Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions relating to inventories, receivables, long-lived assets, the valuation of stock-based awards, the valuation of the revenue interest obligation, the valuation of the warrant liability, the contingent liabilities for legal proceedings and deferred income taxes are made at the end of each financial reporting period by management. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions, and management's evaluation could change. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Net Income (Loss) per Share

Our common stock has a dual class structure, consisting of Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Class A common stock”) and Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Class B common stock”).

Other than voting rights, the Class B common stock has the same rights as the Class A common stock, and therefore, both are treated as the same class of stock for purposes of the earnings per share calculation.

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to each class of shares by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and participating securities outstanding during the period. Participating securities include common and prefunded warrants. Net loss is not allocated to participating securities as they do not have an obligation to fund losses. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents. See Note 10 for further discussion of net loss per share attributable to common stockholders.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.

The estimated fair value of financial instruments disclosed in the financial statements has been determined by using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. The carrying value of all current assets and current liabilities approximates fair value because of their short-term nature.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company maintains its cash balances at banks and financial institutions. The balances are insured up to the legal limit. The Company maintains cash balances that may, at times, exceed this insured limit. The Company considers cash on hand, demand deposits in a bank, money market funds, and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash and cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowances

Accounts receivable in the accompanying balance sheets are presented net of allowances for credit losses. The Company grants credit to customers in the normal course of business but generally does not require collateral or any other security to support its receivables.

The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where a specific customer is unable to meet its financial obligations to the Company, a provision to the allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount that is reasonably expected to be collected. For all other customers, a provision to the allowance for credit losses is recorded based on factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, the current business environment and the Company’s historical experience. Provisions to the allowance for doubtful accounts are recorded to general and administrative expenses. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when it is probable that the receivable will not be recovered.

Inventories

Inventory

Property and Equipment

Inventory, consisting of purchased materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined generally using the average cost method. At each balance sheet date, the

Company also evaluates inventory for excess quantities, obsolescence or shelf-life expiration. This evaluation includes analysis of the Company’s current and future strategic plans, historical sales levels by product, projections of future demand, the risk of technological or competitive obsolescence for products, general market conditions and a review of the shelf-life expiration dates for products. To the extent that management determines there is excess or obsolete inventory or quantities with a shelf life that is too near its expiration for the Company to reasonably expect that it can sell those products prior to their expiration, the Company adjusts the carrying value to estimated net realizable value.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets:


Processing and research equipment		5 to 10 years
Office equipment and furniture		3 to 5 years
Computer hardware and software		3 years

Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Leases

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No 2016-02, Leases to increase the transparency and comparability about leases among entities. ASU 2016-02 and certain additional ASUs are now codified as ASC 842, Leases. ASC 842 supersedes the lease accounting guidance in ASC 840 and requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a corresponding lease asset for virtually all lease contracts. The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from that lease. For leases with a term greater than 12 months, ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease term includes the option to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise that option. The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value unless that rate is not readily determinable. In the case the implicit rate is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date, including publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics, to determine the present value of lease payments. The Company combines lease and non-lease elements for office leases.

In March 2025, the Company executed a new lease for 26,598 square feet. This new facility will be utilized for office, manufacturing and laboratory space. The lease expires in January 2036 with early termination dates in 2029 and 2033. Monthly lease payments (including allocation portions of property taxes, insurance and other landlord operating expenses) total approximately $75,000 with annual rent escalations of 3%. Rent is abated for the first 12 months of occupancy and is discounted at 50% for months 13 through 18. The property was made available for use to Elutia by the landlord in May 2025 and at that time, the Company recognized an ROU asset and liability of $2.3 million on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet using an incremental borrowing rate of 12.1%.

Long-Lived Assets

Purchased intangible assets with finite lives are carried at acquired fair value, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets.

The Company periodically evaluates the period of depreciation or amortization for long-lived assets to determine whether current circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives. The Company reviews its property and equipment and intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment exists when the carrying value of the company’s asset exceeds the related estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset. If impairment exists, the carrying value of that asset is adjusted to its fair value. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to estimate an asset’s fair value, using assumptions

that market participants would apply. The results of impairment tests are subject to management’s estimates and assumptions of projected cash flows and operating results. Changes in assumptions or market conditions could result in a change in estimated future cash flows and could result in a lower fair value and therefore an impairment, which could impact reported results. There were no impairment losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024.

Warrant Liability

The Company accounts for its warrants in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, as either liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. The warrants issued in connection with the September 2023 private placement, June 2024 registered direct offering and 2025 registered direct offering (see Note 8) are classified as liabilities and are recorded at fair value. The warrants are subject to re-measurement at each settlement date and at each balance sheet date and any change in fair value is recognized in (gain) loss on revaluation of warrant liability net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue is generated from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606. The core principle of ASC 606 is that the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASC 606 revenue recognition model consists of the following five steps: (1) identify the contracts with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

As noted above, the Company enters into contracts to primarily sell and distribute products to healthcare providers or commercial partners. Revenue is recognized when the Company has met its performance obligations pursuant to its contracts with its customers in an amount that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the transfer of control of the products to the Company’s customers. For all product sales, the Company has no further performance obligations and revenue is recognized at the point control transfers, which occurs either when: i) the product is shipped via common carrier; or ii) the product is delivered to the customer or distributor, in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

A portion of the Company’s product revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals and from inventory physically held by distributors and direct sales representatives. For these types of product sales, the Company retains control until the product has been used or implanted, at which time revenue is recognized.

The Company elected to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment cost rather than a separate performance obligation. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included as part of the transaction price and recognized as revenue when control of the underlying products is transferred to the customer. The related shipping and freight charges incurred by the Company are included in sales and marketing costs.

Contracts with customers state the final terms of the sale, including the description, quantity, and price of each implant distributed. The payment terms and conditions in the Company’s contracts vary; however, as a common business practice, payment terms are typically due in full within 30 to 60 days of delivery. The Company, at times, extends volume discounts to customers.

The Company permits returns of its products in accordance with the terms of contractual agreements with customers. Allowances for returns are provided based upon analysis of the Company’s historical patterns of returns matched against the revenues from which they originated. The Company records estimated returns as a reduction of revenue in the same period revenue is recognized.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation plans in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Accounting for Stock Compensation. ASC 718 requires the measurement and recognition of

compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors, including employee stock options and restricted stock units. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the entire award.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs, which include mainly salaries, outside services and supplies, are expensed as incurred.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. The Company’s cash balances with individual institutions may at times exceed the federally insured limits.

There was one customer that represented 14% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024. No customer represented greater than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of June 30, 2025.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) comprises net income (loss) and other changes in equity that are excluded from net income (loss). For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s net loss equaled its comprehensive loss and accordingly, no additional disclosure is presented.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences on future years for differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.

The Company is subject to income taxes in the federal and state jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. In accordance with the authoritative guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the Company recognizes tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions when it is more likely than not that a tax position will not be sustained upon examination and settlement with various taxing authorities. Liabilities for uncertain tax positions are measured based upon the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not (greater than 50%) of being realized upon settlement. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted into law. The OBBBA amends U.S. tax laws, including provisions related to bonus depreciation and deductions for research and development expenses. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the OBBBA on its consolidated financial statements.

ELUTIA INC. 10-Q