Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments

The fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities represent the amounts that would be received to sell those assets or that would be paid to transfer those liabilities in an orderly transaction on the reporting date. These fair value measurements maximize the use of observable inputs. However, in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability on the measurement date, the fair value measurement reflects the Company’s own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company discloses the fair values of its assets and liabilities according to the quality of valuation inputs under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 Inputs: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in an active market for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 Inputs: Inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable.

•Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities.

The classification of an asset or liability is based on the lowest level of input significant to its fair value. Those that are initially classified as Level 3 are subsequently reported as Level 2 when the fair value derived from unobservable inputs is inconsequential to the overall fair value, or if corroborating market data becomes available. Assets and liabilities that are initially reported as Level 2 are subsequently reported as Level 3 if corroborating market data is no longer available. Transfers occur at the end of the reporting period. There were no material transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2, and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, notes receivable, investments in equity securities, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, long-term debt, and finance and operating lease obligations. The carrying values of all of the Company’s financial instruments included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets approximated or equaled their fair values on December 31, 2025 and 2024.

•The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable (including accrued liabilities) approximated fair value on December 31, 2025 and 2024, due to their short-term nature.

•The carrying value of investments in equity securities with a readily determinable fair value were measured at fair value on December 31, 2025 based on quoted prices in active markets.

•The carrying value of investments in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value were measured at costs minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer.

•The carrying value of amounts outstanding under long-term debt agreements with variable rates approximated fair value on December 31, 2025 and 2024, as the effective interest rates approximated market rates.

•The carrying values of amounts outstanding under finance and operating lease obligations approximated fair value on December 31, 2025 and 2024, as the effective borrowing rates approximated market rates.

Nonrecurring Measurements

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These items are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but may be subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances. These assets and liabilities include those acquired through the IMG Acquisition and Siren Acquisition, which are required to be measured at fair value on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC Topic 805. See Note 3—Acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had three and no, respectively, properties that met the assets held for sale criteria. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company sold no properties classified as held for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold two properties classified as held for sale resulting in a

nominal gain included as a component of loss (gain) on disposal of assets, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The Company holds an equity investment in an entity without a readily determinable fair value, classified as Level 3 as the fair value is based on unobservable inputs. The Company monitors its investment to identify potential transactions that may indicate an observable price change in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, requiring adjustment to its carrying amount. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a gain of $14.4 million related to such observable price changes, recorded in gain on investments, net in accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Recurring Measurements

The fair values of the Company’s cash equivalents measured on a recurring basis pursuant to ASC 820-10 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures are carried at estimated fair value. Cash equivalents consist of money market accounts which the Company has classified as Level 1 given the active market for these accounts. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had cash equivalents, measured at fair value, of $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

The Company holds an investment in Oklo Inc. (“Oklo”) made during the three months ended September 30, 2023. In May 2024, Oklo was acquired by a publicly traded special purpose acquisition company which resulted in the conversion of the Company’s investment into common shares of Oklo, which are traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The Company measures this investment in equity securities at fair value using Level 1 inputs based on quoted prices in an active market. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the investment was estimated at $38.5 million and $51.6 million, respectively. The change in Oklo’s fair value along with the sale of shares in the active market resulted in a gain of $137.8 million and $41.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, included in gain on investments, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, the Company sold shares valued at $151.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, included in sale of equity securities within the investing section in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.

Additionally, during the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased $10.3 million of depository interests representing shares of common stock in Tamboran Resources Corporation (“Tamboran”). In June 2024, Tamboran completed an initial public offering and listed its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange. In addition to the prior purchase of depository interests, the Company participated in Tamboran’s initial public offering by purchasing an additional $10.0 million of Tamboran’s common stock. The Company measures this investment in equity securities at fair value using Level 1 inputs based on quoted prices in an active market. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the fair value of the investment was estimated at $24.3 million and $18.8 million, respectively. The change in Tamboran’s fair value resulted in a gain of $5.6 million and loss of $1.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, included in gain on investments, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Nonfinancial assets

The Company estimates fair value to perform impairment tests as required on long-lived assets. The inputs used to determine such fair value are primarily based upon internally developed cash flow models and would generally be classified within Level 3 in the event that such assets were required to be measured and recorded at fair value within the consolidated financial statements. No such measurements were required as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 as no triggering event was identified.

Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and trade receivables.

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance on deposit with financial institutions total $27.6 million and $20.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which exceeded Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company regularly monitors these institutions’ financial condition.

The majority of the Company’s customers have payment terms of 45 days or less.

As of December 31, 2025, customer A accounted for 16% of total consolidated accounts receivable and unbilled revenue. As of December 31, 2024, customer A and customer B accounted for 14% and 10%, respectively, of total consolidated accounts receivable and unbilled revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2025, customer A and customer C accounted for 11% and 11%, respectively, of consolidated revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2024, customer C accounted for 12% of consolidated revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2023, no customers accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenues.

The Company mitigates the associated credit risk by performing credit evaluations and monitoring the payment patterns of its customers.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $0.9 million in allowance for credit losses. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, in allowance for credit losses and recorded a provision in 2024 related to certain customers’ expected inability to pay.

The Company applies historic loss factors to its receivable portfolio segments that are not expected to be further impacted by current economic developments, and an additional economic conditions factor to portfolio segments anticipated to experience greater losses in the current economic environment. While the Company has not experienced significant credit losses in the past and has not seen material changes to the payment patterns of its customers, the Company cannot predict with any certainty the degree to which unforeseen events may affect the ability of its customers to timely pay receivables when due. Accordingly, in future periods, the Company may revise its estimates of expected credit losses.


($ in thousands)	2025		2024		2023
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of year	$	848	$	939	$	884
Credit losses:
Current period provision	627		—		808
Amounts written off, net of recoveries	(589)		(91)		(753)
Allowance for credit losses, end of year	$	886	$	848	$	939

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (bbb)(1)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 107
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-107

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 100
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-100

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (c)(3)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2E
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2E

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (f)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6A
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (g)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 940
-SubTopic 820
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478119/940-820-50-1

+ Details

Liberty Energy Inc. 10-K