restrict our business operations. Moreover, in the event of a default, the holders of our indebtedness could elect to declare such indebtedness be due and payable. Financing through debt has historically been an important source of additional capital for us, and we may require additional financing to sustain our operations in the future, without which we may not be able to continue operations, and the terms of subsequent financings may adversely impact our shareholders.

Our indebtedness may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities.

Our debt arrangements impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, and future debt arrangements we may enter into may include similar restrictions. These restrictions may limit our ability and/or the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things, sell, offer to sell or otherwise transfer collateral without the lender’s prior written consent; pledge, mortgage, encumber or otherwise permit collateral to be subject to any lien, security interest, encumbrance or charge; or engage in any transactions that would constitute a change of control. These restrictions may prevent us from engaging in and capitalizing on business opportunities that may arise from time to time.

Risks Related to this Direct Listing and Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our listing differs significantly from an initial public offering conducted on a firm-commitment basis.

This is not an initial public offering of common stock conducted on a firm-commitment underwritten basis. This listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market tier of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) differs from a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering in several significant ways, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

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There are no underwriters engaged on a firm-commitment basis. Consequently, prior to the opening of trading on Nasdaq, there will be no traditional book building process and no price at which underwriters initially sold shares to the public to help inform efficient and sufficient price discovery with respect to the opening trades on Nasdaq. Therefore, buy and sell orders submitted prior to and at the opening of trading of our common stock on Nasdaq will not have the benefit of being informed by a published price range or a price at which the underwriters initially sold shares to the public, as would be the case in an initial public offering underwritten on a firm-commitment basis. Moreover, there will be no underwriters engaged on a firm-commitment underwritten basis assuming risk in connection with the initial resale of shares of our common stock. In an initial public offering underwritten on a firm-commitment basis, the underwriters may engage in “covered” short sales in an amount of shares representing the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. To close a covered short position, the underwriters purchase shares in the open market or exercise the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. In determining the source of shares to close the covered short position, the underwriters typically consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. Purchases in the open market to cover short positions, as well as other purchases underwriters may undertake for their own accounts, may have the effect of preventing a decline in the market price of shares. Given that there will be no underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and no underwriters engaging in stabilizing transactions, there could be greater volatility in the public price of our common stock during the period immediately following the listing.

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There is not a fixed number of securities available for sale. Therefore, there can be no assurance that any Registered Shareholders or other existing shareholders will sell any or all of their common stock and there may initially be a lack of supply of, or demand for, our common stock on Nasdaq. Alternatively, we may have a large number of Registered Shareholders or other existing shareholders who choose to sell their common stock in the near term resulting in an oversupply of our common stock, which could adversely impact the public price of our common stock once listed on Nasdaq.

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Other than our directors, officers and greater than 10% shareholders, none of our Registered Shareholders or other existing shareholders have entered into contractual lock-up agreements or other contractual restrictions on transfer that are applicable to the Direct Listing. Our directors, named executive officers and certain other shareholders are additionally subject to restrictions as to the number of shares of common stock each may dispose of in any given period. In a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering, it is customary for an issuer’s officers, directors, and most of its other shareholders to enter into a 180-day contractual lock-up arrangement with the underwriters to help promote orderly trading immediately after listing. Consequently, any of our shareholders, with the exception of our directors, officers and greater than 10% shareholders, may sell any or all of their common stock at any time (subject to any restrictions under applicable law), including immediately upon listing. The shares being registered herein may be freely sold in market transactions following the listing and upon effectiveness of this registration statement, shares issued upon the exercise of the warrants may be freely sold upon effectiveness of a subsequent registration statement covering such shares, such shares may be freely sold in reliance on an exemption from registration subject to Rule 144 (“Rule 144”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). All the shares of common stock subject to stock options outstanding and reserved for issuance under the Global Digital Holdings, Inc. 2022 Option Plan (as amended, the “2022 Plan”) and the QumulusAI, Inc. 2026 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2026 Plan”) are expected to be registered on Form S-8 under the Securities Act and such shares are eligible for sale in the public markets, subject to the limitations applicable to affiliates under Rule 144. If such sales were to occur in significant quantities, it may result in an oversupply of our common stock in the market, which could adversely impact the public price of our common stock. See “Our shares of common stock currently have no public market. An active trading market may not develop or continue to be liquid and the market price of our shares of common stock may be volatile.” None of our shareholders are party to any contractual lock-up agreement or other contractual restrictions on transfer. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets by our founders, affiliates, or non-affiliates, or the perception that such sales might occur, could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise attain and may dilute your voting power and your ownership interest in us.

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We will not conduct a traditional “roadshow” with underwriters prior to the opening of trading on Nasdaq. Instead, we may host an investor day, as well as engage in certain other investor education meetings. In advance of the investor day, we will announce the date for such day over financial news outlets in a manner consistent with typical corporate outreach to investors. We will prepare an electronic presentation for this investor day, which will have content similar to a traditional roadshow presentation, and make one version of the presentation publicly available, without restriction, on a website. There can be no guarantees that the investor day and other investor education meetings will have the same impact on investor education as a traditional “roadshow” conducted in connection with a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering. As a result, there may not be efficient price discovery with respect to our common stock or sufficient demand among investors immediately after our listing, which could result in a more volatile public price of our common stock.

Such differences from a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering could result in a volatile market price for our common stock and uncertain trading volume and may adversely affect your ability to sell your common stock.

The direct listing process differs from an initial public offering underwritten on a firm-commitment basis and the impact of awareness of our brand and investor recognition of our Company on the demand for our common stock is unpredictable and our marketing and brand development efforts may not be successful.

As stated elsewhere in this prospectus, we will not conduct a traditional “roadshow” with underwriters prior to the opening of trading of our common stock on Nasdaq. Instead, we may engage in certain investor presentations and educational meetings to enhance our brand awareness and investor recognition of our Company. In advance of any investor presentation or educational meeting, we will announce the date for such presentation or meeting through financial news outlets in a manner consistent with typical corporate outreach to investors. We will prepare an electronic presentation for any investor presentation or educational meeting that we hold, and will make the presentation publicly available, without restriction, on a website.

There can be no assurance that any investor presentations or other educational meetings that we hold will have the same impact on awareness of our brand and investor recognition of our Company as a traditional “roadshow” conducted in connection with a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering. As a result, there may not be efficient price discovery with respect to our common stock or sufficient demand among investors immediately following our listing, which could result in a more volatile public price of our common stock.

Limitations on investors’ ability to trace their shares to this registration statement may preclude claims under Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act, potentially reducing our liability exposure and limiting investors’ remedies.

Historically, shareholders who purchase securities pursuant, or “traceable,” to a registration statement filed in connection with an underwritten public offering have had standing to assert claims against the issuer and others under the Securities Act. However, due to the different structure and mechanics of a direct listing, investors may be unable to “trace” their shares to this registration statement, which may preclude claims under Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in Pirani v. Slack Technologies, Inc., No. 20-16418 (9th Cir. 2021) (the “Slack Standing Case”) that investors in a direct listing do have standing to sue under the Securities Act, rejecting the contrary argument that investors cannot trace their securities to the registration in a direct listing and thus lack standing to bring claims under the Securities Act. Thereafter, the U.S. Supreme Court heard an appeal of the Slack Standing Case, and issued its opinion on June 1, 2023 in Slack Technologies LLC, FKA Slack Technologies, Inc. v. Pirani, et al., Case No. 22-200. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Section 11 of the Securities Act “requires a plaintiff to plead and prove that he purchased shares traceable to the allegedly defective registration statement,” as opposed to unregistered shares. The U.S. Supreme Court then remanded the case to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to decide whether the plaintiff’s pleadings satisfy Section 11(a) of the Securities Act. The Supreme Court also declined to resolve the parties’ dispute regarding the viability of claims under Section 12 of the Securities Act. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in its 2025 opinion on remand, confirmed that the tracing requirement applies in the context of direct listings and that tracing shares to a registration statement is particularly difficult where registered and unregistered shares begin trading at the same time. Accordingly, if you purchase our common stock in the open market following this direct listing, you may not be able to assert claims under Section 11 or Section 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act for any material misstatements or omissions in this registration statement or related prospectus. This limitation may reduce the potential remedies available to investors, limit recovery in the event of a violation of the federal securities laws, and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Moreover, because our potential liability under the Securities Act may be reduced as compared to a traditional initial public offering, investors may face greater risk in the event of inaccurate or incomplete disclosures.

Our shares of common stock currently have no public market. An active trading market may not develop or continue to be liquid and the market price of our shares of common stock may be volatile.

We expect our shares of common stock to be listed and traded on Nasdaq. Neither we nor the Registered Shareholders (except Chardan) will be involved in the price setting process. Additionally, the price of our shares in prior private transactions may have little or no relation to the opening price and subsequent public price of our stock on Nasdaq. We have engaged a third-party firm to conduct a valuation pursuant to Nasdaq’s listing qualification rules and requirements. Prior to the listing on Nasdaq, there has not been a public market for our shares of common stock, and an active market for our shares of common stock may not develop or be sustained after the listing, which could depress the market price of our shares of common stock and could affect the ability of our shareholders to sell our shares of common stock. In the absence of an active public trading market, investors may not be able to liquidate their investments in our shares of common stock. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our shares of common stock, our ability to motivate our employees through equity incentive awards and our ability to acquire other companies, products or technologies by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

In addition, we cannot predict the prices at which our shares of common stock may trade on Nasdaq following the listing of our shares of common stock, and the market price of our shares of common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. In particular, as this listing is taking place through a novel process that is not a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering, there will be no traditional book building process and no price at which traditional underwriters initially sold shares to the public to help inform efficient price discovery with respect to the opening trades on Nasdaq. On the day that our shares of common stock are initially listed on Nasdaq, Nasdaq will begin accepting, but not executing, pre-opening buy and sell orders and will begin to continuously generate the indicative Current Reference Price (as defined below) on the basis of such accepted orders. The Current Reference Price is calculated each second and, during a 10-minute “Display Only” period, is disseminated, along with other indicative imbalance information, to market participants by Nasdaq on its NOII and BookViewer tools. Following the “Display Only” period, a “Pre-Launch” period begins, during which Chardan, in its capacity as our financial advisor, must notify Nasdaq that our shares are “ready to trade.” Once Chardan has notified Nasdaq that our shares of common stock are ready to trade, Nasdaq will confirm the Current Reference Price for our shares of common stock, in accordance with the Nasdaq rules. If Chardan then approves proceeding at the Current Reference Price, the applicable orders that have been entered will be executed at such price and regular trading of our shares of common stock on Nasdaq will commence, subject to Nasdaq conducting validation checks in accordance with Nasdaq rules. Chardan will determine when our shares of common stock are ready to trade and approve proceeding at the Current Reference Price primarily based on considerations of volume, timing and price. In particular, Chardan will determine, based primarily on pre-opening buy and sell orders, when a reasonable amount of volume will cross on the opening trade such that sufficient price discovery has been made to open trading at the Current Reference Price. If Chardan does not approve proceeding at the Current Reference Price (for example, due to the absence of adequate pre-opening buy and sell interest), Chardan will request that Nasdaq delay the open until such a time that sufficient price discovery has been made to ensure a reasonable amount of volume crosses on the opening trade. For more information, see “Plan of Distribution.”

Additionally, prior to the opening trade, there will not be a price at which underwriters initially sold shares of common stock to the public as there would be in a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering. The absence of a predetermined initial public offering price could impact the range of buy and sell orders collected by Nasdaq from various broker-dealers. Consequently, upon listing on Nasdaq, the public price of our common stock may be more volatile than in a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering and could decline significantly and rapidly.

Furthermore, because of our novel listing process on the Nasdaq Global Market, Nasdaq’s rules for ensuring compliance with its initial listing standards, such as those requiring a valuation or other compelling evidence of value, are untested. In the absence of a prior active public trading market for our common stock, if the price of our common stock or our market capitalization falls below those required by Nasdaq’s eligibility standards, we may not be able to satisfy the ongoing listing criteria and may be required to delist.

In addition, because of our novel listing process, individual investors, retail or otherwise, may have greater influence in setting the opening public price and subsequent public prices of our common stock on Nasdaq and may participate more in our initial trading than is typical for a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering. These factors could result in a public price of our common stock that is higher than other investors (such as institutional investors) are willing to pay, which could cause volatility in the trading price of our common stock and an unsustainable trading price if the price of our common stock significantly rises upon listing and institutional investors believe our common stock is worth less than retail investors, in which case the price of our common stock may decline over time. Further, if the public price of our common stock is above the level that investors determine is reasonable for our common stock, some investors may attempt to short our common stock after trading begins, which would create additional downward pressure on the public price of our common stock. To the extent that there is a lack of consumer awareness among retail investors, such a lack of consumer awareness could reduce the value of our common stock and cause volatility in the trading price of our common stock.

The public price of our common stock following the listing also could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to the risk factors described in this prospectus and others beyond our control, including:

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the number of shares of our common stock publicly owned and available for trading;

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overall performance of the equity markets and/or publicly-listed companies that offer competing services and products;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue or other operating metrics;

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our actual or anticipated operating performance and the operating performance of our competitors;

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changes in the financial projections we provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;

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failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet the estimates or the expectations of investors;

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any major change in our Board, management, or key personnel;

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the economy as a whole and market conditions in our industry;

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rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant innovations, new products, services, features, integrations or capabilities, acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

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new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, in the U.S. or globally;

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lawsuits threatened or filed against us;

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other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events and

●

sales or expected sales of our common stock by us and our officers, directors and principal shareholders.

In addition, stock markets have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our common stock shortly following the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq as a result of the supply and demand forces described above. In the past, shareholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets by our directors, officers and substantial shareholders, or the perception that such sales might occur, could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise attain.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market by our directors, officers and substantial shareholders following our listing, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the public price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. As of February 1, 2026, we had 31,480,832 shares of common stock outstanding, [•] of which are “restricted securities” as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. Our directors, officers and greater than 10% shareholders have entered into contractual lock-up agreements with respect to an aggregate of [•] shares of common stock. Pursuant to the lock-up agreements, signatories irrevocably agree that, from the date thereof until 180 days following the date the common stock is first listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market in connection with the direct listing, the signatory will not offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of any common stock or securities convertible, exchangeable or exercisable into shares of common stock beneficially owned, held or acquired by the signatory. Substantially all of the remaining shares may be immediately sold either by the Registered Shareholders pursuant to this prospectus or by our other existing shareholders under Rule 144 since such common stock will have been beneficially owned by non-affiliates who beneficially owned such common stock for at least one year. Moreover, once we have been a reporting company subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act for 90 days and assuming the availability of certain public information about us, (i) a non-affiliate who has beneficially owned common stock for at least six months may rely on Rule 144 to sell their common stock, and (ii) an affiliate who has beneficially owned common stock for at least six months, including certain of the common stock covered by this prospectus to the extent not sold hereunder, would be entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of shares of common stock that does not exceed the greater of either of the following: (a) 1% of the number of common stock then outstanding, and (b) the average weekly reported volume of trading of our common stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale.

Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors and consultants under the QumulusAI, Inc. 2026 Equity Incentive Plan. We may also raise capital through equity or convertible debt financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in companies, products or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and, as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of the Board. Accordingly, you may need to rely on sales of our common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on your investment.

In making your investment decision, you should understand that we and our advisors have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering, and you should not rely on information in public media that is published by third parties, and you should rely only on statements made in this prospectus in determining whether to purchase our common stock following our listing.

You should carefully evaluate all of the information in this prospectus. We may receive media coverage, including coverage that is not directly attributable to statements made by our officers and employees, that incorrectly reports on statements made by our officers or employees, or that is misleading as a result of omitting information provided by us, our officers or employees. We cannot confirm the accuracy of such coverage. We and our advisors have not authorized any other party to provide you with information concerning us or this offering. As a result, you should carefully evaluate all of the information in this prospectus and rely only on the information contained in this prospectus in determining whether to purchase our common stock following our listing.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade their recommendations regarding our common stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If any of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price may decline. If analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline and our common stock to be less liquid.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. Therefore, we may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such reporting and other requirements, in particular the auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

General Risk Factors

Adverse global macroeconomic conditions, geopolitical risks, or reduced spending on AI and machine learning or on cloud infrastructure could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our business depends on the overall demand for and adoption of AI and machine learning and cloud infrastructure and on the economic health of our current and prospective customers. In addition, the purchase of our platform is often discretionary and may involve a significant commitment of capital and other resources. Weak global and regional economic conditions, including United States and global macroeconomic issues, actual or perceived global banking and finance related issues, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, rising interest rates and inflation, trade restrictions such as tariffs, spending environments, geopolitical instability, warfare and uncertainty, including the effects of the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine, and tensions between China and Taiwan, weak economic conditions in certain regions or a reduction in business spending, including spending on developing AI and machine learning capabilities and on cloud infrastructure, regardless of macroeconomic conditions, could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects, including resulting in longer sales cycles, a negative impact on our ability to attract and retain new customers, increase sales of our platform, or sell additional solutions and services to our existing customers, lower prices for our solutions and services, and slower or declining growth. Deterioration in economic conditions in any of the countries in which we do business could also cause slower or impaired collections on accounts receivable, which may adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and future prospects.

Geopolitical risks, including those arising from trade tension and/or the imposition of trade tariffs, terrorist activity, or acts of civil or international hostility, are increasing. Similarly, the potential for military conflict between China and Taiwan could have negative impacts on the global economy, including by affecting the supply of semiconductors from Taiwan, contributing to higher energy prices and creating uncertainty in the global capital markets. While we do not currently have employees or direct operations in Taiwan, our suppliers rely heavily on semiconductors supplied by Taiwan which are an important component of our platform and any reduction in that supply could materially disrupt our operations.

We may be adversely affected by natural disasters, pandemics, and other catastrophic events, and by man-made problems such as war and regional geopolitical conflicts around the world, that could disrupt our business operations, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce, and the global economy, and thus could have an adverse effect on us. Our business operations are also subject to interruption by fire, power shortages, flooding, and other events beyond our control. In addition, our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, which could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer. Further, acts of war, armed conflict, terrorism and other geopolitical unrest, such as the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine and tensions between China and Taiwan, could cause disruptions in our business or the businesses of our partners or the economy as a whole.

In the event of a natural disaster, including a major earthquake, blizzard, or hurricane, or a catastrophic event such as a fire, power loss, cyberattack, or telecommunications failure, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in development of our platform, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could have an adverse effect on our future operating results. Climate change could result in an increase in the frequency or severity of such natural disasters. Moreover, any of our office locations or data centers may be vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. These events can, in turn, have impacts on inflation risk, food security, water security, and on our employees’ health and well-being. Additionally, all the aforementioned risks will be further increased if we do not implement an effective disaster recovery plan or our partners’ disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate.

Investors’ expectations of our performance relating to environmental, social, and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

There is an increasing focus from certain regulators, investors, employees, users, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters. Some investors may use these non-financial performance factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies and actions relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Further, there is particular focus on concerns relating to AI and its impact on the environment, including the power-intensive nature of the industry, high consumption of water, and reliance on critical minerals and rare elements, and we are focused on sustainability goals and initiatives to mitigate the environmental impacts of our operations. We may experience heightened scrutiny from our stakeholders and potential investors around these issues. We may also face reputational damage in the event that we do not meet the ESG standards set by various constituencies or fail, or are perceived to fail, in our achievement of our sustainability goals, initiatives, or commitments. Additionally, different stakeholder groups have divergent views on ESG matters, which increases the risk that any action or lack thereof with respect to ESG matters may be perceived negatively by at least some stakeholders and adversely impact our reputation and business.

Our sustainability initiatives, goals, or commitments could be difficult to achieve or costly to implement. If our competitors’ corporate social responsibility performance is perceived to be better than ours, potential, or current investors may elect to invest with our competitors instead. Our business may face increased scrutiny related to these activities and our related disclosures, including from the investment community, and our failure to achieve progress or manage the dynamic public sentiment and legal landscape in these areas on a timely basis, or at all, could adversely affect our reputation, business, and financial performance.

We could be subject to securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. Additionally, the dramatic increase in the cost of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance may cause us to opt for lower overall policy limits and coverage or to forgo insurance that we may otherwise rely on to cover significant defense costs, settlements, and damages awarded to plaintiffs, or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. These factors could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and members of our Board.

USE OF PROCEEDS

The Registered Shareholders may, or may not, elect to sell shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus. To the extent any Registered Shareholder chooses to sell shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus, we will not receive any proceeds from any such sales of our common stock.

DIVIDEND POLICY

Since our inception, we have not paid any dividends on our common stock, and we currently expect that, for the foreseeable future, all earnings, if any, will be retained for use in the development and operation of our business. In the future, our Board may decide, at its discretion, whether dividends may be declared and paid to holders of our common stock.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of September 30, 2025.

This table should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, reference to “Summary Historical Financial and Other Data,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As of September 30, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	18,237,794

Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock - no par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized, 30,624,990 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025		86,231,643
Additional paid-in capital		5,388,626
Accumulated deficit		(32,425,045	)
Total shareholders’ equity		59,195,224
Total capitalization	$	59,195,224

The number of shares of our common stock reflected in the information set forth in the table above excludes:

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691,859 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants as of September 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $3.20 per share;

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1,183,508 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options under the 2022 Plan as of September 30, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.92 per share; and

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1,461,307 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan as of September 30, 2025.

All the shares of common stock subject to stock options outstanding under the 2022 Plan are expected to be registered on Form S-8 under the Securities Act, and such shares are eligible for sale in the public markets, subject to Rule 144 under the Securities Act limitations applicable to affiliates.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Summary of Transaction

On April 1, 2025 (the “Effective Date”), the Company entered into Contribution and Exchange Agreements, as amended (together, the “Acquisition Agreement”), with shareholders of The Cloud Minders, Inc. (“TCM”), pursuant to which each TCM shareholder contributed all outstanding equity securities in TCM to the Company in exchange for equity securities of the Company. As a result, TCM became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with 75% of the Company’s capital stock held by Company shareholders and 25% of the Company’s capital stock held by former TCM shareholders (the “Acquisition”). The Acquisition formally closed on the Effective Date.

Pro Forma Information

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and year ended December 31, 2024 combine the historical consolidated statements of operations of the Company and TCM, giving effect to the Acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 2024.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information presents the combination of the financial information of the Company and TCM adjusted to give effect to the Acquisition. The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by Release No. 33-10786, “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses.”

The historical financial information of the Company was derived from the unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in this prospectus. The historical financial information of TCM was derived from the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in this prospectus. This information should be read together with the Company’s and TCM’s financial statements and related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this registration statement.

The Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, “Business Combinations” (“ASC 805”). The pro forma information has been prepared using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The acquisition method of accounting is dependent upon certain valuations that are provisional and subject to change. The pro forma adjustments are based on the assumptions and information as of the date of this prospectus. The Company will finalize the acquisition accounting within the required measurement period, but no later than March 31, 2026.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not give effect to the potential impact of current financial conditions, regulatory matters, operating efficiencies or other savings or expenses that may be associated with the integration of the two companies, if any. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is preliminary and has been prepared for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the financial position or results of operations in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had the Company and TCM been a combined company during the specified period.

The pro forma information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes to the pro forma information. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of what the financial position or results of operations would have been had the Acquisition occurred as of the dates indicated nor does it project the future financial position or operating results of the combined company.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

	Qumulus			TCM (through April 1, 2025)				Pro Forma Adjustments			Pro Forma Condensed Combined
Revenue	$	8,057,476		$	1,341,079			$	—		$	9,398,555

Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		4,245,448			383,222				—			4,628,670
General and administrative expenses		6,320,009			1,596,378		C		(23,542	)		7,892,845
Depreciation and amortization expense		3,358,079			509,201		B		44,241			3,911,521
Total costs and expenses		13,923,536			2,488,801				20,699			16,433,036

Operating loss		(5,866,060	)		(1,147,722	)			(20,699	)		(7,034,481	)

Other income (expenses)
Income from equity method investments		1,043,937			—		A		562,143			1,606,080
Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM		14,549,536			—				—			14,549,536
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(5,536,816	)		—				—			(5,536,816	)
Change in fair value of digital assets		81,919			—				—			81,919
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		462			—				—			462
Loss on settlement of lease liability		(692,837	)		—				—			(692,837	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(1,037,501	)		—				—			(1,037,501	)
Other income (expense), net		24,771			(433,759	)			—			(408,988	)
Interest expense, net		(1,450,812	)		—				—			(1,450,812	)
Total other income (expenses), net		6,982,659			(433,759	)			562,143			7,111,043

Income (loss) before income tax expense		1,116,599			(1,581,481	)			541,444			76,562

Income tax expense		284,771			—				—			284,771

Net income (loss)		831,828			(1,581,481	)			541,444			(208,209	)
Less deemed dividend on conversion of preferred stock		89,386,947			—				—			89,386,947
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(88,555,119	)	$	(1,581,481	)		$	541,444		$	(89,595,156	)

Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basis and diluted	$	(5.36	)								$	(5.16	)

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

	QumulusAI			TCM				Pro Forma Adjustments			Pro Forma Condensed Combined
Revenue	$	8,095,672		$	2,682,805			$	—		$	10,778,477

Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue		5,371,049			3,486,147				—			8,857,196
General and administrative expenses		3,346,547			1,232,361		C		23,542			4,602,450
Depreciation and amortization expense		7,164,034			472,411		B		176,964			7,813,409
Total costs and expenses		15,881,630			5,190,919				200,506			21,273,055

Operating loss		(7,785,958	)		(2,508,114	)			(200,506	)		(10,494,578	)

Other income (expenses):
(Loss) income from equity method investments		(274,270	)		—		A		1,279,268			1,004,998
Gain on sale of equity method investments		835,046			—				—			835,046
Gain on sale of investment in joint venture		155,286			—				—			155,286
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(2,566,552	)		—				—			(2,566,552	)
Change in fair value of digital assets		188,682			—				—			188,682
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		(2,525,408	)		—				—			(2,525,408	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(83,757	)		—				—			(83,757	)
Other expenses, net		(7,947	)		(1,007,992	)			—			(1,015,939	)
Interest expense, net		(1,119,496	)		—				—			(1,119,496	)
Total other income (expenses), net		(5,398,416	)		(1,007,992	)			1,279,268			(5,127,140	)

Loss before income tax expense		(13,184,374	)		(3,516,106	)			1,078,762			(15,621,718	)

Income tax expense		—			(541,064	)	D		541,064			—

Net loss	$	(13,184,374	)	$	(2,975,042	)			537,698		$	(15,621,718	)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.32	)								$	(0.95	)

NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Note 1. Description of Transaction

On April 1, 2025, the Company entered into the Acquisition Agreement with shareholders of TCM, pursuant to which each TCM shareholder contributed all outstanding equity securities in TCM to the Company in exchange for equity securities of the Company. As a result, TCM became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with 75% of the Company’s capital stock held by Company shareholders and 25% of the Company’s capital stock held by former TCM shareholders. The Acquisition formally closed on the Effective Date. The Company expects TCM’s operations to diversify the Company’s revenue base beyond bitcoin mining and hosting. The addition of GPU-based infrastructure is anticipated to generate more stable, recurring revenue streams aligned with demand for high-performance computing resources across AI, machine learning, and data analytics sectors.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation

Pro Forma Presentation

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information (“pro forma information”) is based on, and should be read in conjunction with, the Company’s unaudited historical condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the historical audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The historical consolidated financial information has been adjusted in the pro forma information to give effect to pro forma events that are directly attributable to the Acquisition, factually supportable, and with respect to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations, expected to have a continuing impact on the results of operations of the combined company of more than one year.

The Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805. The pro forma information has been prepared using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the Acquisition is accounted for by recognizing the acquired assets, including separately identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities at their acquisition-date fair values. Any excess of the purchase consideration over the acquisition-date fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill. The pro forma adjustments are based upon the assumptions and information available at the time of the preparation as of the date of this prospectus and may be subject to change. The Company will finalize the acquisition accounting within the required measurement period, but no later than March 31, 2026. Differences between these estimates of fair value and the final acquisition accounting may occur, and those differences could have a material impact on the pro forma information and the combined company’s future results of operations and financial position. As of the date of this prospectus, the Company does not expect material changes to the assets acquired or liabilities assumed.

Accounting policies

As part of preparing these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements, certain reclassifications were made to align the Company and TCM’s financial statement presentation. Upon consummation of the Transaction, management performed a comprehensive review of the two entities’ accounting policies and concluded that the differences between the accounting policies of the two companies are not material. The accounting policies used in the presentation of the pro forma information are those disclosed in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 3. Estimated Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information includes various assumptions, including those related to the preliminary purchase price allocation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed from TCM based on management’s best estimates of fair value. The final purchase price allocation may vary based on final valuations and analyses of the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Accordingly, the pro forma adjustments are preliminary.

The following table shows the preliminary allocation of the purchase price for TCM to the acquired identifiable assets, assumed liabilities and pro forma goodwill.

Description	Fair Value

Total purchase price	$	39,350,572

Estimated fair value of assets acquired:
Cash	$	2,449,036
Prepaid expenses		96,029
Property and equipment		7,136,180
Customer relationships		411,700
Trade name		148,080
In-process research & development (“IPR&D”)		6,777,020
Finance right-of-use assets, net		5,820,225
Total assets acquired	$	22,838,270

Estimated fair value of liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable		172,255
Current portion of convertible note payable		1,716,657
Current portion of notes payable - related party		104,713
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		555,888
Finance lease liabilities		6,078,929
Long-term notes payable, net of current portion		6,268,321
Total liabilities assumed		14,896,763

Goodwill	$	31,409,066

The pro forma condensed combined financial information does not include estimates of the impact of income taxes on net deferred tax assets or any related impacts to the Company’s valuation allowance. The pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had the combined company filed consolidated income tax returns during the periods presented.

Note 4. Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information

The pro forma adjustments were based on the preliminary information available at the time of the preparation of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information, including the notes thereto, are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, the separate historical audited and unaudited financial statements of QumulusAI and TCM, as filed with the SEC and included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Acquisition and has been prepared for informational purposes only. The Company includes transaction accounting adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations as if they had occurred as of the earliest period presented, January 1, 2024.

Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are as follows:

Adjustments to remove the Company’s share of TCM’s net loss of $562,143 included in the Company’s statement of operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Adjustments for the amortization of intangible assets of $44,241.

Elimination of direct, incremental transaction costs of the Acquisition totaling $23,542 incurred by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Adjustments to remove the Company’s share of TCM’s net loss of $1,279,268 included in the Company’s statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Adjustments for the amortization of intangible assets of $176,964.

Adjustment to recognize direct, incremental transaction costs of the Acquisition totaling $23,542 incurred by the Company as if the Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2024.

Elimination of TCM tax benefit of $541,064. The TCM deferred tax asset will be offset by the Company’s valuation allowance.

Note 5. Net Loss per Share

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 (1)			For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 ⁽¹⁾
Numerator:
Pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(89,595,156	)	$	(15,621,718	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		17,361,304			16,371,497
Net loss per share:
Pro forma net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(5.16	)	$	(0.95	)

⁽¹⁾ Pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders includes the related pro forma adjustments as referred to within the section “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements that are included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our discussion includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors. We use words such as anticipate, estimate, plan, project, continuing, ongoing, expect, believe, intend, may, will, should, could, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

Originally established as a crypto-focused data center and power infrastructure company, we have evolved into a full-stack platform purpose-built for high-throughput, enterprise-grade compute. Leveraging our operational heritage in constructing and managing over 100 megawatts (“MW”) of high-density data center capacity, we are repurposing infrastructure previously used for cryptocurrency mining to meet accelerating AI demand while continuing to operate managed services for crypto mining infrastructure as a complementary, revenue-generating load management capability.

QumulusAI is headquartered in Marietta, Georgia. Here, we operate more than 800 GPUs across two colocation data centers, plus one in Kansas City, Missouri. We have secured rights of first refusal for 30 MW of information technology (“IT”) load capacity space for our GPU equipment and we are actively planning for expansion exceeding 120 MW of total IT load across our platform with potential to support over 90,000 NVIDIA B200/B300 GPUs (among the latest generation GPUs purpose-built for foundation model training), or as many as 1,500,000 GPUs optimized for AI inference at scale.

QumulusAI’s competitive edge lies in its end-to-end control of the infrastructure stack, encompassing:

●

High-Performance Computing (“HPC”) Cloud Services

●

Data Center Infrastructure and Hosting

●

Power and Energy Integration

This vertically integrated model enables greater reliability, tighter cost control, and superior performance—advantages not easily matched by traditional providers that rely on fragmented supply chains.

The Company serves a broad range of customers, including enterprise machine learning teams, AI infrastructure startups, and research institutions. Use cases span training of foundation models, deployment of inference application programming interfaces (“APIs”), and long-horizon experimentation requiring predictable performance at scale.

QumulusAI reaches customers through a dual-channel approach. Marketplace provider partners (RunPod Inc. (“RunPod”), for example) manage orchestration and customer acquisition in exchange for a share of the total transaction value. When we sell through RunPod, we recognize 80% of the total transaction value as revenue and RunPod retains 20% under their standard service terms. Additionally, QumulusAI’s direct sales team engages enterprise clients through a self-service portal and technical onboarding support. This hybrid model optimizes utilization and enables both rapid scale and deep customer relationships.

Full-Stack AI Infrastructure

QumulusAI operates a fully integrated infrastructure platform designed to deliver efficient, scalable compute services with long-term cost predictability. Its three-layer model includes:

HPC Cloud Services

At the heart of the business is an HPC platform engineered for AI and machine learning workloads. Powered by a rapidly expanding fleet of NVIDIA GPUs, QumulusAI provides on-demand compute through both direct and marketplace channels.

Unlike traditional providers that rent cloud capacity or depend on hyperscale backends, QumulusAI retains complete control over its compute stack. This allows for faster provisioning, more consistent performance, and enterprise-grade security. Marketplace partnerships drive high-volume usage, while the direct channel caters to technically advanced clients seeking custom infrastructure solutions.

Data Center Infrastructure & Hosting

QumulusAI’s infrastructure spans both long-term leased facilities and strategic co-location agreements. Our co-location agreements are with providers such as CoreSite, H5, and NOCIX. This hybrid deployment strategy supports geographic flexibility, rapid scale-up, and localized latency control.

In addition to powering its own HPC platform, QumulusAI generates recurring revenue by offering crypto-focused hosting services through its strategic holdover blockchain business. This diversified workload mix strengthens the Company’s revenue base and provides insulation from sector-specific volatility.

Power & Energy Integration

Energy strategy is central to QumulusAI’s model. Rather than relying on third-party utilities, the company integrates power procurement directly into its operations through power purchase agreements and dedicated infrastructure projects.

This approach enhances margin stability, ensures energy availability for high-density workloads, and supports uptime across its sites. As ESG concerns and sustainability metrics grow in importance, QumulusAI’s energy-layer control positions it to meet the evolving standards of enterprise clients.

History and Timeline

Our businesses began in 2019 under WAHA Technologies, Inc. and WAHA, Inc. (renamed SPRE Commercial Group, Inc.) with the activation of 1 MW of data center hosting in Georgia. In 2020, our business expanded to 10 MW of data center infrastructure and hosting and secured our first round of venture funding. In 2021, we acquired our HPC business and expanded to 40 MW of data center infrastructure and hosting. In 2022, we raised $50 million in debt and equity rounds, expanded to 86 MW, sold a facility to CleanSpark Inc. (Nasdaq: CLSK), and launched HPC solutions for AI, machine learning, blockchain, and other applications. 2022 concluded with a corporate roll-up to consolidate all shareholders under a single cap table, forming Global Digital Holdings, Inc. (which was renamed QumulusAI, Inc. on August 18, 2025).

Since its founding in December 2022, QumulusAI has undergone a purposeful transformation—from a regional hosting and power operator into a vertically integrated AI infrastructure platform. In 2023, we developed 30 MW of new data centers in North Carolina and Oklahoma, invested over $10 million into HPC-as-a-service, and listed with Runpod, the leading GPU-as-a-service marketplace. In 2024, we activated over 200 HPC GPUs, added sales channel partners, expanded to 60 MW of infrastructure, and sold a 12 MW data center. In 2025, we have been working to develop a 20 MW data center in Texas, have ordered approximately 1,100 GPUs in a phased activation. Each milestone marks a strategic step in that journey: from scaling data center capacity and beginning GPU deployment, to launching AI services via both marketplace and enterprise channels.

As of 2025, the Company operates across multiple U.S. regions with over 60 MW of active capacity and a growing fleet of GPUs. With new infrastructure builds and energy integration projects underway, QumulusAI is focused and well positioned to deliver scalable, cost-efficient compute to meet the accelerating demands of AI workloads through 2026 and beyond.

Recent Developments

Sale of Joint Venture Interest

On January 12, 2026, SPRE TULSA OK, LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and party to the T20 joint venture, entered into a Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement, as amended on February 12, 2026, to sell its 40% interest in the T20 joint venture to a third party. This transaction, which is scheduled to close on or about February 13, 2026, is anticipated to significantly reduce our direct access to grid power while providing a $16 million cash injection to our balance sheet. The Company intends to use this capital to accelerate the development and scale of its HPC business.

Formation of Joint Venture

TCM and Me Luna Qumulus LLC (“Moonshot”) entered into a joint venture entity named QAI Moon, LLC (“QAI Moon”), effective October 1, 2025, wherein (i) TCM is a member holding a 51% interest, and (ii) Moonshot is a member holding a 49% interest.

QAI Moon, TCM and DAC Consulting LLC (“DAC”) entered into a joint venture entity named SPRE NKC MO, LLC, effective October 1, 2025, wherein (i) QAI Moon is a member holding a 30% interest, (ii) TCM is a member holding a 35% interest, and (iii) DAC is a member holding a 35% interest. QAI Moon is the manager of the joint venture and owns all of the voting shares. The Company contributed $3,000,000 to SPRE NKC MO, LLC on October 1, 2025. QAI Moon additionally wholly owns SPRE Brooklyn NY, LLC.

Reverse Stock Split

Our Board of Directors and our shareholders each approved the conversion of all outstanding series of preferred stock into common stock (the “Conversion”) and a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of our common stock issued and outstanding thereafter (the “Reverse Stock Split”). On September 30, 2025, we filed amended and restated articles of incorporation with the State of Georgia to immediately effect the Reverse Stock Split. All share and per share information in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Statements and Results of Operations” is presented on a post-Conversion and post-Reverse Stock Split basis.

Credit Facility

On September 19, 2025, we entered into a credit facility with a third party on behalf of the USD.AI Protocol (“USD.AI”), an on-chain, decentralized finance protocol that treats GPUs as a financeable commodity. Pursuant to this arrangement, USD.AI will provide a $500 million guidance facility to the Company to support the scalable deployment of GPU infrastructure. The facility is structured as a programmatic series of 70% loan-to-cost, non-recourse financings, with each individual GPU deployment subject to the third party’s underwriting and approval process. Accordingly, the Company will be able to borrow stablecoins against up to 70% of its approved GPU deployments. The Company is under no obligation to draw financing, and USD.AI has no obligation to provide financing other than through its standard per deployment underwriting process. Each GPU deployment at an approved data center will be treated as a separate financing under the facility. After each deployment, the Company will issue a warehouse receipt for the GPUs and ancillary networking equipment, in exchange for which the third party will issue GPU Warehouse Receipt Tokens, which will subsequently be posted as collateral for borrowing stablecoin-based credit on the USD.AI protocol. Upon completion of this process, funding is distributed to the Company immediately. On or about February 13, 2026, the Company intends to complete its first $4.2 million deployment under this facility.

Acquisition of The Cloud Minders, Inc. (“TCM”)

On April 1, 2025, the Company entered into Contribution and Exchange Agreements, as amended, with shareholders of TCM, pursuant to which each TCM shareholder contributed all outstanding equity securities in TCM to the Company in exchange for equity securities of the Company. As a result, TCM became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with 75% of the Company’s capital stock held by Company shareholders and 25% of the Company’s capital stock held by former TCM shareholders. The total acquisition consideration was $39,350,572, which was comprised of 2,574,711 shares of the Company’s common stock and 1,423,182 shares of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock (with a total fair value of $20,250,013), incentive stock options to purchase 426,827 shares of the Company’s common stock and nonqualified stock options to purchase 217,992 shares of the Company’s common stock to replace TCM options (with a total fair value of $1,883,995), and the fair value of the Company’s prior investment in TCM (with a total fair value of $17,216,604). Management expects TCM’s operations to diversify the Company’s revenue base beyond bitcoin mining and hosting. The addition of GPU-based infrastructure is anticipated to generate more stable, recurring revenue streams aligned with demand for high-performance computing resources across AI, machine learning, and data analytics sectors. Please refer to the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” for more information.

Expansion of GPU-Based Infrastructure

In connection with the expansion of its GPU-based infrastructure, the Company entered into a license agreement with hosted.ai to provide software that manages and coordinates how GPU resources are allocated, scheduled, scaled, and accessed across multiple users, applications, or workloads in cloud and multi-tenant environments.

Financial Operations Overview

The following discussion sets forth certain components of the Company’s statements of operations as well as factors that impact those items.

Revenues

Revenues are derived from bitcoin mining, mining hosting services, and compute power. The Company participates in a third-party operated mining pool. As a participant in the third-party operated mining pool, the Company earns revenue by providing computing power to the mining pool. The Company’s enforceable right to compensation begins when, and lasts as long as, the Company provides computing power to the mining pool operator.

In addition to mining for its own account, the Company also hosts mining equipment owned by third parties across its operational sites. This hosting model allows the Company to generate more stable, recurring income by leveraging its existing infrastructure. The Company also generates revenue from providing compute power to a marketplace, but in some instances provides power directly to end users. The compute power is maintained by the Company and made available to customers for large-scale cloud processing.

During 2024 and through September 30, 2025, the Company strategically shifted its revenue mix by expanding its hosting services. As a result, self-mining declined from 65% of total revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to approximately 6% for the six months ended September 30, 2025, with the remainder coming from hosting and compute power activities.

The Company evaluates the performance of its bitcoin mining operations through a combination of operational and market-based metrics that directly influence revenue. These include the number of bitcoin earned per day, the efficiency and uptime of deployed miners as measured by terahash performance, the total number of active miners, bitcoin network difficulty, and the market price of bitcoin. Together, these metrics determine the Company’s mining yield, operating efficiency, and overall revenue potential during a given period.

Key Definitions

Bitcoin Mining: The process by which new bitcoin are created and transactions are validated on the Bitcoin Network. Miners compete to solve complex cryptographic problems, and the first to solve each block earns a reward in bitcoin (the “block reward”) plus transaction fees. The probability of earning rewards depends on a miner’s computational power, or hashrate, relative to the total network hashrate.

Hashrate (TH/s): A measure of computational speed, representing the number of trillions of cryptographic calculations (“hashes”) performed per second. Higher hashrate increases the likelihood of earning bitcoin rewards.

Network Difficulty: A measure of how hard it is to find a valid block. Difficulty automatically adjusts roughly every two weeks to keep global block times near ten minutes. When difficulty rises, more hashrate is required to maintain the same level of bitcoin output.

Block Reward and Halving: The block reward is the amount of bitcoin awarded for successfully mining a block. Approximately every four years, this reward is cut in half in an event known as the halving, reducing the rate of new bitcoin entering circulation and directly impacting miner economics.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues reflect direct costs associated with the delivery of the Company’s products and services to its customers. These costs primarily include electricity and infrastructure expenses associated with operating the Company’s mining facilities. Additionally, as a result of the acquisition of TCM, which occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, cost of revenues also includes colocation and hosting costs related to GPU-based high-performance computing data centers, as well as lease payments for TCM’s GPU assets.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses include salaries, benefits and other costs of departments serving administrative functions, such as executives, finance and accounting, and human resources. In addition, general and administrative expense includes non-personnel costs, such as professional fees, legal fees, accounting and finance advisory fees and other supporting corporate expenses not allocated to cost of revenues, product and development or sales and marketing.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization relates to long-lived assets and intangible assets used in the Company’s business. Depreciation expense relates primarily to buildings and improvements, miners, and mining related equipment. Amortization expense relates primarily to customer relationships and trade names.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net consists of non-operating income and expenses not directly related to our core operations. This includes income (expense) from non-consolidating joint ventures, warrant liabilities, digital assets held at fair value, interest earned and paid, loss on extinguishment of debt, and gain on remeasurement on investment in TCM during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. It also includes amortization of certain non-revenue-generating assets.

Joint Ventures

Joint ventures include infrastructure projects in which QumulusAI holds a non-controlling ownership interest and participates in the operational and financial results. These arrangements typically involve large-scale hosting or mining facilities that are jointly developed and operated with strategic partners. We account for these investments using the equity method of accounting and recognize our proportionate share of net income or loss within the consolidated financial statements. We have and may in the future also enter into joint ventures in which we control and consolidate for financial reporting purposes. Joint ventures allow QumulusAI to expand its infrastructure footprint while maintaining capital efficiency and operational flexibility.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

Change in fair value of warrant liability represents periodic unrealized gains or losses resulting from the remeasurement of outstanding warrant instruments classified as liabilities. These changes reflect fluctuations in the estimated fair value of warrants due to factors such as the Company’s equity valuation, time to maturity, and volatility assumptions. Adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and do not impact cash flow.

Conversion of note payable

Conversion of note payable reflects the settlement of outstanding debt through the issuance of equity. When the fair value of the equity issued is less than the carrying amount of the debt, the Company records a non-cash loss on extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statements of operations.

Change in Fair Value of Digital Assets

Change in fair value of digital assets represents periodic adjustments to the carrying value of bitcoin and other digital assets held by the Company, based on changes in market price relative to the value recorded at the time of acquisition or mining. These unrealized gains or losses are recognized to reflect the fair value of digital assets as of the reporting date. This adjustment impacts reported earnings but does not result in realized gains or losses unless the assets are sold.

Loss on Disposals, Loans, and Other Investments

Loss on disposals, loans, and other investments includes realized losses related to the sale, abandonment, or write-off of equipment or other long-lived assets, as well as losses associated with uncollectible loans and impairments of non-core investments. These items are recognized when it becomes evident that the carrying value of an asset or receivable is not recoverable and are reported outside of operating income due to their non-recurring and non-operational nature.

Gain on Sale of Equity Method Investments

Gain on sale of investments includes realized gains related to the sale of equity method investments. When the carrying value of the Company’s investment is less than the consideration received for the sale, the Company records a non-cash gain on sale of equity method investments in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt reflects the partial settlement of outstanding debt through the issuance of equity. When the fair value of the equity issued is more than the carrying amount of the debt, the Company records a non-cash loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

Gain on Remeasurement of Investment in TCM

Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM represents the difference in the carrying value of TCM immediately prior to the date the Company acquired the remining interest in TCM, and TCM’s fair value as of that date, which is April 1, 2025.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net includes interest incurred on finance leases, loans, and other debt arrangements, as well as the amortization of original issue discounts, debt issuance costs, and undrawn commitment fees. This amount is presented net of capitalized interest associated with qualifying assets under construction.

Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes the results of operations for the periods indicated:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Revenue	$	8,057,476		$	6,153,285		$	1,904,191			31	%

Cost of revenue		4,245,448			4,115,987			129,461			3	%
General and administrative expenses		6,320,009			2,173,724			4,146,285			191	%
Depreciation and amortization expense		3,358,079			5,753,430			(2,395,351	)		(42	) %
Total costs and expenses		13,923,536			12,043,141			1,880,395			16	%

Operating Loss		(5,866,060	)		(5,889,856	)		23,796			—	%

Income (loss) from equity method investments		1,043,937			(305,728	)		1,349,665			(441	) %
Gain on sale of equity method investments		—			835,046			(835,046	)		(100	) %
Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM		14,549,536			—			14,549,536			—	%
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(5,536,816	)		(288,376	)		(5,248,440	)		1820	%
Change in fair value of digital assets		81,919			733,552			(651,633	)		(89	) %
Gain (loss) on disposal of property and equipment		462			(2,094,030	)		2,094,492			—	%
Loss on settlement of lease liability		(692,837	)		—			(692,837	)		—	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(1,037,501	)		(46,774	)		(990,727	)		2118	%
Interest expense, net		(1,450,812	)		(894,684	)		(556,128	)		62	%
Other income, net		24,771			50,950			(26,179	)		(51	) %
Total other income (expenses), net		6,982,659			(2,010,044	)		8,992,703			(447	) %

Income (loss) before income tax expense		1,116,599			(7,899,900	)		9,016,499			114	%
Income tax expense		284,771			—			284,771			—	%

Net income (loss)	$	831,828		$	(7,899,900	)	$	8,731,728			111	%

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Revenue from cryptocurrency mining	$	507,604	$	3,995,442	$	(3,487,838	)		(87	) %
Revenue from mining hosting services		4,794,821		2,157,843		2,636,978			122	%
Revenue from compute power		2,755,051		—		2,755,051			—	%
	$	8,057,476	$	6,153,285	$	1,904,191			31	%

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $8,057,476, representing an increase of $1,904,191, or approximately 31%, as compared to $6,153,285 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by the acquisition of TCM and the revenue from compute power which contributed $2.8 million from April 1, 2025 to September 30, 2025, or approximately 34.2% of gross revenue. Mining hosting services in 2025 represented 59.5% of gross revenue, an increase of 35.1% compared to 2024, attributed to the Company’s shift in 2024 from self-mining to hosting services. By the end of 2024, the Company had four hosting clients under contract representing 28 MWs combined. Self-mining contributed $4.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to $508 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, further illustrating the shift to hosting services.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s bitcoin mining operations were influenced by changes in network difficulty, fleet utilization, and overall market pricing compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Average bitcoin per day declined from 0.26 bitcoin to 0.02 bitcoin, average terahash decreased from 91.93 TH/s to 71.26 TH/s, active miners decreased from 2,448 to 447, and revenue decreased from $4.00 million to $0.51 million, while average bitcoin price increased from $59,990 to $102,115 and network difficulty rose from 83 trillion to 121 trillion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Management attributes the decrease in bitcoin mined primarily to higher network difficulty, which reduced yield per unit of hashrate, and continues to emphasize fleet efficiency, power optimization, and uptime performance. Additionally, the April 2024 bitcoin halving, which reduced the block reward from 6.25 bitcoin to 3.125 bitcoin per block, further constrained industry-wide mining output and contributed to reduced production volumes.

Cost of Revenue

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Cost of revenue
Hosting expenses	$	553,532	$	2,915,358	$	(2,361,826	)		(81	) %
Electricity		2,819,191		1,134,799		1,684,392			148	%
Contract labor		872,725		65,830		806,895			1226	%
Total cost of revenue	$	4,245,448	$	4,115,987	$	129,461			3	%

Cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4,245,448, representing a decrease of $129,461 as compared to $4,115,987 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Prior to the Company’s acquisition of power sources such as T20 Mining Group, LLC (“T20”), FCNC Venture, LLC (“FCNC”), and SPRE Watonga, OK, LLC, the Company operated as a hosted client under third-party providers to activate its mining fleet. These hosted arrangements carried significantly higher power cost margins, resulting in elevated cost of revenues. In 2024, the Company transitioned to utilizing its owned infrastructure, significantly reducing reliance on third-party providers, and improving cost efficiency. April 2024 was the last month that the Company utilized third-party providers to host miners. April 2024 was also the start of the shift to reduce self-mining and increase hosted services. Totals for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 represents the full six months of electricity costs at the Watonga site, whereas it was only partially operational for two months in the first half of 2024 (May and June 2024). For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the increase in contract labor costs was driven by the inclusion of six months of TCM’s colocation costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Stock-based compensation	$	799,823	$	257,598	$	542,225			210	%
Wages and salaries		1,811,841		450,136		1,361,705			303	%
Taxes and other expenses		101,220		63,538		37,682			59	%
Utilities		35,170		9,974		25,196			253	%
Rent and lease expense		213,225		203,779		9,446			5	%
Professional fees		2,469,174		405,611		2,063,563			509	%
Insurance		316,248		254,134		62,114			24	%
Travel, meals, and entertainment		53,193		16,978		36,215			213	%
Supplies and software		131,941		121,124		10,817			9	%
Other general and administrative expenses		388,174		390,852		(2,678	)		(1	) %
Total general and administrative expenses	$	6,320,009	$	2,173,724	$	4,146,285			191	%

General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $6,320,009, an increase of $4,146,285 as compared to $2,173,724 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of TCM, consulting costs associated with public readiness, and growth in anticipation of rapid scaling in HPC and compute services. Professional fees increased $2,063,563 which represents audit, legal, and consulting costs related to public readiness. Wages and salaries increased $1,361,705 in the first nine months of 2025 compared to 2024. $283,000 was directly associated with the TCM acquisition and the remaining $1,078,705 reflects increases in personnel.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Depreciation and amortization expense	$	3,358,079	$	5,753,430	$	(2,395,351	)		(42	) %

Depreciation and amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $3,358,079, a decrease of $2,395,351 as compared to $5,753,430 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the contribution of miners to the T20 expansion and the subsequent reduction in depreciation expense associated with the transfer of fixed assets to T20 offset by the amortization of intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of TCM.

Joint Ventures

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024			$ Change			% Change
Income (loss) from equity method investments	$	1,043,937	$	(305,728	)	$	1,349,665			(441	)%
Gain on sale of equity method investments		—		835,046			(835,046	)		(100	)%
Total other income: JV Investments	$	1,043,937	$	529,318		$	514,619			97	%

Joint venture other income consists of the Company’s non-controlling equity interests in TCM (prior to April 1, 2025), T20, and FCNC. Joint venture other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1,043,937, an increase of $514,619 as compared to $529,318 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. In 2024 the sale of a 10% interest in T20 resulted in a one-time gain of $835,046. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 the 29 MW expansion of T20 resulted in a $1,349,665 increase in investment income as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Change in fair value of warrant liability	$	(5,536,816	)	$	(288,376	)	$	(5,248,440	)		1820	%

Change in fair value of warrant liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulted in a loss of $5,536,816, an increase of $5,248,440 as compared to the $288,376 loss resulting from the change in fair value of warrant liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The amount represents the increase in fair value of type 1 warrants from 2024 to 2025 due to the increased market price of the Company’s stock per its 409A valuation.

Change in Fair Value of Digital Assets

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Change in fair value of digital assets	$	81,919	$	733,552	$	(651,633	)		(89	)%

Change in fair value of digital assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $81,919, a decrease of $651,633 as compared to the $733,552 gain resulting from the change in fair value of digital assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease is driven by the decrease in market value for bitcoin at each of the defined period close dates. The Company held 0.05 and 3.81 bitcoin on September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Gain on Remeasurement of Investment in TCM

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change		% Change
Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM	$	14,549,536	$	—	$	14,549,536		—	%

Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $14,549,536, an increase of $14,549,536 as compared to $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The expense is the difference in the carrying value of TCM immediately prior to the date the Company acquired the remaining interest in TCM, and TCM’s fair value as of that date recorded in connection with acquisition of TCM, which was April 1, 2025.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Loss on extinguishment of debt	$	(1,037,501	)	$	(46,774	)	$	(990,727	)		2118	%

Loss on extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1,037,501, an increase of $990,727 as compared to a loss of $46,774 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The expense is primarily driven by the retirement of a convertible note immediately prior to the TCM acquisition and the issuance of preferred stock for the partial conversion of TCM’s convertible note in May and September 2025.

Interest Expense, Net

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Interest expense, net	$	(1,450,812	)	$	(894,684	)	$	(556,128	)		62	%

Interest expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1,450,812, an increase of $556,128 as compared to $894,684 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase is driven by an overall increase in Notes Payable to $10,169,879 as of September 30, 2025, as compared to $8,962,155 as of September 30, 2024.

Results of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2024, and 2023

The following table summarizes the results of operations for the periods indicated:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change			% Change
Revenue	$	8,095,672		$	5,124,934		$	2,970,738			58	%

Cost of revenue		5,371,049			3,582,377			1,788,672			50	%
General and administrative expenses		3,346,547			2,009,427			1,337,120			67	%
Depreciation expense		7,164,034			7,711,015			(546,981	)		(7	)%
Total costs and expenses		15,881,630			13,302,819			2,578,811			19	%

Operating Loss		(7,785,958	)		(8,177,885	)		391,927			(5	)%

(Loss) income from equity method investments		(274,270	)		(166,466	)		(107,804	)		65	%
Gain on sale of equity method investments		835,046			—			835,046			—
Gain on sale of investment in joint venture		155,286			—			155,286			—
Gain on conversion of note payable		—			105,464			(105,464	)		100	%
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(2,566,552	)		(1,557,234	)		(1,009,318	)		65	%
Change in fair value of digital assets		188,682			28,760			159,922			556	%
Loss on sale of loans receivable		—			(104,197	)		104,197			100	%
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		(2,525,408	)		(369,407	)		(2,156,001	)		584	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(83,757	)		—			(83,757	)		—
Loss on other investments		—			(258,000	)		258,000			100	%
Other expenses, net		(7,947	)		(49,079	)		41,132			(84	)%
Interest expense, net		(1,119,496	)		(1,246,375	)		126,879			(10	)%
Total other income (expenses), net		(5,398,416	)		(3,616,534	)		(1,781,882	)		49	%

Loss before income tax expense		(13,184,374	)		(11,794,419	)		(1,389,955	)		12	%
Income tax expense		—			631,125			(631,125	)		(100	)%

Net loss	$	(13,184,374	)	$	(12,425,544	)	$	(758,830	)		6	%

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenue

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change			% Change
Revenue from cryptocurrency mining	$	4,184,239	$	4,367,695	$	(183,456	)		(4	)%
Revenue from mining hosting services		3,911,433		757,239		3,154,194			417	%
	$	8,095,672	$	5,124,934	$	2,970,738			58	%

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8,095,672, representing an increase of $2,970,738, or approximately 58%, compared to $5,124,934 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by the activation of 10 MW at our Watonga facility, which commenced operations in May 2024 and contributed approximately $2 million in revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024.

In 2024, the Company’s bitcoin mining operations were influenced by changes in network difficulty, fleet utilization, and overall market pricing compared to 2023. Average bitcoin network difficulty increased 68% from 51.9 trillion to 87.3 trillion, while the Company maintained average per-miner efficiency of 91.6 TH/s compared to 91.7 TH/s in 2023. The average number of active miners changed from 2,118 to 1,941, resulting in average daily bitcoin production decreasing from 0.38 bitcoin to 0.20 bitcoin. The reduction in bitcoin mined was partially offset by a 129% increase in the average bitcoin price (from $28,750 to $65,776), leading to total revenue of $4.18 million compared to $4.37 million in 2023.

In 2023, the average price of bitcoin was approximately $30,000, compared to $65,000 in 2024. Bitcoin halving is a scheduled event that cuts the block reward for miners in half, reducing the rate at which new bitcoins are created and tightening supply every four years. The halving event occurred in April 2024, reducing mining rewards by 50%, and partially offsetting the benefit of the higher market price. In response, the Company shifted its strategy to reduce exposure to bitcoin price volatility by expanding its hosting services. By the end of 2024, the Company had hosting clients under contract representing 28 MWs combined. As a result, self-mining contributed 52% of total revenue in 2024, down from 85% in 2023, with the balance attributable to hosting activities. Self-mining was not fully operational at the start of 2023 but reached full capacity by the second quarter as we began to bring new sites online. The Company then began tapering self-mining in the third quarter of 2024 as it shifted focus toward hosting services to generate more stable and predictable revenue streams.

Cost of Revenue

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change			% Change
Cost of revenue
Hosting expenses	$	3,063,949	$	3,582,377	$	(518,428	)		(14	)%
Electricity		2,026,022		—		2,026,022			—
Contract labor		125,484		—		125,484			—
Shipping and postage		155,594		—		155,594			—
Total cost of revenue	$	5,371,049	$	3,582,377	$	1,788,672			50	%

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $5,371,049, representing an increase of $1,788,672 compared to $3,582,377 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the operational launch of 10 MW at our Watonga facility in May 2024, which incurred approximately $2 million in electricity costs.

In early 2023, prior to the Company’s acquisition of power sources such as T20, FCNC, and SPRE Watonga, OK, LLC, the Company operated as a hosted client under third-party providers to activate its mining fleet. These hosted arrangements carried significantly higher power cost margins, resulting in elevated cost of revenues. In 2024, the Company transitioned to utilizing its owned infrastructure, significantly reducing reliance on third-party providers, and improving cost efficiency.

General and Administrative Expenses

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023			$ Change			% Change
Stock-based compensation	$	313,640	$	(872	)	$	314,512			36,068	%
Wages and salaries		627,657		993,752			(366,095	)		(37	)%
Taxes and other expenses		90,408		80,849			9,559			12	%
Utilities		13,446		841			12,605			14,988	%
Rent and lease expense		261,341		40,779			220,562			541	%
Professional fees		1,202,456		558,919			643,537			115	%
Insurance		320,388		143,333			177,055			124	%
Travel, meals, and entertainment		33,442		52,359			(18,917	)		(36	)%
Supplies and software		149,686		(59,168	)		208,854			353	%
Other general and administrative expenses		334,083		198,635			135,448			68	%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	3,346,547	$	2,009,427		$	1,337,120			67	%

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $3,346,547, an increase of $1,337,120 compared to $2,009,427 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the adjustment of stock-based compensation valuations for options during 2024 totaling approximately $313,000 and recognition of type 2 warrants granted for professional services totaling approximately $664,000. In addition, the activation of 10 MW at our Watonga facility contributed approximately $344,000 in general and administrative expenses related to facility operations. Wages and salaries decreased by approximately $366,000 in 2024, primarily due to a payroll reimbursement from TCM for shared personnel costs. Other general and administrative costs remained stable between 2023 and 2024.

Depreciation Expense

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change			% Change
Depreciation expense	$	7,164,034	$	7,711,015	$	(546,981	)		(7	)%

Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $7,164,034, a decrease of $546,981 compared to $7,711,015 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the contribution of miners to the T20 expansion and the subsequent reduction in depreciation expense associated with the transfer of fixed assets.

Joint Ventures

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change			% Change
Other (expense) income: JV Investments
(Loss) income from equity method investments	$	(274,270	)	$	(166,466	)	$	(107,804	)		65	%
Gain on sale of equity method investments		835,046			—			835,046			—
Gain on sale of investment in joint venture		155,286			—			155,286			—
Total other (expense) income: JV Investments	$	716,062		$	(166,466	)	$	882,528			(530	)%

Joint venture other income consists of Company interests in TCM, T20, and FCNC entities. Joint venture other income (expense) for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $716,062, an increase of $882,528 compared to $(166,466) for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is driven primarily by the sale of 10% interest in the T20 entity which resulted in a $835,046 gain and the divestiture of the FCNC location which resulted in a $155,286 gain for the Company.

Conversion of note payable

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change			% Change
Gain on conversion of note payable	$	—	$	105,464	$	(105,464	)		(100	)%

Gain on conversion of note payable for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $105,464. The amount in 2023 represents Preferred Stock – Series A amortization of the discount for the year. There were no transactions in 2024.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change			% Change
Change in fair value of warrant liability	$	(2,566,552	)	$	(1,557,234	)	$	(1,009,318	)		65	%

Change in fair value of warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $2,566,552, an increase of $1,009,318 compared to $1,557,234 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The amount represents the increase in fair value of type 1 warrants from 2024 to 2023 due to the increased share price of the Company.

Change in Fair Value of Digital Assets

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
Change in fair value of digital assets	$	188,682	$	28,760	$	159,922		556	%

Change in fair value of digital assets for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $188,682, an increase of $159,922 compared to $28,760 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is driven by the increase in market value for bitcoin at each of the defined period close dates. The Company held 5.39 bitcoins on December 31, 2024 and 2.47 bitcoins on December 31, 2023. The Company has sold all bitcoin as of July 2025.

Loss on Disposals, Loans, and Other Investments

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change			% Change
Other (expense) income: loss on disposals, loans, other investments
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	$	(2,525,408	)	$	(369,407	)	$	(2,156,001	)		584	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(83,757	)		—			(83,757	)		—
Loan on sale of loans receivable		—			(104,197	)		104,197			100	%
Loss on other investments		—			(258,000	)		258,000			100	%
Other expenses, net		(7,947	)		(49,079	)		41,132			(84	)%
Total other (expense) income: loss on disposals, loans, other investments	$	(2,617,112	)	$	(780,683	)	$	(1,836,429	)		235	%

Other income (expense) related to disposals, loans, and other investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $2,617,112, an increase of $1,836,429 compared to a loss of $780,683 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The expense is primarily driven by the contribution of miners to T20, which resulted in a loss of $2,525,408 for 2024.

Interest Expense, Net

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			$ Change		% Change
Interest expense, net	$	(1,119,496	)	$	(1,246,375	)	$	126,879		(10	)%

Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,119,496, a decrease of $126,879 compared to $1,246,375 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is driven by a decrease in notes payable from $5,068,999 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $6,216,217 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In this registration statement, we have provided a non-GAAP measure, which we define as financial information that has not been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measure provided herein is earnings before interest, taxes, non-cash and other items (“Adjusted EBITDA”). Adjusted EBITDA should be viewed as supplemental to, and not as an alternative for, net income or loss calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP (referred to below as “Net loss”).

We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in their analysis of our results because it helps facilitate investor understanding of decisions made by management in light of the performance metrics used in making those decisions. In addition, as more fully described below, we believe that providing Adjusted EBITDA, together with a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA, helps investors make comparisons between our Company and other companies that may have different capital structures, different effective income tax rates and tax attributes, different capitalized asset values, and/or different forms of employee compensation. However, Adjusted EBITDA is not intended as a substitute for comparisons based on net loss. In making any comparisons to other companies, investors need to be aware that companies use different non-GAAP measures to evaluate their financial performance. Investors should pay close attention to the specific definition being used and to the reconciliation between such measures and the corresponding U.S. GAAP measures provided by each company under applicable SEC rules.

Limitations on the use of non-GAAP financial measures

There are limitations to using non-GAAP financial measures because non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures provided by other companies.

The non-GAAP financial measures are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgments by management about which items are adjusted to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures. We compensate for these limitations by analyzing current and future results on a U.S. GAAP basis as well as a non-GAAP basis and also by providing U.S. GAAP measures in our public disclosures.

Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business and to view our non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.

The following tables reconciles the specific items excluded from U.S. GAAP metrics in the calculation of non-GAAP metrics for the periods shown below:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
Revenue	$	8,057,476		$	6,153,285

Net Income (loss)		831,828			(7,899,900	)

Depreciation and amortization (inclusive of ROU amortization)		3,358,079			5,753,430
Interest expense, net		1,450,812			894,684
Income tax expense		284,771			—
Stock based compensation		799,823			257,598
Change in fair value of warrant liability		5,536,816			288,376
Change in fair value of digital assets		(81,919	)		(733,552	)
Gain on sale of equity method investments		—			(835,046	)
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment		(462	)		2,094,030
Loss on settlement of lease liability		692,837			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt		1,037,501			46,774
Gain on remeasurement of investment in TCM		(14,549,536	)		(2,094,030	)

Adjusted EBITDA	$	(639,450	)	$	(2,227,636	)

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was a loss of $639,450 as compared to a loss of $2,227,636 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an improvement of $1,588,186. The improvement is driven primarily by increased revenues partially offset by operating costs associated with public readiness and personnel growth.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Net loss	$	(13,184,374	)	$	(12,425,544	)

Depreciation and amortization (inclusive of ROU amortization)		7,164,034			7,711,015
Interest expense		1,119,496			1,246,375
Income tax expense		—			631,125
Stock-based compensation		313,640			(872	)
Change in fair value of warrant liability		2,566,552			1,557,234
Change in fair value of digital assets		(188,682	)		(28,760	)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		2,525,408			369,407

Adjusted EBITDA	$	316,074		$	(940,020	)

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 was income of $316,074 compared to a loss of $940,020 for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $1,256,094. The increase is primarily caused by higher non-cash adjustments such as fair value remeasurement of warrant liabilities, stock based compensation, and a one-time loss tied to asset contributions to T20.

Going Concern, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Comparison of the Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception resulting in an accumulated deficit of $32,425,045 as of September 30, 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company had operating cash outflows of $2,526,814 and had an operating loss of $5,866,060. The Company’s operations have been funded partially through the issuance of debt. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

In assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, the Company monitors and analyzes its cash and its ability to generate sufficient cash flow in the future to support its operating and capital expenditure commitments. At September 30, 2025, the Company had cash of $18,237,794. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt include raising approximately $28 million through the sale of common stock, of which $21.4 million has already been funded, and obtaining a $500 million credit facility with a third party, as described under “Recent Developments”. Management concludes these plans will alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the one-year period extending from the date of issuance of these financial statements.

Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception resulting in an accumulated deficit of $33,256,873 as of December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had operating cash outflows of $2,021,408 and had an operating loss of $7,785,958. The Company’s operations have been funded partially through the issuance of debt. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements.

In assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, the Company monitors and analyzes its cash and its ability to generate sufficient cash flow in the future to support its operating and capital expenditure commitments. At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash of $3,970,466. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt at December 31, 2024 included the acquisition of TCM, expansion of the operations of T20 and Watonga, and acquisition of more high performance computers to increase revenues and improve gross margin. Accordingly, at December 31, 2024, management concluded these plans do not alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date of the consolidated financial statements.

Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth a summary of cash flows for the periods presented:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024

Net cash used in operating activities	$	(2,526,814	)	$	(870,153	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		2,808,437			(1,821,427	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		13,985,705			3,847,122
Net change in cash	$	14,267,328		$	1,155,542

Net Cash Used In Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $2,526,814 increased by $1,656,661 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to cash used in operating activities of $870,153 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was driven by costs incurred with public readiness and increased personnel costs associated with the Company’s growth..

Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities of $2,808,437 increased by $4,629,864 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to cash used in investing activities of $1,821,427 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This is primarily due to $2,441,275 of cash acquired on April 1, 2025 as part of our acquisition of TCM and an increase of distributions from T20, an equity method investment, of $1,557,000.

Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $13,985,705 increased by $10,138,583 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to cash provided by financing activities of $3,847,122 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This is primarily due to proceeds from sale of common stock of $21,355,080, offset by repayments on debt of $5,978,462 and repayments on finance lease obligations of $1,289,600.

Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table sets forth a summary of cash flows for the years presented:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023

Net cash used in operating activities	$	(2,021,408	)	$	(905,884	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,871,322	)		(63,631	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		7,231,852			114,981
Net change in cash	$	3,339,122		$	(854,534	)

Net Cash Used In Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $2,021,408 increased by $1,115,524 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to cash used in operating activities of $905,884 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven by the loss on the disposal of contributed assets related to the expansion of our Tulsa, Oklahoma facility and the increase in operating expenses associated with the activation of our Watonga, Oklahoma facility in May 2024. These increases were partially offset by increases in digital asset mining and the partial sale of equity in the Tulsa, Oklahoma facility.

Net Cash Used In Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities of $1,871,322 increased by $1,807,691 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to cash used in investing activities of $63,631 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven by deposits paid on transformers for future expansion and property, plant, and equipment purchases for the Watonga, Oklahoma facility. These increases were partially offset by equity method investment income associated with the Tulsa, Oklahoma facility.

Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $7,231,852 increased by $7,116,871 for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to cash provided by financing activities of $114,981 for the year ended December 31, 2023. This is primarily due to net proceeds from issuance of Series D Preferred Stock of $8,603,000, offset by repayments of debt, including a line of credit and notes payable.

Seasonality

We believe there is some seasonality in our business. In January and February, when temperatures are cool, miners are more efficient. We typically generate more revenue during this period. On the other hand, in July and August, when the power grid is operating at full capacity due to peak power demand, we occasionally shut down certain operations for short durations (typically a few hours) to sell power back to the grid. Our revenue is typically lower during this period. Similarly, we typically see a slight decline in HPC utilization rates in the summer months and over holidays.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations are based upon the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.

On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenues, stock-based compensation, income taxes, contingencies, and litigation.

The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company believes the following critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of its Consolidated Financial Statements affect its more significant judgments and estimates.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for business acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting, in accordance with ASC 805, under which assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their respective fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value of the consideration paid is assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

The Company’s management exercises significant judgments in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as intangibles and their estimated useful lives. Fair value and useful life determinations are based on, among other factors, estimates of future expected cash flows and appropriate discount rates used in computing present values. These judgments may materially impact the estimates used in allocating acquisition date fair values to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as the Company’s current and future operating results. Actual results may vary from these estimates which may result in adjustments to goodwill and acquisition date fair values of assets and liabilities during a measurement period or upon a final determination of asset and liability fair values, whichever occurs first. Adjustments to the fair value of assets and liabilities made after the end of the measurement period are recorded within the Company’s operating results.

Revenue

The Company utilizes judgment to determine whether performance obligations in a contract are distinct and whether they are delivered at a point in time or over time. Judgment is also necessary to assess revenue recognized under variable revenue arrangements.

Revenue from Cryptocurrency Mining

The Company participates in a third-party operated mining pool. As of April 2025, the pool operator is Luxor Technology Corporation. Prior to April 2025, the pool operator was Fortitude Mining, LLC (formerly Foundry Digital). As a result of the change in pool operator, the Company updated its accounting policy to change the end of its contract period from 16:00:00 coordinated universal time (“UTC”) to 23:59:59 UTC. As a participant in the third-party operated mining pool, the Company provides a service to provide computing power to the third-party operated mining pool. The Company’s enforceable right to compensation begins when, and lasts as long as, the Company provides computing power to the mining pool operator.

Step 1: The Company has identified the third-party mining pool operator as its customer. The Company enters into a contract with the customer to provide its computing power to the customer’s mining pool. The contracts are terminable without penalty at any time by either party, and thus the contract term is shorter than a 24-hour period and the contracts are continuously renewed.

Applying the criteria per Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606-10-25-1, the contract arises at the point that the Company provides computing power to the customer's mining pool, which is considered contract inception, because customer consumption is in tandem with delivery of the computing power.

Step 2: In order to identify the performance obligations in a contract with a customer, a company must assess the promised goods or services in the contract and identify each promised good or service that is distinct. A performance obligation meets ASC 606’s definition of a “distinct” good or service (or bundle of goods or services) if both of the following criteria are met:

●

The customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (i.e., the good or service is capable of being distinct); and

●

The entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (i.e., the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract).

Based on these criteria, the Company has identified a single performance obligation of providing computing power to the mining pool operator. The continuous renewal options do not represent material rights because they do not provide the customer with the right to purchase additional goods or services at a discount. Specifically, the contract is renewed at the same terms, conditions, and rate as the current contract which is consistent with market rates, and there are no upfront or incremental fees in the initial contract.

Step 3: The Company receives non-cash consideration in the form of bitcoin, the fair value of which the Company measures at 23:59:59 UTC and 16:00:00 UTC on the date of contract inception using the Company’s principal market for bitcoin, Bitcoin Reference Rate, when the pool operator is Luxor and Foundry, respectively. The contract renews continuously throughout the day, and thus the value of the consideration should be assessed continuously throughout the day, and the Company has concluded to use the 23:59:59 UTC and 16:00:00 UTC bitcoin price each day when the pool operator is Luxor and Foundry, respectively. Revenue is recognized on the same day that control of the services transfers to the customer, which is the same day as contract inception. According to the customer contract, daily settlements are made to the Company by the customer based on the computing power provided over the contract periods occurring over a 24-hour period and the payout is made the following day. There are no other forms of variable considerations, such as discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, penalties, or other similar items.

The Company earns non-cash consideration based on the Full-Pay-Per-Share (“FPPS”) payout method set forth by the customer in the form of bitcoin. The amount of bitcoin the Company is entitled to for providing hash calculations to the customer’s mining pool under the FPPS payout method is made up of block rewards and transaction fees less mining pool fees determined as follows:

●

The non-cash consideration calculated as a block reward over the continuously renewed contract periods is based on the total blocks expected to be generated on the Bitcoin Network for the daily 24-hour period beginning 00:00:00 UTC and 16:00:01 UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC and 16:00:00 UTC when the pool operator is Luxor and Foundry, respectively, in accordance with the following formula: the computing power that the Company provides to the customer as a percent of the Bitcoin Network’s total computing power, multiplied by the total Bitcoin Network block rewards expected to be generated for the same period.

●

The non-cash consideration calculated as transaction fees paid by transaction requestors is based on the share of total actual fees paid over the continuously renewed contract periods beginning 00:00:00 UTC and 16:00:01 UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC and 16:00:00 UTC when the pool operator is Luxor and Foundry, respectively, in accordance with the following formula: total actual transaction fees generated on the Bitcoin Network during the contract period as a percent of total block rewards the Bitcoin Network actually generated during the same period, multiplied by the block rewards the Company earned for the same period noted above.

●

The sum of the block reward and transaction fees earned by the Company is reduced by mining pool fees charged by the customer for operating the mining pool based on a rate schedule per the mining pool contract. The fee charged during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was 0.57% and 0.43%, respectively, and the fee charged during the most recent fiscal year ended was 0.43%. The mining pool fee is only incurred to the extent the Company provides computing power and generates revenue in accordance with the customer’s payout formula during the continuously renewed contract periods beginning 00:00:00 UTC and 16:00:01 UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC and 16:00:00 UTC daily, when the pool operator is Luxor and Foundry, respectively.

Step 4: There is a single performance obligation (i.e., to provide computing power to the customer) for the contract; therefore, all consideration from the customer is allocated to this single performance obligation.

Step 5: The Company’s performance is completed over time as the customer obtains control of the computing power. The performance obligation of computing power is fulfilled over time, as opposed to a point in time, because the Company provides the computing power throughout the contract period and the customer simultaneously obtains control of the service and uses it to produce bitcoin.

There is no deferred revenue or other liability obligations recorded by the Company since there are no payments in advance of the performance, and there are no remaining performance obligations after providing computing power.

Revenue from Mining Hosting Services

The Company has also entered into hosting contracts where it operates mining equipment owned by third parties within its facilities in exchange for a fee or reimbursement of electricity cost including a markup.

Step 1: The Company has identified the third-party mining equipment owners as its customer. The Company enters into a contract with the customer to host its miners on the Company’s network. The contracts are terminable without penalty at any time if the termination is agreed upon by both parties, and thus the contract term is the stated term.

●

Based on these criteria, the Company has identified one performance obligation of hosting the mining equipment. The service the Company provides also includes monitoring, active troubleshooting, and various maintenance levels for the mining equipment.

Step 3: The Company receives non-cash consideration in the form of US Digital Coin (“USDC”). The Company uses a spot rate on of the date of payment from the customer to convert USDC to U.S. dollars.

The Company’s hosting contracts can contain service level agreement clauses, which guarantee a certain percentage of time the power will be available to its customer. In the rare case that the Company may incur penalties under these clauses, the Company recognizes the payment as variable consideration and a reduction of the transaction price and, therefore, of revenue, when not in exchange for a good or service from the customer.

Customer contracts can include advance payment terms in the form of monthly cash prepayments and/or upfront cash payments at contract inception. Advance payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over time (generally, the month of hosting service to which they relate) as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the Company’s performance. There is no significant financing component in these transactions due to the short-term nature of the payments.

Step 4: No allocation of transaction price is required as there is only one performance obligation in each contract.

Step 5: The Company recognizes variable hosting revenue each month as the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved, hosting services are provided to its customer, and its customer utilizes the hosting service (the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the Company’s performance). The Company’s performance obligation related to these services is satisfied over time.

Revenue from Compute Power

The Company generates revenue primarily from providing compute power to a marketplace, but in some instances provides power directly to end users. Our largest sale channel by revenue, RunPod operates as a third-party marketplace and sales channel through which the Company makes its deployed compute power capacity available to end users. Under these arrangements, RunPod contracts directly with end users, sets end-user pricing, and is responsible for customer onboarding, billing, and collections. The Company does not have a direct contractual relationship with end users accessing compute services through the RunPod platform. Instead, RunPod purchases compute capacity from the Company and resells access to that capacity to its customers, retaining approximately 20% of end-user revenue as a marketplace fee under its standard service terms. Accordingly, RunPod is the Company’s direct customer in these marketplace compute power arrangements. This structure is generally consistent with the manner in which the Company utilizes other third-party marketplaces as sales and distribution channels The compute power is maintained by the Company and made available to customers for large-scale cloud processing.

Marketplace provider partners (RunPod, for example) manage orchestration and customer acquisition in exchange for a revenue share. In RunPod’s case, currently 80% of revenue is shared to the Company and 20% to RunPod under RunPod’s standard service terms.

Step 1: In arrangements with a marketplace provider partner, the Company has identified the marketplace as its customer. In arrangements entered into directly with end users, the end user is the customer.

The Company has entered into agreements which are structured around ongoing service delivery, with compute power provided on a usage basis. The contract is enforceable and includes defined terms for service levels, pricing, and revenue sharing. The contract is continuously active and renewed, with no penalties for termination, and services are delivered daily based on actual usage.

Applying the criteria per ASC 606-10-25-1, the contract arises at the point the Company begins providing compute power through its bare metal servers. This marks contract inception, as the customer’s consumption of compute power is simultaneous with the Company’s delivery of the service. The contract supports continuous usage-based billing, and the Company’s enforceable right to compensation begins and continues as long as compute power hours are delivered and consumed by customers.

●

Based on these criteria, the Company has identified a single performance obligation to provide compute power to customers. The continuous renewal options do not represent material rights because they do not provide the customer with the right to purchase additional goods or services at a discount. Specifically, the contract is renewed at the same terms, conditions, and rate as the current contract, which is consistent with market rates, and there are no upfront or incremental fees in the initial contract.

Step 3: In arrangements with a marketplace provider partner, the transaction price is based on net revenue shared by the marketplace to the Company. In arrangements entered into directly with end users, the transaction price is based on revenue received directly from end users for compute power. There is no non-cash consideration involved, and all payments are made in U.S. dollars. The contract does not include other forms of variable consideration such as rebates, penalties, or bonuses, except for service credits tied to uptime performance, which are treated as variable consideration and reduce the transaction price when applicable.

Step 4: There is a single performance obligation (i.e., to provide compute power) for the contract; therefore, all consideration from the customer is allocated to this single performance obligation.

Step 5: The Company’s performance is completed over time as compute power is delivered and consumed. The performance obligation of computing power is fulfilled over time, as opposed to a point in time, because the Company provides the compute power throughout the contract period and the customer simultaneously obtains control of the service and integrates it into its platform offerings.

There are no deferred revenues or remaining obligations once compute power is delivered.

Stock-based compensation

Under the fair value recognition provision, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company makes certain assumptions to value and expense its various share-based payment awards. The fair value is determined using an option pricing model. The cost of awards of equity instruments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, which is the requisite service period, and is recorded as stock-based compensation expense.

Income Taxes

The Company utilizes judgment and estimates in assessing the need for the valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carry-forwards. In the event the Company were to determine that it would not be able to realize all or part of its net deferred tax assets, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

In August 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-05, Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Topic 805): Recognition and Initial Measurement. This standard addresses the accounting for contributions made to a joint venture, upon formation, in a joint venture's separate financial statements. The new requirements are effective for all joint ventures within the ASU’s scope that are formed on or after January 1, 2025. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, which will be reflected in the December 31, 2025 consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, a final standard on improvements to income tax disclosures. The standard requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard applies to all entities subject to income taxes and is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. For public business entities, the new requirements will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2025. The adoption of this standard is reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This guidance requires additional disclosure of certain amounts included in the expense captions presented on the statement of operations as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Topic 470). This guidance clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application, for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in ASU 2020-06. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-04 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). This guidance contains amendments that provide decision-useful information to investors and other financial statement users while reducing the time and effort necessary to analyze and estimate credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2025-05 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

BUSINESS

Overview

QumulusAI is a cloud infrastructure company specializing in rapid deployment of graphics processing unit (“GPU”)-powered solutions for artificial intelligence (“AI”) applications, serving a critical market that is often overlooked by hyperscale providers focused on the largest enterprises. Our platform delivers flexible, competitively priced, and customizable solutions for underserved small and mid-market customers—including machine learning teams, AI infrastructure startups, and research institutions—while also supporting the scale and complexity requirements of large enterprises, such as long-term deployments or supplemental on-demand compute capacity.

QumulusAI is headquartered in Marietta, Georgia. Here, we operate more than 800 GPUs across two colocation data centers, plus one in Kansas City, Missouri. We have secured rights of first refusal for 30 MW of information technology (“IT”) load capacity space for our GPU equipment and we are actively planning for expansion exceeding 120MW of total IT load across our platform with potential to support over 90,000 NVIDIA B200s (among the latest generation GPUs purpose-built for foundation model training), or as many as 1,500,000 GPUs optimized for AI inference at scale.

The majority of our revenue derives from flexible consumption models that align with evolving customer needs. According to an International Data Corporation report, 43% of enterprises now split their compute usage between on-demand and reserved/commitment-based instances—highlighting that less than half of workloads are committed long-term (AI Computing Resources Rental Market Report. PW Consulting Information & Electronics Research Center. Published 05/13/2025. https://pmarketresearch.com/it/ai-computing-resources-rental-market/).

In 2023, a S&S Insider report found 69% of GPU as a Service revenue came from pay-per-use (on demand) pricing models, demonstrating a strong preference for flexibility over reserved pricing (GPU As A Service Market Size, Share & Segmentation By Pricing Model (Pay-per-use, Subscription-based Plans), By Deployment Model, By Enterprise Type, By Application, By Region, And Global Forecast 2024-2032, S&S Insider, February 2025. https://www.snsinsider.com/reports/gpu-as-a-service-market-5782). Our platform capitalizes on this market preference by offering multiple engagement models—from pay-as-you-go to reserved instances—enabling us to capture premium pricing while maintaining high utilization across our infrastructure.

Our QumulusAI cloud compute ecosystem combines proprietary software and cloud services, developed in collaboration with technology partners, to optimize AI workflows at scale. This ecosystem approach enables us to deliver comprehensive solutions that extend beyond raw compute power, incorporating orchestration, automation, and monitoring capabilities that reduce operational complexity for our customers. Our platform currently powers varied AI use cases and is trusted by leading AI and high-performance computing (“HPC”) infrastructure platforms and marketplaces, including RunPod Inc., Shadeform, Hydra Host, Inc., and Vast.ai Inc.

We are in the process of establishing collaborations and relationships across the AI ecosystem—including with leading chipmakers, original equipment manufacturers, value-added resellers, and software vendors—enabling rapid procurement and deployment of critical infrastructure components. To date, we have formalized our relationship with hosted.ai. The exclusive partnership enables us to build a next-generation multi-tenant inference cloud. hosted.ai software-defined GPU technology allows for elastic resource provisioning and GPU overcommitment capabilities, meaning we can serve more customers per GPU while maintaining optimal performance.

Industry research indicates that, in conventional environments where customers are granted exclusive access to specific GPUs, effective hardware-level utilization is often materially below theoretical capacity due to workload intermittency, scheduling inefficiencies, and software and system-level constraints. For example, SemiAnalysis has noted that, “In practice, Nvidia GPUs typically achieve only about a small portion of their theoretical peak once communication overhead, memory stalls, power limits, and other system effects are factored in. A good rule of thumb for training is ~30%… with utilization varying heavily by workload” (TPUv7: Google Takes a Swing at the Inference Market, SemiAnalysis. 11/28/2025. https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/tpuv7-google-takes-a-swing-at-the). Even when all available GPU hours are sold, these factors can result in meaningful portions of deployed hardware capacity remaining idle or underutilized.

Through our collaboration with hosted.ai, whose software platform is currently in an early (alpha) stage of development, we intend to deploy a software abstraction and orchestration layer designed to enable dynamic workload placement, elastic resource provisioning, and the sharing of GPU capacity across multiple customers over time. Rather than assigning exclusive access to specific physical GPUs, this approach is intended to allow workloads to be scheduled across available capacity, enabling physical GPU resources to support multiple customers depending on demand.

Our agreement with hosted.ai establishes a strategic collaboration to jointly commercialize an integrated AI compute and GPU-as-a-Service offering. Under the arrangement, hosted.ai licenses its software stack to us for deployment on our infrastructure, subject to agreed-upon governance, licensing, exclusivity, revenue-sharing, and intellectual property provisions. While we believe this architecture has the potential to increase sustained fleet-level GPU utilization under certain operating conditions compared to traditional deployment approaches, actual utilization levels will depend on customer demand, workload characteristics, system maturity, and execution, and may vary materially over time. There can be no assurance that any particular utilization level will be achieved.

Additionally, through our largest channel partner, RunPod Inc. (“RunPod”), we have access to a customer base of over 10,000 AI developers and organizations utilizing the RunPod marketplace. Our servers deployed on the RunPod platform host up to approximately 2,000 monthly active users (“MAUs”), based on information provided to us by RunPod. For purposes of this estimate, RunPod defines an MAU as a unique, billable end-user account or system account that consumes compute resources on the RunPod platform during a given calendar month. RunPod operates as a third-party marketplace and sales channel and maintains the direct contractual relationship with end users accessing compute services through its platform. Under the operational and contractual parameters of the RunPod marketplace, RunPod controls user authentication, account creation, billing, and usage monitoring. The Company does not have direct access to end-user-level data and does not independently determine or verify user uniqueness using identifiers such as IP addresses, know-your-customer (“KYC”) processes, or other attribution mechanisms. Accordingly, the Company relies on aggregated usage and activity information reported by RunPod.

As a result, the reported MAU figure represents an estimate and may be subject to significant variability from day to day and month to month, depending on customer demand, workload patterns, and how end users utilize and scale their workloads on the platform. The Company does not make representations regarding the precision of this estimate beyond the information provided by RunPod.

Revenue generated from compute services accessed through the RunPod marketplace is shared on an 80% QumulusAI / 20% RunPod basis under RunPod’s standard service terms, as described below under “—Our Customers.” Because the Company’s contractual relationship is with RunPod rather than individual end users, the Company does not have visibility into whether any individual end user or entity accounts for a material portion of the activity reflected in the MAU estimate. Any concentration of usage or revenue at the end-user level is therefore not directly observable by the Company.

These marketplace users rely on QumulusAI to provision, operate, and maintain the underlying compute infrastructure, while RunPod provides the marketplace and performs customer acquisition, sales, billing, and related customer management functions.

Our historical operations include the construction and management of over 100 MW of data center capacity, supporting some of the largest participants in the blockchain ecosystem. This experience provides us with proven capabilities in power procurement, data center operations, and infrastructure scaling that directly translate to our AI-focused offerings. As we strategically taper our blockchain offerings and repurpose our power portfolio for HPC workloads, we are uniquely positioned to address the growth in demand for AI infrastructure against the backdrop of constrained power availability and rising electricity costs.

Our strategic holdover business—managed services for crypto mining infrastructure—serves as both a valuable revenue generator and a critical component of our infrastructure strategy. We currently participate in all Demand Response and Curtailment programs offered by the utility providers. This enables us to turn our power off safely within minutes to support power needed by the grid, thus creating additional revenue. Unlike passive battery storage systems that provide no economic value until discharged, our managed crypto mining infrastructure generates continuous revenue while offering the same grid-balancing capabilities. We can scale power consumption to near-capacity within minutes or instantly curtail operations to return energy to the grid during peak demand periods, generating additional operating profits. This dynamic load flexibility enables us to secure large blocks of low-cost base power capacity and positions our strategic holdover business to function as both an active revenue generator and a scalable energy asset. Demand Response and Curtailment revenue and credits for the period of November 2024 through September 2025 were $325,000 at our Watonga facility and $1.9 million for the period of February 2024 through September 2025 at T20. The revenue and credits were applied against the facility power costs and resulted in a $0.004 and $0.006 reduction in dollars per kilowatt hours at Watonga and T20, respectively.

We currently receive bitcoin from mining and liquidate it daily. We have liquidated our reserves and currently do not hold any other digital assets. In the future, we may additionally hold USDC to satisfy the payment of loans pursuant to our guidance facility with Permian Labs described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments,” which requires payments to be made in USDC. Our mining pool automatically sweeps all bitcoin earnings from the prior 24 hours once per day to NYDIG Trust Company LLC (“NYDIG”), which serves as the Company’s exchange and custodian. Pursuant to our agreement with NYDIG, we pay an annual fee ranging between 0.10% and 0.25% of the per annum depending on the amount of the custodied digital assets, subject to a minimum fee of $2,500 per quarter. Upon receipt, NYDIG liquidates the bitcoin to U.S. dollars within approximately 30 minutes, minimizing exposure to price volatility. As a result, bitcoin is held only briefly—first in the mining pool’s wallet and then in NYDIG’s custodial account prior to conversion. We do not retain digital assets for speculative purposes, do not maintain material balances, and have no other exchange relationships beyond NYDIG, which employs institutional-grade security and custody protocols. NYDIG provided a termination notice to the Company on December 29, 2025, and services pursuant to this agreement will conclude on April 15, 2026.

Company History

Early Operations (2019–2021)

The Company traces its origins to WAHA Technologies, Inc. (“WAHA”) and WAHA, Inc. (renamed SPRE Commercial Group, Inc., or “SPRE”), both incorporated in 2019. SPRE focused on data center assets and operations, while WAHA specialized in blockchain managed services. In December 2022, the two entities completed a corporate roll-up to form Global Digital Holdings, Inc. and remain wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. In April 2025 (after a substantial minority investment in October 2023), Global Digital Holdings, Inc., acquired The Cloud Minders, Inc. (a company focused on GPU-as-a-Service (“GPUaaS”) assets and operations), now a wholly owned subsidiary, and rebranded the combined operations as QumulusAI. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments” for additional information regarding our acquisition of The Cloud Minders, Inc. On August 18, 2025, Global Digital Holdings, Inc. changed its name to QumulusAI, Inc.

Formation of Global Digital Holdings and Data Center Expansion (2022–2024)

In December 2022, WAHA Technologies and SPRE completed a corporate roll-up to consolidate all shareholders under a single cap table, forming Global Digital Holdings, Inc. (“GDH”). In August 2022, SPRE sold the original Washington, Georgia facility, and WAHA Technologies sold 10 MW of ASIC miners to Cleanspark. GDH activated its next 12 MW facility in March 2023 in Forest City, North Carolina, under FCNC Venture, LLC, and sold this facility in December 2024. In March 2023, GDH formed a joint venture, T20 Mining Group, LLC, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, activating 20 MW in August 2023 and an additional approximately 25 MW in January 2025, both currently operational. In June 2024, GDH created SPRE Watonga, OK LLC, activating approximately 12 MW in Watonga, Oklahoma, which remains active. In August 2023, GDH formed SPRE Denton TX, LLC and won a 20 MW RFP with Denton Municipal Electric (“DME”), with plans to permit in the fourth quarter of 2025 and activate in the first half of 2026.

Acquisition of The Cloud Minders and Rebranding as QumulusAI (2025)

In October 2023, GDH acquired a 49% interest in The Cloud Minders, Inc. (“TCM”), a provider of GPUaaS infrastructure for artificial intelligence and high-performance computing workloads. GDH completed the acquisition of the remaining 51% of TCM in April 2025, as described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments.” Following this transaction, the combined operations were officially rebranded as QumulusAI, Inc. on August 18, 2025 and now operate as an integrated platform primarily focused on AI/HPC infrastructure, with blockchain managed services and data center assets as secondary operations. Our platform powers some of the most compute-intensive projects underway today, and we’ve experienced rapid growth since the launch of our GPUaaS business line, all of which is generated through TCM. GPUaaS revenue grew from approximately $1.0 million in 2023 to $2.7 million in 2024, an increase of over 170%, driven largely by marketplace demand from partners such as RunPod Inc. (our relationship with which is managed by TCM). During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, GPUaaS generated an estimated $2.75 million in revenue—matching its total revenue for all of 2024.

Formation of Joint Venture

Sale of Joint Venture Interest

Operating and Financial Performance History

GDH revenue grew from approximately $5.1 million in 2023 to $8.1 million in 2024, nearly doubling year-over-year as the firm expanded crypto-focused hosting operations and deepened relationships with long-term customers seeking stable, scalable infrastructure.

During this period of continued growth and infrastructure expansion, we made significant investments in both our HPC business, TCM—in which we held a 49% ownership interest prior to the April 2025 acquisition—and our digital asset data center and hosting platform. TCM generated positive net income of approximately $190,000 in 2023 before scaling operations significantly in 2024, resulting in a net loss of approximately $2.9 million. GDH, which carries the majority of our fixed infrastructure and power-related expenses, reported net losses of approximately $12.4 million in 2023 and $13.2 million in 2024.

On August 18, 2025, Global Digital Holdings, Inc. changed its name to QumulusAI, Inc.

Industry Background

Over the last fifty years, technology has undergone several fundamental shifts that have dramatically boosted productivity across industries.

During the 1960s, the advent of mainframe computers introduced large-scale computing and data storage capabilities to numerous organizations, enabling innovations like high-volume transaction processing in the banking sector.

The 1980s saw the rise of client-server architecture, which significantly lowered computing costs and sparked the personal computer revolution—making personal computers (“PCs”) widely accessible and driving major productivity improvements.

In the 1990s, the internet reshaped how people worked, communicated, shopped, and learned, altering daily life and business practices.

The following decades, spanning the 2000s and 2010s, were defined by the rapid adoption of mobile technologies and cloud computing. This introduced unparalleled flexibility in computing resources and unlocked new experiences for customers and developers alike, giving rise to millions of innovative digital products and services.

Beginning in 2009, blockchain technology introduced decentralized computing and cryptographic verification methods, enabling digital assets and distributed applications. From 2010 through 2020, advances in AI—driven by breakthroughs in algorithms, large-scale datasets, and high-performance compute—expanded adoption across industries.

Building on this historical trajectory, AI has emerged as the next transformative wave in technology, with the potential to exceed the impact of previous revolutions. Generative AI is being adopted faster than any major technology in recent history. Research shows that within two years of ChatGPT’s launch, 39.4% of working-age Americans had adopted generative AI—approximately twice the adoption rate of personal computers or the internet at similar stages in their development (Bick, A., Blandin, A., & Deming, D. “The Rapid Adoption of Generative AI.” NBER Working Paper 32966, September 2024). Looking ahead, Gartner forecasts that by 2026, more than 80% of enterprises will have used generative AI APIs, models, or deployed AI-enabled applications in production environments—up from less than 5% in 2023 (Gartner, “Gartner Says More Than 80% of Enterprises Will Have Used Generative AI APIs or Deployed Generative AI-Enabled Applications by 2026,” Published 10/11/23. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-10-11-gartner-says-more-than-80-percent-of-enterprises-will-have-used-generative-ai-apis-or-deployed-generative-ai-enabled-applications-by-2026). Moreover, since 2012, the computational power deployed for leading AI model training has been growing at an exponential rate, roughly doubling every three to four months (AI and compute. OpenAI. Published 05/16/2018. https://openai.com/index/ai-and-compute/). This surge in computing capability “may prove almost as transformative to the economy as the Industrial Revolution” say many industry analysts—with AI expected to foster productivity gains, enable new products, influence traditional industries, and enable organizations to operate more efficiently (Does the Rise of AI Compare to the Industrial Revolution? ‘Almost,’ Research Suggests. Columbia Business School Research in Brief. Published 04/16/2024. https://business.columbia.edu/research-brief/research-brief/ai-industrial-revolution).

Artificial intelligence represents a pivotal driver of technological progress, with recent research substantially increasing economic impact projections. McKinsey's 2024 analysis projects that AI software and services could generate total economic potential of $15.5 trillion to $22.9 trillion annually by 2040, with generative AI alone contributing $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion annually (AI Could Generate Up To $23 Trillion Annually by 2040. McKinsey. Published 11/05/24. https://www.marketingaiinstitute.com/blog/mckinsey-ai-economic-impact; Generative AI can add up to $4.4 trillion in productivity annually. Consultancy.eu. Published October 9, 2023. https://www.consultancy.eu/news/9358/generative-ai-can-add-up-to-44-trillion-in-productivity-annually). According to industry analysts, global spending on AI infrastructure, including training and inference systems, workload orchestration, high-performance storage, and networking, is projected to approach $337 billion in 2025 and rise to $749 billion by 2028 (CIOs to spend ambitiously on AI in 2025 — and beyond. CIO. Published 11/24/2025. https://www.cio.com/article/3601606/cios-to-spend-ambitiously-on-ai-in-2025-and-beyond.html).

Demand- and Supply-Side Factors Enabling AI

We believe that a combination of demand and supply side factors is enabling the massive and unprecedented growth of AI and powering the new industrial revolution.

Demand-Side Drivers

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AI Capabilities Have Evolved Rapidly

The field of AI has seen substantial advancement, enabling a wide range of new applications. What began as systems built on simple predictions and pattern recognition has now evolved into large-scale foundational models capable of complex reasoning and decision-making. Beyond generative AI—focused on content generation—we’re now entering the era of agentic AI, which may proactively assist, advise, and take actions across a broad spectrum of tasks and industries.

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AI Delivers Tangible Value to Individuals and Enterprises

AI is transforming how people and businesses interact with technology in a variety of sectors, including pharmaceuticals, education, software development, and customer engagement. Furthermore, AI is addressing productivity challenges in high-skill fields by automating routine functions and amplifying human expertise. McKinsey research characterizes AI as a transformative technology that amplifies human capabilities, with the potential to automate activities involving expertise increasing by 34 percentage points, fundamentally changing knowledge work across professions (Superagency in the workplace: Empowering people to unlock AI’s full potential. McKinsey. Published 01/18/25. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/superagency-in-the-workplace-empowering-people-to-unlock-ais-full-potential-at-work). .

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AI is Becoming Part of Enterprise Strategy

Organizations are increasingly viewing AI not just as a tool but as a driver of competitive advantage. Leadership teams are fundamentally reshaping IT budgets and strategic plans to prioritize AI. PwC reports that 49% of technology leaders have fully integrated AI into their core business strategy (2025 AI Business Predictions. PWC. https://www.pwc.com/us/en/tech-effect/ai-analytics/ai-predictions.html). We believe the integration of AI into business models and workflows is becoming increasingly important for maintaining relevance and gaining market share in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.

Supply-Side Drivers

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Widespread Sophistication of Foundational Models

We believe the boom in both proprietary and open-source foundational models has opened the door for more organizations to build and deploy AI-driven tools. These models have gained strength through scale and investment, yet they depend heavily on efficient, high-performance cloud infrastructure to unlock their full potential.

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Data Volume Is Exploding

AI’s growth is sustained by a massive and growing data pool—from proprietary enterprise data to public repositories and rapidly emerging synthetic datasets. Harnessing that data for practical AI applications demands extensive compute power and storage infrastructure.

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AI-Specific Infrastructure Is Rapidly Improving

Infrastructure systems have evolved dramatically to match the needs of modern AI workloads. For instance, analysis of GPU performance shows that floating-point operations (“FLOPS”) for machine learning-specific workloads have doubled every 2.3 years (The computational performance of machine learning hardware has doubled every 2.3 years. Epoch AI. Published 10/23/2024. https://epoch.ai/data-insights/peak-performance-hardware-on-different-precisions). These sustained improvements in cost-efficiency and speed are lowering barriers to entry and fueling innovation.

Returns Beyond ROI

While return on investment (“ROI”) is often used as the primary lens for evaluating AI adoption, industry observers note that organizations frequently pursue AI initiatives for reasons that extend well beyond short-term profitability. These motivations—spanning competitive dynamics, capability development, and geopolitical strategy—underscore the multifaceted nature of AI’s strategic value. As summarized by GenInnov (The Strategic Calculus of AI: Returns Beyond ROI. GenInnov. Published 08/20/2025. https://www.geninnov.ai/blog/the-strategic-calculus-of-ai-returns-beyond-roi), motivations include:

Survival Against Disruption: Established firms invest in AI to avoid being displaced by AI-native competitors who can deliver the same functions more efficiently and at lower cost.

Geopolitical Competition and Sovereignty: Nations and industries invest in AI infrastructure to maintain global influence, protect economic security, and ensure relevance in the emerging technology race—particularly where reliance on foreign technology is viewed as a strategic vulnerability.

Attracting and Retaining Talent: Cutting-edge AI projects act as magnets for top technical talent, creating long-term innovation advantages even if near-term returns are uncertain.

Building Internal Capabilities: Even projects that fail to deliver immediate ROI contribute by developing infrastructure, processes, and expertise that strengthen future efforts.

High-Risk, High-Reward Investment: Many organizations treat AI investment like venture capital: broad experimentation may yield losses, but a single breakthrough can create transformative value.

Strategic Ecosystem Leverage: Companies may offer AI tools at low or negative margins if doing so drives adoption of other profitable products or locks users into their broader ecosystems.

Data Advantage: AI deployments can generate proprietary datasets that compound in value over time, creating barriers to entry that competitors cannot easily replicate.

Reducing Vendor Dependence: Developing in-house AI capabilities can reduce reliance on external providers that may later raise prices or control critical infrastructure.

Strategic Positioning Risk: Organizations often invest in AI simply to avoid being perceived as falling behind competitors—where missing a critical partnership or breakthrough could risk long-term irrelevance.

Economic and Social Development: Governments and public entities support AI development to stimulate broader economic growth and create downstream private-sector opportunities.

Influencing Industry Standards: Defining or shaping technical standards can generate long-lasting lock-in effects and secure competitive advantage for years.

Signaling Future Value: Announcing AI initiatives can enhance investor confidence and perceived enterprise value, even before measurable financial results are realized.

These dynamics illustrate that the rationale for AI investment often extends beyond direct financial return, encompassing competitive positioning, long-term capability development, and geopolitical considerations. Such factors may influence the pace of AI adoption and, consequently, demand for specialized infrastructure such as ours.

Infrastructure as the Foundation of AI Advancement

We believe the future of AI depends on progress in three key areas: model design, data accessibility, and scalable, high-performance computing infrastructure tailored to AI workloads.

Purpose-built compute infrastructure allows organizations to train AI models, run inference at scale, and shorten development timelines. Better model outcomes are linked to robust computing resources—including FLOPs, training cycles, and inference runtimes. Over the past few years, leading-edge models from companies like OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, and Meta have required dramatically increasing computing power relative to earlier generations to unlock performance breakthroughs. For example, an expanded AI model database from Epoch AI reveals that training compute for frontier models has grown by 4–5x per year between 2010 and 2024. (Training compute of frontier AI models grows 4-5x per year. Epoch AI. Published 05/28/2024. https://epoch.ai/blog/training-compute-of-frontier-ai-models-grows-by-4-5x-per-year).

As foundational models grow more sophisticated, we anticipate that the demand for computational power will continue to surge. Research on AI scaling laws, such as the findings in Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models, supports the idea that increased compute power correlates with better performance—during both model training and inference (Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models. Cornell University. Published 01/23/2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361).

For AI-driven companies to stay competitive, they must invest in infrastructure that delivers not just power, but efficiency and reliability, ensuring maximum utilization of every component in the system. One important measure of efficiency is Power Usage Effectiveness (“PUE”), which reflects how much of a facility’s total power consumption goes directly to computing versus non-revenue-generating functions like cooling and other operations. QumulusAI targets a low PUE, with certain co-location sites allowing a substantial proportion of total power to be used for compute workloads.

Building High-Performance AI Infrastructure Is Exceptionally Difficult

Building AI infrastructure at scale requires fundamentally different architectural approaches than traditional cloud workloads, but achieving hyperscale AI infrastructure demands even more specialized capabilities. While general-purpose cloud platforms excel at distributed applications, AI training and inference require sustained, tightly-coupled compute with microsecond-level synchronization across thousands of accelerators. At larger scales—where clusters span tens of thousands of GPUs—this architectural complexity intensifies exponentially. For instance, a GPU cluster with 16,384 units can require over 7,000 meters of fiber optic cabling and tens of thousands of fiber connections, spanning multiple network layers to support high-bandwidth, low-latency communication essential for training large-scale AI models.

Assembling this level of infrastructure involves navigating complex supply chains and deploying components in data centers built specifically for high-density computing. These facilities must include specialized features like liquid cooling, heat exchangers, and structural designs to accommodate high-power racks—highlighting the level of engineering sophistication required just to operate at baseline functionality.

Specialized Software Unlocks Infrastructure Potential

AI supercomputers are intricate and require tailored software to manage and optimize performance. From initial validation of hardware components to provisioning and runtime orchestration, the software stack is critical to reducing downtime and maximizing throughput. Complex AI jobs often necessitate multiple orchestration systems and significant engineering oversight to ensure stable performance.

Once operational, the infrastructure faces enormous strain—AI workloads are resource-intensive and prone to causing system failures. These disruptions can halt training entirely or severely impact inference accuracy, especially in foundational model development where one failed component can jeopardize the entire cluster. Monitoring and mitigating these risks is crucial to maintaining high uptime and cost efficiency. We believe that this creates significant barriers to entry and opportunities for purpose-built AI infrastructure providers to capture premium pricing through superior performance and efficiency.

Closing the Efficiency Gap: The MFU Challenge

Managing large-scale AI infrastructure involves not only building and maintaining it, but also optimizing how workloads are scheduled and resources are used. A major challenge is improving the “Model FLOP Utilization” (“MFU”), which measures actual compute performance relative to the theoretical peak. In practice, a significant portion of GPU capacity goes underused—studies suggest real-world MFU hovers between 35% and 45% (Wanted: A handy metric for gauging if GPUs are being used optimally. The Register. Published 05/20/2025. https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/20/gpu_metric/).

Bridging this gap to approach 100% utilization represents a major opportunity for improving the cost-effectiveness and performance of AI systems. However, as GPU clusters grow larger and more complex, maximizing MFU becomes increasingly difficult. Ensuring high utilization rates at scale requires highly specialized operational expertise and intelligent infrastructure design—factors that directly influence the quality and capabilities of AI models.

Deep Technical Partnerships

We pursue a collaborative partnership approach designed to expand our technical capabilities by aligning with companies that share our commitment to accelerating innovation across the AI landscape. These strategic alliances are integral to the way we develop and deliver our products and services. By working closely with partners, we’re able to tap into advanced functionalities higher up the technology stack and broaden our access to end users who ultimately operate on our infrastructure. These collaborations have enabled meaningful advancements in areas like automated server management, resource optimization, real-time monitoring, alerts, data validation and verification pipelines, and the creation of tailored data solutions. Our strategy also includes close coordination with high-volume-value-added-resellers and key hardware vendors such as Super Micro Computer, Inc., Dell Technologies Inc., Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company, Lenovo Group Limited, and Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd., whose systems integrate GPUs from NVIDIA with optimized efficiency and performance. Additionally, we work together with data center operators like Coresite, H5, and Nocix to deploy AI-ready infrastructure that incorporates cutting-edge thermal and architectural designs tailored to the unique demands of machine learning workloads.

Customer Experience

We are actively expanding and strengthening our Customer Experience teams to support our AI-driven solutions with increasing depth and expertise. Continuously evolving and refining these capabilities is central to who we are. We remain committed to building a customer-focused organization that understands the complexities of AI compute, networking, and storage, and that grows alongside our clients’ evolving needs.

Our evolving Customer Experience structure includes:

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Customer Success and Support Engineering: Dedicated specialists in this area work closely with customers to facilitate deployment, scaling, and optimization of workloads. By providing personalized guidance and 24/7 technical support, this team is designed to empower customers to fully leverage our solutions and achieve their goals efficiently.

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Infrastructure Operations Team: This team focuses on the health and resilience of large-scale compute and network environments, ensuring smooth performance across our customer deployments. The team operates with a focus on proactive monitoring and a goal of rapid issue resolution to maintain robust and reliable infrastructure.

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Technical Enablement and Documentation: Complementing the support teams, this group develops and maintains comprehensive technical resources and documentation, designed to equip customers, sales, and marketing teams with the knowledge they need.

Solutions Architects

Our solutions architects collaborate closely with engineering teams to optimize customer infrastructure, with a goal of ensuring it operates at its highest potential. They play a vital role throughout the customer journey—engaging early in pre-sales activities such as proof-of-concept demonstrations and architecture planning, and continuing their support post-sale during implementation, transitions to updated systems, and ongoing deployment management. Their focus is to help customers fully leverage our platform’s capabilities and assist with performance tuning to achieve optimal results.

Security Commitment

Security is embedded into every layer of our platform to safeguard system stability, availability, and data confidentiality. We maintain a rigorous, ongoing program to identify and address potential security risks, leveraging automated vulnerability assessments alongside dedicated teams focused on penetration testing, vulnerability management, and securing our applications. Additionally, our Security Operations center provides round-the-clock monitoring of security events, enabling proactive detection and rapid response to threats at any time.

Owned and Colocation Data Center Infrastructure

Our data center strategy leverages both owned facilities and strategic colocation partnerships to deliver GPU infrastructure rapidly and at scale. By utilizing existing colocation facilities, we can deploy HPC servers significantly faster than building purpose-built data centers for each deployment. We work closely with our colocation partners to ensure these facilities meet our high operational and security standards for AI workloads.

Our diversified footprint includes over one MW of colocation capacity across Marietta, Georgia and Kansas City, Missouri, with 150 additional colocation megawatts available across the U.S. This is complemented by legacy blockchain facilities in Tulsa, Oklahoma (50 MW active, over 10 MW available), Watonga, Oklahoma (10MW active, 9 MW available), and Denton, Texas (activating 20 MW first half of 2026), which we operate under long-term land leases and where we control the site operations. Currently, the power available to us exceeds our computing resources.

All of our HPC facilities utilize designs focused on maximizing performance for AI workloads, with cooling systems engineered for high thermal densities and power delivery architectures that support continuous operation. This combined approach of owned and colocation assets provides operational flexibility, rapid scalability, and the foundation customers need to run demanding AI workloads across multiple regions.

Tailored Infrastructure Solutions

At the core of our approach is a commitment to delivering customized and optimally sized infrastructure solutions that align precisely with each customer’s unique requirements and budget. Rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all model, we continuously evaluate and integrate the most suitable hardware, networking, and cooling technologies to create cost-effective, high-performance environments specifically engineered for AI workloads.

Our data centers are designed with adaptability and efficiency in mind. We carefully select components and configurations that maximize compute density and operational efficiency without compromising reliability or scalability. By leveraging advanced cooling techniques, including but not limited to liquid cooling systems, we reduce power utilization and our physical footprint, enabling denser compute clusters that can handle power-intensive tasks more efficiently. This holistic design philosophy extends to the physical layout and infrastructure, ensuring each facility is optimized to support the chosen technology stack and customer needs.

Our geographically distributed network of data centers is strategically placed near major hubs to reduce latency and improve access for users. This footprint allows us to offer flexible capacity that can rapidly scale up or down in response to fluctuating demand, supported by high-speed interconnectivity between locations. The agility of this network empowers customers to burst workloads seamlessly across regions, delivering the performance and scalability required for complex AI applications.

Security is an integral part of our infrastructure strategy. We uphold rigorous standards, and a zero-trust framework, to protect data integrity, availability, and privacy. Physical and cyber security protocols are continually refined to address evolving threats, ensuring a resilient and trustworthy platform for our customers.

Beyond physical infrastructure, we invest in innovative software and operational tools that simplify management and maximize resource utilization. This enables customers to focus on their AI workloads without the burden of infrastructure oversight.

As of February 1, 2026, our active power capacity is, in the aggregate, approximately 60 megawatts of grid power with immediate access to more than 40 megawatts of additional grid power across more than six data centers in the United States, with additional expansions underway. This capacity supports both large-scale deployments and modular growth, giving customers the flexibility to scale their infrastructure in line with business objectives.

Our Customers

We serve a broad spectrum of organizations—from large AI-driven enterprises to fast-growing venture-backed startups. These include model builders, platform enablers, and businesses embedding AI into their core products or internal systems. A significant portion of our current GPUaaS revenue is generated through customers reached via our largest channel partner, RunPod Inc.

In 2023, our significant hosting clients were Cerberus Digital, LLC and MegaDM 1, LLC. In 2024, our significant hosting clients were Fortitude Mining, LLC (formerly Foundry Digital), MegaDM, LLC, and Cerberus Digital, LLC. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our significant HPC clients were RunPod, Hydra Host, Inc., and Procon Analytics, LLC, and our significant hosting clients were MegaDM 1, LLC, Cerberus Digital, LLC, and Fortitude Mining, LLC.

Our relationship with RunPod is managed by our wholly owned subsidiary, TCM. We are subject to RunPod’s standard terms of service, pursuant to which we may receive service on an ongoing basis, and pursuant to which RunPod may terminate such terms or access to the service at any time without cause upon notice. Revenue is shared on an 80% QumulusAI / 20% RunPod basis under RunPod’s standard terms of service. There are no minimum purchase requirements under this arrangement.

Our amended and restated hosting services agreement with Cerberus Digital, LLC, dated April 24, 2024, terminates on August 1, 2026. The agreement may be renewed by Cerberus Digital, LLC for one additional term of two years or terminated upon not less than 60 days’ notice to us. The agreement may be terminated by Cerberus Digital, LLC for cause in the event utilization is below 95%. The parties may additionally terminate the agreements for cause or without cause through a writing executed by both parties. The agreement provides that Cerberus Digital, LLC will make a $600,000 equity investment in QumulusAI, which will include 10% warrant coverage.

Our miner hosting agreement with MegaDM 1, LLC was in effect for an initial term of two years from August 30, 2023 to August 30, 2025. The agreement terminated in accordance with its terms when MegaDM 1, LLC provided a notice of non-renewal and contained no minimum purchase requirements.

Our marketplace agreement with Hydra Host, Inc., dated May 9, 2025, provides for an initial term of 12 months and automatically renews on an annual basis unless either party notifies the other of the intention not to renew at least 30 days prior to expiration. Either party may terminate the agreement for cause if the other party terminates its business operations, materially breaches the agreement, or has a default by insolvency. Revenue is shared on a 97% QumulusAI / 3% Hydra Host, Inc. basis. There are no minimum purchase requirements under this agreement.

Our customer agreement with Procon Analytics, LLC, dated May 7, 2025, operates on a month-to-month basis and continues until Procon Analytics, LLC provides 30 days’ notice of intent not to renew. Either party may terminate the agreement for cause if the other party terminates its business operations, materially breaches the agreement, or has a default by insolvency. Procon Analytics, LLC pays a monthly service fee for all hours available on the servers used during each monthly term.

Our miner hosting agreements with Fortitude Mining, LLC (formerly Foundry Digital), were entered into on April 17, 2024 and August 19, 2024, respectively. The April 17, 2024 agreement has an initial term of one year, and the August 19, 2024 agreement has an initial term of two years. The initial term of each agreement may be renewed by Fortitude Mining, LLC, and each agreement may be terminated by Fortitude Mining, LLC for cause in the event utilization is below 95%. The parties may additionally terminate the agreements for cause or without cause upon providing proper notice. The agreements contain no minimum purchase requirements.

We also continue to serve certain cryptocurrency-focused customers from our legacy digital asset operations. What unites these customers is a need for high-performance infrastructure, fast deployment timelines, and reduced operational complexity.

Our competitive edge comes from providing highly specialized AI compute infrastructure that is production-ready within an accelerated timeframe. This enables our customers to optimize time-to-value, reduce total cost of ownership, and offload the operational burden of infrastructure management. As a result, our users can focus on building and refining models, serving inference workloads, or innovating their products—rather than worrying about managing GPUs, cooling, and capacity planning.

Flexible & Tailored Compute Engagements

We offer a diverse range of usage plans to meet our customers where they are—whether through pay-as-you-go, on-demand, or short reserved terms (one, three, and six months, with one-year and multi-year contracts available when appropriate). The majority of current customer agreements are for terms of three months or less, with customers typically continuing on an on-demand basis after the initial term, paying based on actual infrastructure usage. These options are mostly delivered through our global sales channel partnerships, including platforms like RunPod Inc., Hydra Host, Inc., and Vast.ai Inc. We’ve intentionally designed this pricing model to optimize flexibility and cost efficiency for a large, distributed customer base while retaining the opportunity to extend commitments as customer workloads mature.

Short-term contractual commitments yield a meaningful revenue premium relative to multi-year agreements. This premium more than offsets the potential downside associated with roll risk and market-based pricing compression over time. Our diversified customer base—comprising thousands of end users with varying and often unpredictable compute demands—enables us to effectively distribute this risk across a broad portfolio. Moreover, the relatively smaller average deployment size per customer allows us to efficiently manage onboarding and offboarding activities with minimal disruption to overall platform utilization, ensuring sustained levels of billable compute capacity. Our model enables customers to spin up compute on their own timelines, experiment with new workloads, and scale quickly—without being locked into rigid, multi-year commitments.

This flexibility is particularly important to small and midsize businesses and emerging AI teams, which often operate under quarterly or discretionary operational expenditure budgets. These customers typically can’t justify long-term infrastructure commitments—especially when a project’s success is uncertain or when budgeting cycles don’t align with multi-year contract obligations.

Market Behavior: Why Most Customers Avoid Long-Term Commitments

There is increasing evidence that organizations across industries face significant cloud cost management challenges. Flexera’s 2025 State of the Cloud Report found that 84% of organizations cite managing cloud spend as their top challenge, with cloud budgets exceeding limits by an average of 17% (New Flexera Report Finds that 84% of Organizations Struggle to Manage Cloud Spend. Flexera. Published 03/19/2025. https://www.flexera.com/about-us/press-center/new-flexera-report-finds-84-percent-of-organizations-struggle-to-manage-cloud-spend). Additionally, organizations continue to waste approximately 27% of cloud spend, driving increased adoption of financial operations teams and managed service providers to regain control over spending (State of the Cloud Report. Flexera. Published March 2025. https://info.flexera.com/CM-REPORT-State-of-the-Cloud?lead_source=Organic+Search).

Simultaneously, there’s increasing evidence that organizations across industries are deliberately avoiding long-term cloud infrastructure contracts due to budget constraints, operational unpredictability, and concerns about return on investment. Industry benchmarks show that organizations waste approximately 30% of cloud compute spending—highlighting systemic inefficiencies in how cloud resources are provisioned and managed (How to Identify and Reduce Cloud Waste. ProsperOps. Updated March 2025. https://www.prosperops.com/blog/how-to-identify-and-prevent-cloud-waste). This underlines the importance of optimizing both usage and rate—particularly when considering the value of long-duration commitment discounts, which can be misaligned with actual workload needs.

These dual pressures—overspending on budgets and underutilizing commitments—are driving teams toward just‑in‑time infrastructure, autoscaling, serverless, and more dynamic resource management strategies. At the same time, data security concerns add another layer of hesitation, particularly when customers fear their proprietary information could be repurposed by large model-training providers.

We believe that the following factors play a key role:

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Project Uncertainty: Many AI projects begin as experiments, pilots, or proofs of concept. We have found that committing to one- to four-year contracts without clarity on scale or longevity is financially impractical for companies.

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Budget Structures: Operational expenditure budgets are often planned on a quarterly basis, especially for startups and midsize companies. Long-term contracts introduce capital expenditure-style friction that clashes with how teams manage cost centers.

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Overcommitment Risk: According to a16z, many companies deliberately under commit their cloud spend—often reserving capacity equivalent to only their baseline workloads—to avoid the financial risk of overcommitting. This typically results in committed spend being approximately 20% lower than actual usage, with some companies reporting an additional spending of up to two times their committed spend. This suggests some firms prefer to maintain flexibility through elastic, short-term resources (The Cost of Cloud, a Trillion Dollar Paradox. Andreessen Horowitz. Published 03/27/2021. https://a16z.com/the-cost-of-cloud-a-trillion-dollar-paradox).

Designed for Agility and Growth

Our pricing structure and platform architecture reflect a deep understanding of these customer realities. By prioritizing short terms, dynamic scaling options, and modular pricing, we align directly with the way modern organizations adopt and consume compute. This model empowers both large and small teams to move faster, make smarter infrastructure decisions, and extract more value from their AI initiatives—while maintaining financial and operational agility.

Go-to-Market Strategy

Overview

Our go-to-market organization consists of sales, marketing, partnerships, and customer experience teams operating as a lean, disciplined organization with a clear vision of AI market trajectory, ideal customer profiles, and growth drivers. This approach enables us to maintain operational agility while executing an effective multi-channel distribution strategy that has established brand recognition within an industry historically dominated by large-scale competitors. Our go-to-market strategy has evolved to address the diverse needs of AI workloads through three complementary channels: Provider Partners, Developer Partners, and direct offerings. This channel segmentation enables us to serve customers across the entire AI development lifecycle—from initial experimentation to production-scale deployment—while maintaining operational efficiency and preventing channel conflicts.

Multi-Channel Distribution Strategy

Provider Partners:

Our Provider Partners consist of strategic relationships with leading GPU marketplaces and brokers, including RunPod Inc., Cudo Compute, Hydra Host, Inc., and Vast.ai Inc. Under these arrangements, the partner manages orchestration, customer acquisition, and billing for workloads running on QumulusAI infrastructure, and we receive a contracted share of the revenue generated from those workloads. These agreements are generally structured under standard service terms, with most customer usage occurring on short-term or on-demand commitments. Our services reach over 10,000 end customers via our Provider Partners. We believe these partnerships position QumulusAI as a trusted infrastructure provider powering premium marketplace offerings while generating higher per-GPU revenue compared to traditional long-term agreements.

Preferred Provider Program:

QumulusAI is developing a Preferred Provider Program designed to offer enhanced partnerships for select Provider Partners who engage more deeply with our platform. Under the proposed program, Preferred Provider Partners could receive priority access to new GPU models, inclusion in hardware roadmap discussions, dedicated infrastructure allocations, and co-marketing opportunities. In return, participating partners could commit to structured contract terms (such as minimum utilization thresholds and margin-sharing arrangements), creating mutually beneficial relationships intended to maximize utilization. While we are actively pursuing this strategy, we have not yet entered into Preferred Provider Program agreements with any partners.

Developer Partner Program:

Our Developer Partner Program targets AI consultancies and machine learning operations platforms that build solutions on QumulusAI infrastructure. These partners co-market and sell QumulusAI HPC cloud infrastructure alongside their custom solutions to their clients, providing us with consistent capacity utilization and market validation.

Developer Partners receive joint marketing opportunities, dedicated infrastructure allocations with guaranteed capacity, priority technical support, product roadmap influence, and custom service-level agreement development. This program creates deep technical partnerships that extend beyond transactional relationships to strategic technical collaboration, while helping us maintain optimal resource utilization across our platform ecosystem.

Competition

The AI infrastructure market is experiencing rapid evolution and complexity, with a wide range of providers vying to serve various customer segments. While hyperscalers like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, IBM, and Oracle dominate with vast, general-purpose clouds, their offerings are not easily sized or customized to all customer needs when it comes to purpose-built AI platforms. In many cases, the same customers of the hyperscalers buy compute through our sales channel partners to fill gaps in their own AI portfolios—highlighting our distinct value proposition in delivering dedicated, AI-optimized infrastructure for demanding workloads.

Not Just Hyperscalers—Neocloud Competitors Too

The rise and success of AI-native clouds such as CoreWeave (Nasdaq: CRWV) and Lambda Labs further underscores the competitive intensity. These companies compete aggressively for large-scale, GPU-intensive workloads, but are more directly competing with the hyperscalers than the customer segments that we are pursuing.

Our Distinctive Position

We serve an entirely different set of needs and customers:

	●	We specialize in meeting demands from a single GPU to clusters of tens to hundreds of nodes at most, not the mega-fleets of thousands.
	●	In addition to optimized and shared GPU access, our platform delivers true bare-metal access as well, latest-gen GPUs, high-bandwidth storage, and ultra-low-latency networks in an integrated stack.
	●	We include access to behind-the-meter power generation, tiered reliability, and off-grid resiliency that provide greater cost savings and consistent service—features seldom offered by hyperscalers or even Neocloud peers.
	●	Our team works closely with each customer to custom-design and optimize infrastructure, rather than offering only one-size-fits-all compute pools.

Why Customers Choose Us

We stand apart thanks to a blend of operational excellence and customer-centric design:

	●	Performance & Reliability: Our HPC infrastructure is proven at scale, engineered for high-density AI workloads.
	●	Efficiency & Cost Control: With integrated power generation and transparent pricing, our infrastructure delivers competitive total cost of ownership.
	●	Rapid Access to Hardware: Early deployment of cutting-edge GPUs ensures customers stay ahead in training and inference.
	●	Automation & Health Resilience: We reduce operational overhead with proactive monitoring, remediation, and managed infrastructure services.
	●	Security & Compliance: Enterprise-grade safeguards are embedded throughout our stack.
	●	Customization & Support: We tailor solutions—whether optimizing storage or fine-tuning GPU configurations—and back them up with personalized customer service.

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Focused Customer Experience: Our direct-sales model emphasizes flexibility in contract duration (three to 36 months or simple pay-as-you-go OnDemand), and our support teams partner closely with engineers, with a goal of ensuring agile deployment and scale.

Competing Where It Matters

Where hyperscalers sell broad compute platforms and neoclouds like CoreWeave and Lambda chase massive-scale use cases, we excel at serving teams that require precision-engineered AI infrastructure, close collaboration, and fast turnaround—whether deploying in the hundreds of teraflops or scaling out new model trials. With our integrated stack—HPC cloud, AI-first data centers, and behind-the-meter power—our value proposition is built from the ground up for AI innovation

Key Performance Factors

QumulusAI’s growth is driven by a combination of strategic, technical, and operational advantages that enable the company to scale rapidly, serve compute-intensive workloads, and deliver differentiated value in the AI infrastructure market.

Speed of Deployment

With a modular and standardized deployment approach, QumulusAI can bring new GPU infrastructure online within three months—significantly faster than traditional cloud or colocation providers. This agility allows the company to respond quickly to surging AI demand and customer-specific capacity needs.

Infrastructure Control and Integration

By owning and operating key layers of the stack—from energy procurement to data center operations and HPC orchestration—QumulusAI reduces external dependencies, enhances reliability, and maintains tighter cost control. This vertically integrated model supports long-term scalability and margin efficiency.

Energy Strategy and Operational Efficiency

QumulusAI’s infrastructure is designed for high target power efficiency and supported by a mix of owned and contracted power resources, including behind-the-meter natural gas infrastructure. This strategy mitigates energy market volatility and ensures stable operating economics at scale.

High-Performance Compute Options

QumulusAI delivers both direct, bare-metal access and virtualized environments powered by top-tier NVIDIA GPUs tailored for both training and inference workloads. Bare-metal deployments avoid virtualization overhead and deliver consistent, low-latency performance for the most demanding AI research and production workloads, while our virtualization offerings enable flexible resource allocation and multi-tenant access for clients with dynamic scaling needs.

Dual Go-to-Market Strategy

QumulusAI combines marketplace reach with enterprise intimacy. Channel partners like RunPod drive high-volume utilization through orchestration layers, while a direct sales team supports technically advanced clients via a self-service portal and collaborative deployment planning.

Customer Alignment and Pricing Transparency

With clear pricing, term-based discounts, and white-glove support, QumulusAI offers a compelling alternative to legacy cloud providers. This customer-centric model supports longer contract durations, customer retention, recurring revenue, and improved forecasting visibility.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property (“IP”) remains a critical pillar of our business, underpinning our ability to sustain a competitive advantage in the rapidly evolving AI landscape. However, protecting software-level innovations and process-oriented IP presents inherent complexities. Unlike tangible assets, software and methodologies are often difficult to safeguard through traditional patent frameworks due to their intangible, dynamic, and iterative nature. Additionally, the fast-paced development cycles and the open collaboration culture within the AI ecosystem mean that maintaining exclusive control over all facets of innovation is both impractical and inefficient for any single organization.

Recognizing these realities, we adopt a strategic approach to intellectual property that emphasizes collaboration and integration. Instead of attempting to internally develop and protect every innovation, we actively seek partnerships and licensing agreements with best-in-class technology providers. This enables us to leverage proven advancements while minimizing the risks associated with developing proprietary solutions in isolation. Furthermore, we pursue targeted acquisitions of entities that bring authentic innovations to the AI domain, strengthening our portfolio and accelerating our market impact.

To safeguard the IP that is fundamental to our operations, we enforce rigorous confidentiality and proprietary rights protocols. We control access to sensitive information through comprehensive internal and external safeguards, including confidentiality agreements, licensing arrangements, and intellectual property assignment contracts with employees, contractors, and partners. While these legal and procedural measures provide essential protection, we acknowledge that IP rights, particularly in software and process domains, are susceptible to challenges, circumvention, and unauthorized use.

Our philosophy embraces these challenges by fostering a flexible, partnership-driven IP ecosystem that balances protection with agility—ensuring we remain at the forefront of innovation without compromising operational efficiency.

Trademarks

We have filed to register the trademarks “QumulusAI” and “Qumulus.” These applications are pending with the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Licenses

In addition, we have entered into a license agreement with hosted.ai to provide software that manages GPU resource allocation, scheduling, scaling, and access across multiple users, applications, and workloads. The license has an initial two-year term with fees that scale

QumulusAI, Inc. S-1/A